This presentation summarizes information about root-knot disease caused by the nematode Meloidogyne incognita in Gerbera plants. It causes large losses to commercial floriculture, reducing yields by 30% in exotic varieties and 50% in Indian varieties. The life cycle and symptoms of the disease are described. Integrated management strategies include crop rotation, soil solarization, flooding, and use of biological agents like Trichoderma and Bacillus subtilis or chemical nematicides.
This document provides information on the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), a major pest of cruciferous crops. It discusses the moth's biology and life cycle, host range, damage caused by larvae, natural enemies that attack different life stages, and important parasitoids for biological control such as Diadegma insulare and Microplitis plutellae. The moth is a highly destructive pest that has developed resistance to many insecticides, making biological control key to effective management.
Integrated Disease Management on Tikka disease of GroundnutMuhammed Ameer
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) is recommended for managing Tikka disease of groundnut. Tikka disease causes circular leaf spots and is caused by the fungi Cercospora arachidicola and C. personata. IDM involves using cultural, biological, and chemical controls as needed to keep disease incidence below economic thresholds. Key practices include crop rotation, resistant varieties, removing crop residues, neem extracts, and fungicide sprays of Bordeaux mixture, Dimethane M-45, or carbendazim. The goal of IDM is to promote natural farming methods while keeping diseases under control.
Dear students, how are you all?!. This PPT will give a basic idea for planning, designing and principles of Garden. You all can use this PPT as notes for your exams.
1. The document discusses methods for establishing and maintaining a lawn, including soil preparation, selection of grass species, and planting techniques. Proper soil preparation such as digging, manuring, and leveling is emphasized. Common grass species for lawns in various conditions are listed. Methods of planting grass include seed sowing, dibbling, turfing, and using bricks or turf plaster.
2. Rock and alpine gardens are also covered. Rock gardens are designed to mimic mountain landscapes using rocks and drought-tolerant plants native to mountainous areas. Alpine gardens feature dwarf plants adapted to cool climates, grown in a medium of sand, organic matter and gravel.
3. Proper soil preparation, grass
This document summarizes the main pests that affect tuberose plants: bud borer, weevils, thrips, aphids, red spider mites, and mealy bug. It provides the scientific name, family, order, and symptoms caused for each pest. Common management practices to control the pests include applying pesticide sprays like methyl parathion, BHC dust, thiodon, kelthane, and malathion. Proper pest management is needed to control these pests and prevent damage to tuberose flowers and yields.
Nematode populations are influenced by both abiotic and biotic soil factors. Abiotic factors like temperature, moisture, aeration, texture, chemicals, and pH affect nematodes indirectly by influencing their environment and host plants. Biotic factors like the host plant species, its status, and soil microorganisms directly impact nematode multiplication rates and damage to plants. The interaction of these many dynamic soil conditions and organisms determines the spectrum of nematode populations at any given time in a particular location.
This presentation summarizes information about root-knot disease caused by the nematode Meloidogyne incognita in Gerbera plants. It causes large losses to commercial floriculture, reducing yields by 30% in exotic varieties and 50% in Indian varieties. The life cycle and symptoms of the disease are described. Integrated management strategies include crop rotation, soil solarization, flooding, and use of biological agents like Trichoderma and Bacillus subtilis or chemical nematicides.
This document provides information on the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), a major pest of cruciferous crops. It discusses the moth's biology and life cycle, host range, damage caused by larvae, natural enemies that attack different life stages, and important parasitoids for biological control such as Diadegma insulare and Microplitis plutellae. The moth is a highly destructive pest that has developed resistance to many insecticides, making biological control key to effective management.
Integrated Disease Management on Tikka disease of GroundnutMuhammed Ameer
Integrated Disease Management (IDM) is recommended for managing Tikka disease of groundnut. Tikka disease causes circular leaf spots and is caused by the fungi Cercospora arachidicola and C. personata. IDM involves using cultural, biological, and chemical controls as needed to keep disease incidence below economic thresholds. Key practices include crop rotation, resistant varieties, removing crop residues, neem extracts, and fungicide sprays of Bordeaux mixture, Dimethane M-45, or carbendazim. The goal of IDM is to promote natural farming methods while keeping diseases under control.
Dear students, how are you all?!. This PPT will give a basic idea for planning, designing and principles of Garden. You all can use this PPT as notes for your exams.
1. The document discusses methods for establishing and maintaining a lawn, including soil preparation, selection of grass species, and planting techniques. Proper soil preparation such as digging, manuring, and leveling is emphasized. Common grass species for lawns in various conditions are listed. Methods of planting grass include seed sowing, dibbling, turfing, and using bricks or turf plaster.
2. Rock and alpine gardens are also covered. Rock gardens are designed to mimic mountain landscapes using rocks and drought-tolerant plants native to mountainous areas. Alpine gardens feature dwarf plants adapted to cool climates, grown in a medium of sand, organic matter and gravel.
3. Proper soil preparation, grass
This document summarizes the main pests that affect tuberose plants: bud borer, weevils, thrips, aphids, red spider mites, and mealy bug. It provides the scientific name, family, order, and symptoms caused for each pest. Common management practices to control the pests include applying pesticide sprays like methyl parathion, BHC dust, thiodon, kelthane, and malathion. Proper pest management is needed to control these pests and prevent damage to tuberose flowers and yields.
Nematode populations are influenced by both abiotic and biotic soil factors. Abiotic factors like temperature, moisture, aeration, texture, chemicals, and pH affect nematodes indirectly by influencing their environment and host plants. Biotic factors like the host plant species, its status, and soil microorganisms directly impact nematode multiplication rates and damage to plants. The interaction of these many dynamic soil conditions and organisms determines the spectrum of nematode populations at any given time in a particular location.
This document summarizes several common diseases that affect sunflower plants, including the causal pathogens, symptoms, survival and spread mechanisms, and management strategies. It describes Alternaria blight caused by Alternaria helianthi, which causes leaf spots and is spread by wind-borne spores. It is managed through crop rotation, resistant varieties, and fungicide application. It also discusses rust caused by Puccinia helianthi that produces pustules on leaves and is spread by wind; charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina that causes stem and root rot through soilborne inoculum; and head rot caused by Rhizopus nigricans that causes head rot through insect vectors. Management includes sanitation, resistant
protected cultivation of orchid and dendrobiumArvind Yadav
This document discusses the protected cultivation of Dendrobium orchids. It describes the ideal temperature, light, humidity and carbon dioxide levels for growing them in greenhouses. Some suitable growing media and containers are mentioned, along with sterilization and spacing recommendations. It also covers varieties, propagation methods, nutrition, pest and disease control, harvesting, post-harvest handling including grading, storage and packaging.
This document discusses key elements and principles of garden design including color, texture, form, line, balance, rhythm, emphasis, and harmony. Color can influence the perception of advance or recession in a landscape. Texture refers to visual tactile qualities that can create contrast. Form and habit describe a plant's shape and direction of growth. Line guides the eye and defines structure. Balance creates equilibrium through symmetrical arrangement. Rhythm uses repetition of elements at regular intervals. Emphasis highlights special objects. Harmony results from unity among all design elements.
Modified chena cultivation involves using machines and technology to increase yields from traditional slash and burn agriculture. Farmers now use tractors, imported seeds, fertilizers and pesticides to cultivate one or two commercial crops rather than many varieties. This provides higher incomes for farmers. While it protects biodiversity by reducing the need to clear new forests, overuse of chemicals pollutes the environment and reduces soil quality by eliminating fallow periods between plantings.
1. Integrated nutrient management combines organic, inorganic, and biofertilizers to enhance crop growth and yield while improving soil health. Organic sources include farmyard manure and enriched compost.
2. The document provides guidelines for integrated disease management of various mulberry diseases including powdery mildew, leaf spot, leaf rust, and root knot disease. It recommends cultural, biological and chemical control measures.
3. Integrated pest management for mulberry involves monitoring for various viral, bacterial, fungal and nematode diseases and controlling them through measures like use of resistant varieties, roguing, weeding and application of recommended pesticides.
The document provides information on rose cultivation practices in India. It discusses the importance of roses, describes various rose varieties like hybrid tea and floribunda, and outlines cultivation methods including propagation, spacing, pruning, and pest and disease management. The main rose cultivation states in India are Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and West Bengal.
The document discusses root knot nematodes that infect mulberry plants. It describes the causal agent as Meloidogyne incognita, which was first reported in India in 1966. Root knot nematodes belong to the class nematode, order tylenchida, and family heteroderidae. They are commonly found in sandy soils under irrigated conditions. Infected mulberry plants show stunted growth, marginal leaf necrosis, yellowing leaves, and characteristic knots on roots. As a result of poor growth, about 10-12% of leaf yield is lost along with reduced leaf quality. Control measures include deep plowing, intercropping with nematicidal plants, using organic soil amendments, applying nematicides, and mul
powdery mildew of red gram, black gram, green gramrishi0
This document summarizes information about powdery mildew, a fungal disease that affects red gram, black gram, and green gram crops. It causes significant yield losses between 21-47%. The disease is caused by the fungi Leveillula taurica in red gram and Erysiphe polygoni in black gram and green gram. It spreads primarily through airborne spores and under favorable warm, humid conditions. Management strategies include removing crop residues, late sowing avoidance, sulfur dusting, and fungicide application at early disease signs.
This document provides information on insect pests that affect various oilseed crops. It discusses the major pests that impact sunflower, groundnut, and safflower crops. For sunflower, the major pests listed are the leaf hopper and capitulum borer. The document outlines the damage symptoms and lifecycles of these pests. For groundnuts, major pests discussed include aphids, leaf hoppers, thrips, and various caterpillar species. The management strategies provided for the pests include the use of insecticides as well as cultural practices like intercropping and trap cropping. The document concludes by listing references used to compile the pest information.
Solar and wind power is the most helpful for our agriculture and save our environment. I hope viewer also learn something new from this slide. Thank You.
Micro irrigation, also known as drip irrigation, provides water directly to plant roots through a network of pipes and emitters. It reduces water usage by up to 60% compared to other irrigation methods and increases crop yields by 20-50%. The document discusses the history and development of drip irrigation in India and around the world. It provides details on drip irrigation system components and how to calculate water requirements. Benefits include water savings, higher yields, and less disease/weeds. Challenges include the need for clean water and proper maintenance to prevent clogging. Drip irrigation is well-suited for orchards, farms, greenhouses, and polyhouses.
The document discusses the Citrus Psylla, a sap-sucking insect pest that damages citrus plants. It has common names like Citrus Psylla and technical name Diaphorina citri. It is brown with a pointed head, and nymphs are flat and orange-yellow. It can cause young fruits to drop, transmit citrus greening disease, and inject toxins that deform leaves and shoots. Management methods include use of ladybird beetles, green lacewings, and chemicals like malathion, monocrotophos and imidacloroprid.
Pest Management Approaches Under Protected CultivationSharan C V Gowda
Protected cultivation practices involve controlling the microclimate around plants to optimize growing conditions. This allows for year-round production, better resource utilization, and protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. However, it can also result in new or increased pest problems if not properly managed. Effective pest management under protected cultivation requires monitoring approaches like visual scouting and sticky traps to identify pests. Then, integrated approaches using physical, biological and chemical methods can be employed. Releasing natural enemies like predatory mites, bugs and parasitic wasps can biologically control pests, as can applying entomopathogenic fungi or bacteria. With careful integrated pest management, protected cultivation can provide higher quality and productivity than traditional field cultivation.
26 nov16 irrigation_water_use_efficiencyIWRS Society
The document discusses irrigation water use efficiency in India. It makes the following key points:
1. Irrigation accounts for over 80% of water use in India but efficiency is only 38-40% for canals and 60% for groundwater. Improving efficiency could irrigate 14 million more hectares.
2. Major issues affecting efficiency include outdated irrigation technologies, inadequate infrastructure design and maintenance, and lack of water management.
3. Options to improve efficiency include modernizing irrigation systems, conjunctive surface and groundwater use, watershed management, precision land leveling, drip/sprinkler irrigation, and deficit irrigation tailored to crop needs. Increasing efficiency 10% could irrig
This document summarizes 6 major pests that affect pomegranate and citrus crops:
1. Pomegranate butterfly, with host plants including pomegranate, guava, and citrus. Caterpillars bore into and feed on fruits.
2. Bark eating caterpillar, with hosts including mango, citrus, and ber. Larvae bore into and feed on bark, damaging conducting tissues.
3. Mealybug, which sucks sap from young leaves, shoots, and flowers, causing withering and dropping.
4. Fruit sucking moth, which damages citrus fruits by sucking their sap.
5. Whitefly, which sucks sap from leaves,
Temperature acts directly on insects' survival and development, and indirectly through other factors like food, humidity, and wind. All insects are cold-blooded and their body temperature depends on the environment. Temperature influences insects' development time, activity, fecundity, and ability to undergo diapause or hibernation. Moisture is essential for insects' metabolic processes but too much or too little can harm them. Light and photoperiod affect insects' behaviors like oviposition and induction of diapause or dimorphism. Other abiotic factors like wind, rainfall, soil type, and water currents also impact insects.
High volume, low volume and ultra low pesticide applicationDr. S.S. Shaw
The document discusses different pesticide application techniques including high volume, low volume, and ultra low volume spraying. High volume spraying uses 300-500 L/ha of spray solution applied using hydraulic nozzles. Low volume spraying reduces the volume to 50-150 L/ha using air blast nozzles on motorized knapsack sprayers to disperse fine spray droplets over a wider area. Proper application technique and equipment selection is important to ensure uniform pesticide coverage and deposition on target pests.
Bacterial canker, also known as gummosis, is caused by the bacterial pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and P. syringae pv. persicae. It affects stone fruits like plum, cherry, apricot, peach and ornamental Prunus species. Symptoms include sunken areas on stems, spurs and leaves developing brown spots that fall out. Management strategies include using resistant rootstocks and cultivars, maintaining tree health, pruning in early summer, and applying copper-based sprays in autumn and spring. Chemical control relies on fixed copper or Bordeaux mixture applications.
India is a leading producer of many plantation crops and exports substantial quantities, bringing in much needed foreign trade. The country has good conditions for horticulture but there is a need for more investment in research and development to improve technologies and protect intellectual property. Different types of intellectual property rights like patents, plant variety protection, trademarks, and geographical indications can be used to encourage investment in research and development of new horticultural varieties and technologies in India.
This document summarizes several common diseases that affect sunflower plants, including the causal pathogens, symptoms, survival and spread mechanisms, and management strategies. It describes Alternaria blight caused by Alternaria helianthi, which causes leaf spots and is spread by wind-borne spores. It is managed through crop rotation, resistant varieties, and fungicide application. It also discusses rust caused by Puccinia helianthi that produces pustules on leaves and is spread by wind; charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina that causes stem and root rot through soilborne inoculum; and head rot caused by Rhizopus nigricans that causes head rot through insect vectors. Management includes sanitation, resistant
protected cultivation of orchid and dendrobiumArvind Yadav
This document discusses the protected cultivation of Dendrobium orchids. It describes the ideal temperature, light, humidity and carbon dioxide levels for growing them in greenhouses. Some suitable growing media and containers are mentioned, along with sterilization and spacing recommendations. It also covers varieties, propagation methods, nutrition, pest and disease control, harvesting, post-harvest handling including grading, storage and packaging.
This document discusses key elements and principles of garden design including color, texture, form, line, balance, rhythm, emphasis, and harmony. Color can influence the perception of advance or recession in a landscape. Texture refers to visual tactile qualities that can create contrast. Form and habit describe a plant's shape and direction of growth. Line guides the eye and defines structure. Balance creates equilibrium through symmetrical arrangement. Rhythm uses repetition of elements at regular intervals. Emphasis highlights special objects. Harmony results from unity among all design elements.
Modified chena cultivation involves using machines and technology to increase yields from traditional slash and burn agriculture. Farmers now use tractors, imported seeds, fertilizers and pesticides to cultivate one or two commercial crops rather than many varieties. This provides higher incomes for farmers. While it protects biodiversity by reducing the need to clear new forests, overuse of chemicals pollutes the environment and reduces soil quality by eliminating fallow periods between plantings.
1. Integrated nutrient management combines organic, inorganic, and biofertilizers to enhance crop growth and yield while improving soil health. Organic sources include farmyard manure and enriched compost.
2. The document provides guidelines for integrated disease management of various mulberry diseases including powdery mildew, leaf spot, leaf rust, and root knot disease. It recommends cultural, biological and chemical control measures.
3. Integrated pest management for mulberry involves monitoring for various viral, bacterial, fungal and nematode diseases and controlling them through measures like use of resistant varieties, roguing, weeding and application of recommended pesticides.
The document provides information on rose cultivation practices in India. It discusses the importance of roses, describes various rose varieties like hybrid tea and floribunda, and outlines cultivation methods including propagation, spacing, pruning, and pest and disease management. The main rose cultivation states in India are Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and West Bengal.
The document discusses root knot nematodes that infect mulberry plants. It describes the causal agent as Meloidogyne incognita, which was first reported in India in 1966. Root knot nematodes belong to the class nematode, order tylenchida, and family heteroderidae. They are commonly found in sandy soils under irrigated conditions. Infected mulberry plants show stunted growth, marginal leaf necrosis, yellowing leaves, and characteristic knots on roots. As a result of poor growth, about 10-12% of leaf yield is lost along with reduced leaf quality. Control measures include deep plowing, intercropping with nematicidal plants, using organic soil amendments, applying nematicides, and mul
powdery mildew of red gram, black gram, green gramrishi0
This document summarizes information about powdery mildew, a fungal disease that affects red gram, black gram, and green gram crops. It causes significant yield losses between 21-47%. The disease is caused by the fungi Leveillula taurica in red gram and Erysiphe polygoni in black gram and green gram. It spreads primarily through airborne spores and under favorable warm, humid conditions. Management strategies include removing crop residues, late sowing avoidance, sulfur dusting, and fungicide application at early disease signs.
This document provides information on insect pests that affect various oilseed crops. It discusses the major pests that impact sunflower, groundnut, and safflower crops. For sunflower, the major pests listed are the leaf hopper and capitulum borer. The document outlines the damage symptoms and lifecycles of these pests. For groundnuts, major pests discussed include aphids, leaf hoppers, thrips, and various caterpillar species. The management strategies provided for the pests include the use of insecticides as well as cultural practices like intercropping and trap cropping. The document concludes by listing references used to compile the pest information.
Solar and wind power is the most helpful for our agriculture and save our environment. I hope viewer also learn something new from this slide. Thank You.
Micro irrigation, also known as drip irrigation, provides water directly to plant roots through a network of pipes and emitters. It reduces water usage by up to 60% compared to other irrigation methods and increases crop yields by 20-50%. The document discusses the history and development of drip irrigation in India and around the world. It provides details on drip irrigation system components and how to calculate water requirements. Benefits include water savings, higher yields, and less disease/weeds. Challenges include the need for clean water and proper maintenance to prevent clogging. Drip irrigation is well-suited for orchards, farms, greenhouses, and polyhouses.
The document discusses the Citrus Psylla, a sap-sucking insect pest that damages citrus plants. It has common names like Citrus Psylla and technical name Diaphorina citri. It is brown with a pointed head, and nymphs are flat and orange-yellow. It can cause young fruits to drop, transmit citrus greening disease, and inject toxins that deform leaves and shoots. Management methods include use of ladybird beetles, green lacewings, and chemicals like malathion, monocrotophos and imidacloroprid.
Pest Management Approaches Under Protected CultivationSharan C V Gowda
Protected cultivation practices involve controlling the microclimate around plants to optimize growing conditions. This allows for year-round production, better resource utilization, and protection from biotic and abiotic stresses. However, it can also result in new or increased pest problems if not properly managed. Effective pest management under protected cultivation requires monitoring approaches like visual scouting and sticky traps to identify pests. Then, integrated approaches using physical, biological and chemical methods can be employed. Releasing natural enemies like predatory mites, bugs and parasitic wasps can biologically control pests, as can applying entomopathogenic fungi or bacteria. With careful integrated pest management, protected cultivation can provide higher quality and productivity than traditional field cultivation.
26 nov16 irrigation_water_use_efficiencyIWRS Society
The document discusses irrigation water use efficiency in India. It makes the following key points:
1. Irrigation accounts for over 80% of water use in India but efficiency is only 38-40% for canals and 60% for groundwater. Improving efficiency could irrigate 14 million more hectares.
2. Major issues affecting efficiency include outdated irrigation technologies, inadequate infrastructure design and maintenance, and lack of water management.
3. Options to improve efficiency include modernizing irrigation systems, conjunctive surface and groundwater use, watershed management, precision land leveling, drip/sprinkler irrigation, and deficit irrigation tailored to crop needs. Increasing efficiency 10% could irrig
This document summarizes 6 major pests that affect pomegranate and citrus crops:
1. Pomegranate butterfly, with host plants including pomegranate, guava, and citrus. Caterpillars bore into and feed on fruits.
2. Bark eating caterpillar, with hosts including mango, citrus, and ber. Larvae bore into and feed on bark, damaging conducting tissues.
3. Mealybug, which sucks sap from young leaves, shoots, and flowers, causing withering and dropping.
4. Fruit sucking moth, which damages citrus fruits by sucking their sap.
5. Whitefly, which sucks sap from leaves,
Temperature acts directly on insects' survival and development, and indirectly through other factors like food, humidity, and wind. All insects are cold-blooded and their body temperature depends on the environment. Temperature influences insects' development time, activity, fecundity, and ability to undergo diapause or hibernation. Moisture is essential for insects' metabolic processes but too much or too little can harm them. Light and photoperiod affect insects' behaviors like oviposition and induction of diapause or dimorphism. Other abiotic factors like wind, rainfall, soil type, and water currents also impact insects.
High volume, low volume and ultra low pesticide applicationDr. S.S. Shaw
The document discusses different pesticide application techniques including high volume, low volume, and ultra low volume spraying. High volume spraying uses 300-500 L/ha of spray solution applied using hydraulic nozzles. Low volume spraying reduces the volume to 50-150 L/ha using air blast nozzles on motorized knapsack sprayers to disperse fine spray droplets over a wider area. Proper application technique and equipment selection is important to ensure uniform pesticide coverage and deposition on target pests.
Bacterial canker, also known as gummosis, is caused by the bacterial pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and P. syringae pv. persicae. It affects stone fruits like plum, cherry, apricot, peach and ornamental Prunus species. Symptoms include sunken areas on stems, spurs and leaves developing brown spots that fall out. Management strategies include using resistant rootstocks and cultivars, maintaining tree health, pruning in early summer, and applying copper-based sprays in autumn and spring. Chemical control relies on fixed copper or Bordeaux mixture applications.
India is a leading producer of many plantation crops and exports substantial quantities, bringing in much needed foreign trade. The country has good conditions for horticulture but there is a need for more investment in research and development to improve technologies and protect intellectual property. Different types of intellectual property rights like patents, plant variety protection, trademarks, and geographical indications can be used to encourage investment in research and development of new horticultural varieties and technologies in India.
Drosophila suzukii in vigneti piemontesiMillevigne
Meeting "Monitoraggio e ruolo di Drosophila suzukii in vigneti piemontesi", Alba, 19 Dicembre 2016.
La presenza dell'insetto in vigneti piemontesi, a cura di:
Fabio Mazzetto DISAFA –Università degli Studi di Torino, Arianna Giusta, PEGASO servizi agroambientali
Drosophila suzukii, sintomi a danni a confronto con tignole e altre causeMillevigne
A cura di Alessandro De Feo, Pegaso Servizi Agroambientali
Meeting "Monitoraggio e ruolo di Drosophila suzukii in vigneti piemontesi", Alba, 19 Dicembre 2016.
The document summarizes several ongoing studies on Drosophila suzukii at two labs. Dr. McRobert's lab is studying blueberry fecundity, remating behavior, and hybridization with D. biarmipes. Dr. Fingerut's lab is examining overwintering, including determining the lower lethal temperature and constructing a mesocosm. Additional research includes investigating the invasive species' origins, rapid life cycle, disappearance over winter, potential overwintering locations, and effects of temperature on reproduction to better understand population dynamics. Techniques described are population boxes, traps, individual fly studies, and a multi-step blueberry reproduction study. The research aims to improve pest management and understand economic losses from this
El documento describe la mosca Drosophila suzukii, una plaga emergente de frutas. Proporciona detalles sobre su clasificación, distribución geográfica actual que incluye Europa, morfología en las etapas de huevo, larva y adulto, y los daños que causa a frutos como cerezas y bayas.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Spotted wing drosophila and brown marmorated stink bug - the biggest challeng...Mark Klingman
1. The document discusses two major insect pests of berries: brown marmorated stink bug and spotted wing drosophila.
2. Spotted wing drosophila is an invasive fruit fly that lays eggs in and larvae feed within ripe and ripening fruit, unlike most drosophila species which feed on rotting fruit.
3. The document provides information on identifying, monitoring, and managing both pests through cultural and chemical controls. Trapping methods and effective insecticides are discussed for controlling spotted wing drosophila.
Pemerintah mengumumkan rencana untuk membangun pusat perbelanjaan baru di pusat kota untuk mendukung pertumbuhan ekonomi. Rencana ini mendapat dukungan dari kalangan bisnis tetapi ditentang oleh kelompok lingkungan karena khawatir akan mengganggu ekosistem setempat. Perdebatan masih berlanjut mengenai dampak sosial ekonomi dan lingkungan dari rencana pembangunan tersebut.
2. AĞAÇALTI MİKRO YAĞMURLAMA SULAMA YÖNTEMİ
Yağmurlama sulama yönteminde de değinildiği gibi, meyve
bahçelerinin sulanmasında küçük yağmurlama başlıklarından yaygın
olarak yararlanılmaktadır. Küçük yağmurlama başlıklarının kullanıldığı
yağmurlama sulama yöntemine ağaçaltı mikro yağmurlama sulama
yöntemi adı da verilmektedir. Sistem unsurları, damla sulama sistem
unsurları ile aynıdır. Tek fark, damlatıcılar yerine küçük yağmurlama
başlıklarının kullanılmasıdır. Başka bir deyişle, ağaçaltı mikro
yağmurlama sulama sistemi; pompa birimi, kontrol birimi, ana boru
hattı, manifold boru hatları, lateral boru hatları ve küçük yağmurlama
başlıklarından oluşur. Bu yöntemde, her ağaç sırasına bir lateral boru
hattı döşenir ve lateral boyunca her ağacın altına bir yağmurlama
başlığı konur. Ağaçaltı mikro yağmurlama sulama sistemi unsurları
Şekil 8.1 de görülmektedir.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19. Su kaynağı Kontrol birimi Ana boru hattı
Manifold boru hattı
Pompa birimi
Ağaç
Küçük
Yağmurlama
başlığı
Lateral boru
hattı
Şekil 8.1. Mikro yağmurlama sulama sistemi unsurları
20. • Ağaçaltı mikro yağmurlama sulama yönteminde işletme basıncı
1 - 2 atm kadardır. Başlık debileri ise genellikle 30 - 300 L/h
arasında değişmektedir. Bir yağmurlama başlığı, yaklaşık ağaç
tacının izdüşümü kadar bir alanı ıslatır. Bu nedenle, gerek sıra
üzerindeki ağaçlar arasında, gerekse ağaç sıraları arasında
ıslatılmayan kuru bir alan kalabilir. Bu yöntemde, başlık aralığı
sıra üzerindeki ağaç aralığına, lateral aralığı ise ağaç sıra
aralığına eşittir (Şekil 8.2).
21. Sa = S 2 Ağaç
Küçük yağmurlama Ss = Sl
Lateral boru başlığı
hattı
Şekil 8.2. Ağaçaltı mikro yağmurlama sulama yönteminde lateral tertip biçimi
22. • Küçük yağmurlama başlıklarını üreten her kuruluş, başlık
teknik özelliklerini belirten bir çizelgeyi planlayıcı yada
uygulayıcıya vermekle yükümlüdür. Bu teknik çizelge de;
optimum işletme basınçları, başlık debileri, ıslatma çapları ve
yağmurlama, -hızı değerleri yer alır. Sistemin planlanması ve
işletilmesi bu değerlere göre yapılır. Küçük yağmurlama
başlıklarına ilişkin örnek bir teknik çizelge. Çizelge 8.1 de
verilmiştir.
23. SULAMA YÖNTEMİNİN SEÇİLMESİNE ETKİLİ OLAN FAKTÖRLER
1. SU KAYNAĞI VE SULAMA 2. TOPRAK 3. TOPOĞRAFİK 4. İKLİM 5. BİTKİ 6.EKONOMİ 7. SOSYAL VE
SUYUNUN ÖZELLİKLERİ ÖZELLİKLERİ ÖZELLİKLER ÖZELLİKLERİ ÖZELLİKLERİ KÜLTÜREL DURUM
-Su kaynağının cinsi ve uzaklığı - Kullanılabilir su - Eğim derecesi - Rüzgar - Bitki cinsi - Sulamanın
-Su kaynağının debisi tutma kapasitesi - Erozyona uygunluk - Sıcaklık - Bitki hastalıkları maliyeti
-Su kısıtı - Su alma hızı - Bağıl nem - Özel istekler - Ürünün değeri
-Sulama suyu kalitesi - Toprak derinliği - Yağış
-Su maliyeti ve taban suyu - Don tehlikesi
- Tuzluluk ve drenaj
koşulları
- Taşlılık
