This document compares alternatives for reducing the carbon emissions of Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore to achieve long-term carbon neutrality. It first calculates NTU's current carbon footprint across three scopes: Scope 1 includes emissions from internal shuttle buses totaling 47.1 metric tons, Scope 2 includes purchased electricity and heat totaling 3,505.75 metric tons, and Scope 3 includes public transportation used by students totaling 10,361.21 metric tons. Three alternatives are considered: transitioning some courses to e-learning, purchasing carbon offsets, and implementing tiered pricing for hall room rentals based on utility usage. E-learning could reduce transportation emissions but increase household electricity usage. Carbon offsets involve planting
This document analyzes alternatives for reducing the carbon emissions of Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore. It calculates NTU's current carbon footprint across three scopes: Scope 1 looks at emissions from internal shuttle buses totaling 47.1 metric tons, Scope 2 looks at emissions from purchased electricity and heat totaling 3,505.75 metric tons, and Scope 3 looks at emissions from students taking public transportation totaling 10,361.21 metric tons. Three alternatives are considered: shifting some courses online, purchasing carbon offsets by planting trees in Australia, and implementing a tiered pricing model for hall room rentals based on utility usage. The document evaluates each alternative based on carbon reductions, costs, effort required, and
Ab0401 sem 3 grp 4 - May Ee, Michelle, Yan Lin, Xiu Hui, Xin Hui, Ding Rongmelee1ntu
The document discusses various options for NTU to reduce its carbon footprint. Option 1 is to transform a significant portion of course delivery from classroom to online format. This would reduce electricity usage, air conditioning needs, transportation requirements and waste. However, it may compromise interaction between students and faculty. Option 2 is to buy carbon credits from an Australian company, providing a quick solution but creating an artificial sense of being environmentally friendly. Option 3 is planting eucalyptus trees, which can grow rapidly and absorb pollutants, but Singapore lacks sufficient land. The document analyzes the alternatives and stakeholders, concluding that option 1 of online learning is the preferred initial approach, but more initiatives are needed for NTU to become carbon neutral.
Harnessing the Potential of Power-to-Gas Technologies. Insights from a prelim...Université de Liège (ULg)
This presentation explores the potential of power-to-gaz
technologies for a deep decarbonization of our economies. A case study carried out on the Belgian energy system is discussed.
Ab0401 seminar 4 group 5 elearning co2 australiaNBS
The document analyzes alternatives for Nanyang Technological University (NTU) to achieve carbon neutrality, including increasing online learning, buying carbon offsets, installing solar panels, and using hydrogen fuel cell buses. It evaluates each alternative's advantages and disadvantages, as well as their impact on stakeholders like students, staff, partners, and the government. The executive summary recommends increasing online learning to significantly reduce purchased electricity usage, which comprises the largest source of NTU's carbon emissions. Long-term, NTU could also adopt cleaner energy sources, partnerships to develop green technologies, and hydrogen buses.
Just add hydrogen – Making the most out of a limited resourceIlkka Hannula
This presentation discusses the potential to increase fuels production from a given amount of biomass, by feeding additional hydrogen to a gasification-based biorefinery. The production potential is compared with IEA predictions on global transportation energy demand in 2050.
Twice the fuels from biomass. hannula 2016, vttIlkka Hannula
Potential to increase biofuels output from a gasification-based biorefinery using external hydrogen supply (enhancement) was investigated. Up to 2.6 or 3.1-fold increase in biofuel output could be attained for gasoline or methane production over reference plant configurations, respectively. Such enhanced process designs become economically attractive over non-enhanced designs when the average cost of low-carbon hydrogen falls below 2.2-2.8 €/kg, depending on the process configuration.
Making Sense of Cost and Performance Estimates for Thermochemical Biofuel PlantsIlkka Hannula
Achieving deep reductions in CO2 emissions from today’s transportation system presents major challenges, given the dominant role played by crude-oil derived fuels. Advanced biofuels, produced sustainably, provide one potential path for deep emissions reductions.
A clear understanding of the prospective economics of advanced biofuels is thus important to support analysis aimed at informing public- and private-sector decision making on biofuels.
Many techno-economic studies of advanced biofuels have been published, but individual studies are often difficult for decision makers to evaluate because of differences in analytical methodologies, input-data uncertainties, scope and battery limits of the analysis, and key assumptions.
Using both literature and data from demonstration projects, we address the following questions for advanced thermochemical cellulosic biofuels: What will first-of-a-kind (FOAK) cellulosic biofuels cost, and What cost levels can be expected in the near-term?
Sharp Laboratories of Europe conducts research on battery technologies, including the use of carbon in batteries. Carbon can be used as a conductive additive in battery electrodes to improve electronic conductivity, increase porosity, and optimize performance and life. SLE is developing innovative carbon materials and evaluating them for energy storage. The lab also works on optimizing battery electrodes and cells, including developing sodium ion batteries as a lower-cost alternative to lithium ion batteries for residential energy storage applications.
This document analyzes alternatives for reducing the carbon emissions of Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore. It calculates NTU's current carbon footprint across three scopes: Scope 1 looks at emissions from internal shuttle buses totaling 47.1 metric tons, Scope 2 looks at emissions from purchased electricity and heat totaling 3,505.75 metric tons, and Scope 3 looks at emissions from students taking public transportation totaling 10,361.21 metric tons. Three alternatives are considered: shifting some courses online, purchasing carbon offsets by planting trees in Australia, and implementing a tiered pricing model for hall room rentals based on utility usage. The document evaluates each alternative based on carbon reductions, costs, effort required, and
Ab0401 sem 3 grp 4 - May Ee, Michelle, Yan Lin, Xiu Hui, Xin Hui, Ding Rongmelee1ntu
The document discusses various options for NTU to reduce its carbon footprint. Option 1 is to transform a significant portion of course delivery from classroom to online format. This would reduce electricity usage, air conditioning needs, transportation requirements and waste. However, it may compromise interaction between students and faculty. Option 2 is to buy carbon credits from an Australian company, providing a quick solution but creating an artificial sense of being environmentally friendly. Option 3 is planting eucalyptus trees, which can grow rapidly and absorb pollutants, but Singapore lacks sufficient land. The document analyzes the alternatives and stakeholders, concluding that option 1 of online learning is the preferred initial approach, but more initiatives are needed for NTU to become carbon neutral.
Harnessing the Potential of Power-to-Gas Technologies. Insights from a prelim...Université de Liège (ULg)
This presentation explores the potential of power-to-gaz
technologies for a deep decarbonization of our economies. A case study carried out on the Belgian energy system is discussed.
Ab0401 seminar 4 group 5 elearning co2 australiaNBS
The document analyzes alternatives for Nanyang Technological University (NTU) to achieve carbon neutrality, including increasing online learning, buying carbon offsets, installing solar panels, and using hydrogen fuel cell buses. It evaluates each alternative's advantages and disadvantages, as well as their impact on stakeholders like students, staff, partners, and the government. The executive summary recommends increasing online learning to significantly reduce purchased electricity usage, which comprises the largest source of NTU's carbon emissions. Long-term, NTU could also adopt cleaner energy sources, partnerships to develop green technologies, and hydrogen buses.
Just add hydrogen – Making the most out of a limited resourceIlkka Hannula
This presentation discusses the potential to increase fuels production from a given amount of biomass, by feeding additional hydrogen to a gasification-based biorefinery. The production potential is compared with IEA predictions on global transportation energy demand in 2050.
Twice the fuels from biomass. hannula 2016, vttIlkka Hannula
Potential to increase biofuels output from a gasification-based biorefinery using external hydrogen supply (enhancement) was investigated. Up to 2.6 or 3.1-fold increase in biofuel output could be attained for gasoline or methane production over reference plant configurations, respectively. Such enhanced process designs become economically attractive over non-enhanced designs when the average cost of low-carbon hydrogen falls below 2.2-2.8 €/kg, depending on the process configuration.
Making Sense of Cost and Performance Estimates for Thermochemical Biofuel PlantsIlkka Hannula
Achieving deep reductions in CO2 emissions from today’s transportation system presents major challenges, given the dominant role played by crude-oil derived fuels. Advanced biofuels, produced sustainably, provide one potential path for deep emissions reductions.
A clear understanding of the prospective economics of advanced biofuels is thus important to support analysis aimed at informing public- and private-sector decision making on biofuels.
Many techno-economic studies of advanced biofuels have been published, but individual studies are often difficult for decision makers to evaluate because of differences in analytical methodologies, input-data uncertainties, scope and battery limits of the analysis, and key assumptions.
Using both literature and data from demonstration projects, we address the following questions for advanced thermochemical cellulosic biofuels: What will first-of-a-kind (FOAK) cellulosic biofuels cost, and What cost levels can be expected in the near-term?
Sharp Laboratories of Europe conducts research on battery technologies, including the use of carbon in batteries. Carbon can be used as a conductive additive in battery electrodes to improve electronic conductivity, increase porosity, and optimize performance and life. SLE is developing innovative carbon materials and evaluating them for energy storage. The lab also works on optimizing battery electrodes and cells, including developing sodium ion batteries as a lower-cost alternative to lithium ion batteries for residential energy storage applications.
Sem 3 group 5 co2 australia e learning - tan chee yang, cai wenjie, foo cheng...NBS
This document analyzes NTU's current sustainability achievements and carbon footprint. It outlines NTU's targets in areas like building performance, energy efficiency, research, and education. The document calculates NTU's current annual carbon emissions of 99,013,736 kg CO2 across scopes 1-3. It then recommends steps to reduce emissions through minimizing energy usage via e-learning and bicycles, maximizing efficiency through innovation, and offsetting remaining emissions with carbon credits to achieve carbon neutrality.
This document outlines an energy management case study for TenCate Thiolon. It includes an analysis of TenCate's current energy use through a SWOT analysis and baseline data collection. Several technical energy saving options are proposed, including installing a cogeneration unit and optimizing the cooling
NNFCC Market Review Bioenergy issue thirteen april 2013NNFCC
This document provides a summary of the latest news from the bioenergy market in April 2013. It discusses articles published in The Economist criticizing EU support for wood fuel and a report from the EU Joint Research Centre finding that most forms of biomass reduce greenhouse gas emissions within 10 years. It also summarizes various industry announcements regarding investments in wood pellet facilities, a gasification demonstration programme, and anaerobic digestion plants.
The document summarizes a study examining options for reducing Philadelphia's greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050. Key findings include:
1) Dramatic emissions reductions are feasible through reducing energy demand in buildings and transportation and transitioning to low-carbon electricity sources.
2) The most economically favorable options include improving energy efficiency in high energy use commercial buildings, encouraging transportation mode shifts, and decarbonizing electricity supply.
3) More challenging options include electrifying transportation fleets and building necessary infrastructure. The most expensive options involve ambitious retrofits in low energy intensity sectors and should be avoided.
4) Further discussion is needed on decisions around public infrastructure like nuclear power and carbon capture and private sector
Integrated Water Modelling in TIMES Moving towards best practiceIEA-ETSAP
This document proposes a project to bring together researchers working on integrating water issues into energy system models like TIMES. It would include a workshop in early 2016 to exchange experiences and methodologies. The main deliverables would be the workshop proceedings and a best practice guide published as a special journal issue to provide guidance on modeling the water-energy nexus. Fifteen partners from different organizations have already expressed interest in participating. The project aims to advance energy modeling and build capacity to analyze the important connections between water and energy systems.
Improving energy efficiency in a municipal building: a case study in South Af...Luis Ram Rojas-Sol
This paper examines the energy efficiency impact of replacing fluorescent lamps with light emitting diode (LED),
and electric water heaters with solar thermal systems in two municipal buildings in Ekurhuleni, South Africa. A
retrofitting project with LEDs and solar water heaters offers the opportunity to increase energy efficiency and lower
electricity expenditure. For both scenarios, we present an analysis of the energy, cost and CO2 emissions savings,
as well as financial indicators to show whether the project is feasible. We also consider the energy efficiency impact
of installing motion sensors. Our analysis shows that switching from fluorescent to LEDs achieves 37.3% energy
savings and 41.6 tonnes CO2 equivalent emissions savings, and installing motion sensors results in 56.8% energy
savings and 73.8 tonnes CO2 equivalent emissions reduction. With motion sensors, the project has an NPV of
17,163 USD and a payback period of 2.4 years, compared to 29,682 USD and 2.8 years without. The solar water
heater project allows for 63.3% in energy and 9.2 tonnes CO2 equivalent emissions savings over the electric water
heaters. In addition, the effects of South African energy efficiency policies on the financial outlook of the project
were assessed. With policies, the NPV of the lighting project with LEDs and motion sensors increases to 36,263
USD and the payback period decreases to 1.4 years. For the solar water heater project, existing policies allow
receiving 56.4% of capital cost in incentives and rebates, which results in a payback period of 5.7 years.
The Regional Carbon Freedom (Presented: 2019)Kalle Karttunen
The aim of the study is to promote ways to reach the goals of the carbon neutrality at the South Savo region in eastern Finland by examining the solutions for emission reductions and forest use. The study has taken the first step for reaching the cost-effective carbon neutrality at the regional level in Finland. The carbon dioxide neutral region means that the region's internal activity does not change the carbon content of the atmosphere. The carbon neutral society produces just as much carbon emissions as it can bind from the atmosphere.
The study started by updating the regional energy balance and its carbon influence. Second, the carbon impact on
forest use was measured. Finally, the cost-efficiency of alternative carbon neutrality solutions will be estimated. The
study will be carried out by combining alternative emission reduction solutions and forest management simulations
with computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling. Permanent National Forest Inventory plots were used as an
input of forest management simulations. Then, applying a modified CGE model (RegFinDyn), the economic and
emission impacts of alternative carbon balance solutions will be assessed at the regional level.
Earlier results have shown that a more intensive use of forests decreases the carbon sequestration potential but
increases the regional socio-economic benefits. The carbon balance should be compensated either for emission
reduction solutions or by controlling the use of forests. It is important to choose the solutions which are not only the
emission efficient but also cost-efficient at the regional level.
NTU conducted a carbon footprint analysis and identified various initiatives to reduce emissions. These included implementing energy monitoring, promoting active transportation like biking, establishing sustainable waste practices, installing solar power and green infrastructure, and offering more online classes. While buying carbon credits was considered, critics argued it only provides a temporary solution without driving real behavioral changes needed to achieve carbon neutrality long-term. Overall, the document recommended a holistic approach combining initiatives to transform operations and raise environmental awareness on campus.
A case study on total Energy Conservation opportunities in a Solar power assi...Ambika Prasanna Dhal
This document summarizes a case study on energy conservation opportunities at a solar power-assisted building. It analyzes the current energy consumption at GIET campus and identifies opportunities to reduce usage. An energy audit was conducted to assess lighting, HVAC, motor, and other loads. Conservation measures like efficient lighting, fans, and motors were implemented. While energy usage increased 10% with a new building from 2012-2014, electricity costs decreased 5.61% due to conservation efforts. The study concludes energy conservation can reduce costs and environmental impacts through efficient technologies and operations.
Aalto Global Impact organized together with the New Global an event called Co-creating Business Ecosystems in Emerging Markets on 17th of June. The event was hosted by Fortum.
Methodology to estimate energy savings in buildings within ETSAP-TIAMIEA-ETSAP
This document outlines a methodology to estimate energy savings from building retrofits in ETSAP-TIAM. It discusses:
1) Buildings account for about 1/3 of global energy use and retrofitting over 50% of existing buildings by 2050 could significantly reduce demand.
2) The methodology involves developing technologies to provide heating/cooling savings based on energy demands. A literature review identified major energy uses in residential and commercial sectors.
3) Global data on retrofit costs and energy savings are gathered to calculate total savings and costs. An example analysis for China 2030 estimates a 2.5% total savings from retrofitting residential buildings.
Birmingham Energy Institute - Fraunhofer UMSICHT CollaborationGavin Harper
The Birmingham Energy Institute and Fraunhofer UMSICHT are combining academic expertise with industrial capability to develop a Joint Research Platform that will deliver new approaches to energy and waste management with the beneficiaries being cities and communities. As such, this new collaboration will address the practical challenges that sit at the heart of the energy waste nexus, applying academic insight to accelerate innovation to the market place.
Unit v energy, economic and environmental issues of power plantsElangoV7
The document discusses various topics related to power plants including different types of power tariffs, load distribution parameters, load curves, site selection criteria for power plants, and the capital and operating costs of different power plant types. It also discusses pollution control technologies for coal and nuclear power plants. Specifically, it outlines five different power tariff structures - flat rate, simple, block rate, two-part, and three-part tariffs - and explains how costs are calculated for each. It also discusses the various air pollutants emitted from coal power plants like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide and methods to control these emissions. Finally, it covers waste disposal options for thermal and nuclear power plants, including underground disposal of high
The document summarizes Germany's Renewable Energy Law (EEG) and its impact on renewable energy development in the country. The EEG established a feed-in tariff system that obligates grid operators to purchase renewable energy at a fixed price for 20 years, providing planning and cost reliability for investors. This has driven strong growth in renewable electricity, with goals of 12.5% by 2010 and 20% by 2020. It has also stimulated significant investment and employment in the renewable energy sector, with €11.3 billion in investment and over 124,000 jobs in 2006. The success of the EEG demonstrates how policy tools can accelerate markets for renewable energy.
This document summarizes a study on the Panchayati Raj Extension to Scheduled Areas (PESA) Act and the functioning of panchayats in tribal areas of Odisha, India. The study reviewed the evolution of panchayats in tribal areas over time and examined two tribal panchayats to understand how the PESA Act has impacted their functioning. Key findings include that while the PESA Act aimed to empower tribal communities, many of its provisions have not been fully implemented. Gram sabhas are not functioning effectively and the role of panchayats remains ambiguous. Traditional tribal institutions are also not being integrated fully. In conclusion, while the PESA Act aimed to promote self-
Community Health Worker Supervision: Maximizing Effectiveness and Retention C...CORE Group
The document discusses challenges and strategies for effective supervision of community health workers. It examines objectives such as quality improvement and retention. Common challenges include logistics, lack of supervisor training, and gender issues. Effective approaches involve adapting to local contexts, using data to improve performance, and engaging resources like peer groups and communities. Planning, implementation, and monitoring of supervision are also essential.
Sem 3 group 5 co2 australia e learning - tan chee yang, cai wenjie, foo cheng...NBS
This document analyzes NTU's current sustainability achievements and carbon footprint. It outlines NTU's targets in areas like building performance, energy efficiency, research, and education. The document calculates NTU's current annual carbon emissions of 99,013,736 kg CO2 across scopes 1-3. It then recommends steps to reduce emissions through minimizing energy usage via e-learning and bicycles, maximizing efficiency through innovation, and offsetting remaining emissions with carbon credits to achieve carbon neutrality.
This document outlines an energy management case study for TenCate Thiolon. It includes an analysis of TenCate's current energy use through a SWOT analysis and baseline data collection. Several technical energy saving options are proposed, including installing a cogeneration unit and optimizing the cooling
NNFCC Market Review Bioenergy issue thirteen april 2013NNFCC
This document provides a summary of the latest news from the bioenergy market in April 2013. It discusses articles published in The Economist criticizing EU support for wood fuel and a report from the EU Joint Research Centre finding that most forms of biomass reduce greenhouse gas emissions within 10 years. It also summarizes various industry announcements regarding investments in wood pellet facilities, a gasification demonstration programme, and anaerobic digestion plants.
The document summarizes a study examining options for reducing Philadelphia's greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050. Key findings include:
1) Dramatic emissions reductions are feasible through reducing energy demand in buildings and transportation and transitioning to low-carbon electricity sources.
2) The most economically favorable options include improving energy efficiency in high energy use commercial buildings, encouraging transportation mode shifts, and decarbonizing electricity supply.
3) More challenging options include electrifying transportation fleets and building necessary infrastructure. The most expensive options involve ambitious retrofits in low energy intensity sectors and should be avoided.
4) Further discussion is needed on decisions around public infrastructure like nuclear power and carbon capture and private sector
Integrated Water Modelling in TIMES Moving towards best practiceIEA-ETSAP
This document proposes a project to bring together researchers working on integrating water issues into energy system models like TIMES. It would include a workshop in early 2016 to exchange experiences and methodologies. The main deliverables would be the workshop proceedings and a best practice guide published as a special journal issue to provide guidance on modeling the water-energy nexus. Fifteen partners from different organizations have already expressed interest in participating. The project aims to advance energy modeling and build capacity to analyze the important connections between water and energy systems.
Improving energy efficiency in a municipal building: a case study in South Af...Luis Ram Rojas-Sol
This paper examines the energy efficiency impact of replacing fluorescent lamps with light emitting diode (LED),
and electric water heaters with solar thermal systems in two municipal buildings in Ekurhuleni, South Africa. A
retrofitting project with LEDs and solar water heaters offers the opportunity to increase energy efficiency and lower
electricity expenditure. For both scenarios, we present an analysis of the energy, cost and CO2 emissions savings,
as well as financial indicators to show whether the project is feasible. We also consider the energy efficiency impact
of installing motion sensors. Our analysis shows that switching from fluorescent to LEDs achieves 37.3% energy
savings and 41.6 tonnes CO2 equivalent emissions savings, and installing motion sensors results in 56.8% energy
savings and 73.8 tonnes CO2 equivalent emissions reduction. With motion sensors, the project has an NPV of
17,163 USD and a payback period of 2.4 years, compared to 29,682 USD and 2.8 years without. The solar water
heater project allows for 63.3% in energy and 9.2 tonnes CO2 equivalent emissions savings over the electric water
heaters. In addition, the effects of South African energy efficiency policies on the financial outlook of the project
were assessed. With policies, the NPV of the lighting project with LEDs and motion sensors increases to 36,263
USD and the payback period decreases to 1.4 years. For the solar water heater project, existing policies allow
receiving 56.4% of capital cost in incentives and rebates, which results in a payback period of 5.7 years.
The Regional Carbon Freedom (Presented: 2019)Kalle Karttunen
The aim of the study is to promote ways to reach the goals of the carbon neutrality at the South Savo region in eastern Finland by examining the solutions for emission reductions and forest use. The study has taken the first step for reaching the cost-effective carbon neutrality at the regional level in Finland. The carbon dioxide neutral region means that the region's internal activity does not change the carbon content of the atmosphere. The carbon neutral society produces just as much carbon emissions as it can bind from the atmosphere.
The study started by updating the regional energy balance and its carbon influence. Second, the carbon impact on
forest use was measured. Finally, the cost-efficiency of alternative carbon neutrality solutions will be estimated. The
study will be carried out by combining alternative emission reduction solutions and forest management simulations
with computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling. Permanent National Forest Inventory plots were used as an
input of forest management simulations. Then, applying a modified CGE model (RegFinDyn), the economic and
emission impacts of alternative carbon balance solutions will be assessed at the regional level.
Earlier results have shown that a more intensive use of forests decreases the carbon sequestration potential but
increases the regional socio-economic benefits. The carbon balance should be compensated either for emission
reduction solutions or by controlling the use of forests. It is important to choose the solutions which are not only the
emission efficient but also cost-efficient at the regional level.
NTU conducted a carbon footprint analysis and identified various initiatives to reduce emissions. These included implementing energy monitoring, promoting active transportation like biking, establishing sustainable waste practices, installing solar power and green infrastructure, and offering more online classes. While buying carbon credits was considered, critics argued it only provides a temporary solution without driving real behavioral changes needed to achieve carbon neutrality long-term. Overall, the document recommended a holistic approach combining initiatives to transform operations and raise environmental awareness on campus.
A case study on total Energy Conservation opportunities in a Solar power assi...Ambika Prasanna Dhal
This document summarizes a case study on energy conservation opportunities at a solar power-assisted building. It analyzes the current energy consumption at GIET campus and identifies opportunities to reduce usage. An energy audit was conducted to assess lighting, HVAC, motor, and other loads. Conservation measures like efficient lighting, fans, and motors were implemented. While energy usage increased 10% with a new building from 2012-2014, electricity costs decreased 5.61% due to conservation efforts. The study concludes energy conservation can reduce costs and environmental impacts through efficient technologies and operations.
Aalto Global Impact organized together with the New Global an event called Co-creating Business Ecosystems in Emerging Markets on 17th of June. The event was hosted by Fortum.
Methodology to estimate energy savings in buildings within ETSAP-TIAMIEA-ETSAP
This document outlines a methodology to estimate energy savings from building retrofits in ETSAP-TIAM. It discusses:
1) Buildings account for about 1/3 of global energy use and retrofitting over 50% of existing buildings by 2050 could significantly reduce demand.
2) The methodology involves developing technologies to provide heating/cooling savings based on energy demands. A literature review identified major energy uses in residential and commercial sectors.
3) Global data on retrofit costs and energy savings are gathered to calculate total savings and costs. An example analysis for China 2030 estimates a 2.5% total savings from retrofitting residential buildings.
Birmingham Energy Institute - Fraunhofer UMSICHT CollaborationGavin Harper
The Birmingham Energy Institute and Fraunhofer UMSICHT are combining academic expertise with industrial capability to develop a Joint Research Platform that will deliver new approaches to energy and waste management with the beneficiaries being cities and communities. As such, this new collaboration will address the practical challenges that sit at the heart of the energy waste nexus, applying academic insight to accelerate innovation to the market place.
Unit v energy, economic and environmental issues of power plantsElangoV7
The document discusses various topics related to power plants including different types of power tariffs, load distribution parameters, load curves, site selection criteria for power plants, and the capital and operating costs of different power plant types. It also discusses pollution control technologies for coal and nuclear power plants. Specifically, it outlines five different power tariff structures - flat rate, simple, block rate, two-part, and three-part tariffs - and explains how costs are calculated for each. It also discusses the various air pollutants emitted from coal power plants like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon dioxide and methods to control these emissions. Finally, it covers waste disposal options for thermal and nuclear power plants, including underground disposal of high
The document summarizes Germany's Renewable Energy Law (EEG) and its impact on renewable energy development in the country. The EEG established a feed-in tariff system that obligates grid operators to purchase renewable energy at a fixed price for 20 years, providing planning and cost reliability for investors. This has driven strong growth in renewable electricity, with goals of 12.5% by 2010 and 20% by 2020. It has also stimulated significant investment and employment in the renewable energy sector, with €11.3 billion in investment and over 124,000 jobs in 2006. The success of the EEG demonstrates how policy tools can accelerate markets for renewable energy.
This document summarizes a study on the Panchayati Raj Extension to Scheduled Areas (PESA) Act and the functioning of panchayats in tribal areas of Odisha, India. The study reviewed the evolution of panchayats in tribal areas over time and examined two tribal panchayats to understand how the PESA Act has impacted their functioning. Key findings include that while the PESA Act aimed to empower tribal communities, many of its provisions have not been fully implemented. Gram sabhas are not functioning effectively and the role of panchayats remains ambiguous. Traditional tribal institutions are also not being integrated fully. In conclusion, while the PESA Act aimed to promote self-
Community Health Worker Supervision: Maximizing Effectiveness and Retention C...CORE Group
The document discusses challenges and strategies for effective supervision of community health workers. It examines objectives such as quality improvement and retention. Common challenges include logistics, lack of supervisor training, and gender issues. Effective approaches involve adapting to local contexts, using data to improve performance, and engaging resources like peer groups and communities. Planning, implementation, and monitoring of supervision are also essential.
The document discusses inter-sectoral convergence in healthcare. It explains that convergence is a process that facilitates different groups to work together for more efficient service delivery. Convergence can save time, build rapport, increase efficiency and reduce workload. It also discusses the need for convergence to ensure unity of purpose and promote teamwork. Some benefits of convergence include being more participative, economizing efforts, improving quality and avoiding duplication. The document outlines various types of convergence and constraints to inter-sectoral coordination. It provides examples of convergence between health and other sectors like women and child development, water and sanitation, and education.
Intersectoral coordination and and community participation is a key to success in health sector in India. This is a unique opportunity to play our role for better, healthy and happy society. One can enjoy and achieve the goals of health objectives through these techniques in the field/community setup.
Community organization and development are related processes that aim to empower communities and solve problems through collective action. Community organization involves organizing a community to address common issues and develop leadership. It recognizes democratic values and aims to create participation. Community development is a structured process that gives communities more control over conditions affecting their lives in order to build confidence and tackle problems locally. Both community organization and development work to empower communities to improve social well-being through community-led solutions.
The document discusses public-private partnerships (PPPs) in healthcare. It defines PPPs as collaborative efforts between public and private sectors to deliver healthcare services, with clearly defined partnership structures, shared objectives, and performance indicators. PPPs involve some level of risk and reward sharing between the government and private partners. Several models of PPPs are described, including contracting, franchising, and joint ventures. The benefits of PPPs for both the public and private sectors are outlined. Key factors for successful PPPs include clarity of purpose, value creation, commitment between partners, and continuous communication.
Public-private partnerships (PPPs) involve private entities participating in or supporting public infrastructure provision. Key characteristics include shared participants, resources, risks, and focus on long-term services. PPPs can occur at the project or policy level. Reasons for PPPs include budget deficits, aging infrastructure, efficiency gains, and introducing competition. Common PPP models include build-operate-transfer (BOT) where the private sector finances, builds, operates, then transfers ownership to the public sector. PPPs are suitable for transport, water, health, education, and other facilities if the right legal and political frameworks and private sector capacity exist. Benefits include risk allocation and value for taxpayers, while pitfalls include complexity and
SEM Group 3 Michelle, Daniel, Kueifu, Cindy, Janise, Melissa NBS
This document discusses alternatives for reducing the carbon footprint of Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore. It analyzes moving classes online, offsetting emissions through carbon credits, expanding the use of motion sensors, and rewarding departments for reducing emissions. The alternative of expanding motion sensors is recommended as it is accurate, reduces long-term emissions and costs, and is easily implemented, though initial costs are high. Stakeholders like the government and NTU would benefit from the emissions reductions and cost savings over time.
This document provides an analysis of options to reduce NTU's carbon footprint. It summarizes NTU's current carbon emissions across three scopes. For Scope 1, on-campus stationary sources and transportation are not applicable. For Scope 2, purchased electricity accounts for 121,727,941.8 kg of CO2. Scope 3 emissions include faculty and student commuting and waste. Two alternatives are evaluated: 1) Transitioning courses online, which would significantly reduce transportation emissions and is very effective and sustainable. However, it requires high upfront IT costs. 2) Buying carbon offset credits, which is feasible but does not directly reduce NTU's footprint. The document recommends transitioning courses online to meet stakeholders' interests while achieving
Presentation given by Dr Maria Chiara Ferrari from University of Edinburgh on "Capturing CO2 from air: Research at the University of Edinburgh" at the UKCCSRC Direct Air Capture/Negative Emissions Workshop held in London on 18 March 2014
Ab0401 co2 australia s03 group 9 team sustainable (adrian heng, dave jong, gw...NBS
The document discusses calculating and reducing NTU's carbon footprint. It outlines NTU's vision, stakeholders, sources of carbon emissions including transportation, electricity use, and commuting. Alternatives proposed to reduce emissions include increasing online classes, purchasing carbon offsets, installing an energy management center, data center virtualization, and a bicycle rental program. Based on criteria like environmental impact, ease of implementation and affordability, the recommendation is to initially increase online classes and gradually implement bicycle rentals at local MRT stations.
The document discusses various challenges and considerations around accurately accounting for carbon emissions from buildings and electricity production methods. It touches on the need for standardized approaches and boundaries to avoid double counting, the sensitivity of different methods to accounting assumptions, and debates around how to appropriately assign emissions factors across supply chains and energy grids.
Elements of Sustainable Construction and Design ParametersAjit Sabnis
This presentation covers facets of Embodied Energy, Embodied Carbon, LCA methods, Benchmarking and establishing baselines, Parameters for sustainable design.
This document summarizes recommendations for making NTU carbon neutral. It evaluates three main recommendations: 1) converting courses to online learning, 2) purchasing carbon offsets, and 3) generating own electricity through renewable sources. Each recommendation is assessed in terms of benefits, costs and impact on stakeholders, profits and the planet. While each has merits, implementing all three together is suggested to significantly reduce NTU's carbon footprint of over 22,000 metric tons annually. The document concludes that achieving carbon neutrality will be challenging but important to demonstrate NTU's leadership in sustainability through practice within its own campus.
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3. Present
Situation
Alternativ
e1
Alternativ
e2
Alternativ
e3
SCOPE 1: EMISSIONS FROM INTERNAL SHUTTLE
BUSES
Distance
Number of
Per Trip
trips a year*
/Km
Distance
Travelled
/Km
CO2
Emission
/metric ton
Blue Line
26175
5
130875
14.40
Red Line
Campus
Rider
Weekend
Rider
26175
5
130875
14.40
20595
6
123570
13.59
5358
8
42864
4.71
TOTAL
*Calculated based on frequency of buses, 33 weeks of school,
2 weeks of public holiday and 17 weeks of term break
47.10
4. Present
Situation
Alternativ
e1
Alternativ
e2
Alternativ
e3
SCOPE 2: EMISSIONS FROM
ERASMUS UNIVERSITY ROTTERDAM
CO2Emission/kg /
Emission Source CO2 Emission / kg
person
Purchased
Electricity
920,161
38.98
Purchased Heat
1,588,575
67.30
Scope 2 - Total
2,508,736
106.28
*Calculated based on the number of staff and students taken from the
EUR website. There are 2,662 staff and 20,941 students which leads to
a total of 23,603 people.
5. Present
Situation
Alternativ
e1
Alternativ
e2
Alternativ
e3
SCOPE 2:
DEDUCTIONS FOR EMISSIONS IN
NTU
CO Emission/kg CO Emission for
2
2
Emission Source
/person
NTU / kg
Purchased
Electricity
38.98
1,285,794
Purchased Heat
67.30
2,219,958
Scope 2 - Total
106.28
3,505,752
*Calculated based on the population of students in NTU. There are
23,518 undergraduate students and 9,468 postgraduate students. Total:
32,986.
6. Present
Situation
Alternativ
e1
Alternativ
e2
Alternativ
e3
SCOPE 3: EMISSIONS FROM STUDENTS’
USAGE OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT TO SCHOOL
Total Distance
By MRT*
By Bus**
Total
156,728,880 km
9,254,467.2 km
Metric Tons of
CO2 Emissions
9349.13
1012.08
10,361.21
*Calculated based on average distance travelled (21km) by students
who live in East and West of Singapore, assuming MRT is the main
mode of transport
**Calculated based on distanced travelled from Pioneer MRT to Lee Wee
Nam Library (3.1km)
8. Present
Situation
Alternativ
e1
Alternativ
e2
Alternativ
e3
USING E-LEARNING AS MODE OF TEACHING
Electrical Appliance Usage
Amount of Electricity
Consumed / Person / Month
(for School Hours)
Lights, fan, notebook and
charger
15.03 kWh^
Lights, air-conditioner, notebook 116.28 kWh^
and charger
^Electricity consumption is based on average rates extracted from
Singapore Power services website
Assuming 50% of total student population uses air-conditioner and the
other 50% uses the fan at home/hall for 8.25 months of school period
Total Electricity Used
Total Metric Tons of CO2
Emissions
15,479,787 kWh
8,190.34
10. Present
Situation
Alternativ
e1
Alternativ
e2
Alternativ
e3
O Introduction to the Carbon Emission’s Control
Measures
• What are carbon credits?
- Tradable certificates that allow companies to emit
CO2 emissions past their current limit by using
someone else’s spare limit
• Carbon Offset
- A reduction in CO2 at a certain part of the world
through technology or carbon absorbing plants to
compensate for emissions somewhere else
12. Present
Situation
Alternativ
e1
Alternativ
e2
Alternativ
e3
O Planting Mallee Eucalypt Trees to Reduce CO2
O A mature tree can absorb 48lbs of C02 a year(AEA)
(Approximately 46 trees needed to absorb one ton of
C02 every year)
At least 50 ha. of land needed for each plantation as
per Kyotol Protocol Requirements
Eucalyptus tenera (sand
mallee) east of Kalannie in
the wheatbelt of Western
Australia
14. Present
Situation
Alternativ
e1
Alternativ
e2
Alternativ
e3
O Feasibility of Using CO2 Australia Services
CONTRIBUTING
FACTORS
AGAINST
Trees absorb CO2 and
replenish the environment
with oxygen perpetually
Land is not unlimited(At
least 50 ha. is needed for
each plantation)
Low Cost (compared to
technology)
Trees have to replanted
every 100 years
Land owners can still
continue their commercial
activities (Rearing
livestock etc.) on the land
after selling to CO2
Austrailia.
Land could be used for
other more profitable
activities (Property
development etc.)
15.
16. Present
Situation
Alternativ
e1
Alternativ
e2
Alternativ
e3
O Change Pricing Model for NTU Hall Room Rental
O Change from a fixed rate to a flat rate for renting of
room plus a utility price multiplier multiplied by the
amount of utilities consumed
O Motivates residents to switch off their appliances
when not needed
O More equitable for those who do not
use as much utilities as the average
person
19. Other Alternatives
O Replacing lightbulbs with efficient alternatives (LED)
O Implement a bicycle renting system within the halls
and the school
O More recycling initiatives especially in Halls such as
adding recycling bins/stations.
21. O Our Decision
E Learning
Carbon
Offset
New Hall rent
model
Cost
Efficiency
0.48
0.035
1
Feasibility
-Face to face
learning still
needed for
practical skills
- The
university
does not emit
carbon
emissions as a
direct result of
its operations.
Not necessary
to spend so
much money
to offset
carbon.
- Effective
motivator for
students to
be more
active in
saving
energy.
22. Executive Summary
The purpose of this report is to review and compare alternative paths leading to our university’s long-term
carbon-neutral target. In doing so, we first aim to identify the carbon footprint of NTU, followed by exploring
the following shortlisted alternatives:
1. Transforming a significant proportion of our course delivery from classroom to an online
format.
2. Buying an equivalent amount of carbon offset credits.
3. Tiered pricing system for rental of hall rooms.
The carbon footprint of NTU can be divided into 3 main scopes. Scope 1 emission covers internal shuttle
bus transport within NTU, totalling up to 47.1 CO2 emission per metric ton. Scope 2 covers CO2 emission
based on purchased electricity and heat, totalling up to 3,505.75 CO2 emission per metric ton. Scope 3
emission covers public transport to NTU, totalling up to 10,361.21 metric tons of CO2 emissions.
Exploring Alternative 1, with e-learning, students no longer have to travel to school on e-learning days,
reducing the need for demand of both internal and external public transport. Electrical appliance usage will,
however, vary depending on whether they use the fan or air conditioner. Reduction in emissions include
electricity required to maintain classrooms as well.
Alternative 2 consists of buying carbon credits, which are tradable certificates that allow companies to emit
CO2 past their current limit by using someone else’s spare limit. It proposes the concept of carbon offset,
which is a reduction in CO2 at a certain part of the world through technology or carbon-absorbing plants to
compensate for emissions somewhere else. CO2 Australia is a company which acquires land in Australia for
carbon sink plantings as a form of carbon offset, i.e. planting Mallee Eucalypt Trees, which can absorb 48lbs
of CO2 a year at maturity. It is feasible in being low cost, as well as being able to be folded with other
activities such as rearing livestock on the land. However, the downside of depending on such a scheme is
that land is a limited resource and could be used for other productive activities instead.
Alternative 3 proposes to change the current flat rate of NTU hall room rental to a flat plus a utility price
multiplier multiplied by the amount of utilities consumed. The aim of this is to motivate residents to
switch off their appliances when not needed, where currently there is no reason to do so. The estimated
savings can go up to 184,500 KWH of electricity and 1,961 metric tons of CO2 a month. This alternative is
also relatively simple to implement.
In conclusion, the alternative to be chosen will depend on the resources that NTU wants to commit to effort
in maintaining them. We recommend tiered pricing as the other 2 alternatives, though feasible, give rise to
various new problems that eventually do not provide a sustainable solution for achieving long-term carbonneutrality in NTU.
23. O
References
Nanyang Technological University (2013). Corporate information. Retrieved from
https://www.ntu.edu.sg/ABOUTNTU/CORPORATEINFO/Pages/undergraduatepopulati
on2009-10-onwards.aspx
Nanyang Technological University (2013). Getting around NTU. Transportation.
Retrieved from:
http://www.ntu.edu.sg/has/Transportation/Pages/GettingAroundNTU.aspx
Nanyang Technological University (2013). Academic calendar AY 2013 – 2014.
Retrieved from:
http://www.ntu.edu.sg/Students/Undergraduate/AcademicServices/AcademicCalendar/
Pages/2013-14.aspx
The Resurgence Trust (n.d.). The Resurgence carbon dioxide calculator. Retrieved
from: http://www.resurgence.org/education/carbon-calculator.html
Sprangers, S. (2011). Calculating the carbon footprint of universities. p. 100 [Master’s
thesis Economics and Informatics]. Retrieved from: edventure.ntu.edu.sg
Erasmus University Rotterdam (2013). Facts and figures. Retrieved from:
http://www.eur.nl/english/eur/fandf/
24. O References
Distance from Pioneer MRT to Lee Wee Nam Library: SBS Transit. (n.d.)
Route information for Bus Service 179. Retrieved from:
http://www.sbstransit.com.sg/journeyplan/validation_page.aspx?qdirect=2&q
servno=179&qpoint=LOOP&dispno=179&qstart=BOON+LAY+INT&qend=S
CH+OF+COMM+AND+INFO
Singapore Power (n.d.) Home Electricity Audit. Retrieved from:
https://services.spservices.sg/cs_services_energy-audit.asp
Carbon footprint calculator: Carbon Footprint Ltd (2013). Carbon footprint
calculator. Retrieved from: http://www.carbonfootprint.com/calculator.aspx
University of Virginia (2009). CO2 Australia – the case for carbon credits.
Darden Business Publishing. Retrieved from: edventure.ntu.edu.sg
project64[image]. CO2 Australia. Retrieved from:
http://vimeo.com/channels/171324
Arbor Environmental Alliance (2008). Carbon & tree facts. Retrieved from
http://www.arborenvironmentalalliance.com/carbon-tree-facts.asp
25. O References
Nicolle, D. (n.d.) Eucalypt diverse gallery. [image].
Retrieved from
http://www.dn.com.au/Eucalypt_Diversity_Australia_g
allery/pages/Eucalyptus-tenera-mallee.html
Western Cape Government (2013). Energy saving
tips [image]. Retrieved from
http://www.westerncape.gov.za/generalpublication/energy-saving-tips
Cirroenergy (2013). Energy saving tips [image].
Retrieved from
http://blog.cirroenergy.com/2013/05/13/energy-savingtips/
Editor's Notes
Source of statistics:Nanyang Technological University (2013). Corporate information. Retrieved from https://www.ntu.edu.sg/ABOUTNTU/CORPORATEINFO/Pages/undergraduatepopulation2009-10-onwards.aspx
Shuttle bus frequency: Nanyang Technological University (2013). Getting around NTU. Transportation. Retrieved from: http://www.ntu.edu.sg/has/Transportation/Pages/GettingAroundNTU.aspxAcademic period: Nanyang Technological University (2013). Academic calendar AY 2013 – 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.ntu.edu.sg/Students/Undergraduate/AcademicServices/AcademicCalendar/Pages/2013-14.aspxCarbon footprint computation: The Resurgence Trust (n.d.). The Resurgence carbon dioxide calculator. Retrieved from: http://www.resurgence.org/education/carbon-calculator.html
Sprangers, S. (2011). Calculating the carbon footprint of universities. p. 100 [Master’s thesis Economics and Informatics]. Retrieved from: edventure.ntu.edu.sgErasmus University Rotterdam (2013). Facts and figures. Retrieved from: http://www.eur.nl/english/eur/fandf/
Carbon footprint computation: The Resurgence Trust (n.d.). The Resurgence carbon dioxide calculator. Retrieved from: http://www.resurgence.org/education/carbon-calculator.htmlDistance from Pioneer MRT to Lee Wee Nam Library: SBS Transit. (n.d.) Route information for Bus Service 179. Retrieved from: http://www.sbstransit.com.sg/journeyplan/validation_page.aspx?qdirect=2&qservno=179&qpoint=LOOP&dispno=179&qstart=BOON+LAY+INT&qend=SCH+OF+COMM+AND+INFO
University of Virginia (2009). CO2 Australia – the case for carbon credits. Darden Business Publishing. Retrieved from: edventure.ntu.edu.sgproject64[image]. CO2 Australia. Retrieved from: http://vimeo.com/channels/171324
Arbor Environmental Alliance (2008). Carbon & tree facts. Retrieved from http://www.arborenvironmentalalliance.com/carbon-tree-facts.aspNicolle, D. (n.d.) Eucalypt diverse gallery. [image]. Retrieved from http://www.dn.com.au/Eucalypt_Diversity_Australia_gallery/pages/Eucalyptus-tenera-mallee.html
Arbor Environmental Alliance (2008). Carbon & tree facts. Retrieved from http://www.arborenvironmentalalliance.com/carbon-tree-facts.aspWestern Cape Government (2013). Energy saving tips [image]. Retrieved from http://www.westerncape.gov.za/general-publication/energy-saving-tips
Arbor Environmental Alliance (2008). Carbon & tree facts. Retrieved from http://www.arborenvironmentalalliance.com/carbon-tree-facts.asp
Arbor Environmental Alliance (2008). Carbon & tree facts. Retrieved from http://www.arborenvironmentalalliance.com/carbon-tree-facts.aspCirroenergy (2013). Energy saving tips [image]. Retrieved from http://blog.cirroenergy.com/2013/05/13/energy-saving-tips/
Arbor Environmental Alliance (2008). Carbon & tree facts. Retrieved from http://www.arborenvironmentalalliance.com/carbon-tree-facts.aspLAMS Hosting Solutions Prices. Retrieved from http://www.lamsinternational.com/product/hosting.html