As the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) approach expiration in 2015, a high-level panel is developing a post-2015 global development agenda, emphasizing the need for transparency and accountability in development processes. This document advocates for incorporating these principles to enhance public participation, improve governance, and ensure that development outcomes are responsive to citizens' needs. The recommendations include establishing transparency and accountability as standalone goals or as key targets within each development goal, with necessary capacity building and financing mechanisms to support implementation.

1. Incorporating Transparency and
Accountability Issues into the
Post-2015 Development Agenda
MDGs and Post-2015 Development Agenda
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) will expire in
the year 2015. Currently, one of the most prominent processes
in regard of the next global agenda for development is under
the High Level Panel of Eminent Persons (HLPEP) on Post-
2015 Development Agenda. Established by Secretary-General
Ban Ki-moon, the HLPEP is mandated to advise the global
development framework beyond 2015. The recommendation
will be presented before the UN General Assembly.
We have two lessons from MDGs. On one hand, MDGs
have successfully became an instrument for mainstreaming
the eight key issues of development agenda at all levels –
global, national, to sub-national. This mainstreaming, at least
to some extent, has succeeded in mobilizing and directing
resources that are important to achieving a number of global
development targets. On the other hand, it was recognized
that some government (and/or private) interventions to achieve
the MDGs have not been effective. Especially in developing
countries, this was caused by the intransparent development
process, and excluded multi-stakeholder participation
including the engagement with civil society.
P O S I T I O N N OT E
March 2013
This note is an excerpt of a
series of discussions coordinated
by Article 33 Indonesia
together with Publish What You
Pay (PWYP) Indonesia coalition
involving the following
individuals and institutions:
Chandra Kirana;
Ridaya Laodengkowe;
Ambarsari Dwi Cahyani;
Maryati Abdullah,
Aryanto Nugroho
(Seknas PWYP Indonesia);
Chitra Retna S, Riko Wahyudi,
Ermy Ardhyanti, Lukman Hakim,
M Rasyid Ridla, Kanti
(Article 33 Indonesia);
Fabby Tumiwa, Yesi Maryam,
Morentalisa Hutapea
(IESR);
Sulastio (IPC);
Lukman Hakim, Biah
(Seknas FITRA);
Iskandar Saharuddin, Widiyarti D
(PATTIRO);
Dyah Paramita, Resa Raditio
(ICEL).

2. 2
Position Note No. 01, 2013
Against this backdrop, we hold that a development should be undertaken within a democratic
framework, one that opens substantial public information, enhance transparency, and promote
spaces for public participation. These are fundamentals for democratic accountability in all
development process. And these, in our view, have yet to gain sufficient attention in the current
MDGs and must be incorporated in the coming post-2015 development agenda.
Why do transparency and accountability matter?
Transparency in the ways development is governed constitutes an acknowledgement of
people’s right to information. Right to freedom of information is recognized internationally
(Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1945, Article 19). Since 1946 the UN General
Assembly adopted Resolution 59 (1) which states that “Freedom of information is a fundamental
human right and the touchstone of all the freedoms to which the United Nations is consecrated.”
In the public domain, its fulfillment is manifested in the form of full disclosure to all relevant
public information, at the right time (timely), and the process is systematically institutionalized.
The rights of citizens in this regard include, among others, the right to know, the right to obtain
public documents (right to access), the right to be informed, and the right to disseminate
information.
A fulfillment of these rights can generate a constructive impact towards the governance of
development. With transparency, asymmetric information between actors of development can
be reduced. Development policies will likely be implemented more effectively as the sense of
responsibility from policymakers increases, which in a large part a result of increased public
control. Check and balances are allowed to be exercised. Transparency also reduces the level
of irregularities, such as misappropriation of public revenues from taxes or the rent of natural
resources, and improves basic public services to be more efficient, such as in education and
health. Above all, transparency has the opportunity to encourage government to be responsive
to the demands and needs of the citizens, in particular, if transparency is also equipped with a
working feedback mechanism from development stakeholders once public information is
made accessible. In this context, transparency is a prerequisite for accountability and responsive
government as important aspects of sustainable development.
Transparency and accountability have other relevance as well. A vital pillar of sustainable
development –in addition to the economic, social and environmental pillars– is governance.
Governance, in which transparency and accountability become its essential elements, is the
enabling dimension of sustainable development and a guarantee for the effectiveness of any
development intervention by any development actor in any level. Without transparency and
accountability, a post-2015 world that we dreamed together, the future we want, will be hard
to embrace.

3. 3
Two options to bring transparency and accountability issues on
board in the Post-2015 Development Agenda
In translating the framework of the Development Agenda Post-2015, Article 33 Indonesia
together with Publish What You Pay (PWYP) Indonesia, a civil society coalition for
transparency and accountability, propose the following two possibilities to include transparency
and accountability in the agenda.
First: to make the issues of transparency and accountability as one standalone
goal in the Post-2015 Development Agenda. This option will ensure that the
issues of transparency and accountability to be mainstreamed in a more
straightforward manner.
Second: to formulate key aspects of transparency and accountability as target
in each development goals. This will ensure the implementation of transparency
and accountability to be taken seriously, enable the establishment of an effective
government and development system, and encourages coherence and inter-
linkages among development goals.
If the first option is taken, we propose the following formulations.
The proposed goal:
Ensure an open, accountable and responsive government.
Proposed targets:
• Ensure the rights to public information.
• Ensure public and private entities involved in development process to
manage information according to the freedom of information principles.
• Ensure transparent and accountable management of public finance.
• Ensure public involvement in establishing a responsive government.

4. On Partnerships and Means of Implementation
The forms of partnership for transparency and accountability should involve all stakeholders,
at all levels (global, national and sub-national), and in all phases of the development process
(from planning to measuring the achievement of the policy).
There are means of implementations necessary for us to achieve the post-2015 development
agenda. On the issue of transparency and accountability, capacity building is one of the most
essential means of implementation, for example, improving the capacity of public agencies in
relation to information access and data exposure. Capacity building is also important for the
civil society, especially in terms of monitoring the implementation of transparency and
accountability. One is to improve their ability to do activities that encourage accountability of
government or the private sector, such as social audit or social accountability.
Another important means of implementation is knowledge sharing, for example through the
exchange of experiences, studies and best practices in terms of transparency and accountability.
A common international standard in the areas of transparency and accountability practices are
also necessary. The common standard will serve to provide a set of guidance for practices of
effective transparency and accountability, as well as a benchmark in measuring transparency
and accountability practices.
Financing is another required means of implementation. The sources and mechanisms of
financing should be formulated. Financing sources can be from public resources, private
initiatives, or co-financing scheme through public-private partnerships. As for financing
mechanisms, through which financial resources are to be channeled, there is a need to design
mechanisms which set the incentive right for the practices of transparency and accountability
to be institutionalized.
Article 33 Indonesia
sekretariat@article33.or.id
http://www.article33.or.id
***
PWYP Indonesia
http://pwyp-indonesia.org
http://www.publishwhatyoupay.org/
where/coalitions/indonesia