The document discusses the mechanisms by which the immune system generates antibody diversity to recognize millions of antigens. It describes 7 mechanisms: 1) use of multiple gene segments for light and heavy chains, 2) combinatorial V-J and V-D-J joining of gene segments, 3) addition of P-nucleotides and N-nucleotides during joining to introduce junctional diversity, 4) junctional flexibility in joining segments, 5) combinatorial association of paired heavy and light chains, 6) somatic hypermutation of variable regions within germinal centers, and 7) clonal selection of B cells with higher affinity antibodies. Together, these mechanisms allow the immune system to produce a vast repertoire of antibodies despite having relatively few antibody gene segments
The ppt covers the following topic-
1.Introduction about antibody.
2. Types of antibody.
3.Genetic basis of antibody diversity.
4. Antibody diversity.
5.Light chain gene segment.
6. Mechanism of variable region DNA rearrangment.
7. Heavy chain gene segment.
8.Alternate splicing.
The ppt covers the following topic-
1.Introduction about antibody.
2. Types of antibody.
3.Genetic basis of antibody diversity.
4. Antibody diversity.
5.Light chain gene segment.
6. Mechanism of variable region DNA rearrangment.
7. Heavy chain gene segment.
8.Alternate splicing.
One of the important parts in the study of Immunology.I prepared it for the sake of a seminar series competition conducted in my university. Now I thought of sharing it with others.
This Power point presentation describes various cloning strategies especially isolation of desired DNA/Gene to be cloned. It describes isolation of DNA/gene to be inserted in vector in 5 different situations.
CLONAL SELECTION THEORY IS AN SCIENTIFIC THEORY IN IMMUNOLOGY THAT EXPALINS THE FUNCTION OF CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC ANTIGEN INVADING THE BODY.
The cells of the B line synthesize immunoglobulins. They are either produced at a membrane (on the surface of the B-lymphocytes) or are secreted (by the plasmocytes)
One of the important parts in the study of Immunology.I prepared it for the sake of a seminar series competition conducted in my university. Now I thought of sharing it with others.
This Power point presentation describes various cloning strategies especially isolation of desired DNA/Gene to be cloned. It describes isolation of DNA/gene to be inserted in vector in 5 different situations.
CLONAL SELECTION THEORY IS AN SCIENTIFIC THEORY IN IMMUNOLOGY THAT EXPALINS THE FUNCTION OF CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN RESPONSE TO SPECIFIC ANTIGEN INVADING THE BODY.
The cells of the B line synthesize immunoglobulins. They are either produced at a membrane (on the surface of the B-lymphocytes) or are secreted (by the plasmocytes)
Generation of Antibody Diversity- Quick revision from Kuby through presentationSharmistaChaitali
Immunology, Kuby's fifth edition notes for strong background in the topic, General introduction, Types of Antibody and Structure, Experiments, Mechanisms
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
Ab diversity
1. GENERATION OF ANTIBODY DIVERSITY
Presented by,
JEEVA RAJ JOSEPH
15KUSM6008
2ND MSC MB
MSRCASC1
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2. INTRODUCTION
Antibodies are Ag binding proteins
present on the B-cell membrane and
secreted by plasma cell.
All antibodies share structural features,
Even though they are diverse according
to the antigen that caused the
generation of the particular antibody.
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3. antibody diversity
There are millions of antigens/epitope.
Our immune system has the ability to
produce specific antibody (variable
region) against all antigens
This diversification in antibody
production is known as antibody
diversity 3
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4. Basic Concept
One gene one protein concept.
All immunoglobulins are protein.
According to one gene one protein
concept – our genetic system should
contain millions of genes to produce
million types of Ig.
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5. The Fact
There are around 40000 genes in our genome.
This genes codes for all kind of proteins in
our system like enzymes, regulatory proteins,
immunoglobulins, etc…
There are only a few genes in our genome,
that code for Ig.
But our immune system apparently produce
antibody in the order of 1010.
How does this become possible ? 5
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6. Clonal selection theory
The theory states that in a pre-existing group of
lymphocytes (specifically B cells), a specific
antigen only activates (i.e. selection) its counter-
specific cell so that particular cell is induced to
multiply (producing its clones) for antibody
production.
Each lymphocyte is capable of reacting with one
antigen or a small no of antigens.
Contact with specific antigen - cellular
proliferation – monoclone - synthesising the
antibody. 6
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7. mechanisms in clonal selection
Germ line model:
Our germ cells contain a large collection of Ig genes that
produce diverse antibody.
Somatic variation theory:
Genome contain small no. of immunoglobulin genes from
which large no. of Ig coding segments are generated in
somatic cell by mutation or recombination.
Both theories have no 100% acceptance.
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8. Generation of antibody diversity
To date : 7 means of antibody diversification have been
identified in humans
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9. Multiple germline segment
κ and λ light chains and H chains are coded by separate
multigene families situated on different chromosome.
Since Ig are product of a multigene family – different
kind of Ig are produced from different genes.
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10. Combinatorial V-J (Light chain) and V-D-J joining
(Heavy Chain)
Ig has heavy chain and light chain
An Ig chain has a V region and C region.
The V region of L chain is coded by a one of the VJ
recombinant.
Similarly, V region of H chain is coded by a one of the VDJ
recombinant.
The C region of both H & L chain is coded by one of the C
segment. 10
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11. Heavy chain gene family
Variable region is coded by 3 type gene segment:V D
& J
Constant region is coded by C region gene
51 VH
27 DH
6 JH
Then C region genes in the order Cμ, Cδ, Cγ3, Cγ1,
Cγ2b, C γ2a, Cε, Cα
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12. V(D)J recombination
Any of Vλ gene can combine with any of Jλ – Cλ
combination ( same in κ also).
Any of VH gene can combine with any of DH – JH – CH
combination.
VDJ (first) and VJ (second) recombination – During B
cell maturation in Bone marrow.
So single antigen specific Immunocompetent cell is
produced.
RAG 1&2 and TdT (V(D)J recombinase) 12
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14. P- addition generate diversity
During V(D)J recombination DNA cleaved by RAG 1 &
RAG 2 enzymes - create a HAIR PIN STRUCTURE AT
CUT END
This hair pin is a short single strand DNA.
•It undergoes random cleavage by ssEndonuclease.
•A short single strand at the cut end of coding sequence
is formed.
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15. Subsequent repairing add complimentary nucleotide
to produce palindromic sequence. So called P –
Nucleotides.
Variation in the position of hair pin cut leads to
variation in Length
Variation in P nucleotide addition leads variations in
Ab coding sequence.
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17. N addition
During recombination of heavy chain an enzyme
called terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) add
some random nucleotides at cut end(in H chain only)
N addition add up to 15 nucleotides = 5 amino acids.
Addition of new nucleotides at the free 3’ and by the
enzyme TdT called N- Nucleotides contribute to
antibody diversity
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19. Junctional flexibility
The final Joining of coding sequences (V& J/ VD&J)
segments may be imprecise.
The variations in final trimming and ligation of coding
segment / in other words formation of coding joint in a
flexible fashion is called Junctional flexibility.
Junctional flexibility generate different amino acid
combinations at coding joint – that generate diversity.
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21. combinatorial association of H and L chain
Genome has the potential to generate 8262 type H
chain genes and 320 light chain gene.
Theoretically anyone of the H chain can combine with
anyone of the L chain.
The potential number of heavy- and light-chain
combinations is 2,644,240. This number is probably
higher than the amount of combinatorial diversity
actually generated in an individual, because it is not
likely that all VH and VL will pair with each other.
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22. Somatic hypermutation
Occur within germinal centres of secondary lymphoid
organ after exposure to an antigen.
Individual nucleotides in VJ or VDJ units are replaced
with alternative nucleotides.
It potentially alternate the specificity of encoded Ig.
The rate of this mutation is 1 Lakh times higher than
spontaneous mutation.
i.e. one mutation in VH & VL genes per every two cell
division.
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23. Mechanism has not yet been determined.
But most mutations are substitution rather than
insertion or deletion.
Following exposure to an Antigen, B cells with
higher affinity receptors selected for survival.
Such B cells undergo Affinity maturation takes
place in germinal centres.
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