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A2/ Expt /Thermal /Neil
This document describes a laboratory experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of water. The experiment involves using a calorimeter, immersion heater, thermometer, power supply and stopwatch to heat water and calculate its specific heat capacity based on temperature changes and energy input. Safety precautions are noted for the electrical equipment and glass thermometer. Multiple trials are conducted to reduce random errors.
Thermal conductivity presentation
This document describes an experiment measuring the thermal conductivity of a copper cylinder using a one-dimensional heat equation. The experimental setup involves running tap water through one end of a copper cylinder to cool it to 5°C while the other end is heated to 60°C to create a linear thermal gradient. Thermocouples spaced along the cylinder measure the temperature gradient as it cools, which is fitted to a numerical model to determine the thermal conductivity. The correlation between the model and experimental data increased from 0.995 to over 0.999 with adjustments to the boundary conditions.
Heat and Heat Capacity
This document discusses heat and heat capacity. It defines heat as a transfer of energy associated with a temperature change and notes that heat capacity is the amount of heat required to change an object's temperature by 1°C or 1K. The document outlines two types of heat capacity: specific heat capacity, which is the heat capacity per gram of a substance, and molar heat capacity, which is the heat capacity per mole of a gas. Molar heat capacity can be measured at constant pressure (Cp) or constant volume (Cv).
Modellingelectrickettle
This document outlines an experiment to model an electric kettle. The aim is to connect a water-cooled resistor to a power pack using wires and clips to heat water over time. Students are instructed to record the temperature of the water every two minutes for ten minutes, as well as current and voltage readings. They will then graph the temperature change and answer questions about energy transfer, power calculations, and whether their model is an accurate representation of a real kettle.
Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance. It is measured using a thermometer and represents the average kinetic energy of particles in a system. The three main scales used are Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin, with Celsius being used for most common temperature measurements like weather reports. The freezing and boiling points of water are used as standard reference temperatures to calibrate thermometers across the different scales.
Holmes / A2 / Lab Design
The document describes a physics experiment to investigate how the surface temperature of a glass lamp envelope varies with electrical power delivered to the lamp. The experiment involves measuring the resistance, surface temperature, power input, and luminous intensity of a testing bulb at different power levels. Data is evaluated using equations relating resistance, temperature change, power, and intensity. Safety precautions are outlined and improvements suggested such as adding covers and targeting measurements more precisely.
10.2 - First law of Thermodynamics and PV graphs
Pressure and temperature are directly proportional to one another as long as temperature is measured in Kelvins, according to Boyle's law. The first law of thermodynamics states that the heat added to a gas must equal the work done by the gas plus any change in internal energy. There are four main thermodynamic processes: (1) isobaric, where pressure is constant and temperature increases as volume expands; (2) isochoric, where volume is constant and temperature increases with rising pressure; (3) isothermal, where temperature is constant and heat enables gas to do work through expansion; and (4) adiabatic, where no heat is exchanged and work is done on the gas, increasing its
A2 /EXPT/THER/RON/FIONA
To determine the specific latent heat of water using an electrical method, Ron and Fiona followed these steps:
1. They weighed the mass of water and placed it in a heat insulator with the circuit setup to pass current through it.
2. They measured the initial temperature and current, and calculated the total energy used.
3. They recorded the time taken for every 10 degree rise in temperature and used this to calculate the specific heat capacity for each time interval.
4. They took the average of the specific heat capacity values to determine the specific latent heat of water. Safety precautions were followed to prevent overheating.
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A2/ Expt /Thermal /Neil
This document describes a laboratory experiment to measure the specific heat capacity of water. The experiment involves using a calorimeter, immersion heater, thermometer, power supply and stopwatch to heat water and calculate its specific heat capacity based on temperature changes and energy input. Safety precautions are noted for the electrical equipment and glass thermometer. Multiple trials are conducted to reduce random errors.
Thermal conductivity presentation
This document describes an experiment measuring the thermal conductivity of a copper cylinder using a one-dimensional heat equation. The experimental setup involves running tap water through one end of a copper cylinder to cool it to 5°C while the other end is heated to 60°C to create a linear thermal gradient. Thermocouples spaced along the cylinder measure the temperature gradient as it cools, which is fitted to a numerical model to determine the thermal conductivity. The correlation between the model and experimental data increased from 0.995 to over 0.999 with adjustments to the boundary conditions.
Heat and Heat Capacity
This document discusses heat and heat capacity. It defines heat as a transfer of energy associated with a temperature change and notes that heat capacity is the amount of heat required to change an object's temperature by 1°C or 1K. The document outlines two types of heat capacity: specific heat capacity, which is the heat capacity per gram of a substance, and molar heat capacity, which is the heat capacity per mole of a gas. Molar heat capacity can be measured at constant pressure (Cp) or constant volume (Cv).
Modellingelectrickettle
This document outlines an experiment to model an electric kettle. The aim is to connect a water-cooled resistor to a power pack using wires and clips to heat water over time. Students are instructed to record the temperature of the water every two minutes for ten minutes, as well as current and voltage readings. They will then graph the temperature change and answer questions about energy transfer, power calculations, and whether their model is an accurate representation of a real kettle.
Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity that expresses the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance. It is measured using a thermometer and represents the average kinetic energy of particles in a system. The three main scales used are Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin, with Celsius being used for most common temperature measurements like weather reports. The freezing and boiling points of water are used as standard reference temperatures to calibrate thermometers across the different scales.
Holmes / A2 / Lab Design
The document describes a physics experiment to investigate how the surface temperature of a glass lamp envelope varies with electrical power delivered to the lamp. The experiment involves measuring the resistance, surface temperature, power input, and luminous intensity of a testing bulb at different power levels. Data is evaluated using equations relating resistance, temperature change, power, and intensity. Safety precautions are outlined and improvements suggested such as adding covers and targeting measurements more precisely.
10.2 - First law of Thermodynamics and PV graphs
Pressure and temperature are directly proportional to one another as long as temperature is measured in Kelvins, according to Boyle's law. The first law of thermodynamics states that the heat added to a gas must equal the work done by the gas plus any change in internal energy. There are four main thermodynamic processes: (1) isobaric, where pressure is constant and temperature increases as volume expands; (2) isochoric, where volume is constant and temperature increases with rising pressure; (3) isothermal, where temperature is constant and heat enables gas to do work through expansion; and (4) adiabatic, where no heat is exchanged and work is done on the gas, increasing its
A2 /EXPT/THER/RON/FIONA
To determine the specific latent heat of water using an electrical method, Ron and Fiona followed these steps:
1. They weighed the mass of water and placed it in a heat insulator with the circuit setup to pass current through it.
2. They measured the initial temperature and current, and calculated the total energy used.
3. They recorded the time taken for every 10 degree rise in temperature and used this to calculate the specific heat capacity for each time interval.
4. They took the average of the specific heat capacity values to determine the specific latent heat of water. Safety precautions were followed to prevent overheating.
heat
There are three main temperature scales - Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin. Fahrenheit uses the freezing and boiling points of water as 32°F and 212°F, Celsius uses 0°C and 100°C, and Kelvin uses 273.15 K and 373.15 K. Conversions between the scales can be performed using fixed formulas. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects in contact or at a distance. Heat transfer occurs through conduction, convection, or radiation, with conduction easiest in solids and liquids due to their close particle contact.
Lecture23
This document summarizes key points from a physics lecture on temperature and ideal gases:
1. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules in an object. When temperature increases, molecules move faster and objects expand through thermal expansion.
2. Thermal expansion is described by the equations ΔL = αL0ΔT for linear expansion and ΔV = βV0ΔT for volume expansion, where α and β are coefficients of thermal expansion.
3. An ideal gas is made up of many individual molecules, with properties like number density (number of molecules per volume) described using concepts like number of moles and Avogadro's number.
Exp. 3
This experiment compares the specific heat capacities of sunflower oil and water by heating equal masses of each liquid and recording their temperatures over time. The results show that the oil is heated more quickly than the water, indicating that its specific heat capacity is lower than water's. Calculations are shown to determine the specific heat capacities in J/(kg K) of each substance using their mass, temperature change and heat absorbed. The specific heat capacity of sunflower oil is found to be lower than water at 1670 J/(kg K) and 4184 J/(kg K), respectively.
Temperature
1) The document defines temperature and different ways of measuring it, including various temperature scales like Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin.
2) Methods of temperature measurement are discussed, including thermometers, thermocouples, and pyrometers. Conversion formulas between temperature scales are also provided.
3) Several problems are presented involving converting temperatures between Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales and calculating temperature changes. Absolute zero is defined as the lowest possible temperature where entropy reaches its minimum value.
MELAB_LesterWheeler
This experiment determined the temperature profile of a vertical steel fin both experimentally and theoretically. A steel fin was placed on a heating element set to 365 K and allowed to reach steady state. Thermocouples measured the decreasing temperature profile from the base to tip of the fin. The experimental results varied slightly from the theoretical profile mainly due to errors in temperature measurements at the fin surface. Comparing the experimental and theoretical profiles showed good agreement between the two methods of analyzing the fin's temperature change.
Temperature | Convertion of Celsius to Fahrenheit and vice versa
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EMAIL queenyedda@gmail.com
This preview may not appear the same on the actual version of the PPT slides.
Some formats may change due to font and size settings available on the audience's device.
To get/buy a soft copy, please send a request to queenyedda@gmail.com
Inclusions of the file attachment:
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* Soft copy of the WHOLE ppt slides with effects
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
How to convert temperatures in Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin.
Thermal and electrical conductivity of metals
The document describes procedures to determine the heat capacity of a calorimeter, measure the heating of water due to ambient temperature, and estimate the thermal and electrical conductivity of copper and aluminum.
To measure thermal conductivity, the experiment determines the heat flow through metal rods using temperature measurements and Fourier's law of heat conduction. Electrical conductivity is estimated by recording current-voltage characteristics and calculating resistivity from Ohm's law. Results are found to be close to literature values. The Wiedemann-Franz law relating thermal and electrical conductivity is also discussed.
A2/ Expt /Thermal /Kevin/ Carl
The document provides instructions for determining the specific latent heat of fusion of ice through experimentation. It outlines assembling the apparatus with an ice sample, electrical heater, and measurement devices. The procedure involves applying constant power to the heater in contact with the ice and recording the time taken to melt varying ice masses. Safety precautions are noted for handling the hot heater and cold ice. Random error is reduced by repeating trials and using a large ice mass in a cool room with precise instruments.
Transferencia de Calor
This document discusses different methods of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of thermal energy through direct contact of molecules in a material. Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of fluids. Radiation involves the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves. Equations for calculating heat transfer by each of these methods are presented, along with examples of applying the equations.
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This document discusses the thermal properties of matter through a presentation by Shaila Mengane. It covers key topics like the heat equation, heat capacity, calorimetry, and changes of state. Regarding calorimetry, it describes how a calorimeter can be used to determine the specific heat of a substance using the principle of conservation of energy. It also explains how the heat equation is applied to calculate specific heat from calorimetry experiments. Finally, it distinguishes between boiling and evaporation, noting that boiling occurs at a fixed temperature for a given pressure while evaporation can occur at any temperature.
CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURE
This document discusses temperature scales and converting between Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales. It provides information on key reference points for freezing and boiling water in each scale and the formulas for converting between them. Examples are given for using the formulas to solve temperature conversion problems.
Thermodynamics - Experiment 2
This document describes an experiment to measure the temperature distribution through a composite plane wall and determine the overall heat transfer coefficient. Students will measure temperatures at different points along a specimen heated on one end and cooled on the other under varying voltages. The goal is to calculate the heat transfer through each material section and overall. Tables will record temperature, voltage, current and calculated heat transfer values at each step to analyze conduction through the combined materials. A graph of temperature vs. distance and comparison to theoretical expectations will also be produced.
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A fuel cell uses the chemical energy of hydrogen or another fuel to cleanly and efficiently produce electricity. If hydrogen is the fuel, electricity, water, and heat are the only products. Fuel cells are unique in terms of the variety of their potential applications; they can provide power for systems as large as a utility power station and as small as a laptop computer. Fuel cells can be used in a wide range of applications, including transportation, material handling, stationary, portable, and emergency backup power applications. Fuel cells have several benefits over conventional combustion-based technologies currently used in many power plants and passenger vehicles. Fuel cells can operate at higher efficiencies than combustion engines and can convert the chemical energy in the fuel to electrical energy with efficiencies of up to 60%. Fuel cells have lower emissions than combustion engines. Hydrogen fuel cells emit only water, so there are no carbon dioxide emissions and no air pollutants that create smog and cause health problems at the point of operation. Also, fuel cells are quiet during operation as they have fewer moving parts. This work is a representation of Ansys capabilities to simulate fuel cell for academic learning .
Latent heat first experiment
This experiment measured the latent heat of fusion of water by heating ice cubes in a calorimeter vessel containing water. The temperature remained constant at 0°C during melting as heat was absorbed without increasing temperature, in agreement with theory. By calculating the mass of ice and water and measuring temperatures, the latent heat of fusion was found to be 94,670 J/g, close to the literature value of 79,790 J/g. The small error is likely due to impure water used in the experiment.
CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURE
This document discusses different temperature scales and converting between them. It covers:
- The Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales and their reference points for water freezing and boiling.
- Formulas for converting between Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin scales.
- Examples of converting specific temperatures between the different scales.
Heat transfer & heat exchangers
This document discusses heat transfer and heat exchangers. It defines key units used in heat transfer such as temperature, heat, and heat capacity. It describes different types of heat including latent heat and methods of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. Specifically, it explains that heat is transferred through conduction by the movement of free electrons in metals and vibration of atoms/molecules, with the rate of conduction determined by thermal conductivity. It also provides examples of thermal conductivity values for common materials.
Thermal undershoot
This document discusses the problem of thermal undershoot in transient thermal analysis and provides a solution. It shows a slab with uniform heat flux on one face and convection on the other, with the transient analysis resulting in temperatures falling below ambient. It then provides a relationship between element size and time step to avoid undershoot, and applies this to the model by increasing the number of elements from 30 to 10, resolving the undershoot issue.
Scales and methords of temperature
There are three main temperature scales: Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin. The Kelvin scale is the base unit in the International System of Units and defines absolute zero as 0 K. The Celsius scale uses 0°C for the freezing point of water and 100°C for the boiling point. The Fahrenheit scale uses 32°F and 212°F as these points. Common methods of temperature measurement include bimetallic strip thermometers, which use the differing expansion rates of two bonded metals, and liquid-in-glass thermometers, where the expansion of liquid in a glass tube indicates the temperature.
Temperatureanditsmeasurement
This document discusses temperature and its measurement. It defines temperature as a measure of hotness or coldness, while heat is a form of energy that can transfer between bodies with different temperatures. There are several types of thermometers discussed for measuring temperature, including mercury-in-glass, gas, thermoelectric, and resistance thermometers. Gas and resistance thermometers provide the widest measurement ranges, from -270°C to 1500°C and -180°C to 1520°C respectively. The document also provides examples of converting between Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin temperature scales.
Heat
The document discusses kinetic molecular theory and heat transfer. It explains that all matter is made of molecules that are always in motion, and their motion increases with temperature. Heat is a form of energy caused by molecular motion, and it transfers from hot to cold through conduction, convection, or radiation. Temperature is a measure of average molecular motion or energy, while heat is the total energy of that motion.
As/ Expt /G/ Kevin
This document provides instructions for using an inclined plane experiment to determine the magnitude of gravitational acceleration, g. The key steps are:
1) Set up an inclined plane with a motion detector and let carts roll down the plane to measure their acceleration over time.
2) Graph the measured acceleration versus height of the inclined plane and perform a linear regression to determine the slope.
3) The slope of the acceleration versus height graph is equal to g/L, where L is the length of the inclined plane, so measuring L allows calculating the magnitude of g.
As/ Expt/ G/ Joe
1) The document describes an experiment to determine the acceleration due to gravity (g) using an elastic cord, weight, and ticker tape timer.
2) The experiment involves attaching ticker tape to a weight and allowing it to fall, cutting the tape at regular intervals to measure change in velocity over time.
3) The results are used to calculate average acceleration between intervals by measuring the change in velocity over the known time difference, and this value provides the acceleration due to gravity.
More Related Content
What's hot
heat
There are three main temperature scales - Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin. Fahrenheit uses the freezing and boiling points of water as 32°F and 212°F, Celsius uses 0°C and 100°C, and Kelvin uses 273.15 K and 373.15 K. Conversions between the scales can be performed using fixed formulas. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between objects in contact or at a distance. Heat transfer occurs through conduction, convection, or radiation, with conduction easiest in solids and liquids due to their close particle contact.
Lecture23
This document summarizes key points from a physics lecture on temperature and ideal gases:
1. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules in an object. When temperature increases, molecules move faster and objects expand through thermal expansion.
2. Thermal expansion is described by the equations ΔL = αL0ΔT for linear expansion and ΔV = βV0ΔT for volume expansion, where α and β are coefficients of thermal expansion.
3. An ideal gas is made up of many individual molecules, with properties like number density (number of molecules per volume) described using concepts like number of moles and Avogadro's number.
Exp. 3
This experiment compares the specific heat capacities of sunflower oil and water by heating equal masses of each liquid and recording their temperatures over time. The results show that the oil is heated more quickly than the water, indicating that its specific heat capacity is lower than water's. Calculations are shown to determine the specific heat capacities in J/(kg K) of each substance using their mass, temperature change and heat absorbed. The specific heat capacity of sunflower oil is found to be lower than water at 1670 J/(kg K) and 4184 J/(kg K), respectively.
Temperature
1) The document defines temperature and different ways of measuring it, including various temperature scales like Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin.
2) Methods of temperature measurement are discussed, including thermometers, thermocouples, and pyrometers. Conversion formulas between temperature scales are also provided.
3) Several problems are presented involving converting temperatures between Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales and calculating temperature changes. Absolute zero is defined as the lowest possible temperature where entropy reaches its minimum value.
MELAB_LesterWheeler
This experiment determined the temperature profile of a vertical steel fin both experimentally and theoretically. A steel fin was placed on a heating element set to 365 K and allowed to reach steady state. Thermocouples measured the decreasing temperature profile from the base to tip of the fin. The experimental results varied slightly from the theoretical profile mainly due to errors in temperature measurements at the fin surface. Comparing the experimental and theoretical profiles showed good agreement between the two methods of analyzing the fin's temperature change.
Temperature | Convertion of Celsius to Fahrenheit and vice versa
ACCEPTING COMMISSIONED POWERPOINT SLIDES
ACCEPTING COMMISSIONED POWERPOINT SLIDES
ACCEPTING COMMISSIONED POWERPOINT SLIDES
EMAIL queenyedda@gmail.com
This preview may not appear the same on the actual version of the PPT slides.
Some formats may change due to font and size settings available on the audience's device.
To get/buy a soft copy, please send a request to queenyedda@gmail.com
Inclusions of the file attachment:
* Fonts used
* Soft copy of the WHOLE ppt slides with effects
- - - - - - - - - - - - -
How to convert temperatures in Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin.
Thermal and electrical conductivity of metals
The document describes procedures to determine the heat capacity of a calorimeter, measure the heating of water due to ambient temperature, and estimate the thermal and electrical conductivity of copper and aluminum.
To measure thermal conductivity, the experiment determines the heat flow through metal rods using temperature measurements and Fourier's law of heat conduction. Electrical conductivity is estimated by recording current-voltage characteristics and calculating resistivity from Ohm's law. Results are found to be close to literature values. The Wiedemann-Franz law relating thermal and electrical conductivity is also discussed.
A2/ Expt /Thermal /Kevin/ Carl
The document provides instructions for determining the specific latent heat of fusion of ice through experimentation. It outlines assembling the apparatus with an ice sample, electrical heater, and measurement devices. The procedure involves applying constant power to the heater in contact with the ice and recording the time taken to melt varying ice masses. Safety precautions are noted for handling the hot heater and cold ice. Random error is reduced by repeating trials and using a large ice mass in a cool room with precise instruments.
Transferencia de Calor
This document discusses different methods of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of thermal energy through direct contact of molecules in a material. Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of fluids. Radiation involves the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves. Equations for calculating heat transfer by each of these methods are presented, along with examples of applying the equations.
Thermal properties of matter by shaila mengane
This document discusses the thermal properties of matter through a presentation by Shaila Mengane. It covers key topics like the heat equation, heat capacity, calorimetry, and changes of state. Regarding calorimetry, it describes how a calorimeter can be used to determine the specific heat of a substance using the principle of conservation of energy. It also explains how the heat equation is applied to calculate specific heat from calorimetry experiments. Finally, it distinguishes between boiling and evaporation, noting that boiling occurs at a fixed temperature for a given pressure while evaporation can occur at any temperature.
CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURE
This document discusses temperature scales and converting between Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales. It provides information on key reference points for freezing and boiling water in each scale and the formulas for converting between them. Examples are given for using the formulas to solve temperature conversion problems.
Thermodynamics - Experiment 2
This document describes an experiment to measure the temperature distribution through a composite plane wall and determine the overall heat transfer coefficient. Students will measure temperatures at different points along a specimen heated on one end and cooled on the other under varying voltages. The goal is to calculate the heat transfer through each material section and overall. Tables will record temperature, voltage, current and calculated heat transfer values at each step to analyze conduction through the combined materials. A graph of temperature vs. distance and comparison to theoretical expectations will also be produced.
Pem fuel cell simulation using Ansys
A fuel cell uses the chemical energy of hydrogen or another fuel to cleanly and efficiently produce electricity. If hydrogen is the fuel, electricity, water, and heat are the only products. Fuel cells are unique in terms of the variety of their potential applications; they can provide power for systems as large as a utility power station and as small as a laptop computer. Fuel cells can be used in a wide range of applications, including transportation, material handling, stationary, portable, and emergency backup power applications. Fuel cells have several benefits over conventional combustion-based technologies currently used in many power plants and passenger vehicles. Fuel cells can operate at higher efficiencies than combustion engines and can convert the chemical energy in the fuel to electrical energy with efficiencies of up to 60%. Fuel cells have lower emissions than combustion engines. Hydrogen fuel cells emit only water, so there are no carbon dioxide emissions and no air pollutants that create smog and cause health problems at the point of operation. Also, fuel cells are quiet during operation as they have fewer moving parts. This work is a representation of Ansys capabilities to simulate fuel cell for academic learning .
Latent heat first experiment
This experiment measured the latent heat of fusion of water by heating ice cubes in a calorimeter vessel containing water. The temperature remained constant at 0°C during melting as heat was absorbed without increasing temperature, in agreement with theory. By calculating the mass of ice and water and measuring temperatures, the latent heat of fusion was found to be 94,670 J/g, close to the literature value of 79,790 J/g. The small error is likely due to impure water used in the experiment.
CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURE
This document discusses different temperature scales and converting between them. It covers:
- The Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin scales and their reference points for water freezing and boiling.
- Formulas for converting between Fahrenheit, Celsius and Kelvin scales.
- Examples of converting specific temperatures between the different scales.
Heat transfer & heat exchangers
This document discusses heat transfer and heat exchangers. It defines key units used in heat transfer such as temperature, heat, and heat capacity. It describes different types of heat including latent heat and methods of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. Specifically, it explains that heat is transferred through conduction by the movement of free electrons in metals and vibration of atoms/molecules, with the rate of conduction determined by thermal conductivity. It also provides examples of thermal conductivity values for common materials.
Thermal undershoot
This document discusses the problem of thermal undershoot in transient thermal analysis and provides a solution. It shows a slab with uniform heat flux on one face and convection on the other, with the transient analysis resulting in temperatures falling below ambient. It then provides a relationship between element size and time step to avoid undershoot, and applies this to the model by increasing the number of elements from 30 to 10, resolving the undershoot issue.
Scales and methords of temperature
There are three main temperature scales: Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin. The Kelvin scale is the base unit in the International System of Units and defines absolute zero as 0 K. The Celsius scale uses 0°C for the freezing point of water and 100°C for the boiling point. The Fahrenheit scale uses 32°F and 212°F as these points. Common methods of temperature measurement include bimetallic strip thermometers, which use the differing expansion rates of two bonded metals, and liquid-in-glass thermometers, where the expansion of liquid in a glass tube indicates the temperature.
Temperatureanditsmeasurement
This document discusses temperature and its measurement. It defines temperature as a measure of hotness or coldness, while heat is a form of energy that can transfer between bodies with different temperatures. There are several types of thermometers discussed for measuring temperature, including mercury-in-glass, gas, thermoelectric, and resistance thermometers. Gas and resistance thermometers provide the widest measurement ranges, from -270°C to 1500°C and -180°C to 1520°C respectively. The document also provides examples of converting between Celsius, Fahrenheit and Kelvin temperature scales.
Heat
The document discusses kinetic molecular theory and heat transfer. It explains that all matter is made of molecules that are always in motion, and their motion increases with temperature. Heat is a form of energy caused by molecular motion, and it transfers from hot to cold through conduction, convection, or radiation. Temperature is a measure of average molecular motion or energy, while heat is the total energy of that motion.
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Temperature | Convertion of Celsius to Fahrenheit and vice versa
Temperature | Convertion of Celsius to Fahrenheit and vice versa
More from Rama Chandra
As/ Expt /G/ Kevin
This document provides instructions for using an inclined plane experiment to determine the magnitude of gravitational acceleration, g. The key steps are:
1) Set up an inclined plane with a motion detector and let carts roll down the plane to measure their acceleration over time.
2) Graph the measured acceleration versus height of the inclined plane and perform a linear regression to determine the slope.
3) The slope of the acceleration versus height graph is equal to g/L, where L is the length of the inclined plane, so measuring L allows calculating the magnitude of g.
As/ Expt/ G/ Joe
1) The document describes an experiment to determine the acceleration due to gravity (g) using an elastic cord, weight, and ticker tape timer.
2) The experiment involves attaching ticker tape to a weight and allowing it to fall, cutting the tape at regular intervals to measure change in velocity over time.
3) The results are used to calculate average acceleration between intervals by measuring the change in velocity over the known time difference, and this value provides the acceleration due to gravity.
As /Expt /G /Garfield
This document outlines an experiment to measure the acceleration due to gravity. A student measures the time it takes a stopwatch to fall various lengths of wire dropped from the third floor of a building. By recording the times and lengths, the student can use the equation S=1/2gt^2 to calculate the value of g, the acceleration due to gravity, from their results.
A2/ Expt/ Thermal /Pansy
1. The document describes an experiment to measure the specific latent heat of vaporization of water using a PASCO Steam Generator, temperature probe, and calorimeter.
2. The procedure involves collecting temperature data from cooling water as steam is injected to determine the initial and final equilibrium temperatures.
3. Masses of the calorimeter, water, and condensed steam are measured and recorded before and after the experiment to calculate the heat transfer and specific latent heat.
A2 /Expt /Thermal /John/ Fred
This document outlines a method for determining the specific heat capacity of water using electrical methods. The key steps are:
1) Weigh an empty calorimeter, fill it with water, and insert a thermometer and heating coil to measure changes in temperature and heat.
2) Apply heat from an electric coil connected to a power supply and joule meter while preventing heat loss.
3) Calculate the specific heat capacity using the measured change in heat, mass of water, and change in temperature according to the equation Q=mcΔt.
A2/ Expt /Thermal/ Ellie
The document provides instructions for using a steam generator and temperature probe to measure the specific latent heat of vaporization of water. The experiment involves measuring the temperature change of water as steam condenses into it. Students are instructed to record the initial and final temperatures of the water, as well as the masses of the water and condensed steam. Using these measurements, they can then calculate the latent heat of vaporization of the steam. Safety precautions are noted when using the steam generator equipment.
A2 /Expt/ Thermal /Amy /Elain
The document describes an experiment to determine the specific heat capacity of water using an electric method. The experiment involves measuring the mass of water, heating it and recording the change in temperature and heat. The specific heat capacity is then calculated using the formula Q=cmΔT. Safety precautions like wearing goggles and gloves are mentioned. Potential sources of error like heat loss are identified and minimizing heat loss by insulating the container is suggested to improve accuracy.
A2 /EXPT/THER/KELLY/APRIL
This document describes an experiment to determine the specific latent heat of vaporization of water using an electrical method. The experiment involves heating water in a beaker electrically using a resistor submerged in the water. The voltage and current are measured as the water boils and vaporizes. The mass of water before and after boiling is measured to determine the mass vaporized. The heat supplied and mass vaporized are then used to calculate the specific latent heat of vaporization. Potential sources of error and improvements to the experiment are also discussed.
As /Expt/ G/Stephen
The document describes an experiment to determine the acceleration due to gravity (g) by dropping an object through a light gate and measuring the time it takes to break the light beam. The object has two interrupt sections and the time for each section to pass through is recorded. These time measurements along with the width of the sections are used to calculate velocities and substitute into equations relating the velocities, distances, and acceleration due to gravity to solve for g. Multiple trials are conducted and the average value for g is determined.
AS3/ Expt-g/ Teddy
This document provides instructions for using a ticker timer to measure acceleration due to gravity (g). The ticker timer makes marks on a paper tape as a counterweight falls, allowing measurement of distance and calculation of velocity and acceleration over time. Key steps include setting up the ticker timer horizontally, attaching a counterweight, releasing it to fall, measuring distances between marks, and using the velocities to calculate g based on the change in velocity over time intervals.
AS3/ Expt-g/ Sweet
The document describes two methods for determining the acceleration due to gravity, g, which is approximately 9.8 m/s^2. Method 1 involves measuring an object's weight using a newton meter or spring balance and its mass using a balance, but is not very accurate. Method 2 involves measuring the time of an object's oscillations using a stopwatch as it swings from a known height measured with a ruler, then using the period to calculate g based on the mathematical relationship between oscillation parameters and acceleration. The document notes potential sources of error in readings.
AS3/ Expt-g/ Stephen
The document describes an experiment to determine the acceleration due to gravity (g) by dropping an object through a light gate and measuring the time it takes to break the light beam. The object has two interrupting sections and the time for each section to pass through is recorded. These time measurements along with the known distances and widths are used to derive equations that can be solved to calculate the value of g. The experiment is repeated multiple times and the results are averaged.
AS3/ Expt-g/ Sherry
1. The document describes how to use a ticker timer, which uses a vibrating stylus to make dots on paper tape to measure velocity and acceleration.
2. The procedure involves pulling ticker tape slowly through the timer while it is running to create spaced dots, then counting the dots between start and stop signals to measure time intervals.
3. The number of dots that occur in fixed time intervals like 1 second can be used to convert between dots and units of time, allowing acceleration to be calculated based on changes in spacing of dots on the tape over short time periods.
AS3/ Expt-g/ Shadow
A ticker timer can be used to measure gravity (g) by timing the free fall of a ball breaker attached to ticker tape. The device works by making marks on the ticker tape during free fall. Measurements are taken between marks to calculate distance and velocity over time, which can then be used to calculate g. Potential sources of error include unclear marks and imperfect rulers. Mounting the ticker timer vertically can reduce resistance and improve accuracy.
AS3/ Expt-g/ Sarah
The document describes six methods to measure the acceleration due to gravity, g:
1. Using a spring balance and known mass to calculate g from the force reading.
2. Timing the flow of water drops from a tap through a formula using the number of drops and time.
3. Measuring the period of a pendulum to calculate g through a formula using the pendulum length.
4. Measuring distance and time for a falling object to calculate g through the equation of motion.
5. Measuring the time and angle of a swinging pendulum to calculate g through centripetal force equations.
6. Measuring the horizontal distance and time for
AS3/ Expt-g/ Nora
1. The document describes an experiment to measure the acceleration due to gravity (g) using a ticker timer and steel balls dropped from a known height.
2. A length of ticker tape is run through the ticker timer to create a series of dots as the steel balls fall, then the tape is cut and the dots are plotted on a graph of distance vs. time.
3. By determining the gradient of the line of best fit on the graph, the acceleration due to gravity can be calculated using the equation g=2s/t^2.
AS3/ Expt-g/ Michael He
The document describes how to use a ticker time device to measure time and displacement of an object. The ticker time needs 6V and 50Hz power and makes a point every 0.02 seconds on paper attached to the moving object. To use it, one fixes the ticker time and paper to a table, turns on the power to make points as the paper is pulled, then measures the distance between points to determine displacement.
AS3/ Expt-g/ Lucifer
The document introduces 5 methods for determining the acceleration due to gravity 'g': 1) Using weight and mass measurements with balances, 2) Timing an object's fall with a stopwatch as it swings on a string of known length, 3) Dropping an object and timing its fall, 4) Using a ticker timer to record an object's motion, and 5) Using a light gate sensor in a dark room to time an object's fall. It encourages the reader to try different methods and was written by Lucifer, who hopes to earn a high mark.
AS3/ Expt-g/ Lekia
1) The document describes an experiment to determine the acceleration due to gravity (g) using a ticker timer and ball breaker.
2) The experiment involves releasing a ball breaker from the ticker timer multiple times and measuring the distance traveled over time to calculate the acceleration.
3) The acceleration values found from each trial are averaged to determine the final value of g.
AS3/ Expt-g/ Joy
A ticker timer can be used to measure gravity (g) through a falling object experiment. The experiment involves setting up a ticker timer with ticker tape to record points as a ball breaker falls freely from rest. Distances between points are measured to calculate velocities and acceleration due to gravity. Multiple trials using different weighted ball breakers allows an average value of g to be determined. Sources of error include unclear points on the ticker tape and imperfect measurements. An alternative vertical setup of the apparatus may reduce resistance and improve accuracy.
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