This document discusses phobias, including their definition, common types, and potential causes and treatments. Phobias are defined as persistent and unreasonable fears of particular objects, activities, or situations. The document lists some of the most common phobias, such as arachnophobia (fear of spiders), acrophobia (fear of heights), and agoraphobia (fear of open or crowded places). It explores psychodynamic, behavioral, and social learning explanations for how phobias develop, such as through classical conditioning or avoidance conditioning. The document also describes behavioral treatments like systematic desensitization, which uses gradual exposure to reduce fear responses.
Phobias are intense, irrational fears caused by specific objects or situations rather than actual danger. Symptoms include panic, terror, and difficulty functioning. Phobias are classified into categories like social phobia, agoraphobia, and claustrophobia. While the causes are unknown, genetics and life experiences may play a role. Left untreated, phobias can seriously affect one's life and ability to work, socialize, and travel. Treatment involves confronting fears with a therapist and managing anxious thoughts through techniques like exposure therapy.
A phobia is defined as an unrelenting fear of a situation, activity, or thing that causes one to want to avoid it. Phobias afflict over 6 million people in the US, with women being twice as likely to suffer from a phobia compared to men. Common phobias include fears of heights, darkness, snakes, insects, and closed-in spaces. Phobias can be treated through exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy to help change fearful thoughts and behaviors. Medications like SSRIs are also often used to treat phobias.
This document discusses phobias, including their classification, common types, causes, examination, and treatment. Phobias are defined as an intense, irrational fear related to a specific object or situation. They are classified as social phobias, specific phobias, or agoraphobia. Common phobias include fears of spiders, heights, and needles. Phobias are thought to develop from a conditioned fear response after a negative event is associated with a stimulus. They are examined using brain imaging to view activity in fear centers during exposure. Treatment involves cognitive behavioral therapy, medication, and other therapies to reduce fear responses over time.
A phobia is an irrational extreme fear of a specific object or situation that causes panic symptoms like a racing heart. Between 8.7-18.1% of Americans suffer from phobias, with social phobia, agoraphobia, and specific phobias being most common. Phobias can be treated through self-help strategies, therapy, or meditation to help manage excessive fears.
This document discusses different types of phobias, including agoraphobia, specific phobia, and social phobia. It describes the characteristics of each type of phobia and provides examples. Specific phobias are further broken down into subtypes like situational phobias, blood-injection-injury phobias, natural environment phobias, and animal phobias. The document also discusses the onset, prevalence, and potential causes of phobias from psychoanalytic, behavioral, and biological perspectives. Methods of diagnosis and treatment of phobias including psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and pharmacology are outlined.
Phobias are irrational fears that cause avoidance and panic. They are relatively common anxiety disorders. Specific phobias involve fear of particular objects or situations, while social phobia involves fear of being watched or judged by others. Agoraphobia is an intense fear of feeling trapped in public places. Left untreated, phobias can worsen and negatively impact one's life. Effective treatment combines psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy and exposure therapy with medications like SSRIs.
Reactive attachment disorder is a condition in which infants and young children do not form healthy attachments with caregivers due to neglect of their emotional needs. It can develop when a child's needs for comfort, affection and nurturing are not consistently met. The diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5 include inhibited or withdrawn behavior toward caregivers, social and emotional problems, and a history of neglect or lack of stable attachments. Treatment focuses on family therapy, counseling, parenting skills classes, and other interventions to help children form secure attachments.
Compliance refers to a change in behavior that occurs because of a request from another person or group. Robert Cialdini identified 6 factors that influence compliance: social proof, authority, liking, scarcity, commitment, and reciprocity. Common compliance techniques discussed include the foot-in-the-door technique, low-ball technique, bait-and-switch technique, labeling technique, and door-in-the-face technique. Each works by getting a target to commit to a small request first before following up with a larger request that they may have otherwise refused.
Phobias are intense, irrational fears caused by specific objects or situations rather than actual danger. Symptoms include panic, terror, and difficulty functioning. Phobias are classified into categories like social phobia, agoraphobia, and claustrophobia. While the causes are unknown, genetics and life experiences may play a role. Left untreated, phobias can seriously affect one's life and ability to work, socialize, and travel. Treatment involves confronting fears with a therapist and managing anxious thoughts through techniques like exposure therapy.
A phobia is defined as an unrelenting fear of a situation, activity, or thing that causes one to want to avoid it. Phobias afflict over 6 million people in the US, with women being twice as likely to suffer from a phobia compared to men. Common phobias include fears of heights, darkness, snakes, insects, and closed-in spaces. Phobias can be treated through exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy to help change fearful thoughts and behaviors. Medications like SSRIs are also often used to treat phobias.
This document discusses phobias, including their classification, common types, causes, examination, and treatment. Phobias are defined as an intense, irrational fear related to a specific object or situation. They are classified as social phobias, specific phobias, or agoraphobia. Common phobias include fears of spiders, heights, and needles. Phobias are thought to develop from a conditioned fear response after a negative event is associated with a stimulus. They are examined using brain imaging to view activity in fear centers during exposure. Treatment involves cognitive behavioral therapy, medication, and other therapies to reduce fear responses over time.
A phobia is an irrational extreme fear of a specific object or situation that causes panic symptoms like a racing heart. Between 8.7-18.1% of Americans suffer from phobias, with social phobia, agoraphobia, and specific phobias being most common. Phobias can be treated through self-help strategies, therapy, or meditation to help manage excessive fears.
This document discusses different types of phobias, including agoraphobia, specific phobia, and social phobia. It describes the characteristics of each type of phobia and provides examples. Specific phobias are further broken down into subtypes like situational phobias, blood-injection-injury phobias, natural environment phobias, and animal phobias. The document also discusses the onset, prevalence, and potential causes of phobias from psychoanalytic, behavioral, and biological perspectives. Methods of diagnosis and treatment of phobias including psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and pharmacology are outlined.
Phobias are irrational fears that cause avoidance and panic. They are relatively common anxiety disorders. Specific phobias involve fear of particular objects or situations, while social phobia involves fear of being watched or judged by others. Agoraphobia is an intense fear of feeling trapped in public places. Left untreated, phobias can worsen and negatively impact one's life. Effective treatment combines psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy and exposure therapy with medications like SSRIs.
Reactive attachment disorder is a condition in which infants and young children do not form healthy attachments with caregivers due to neglect of their emotional needs. It can develop when a child's needs for comfort, affection and nurturing are not consistently met. The diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5 include inhibited or withdrawn behavior toward caregivers, social and emotional problems, and a history of neglect or lack of stable attachments. Treatment focuses on family therapy, counseling, parenting skills classes, and other interventions to help children form secure attachments.
Compliance refers to a change in behavior that occurs because of a request from another person or group. Robert Cialdini identified 6 factors that influence compliance: social proof, authority, liking, scarcity, commitment, and reciprocity. Common compliance techniques discussed include the foot-in-the-door technique, low-ball technique, bait-and-switch technique, labeling technique, and door-in-the-face technique. Each works by getting a target to commit to a small request first before following up with a larger request that they may have otherwise refused.
This document discusses several somatic symptom and dissociative disorders including somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder, and their diagnostic criteria and features. Somatic symptom disorder involves physical symptoms that cause significant distress or impairment, along with excessive thoughts about the symptoms. Illness anxiety disorder involves severe health anxiety without corresponding physical symptoms. Conversion disorder was historically called hysteria and involves neurological symptoms like paralysis that cannot be explained physically.
Phobias are irrational, excessive fears that can significantly impair a person's life. There are three main types of phobias: social phobias involving fear of social situations; specific phobias of objects or environments like animals or heights; and agoraphobia which is a fear of being in situations where escape may be difficult. Phobias often develop in childhood or adolescence and are influenced by genetics and traumatic experiences. Treatment through therapy can help manage phobias for most people.
The document discusses phobias, which are intense and irrational fears that interfere with daily life. It provides examples of common phobias like fear of heights, flying, and insects. Barbara is profiled who has a severe fear of flying that is impacting her job. The document outlines types of phobias and symptoms of phobias. It suggests facing fears gradually through desensitization and using relaxation techniques to manage anxiety and challenge unhelpful thoughts.
This document discusses anxiety disorders. It defines anxiety and pathological anxiety, and notes that anxiety disorders are associated with neurotransmitter imbalances involving serotonin, noradrenaline, and GABA. It then describes several types of anxiety disorders including panic disorder, separation anxiety disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. The document outlines biological and medical causes of anxiety disorders and lists common symptoms. It concludes with a discussion of assessment, management through pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, and medications used to treat different anxiety disorders.
This document defines phobias as unrelenting fears that cause avoidance of certain situations, activities, or things. It discusses common types of phobias like social phobia, agoraphobia, and specific phobias. Signs and symptoms of phobias include both physical reactions like trembling, sweating, and nausea as well as emotional reactions like fear, anxiety, and feeling detached. Potential causes of phobias include genetics, family environment, and traumatic incidents. Treatment options mentioned are self-help, talk therapy like CBT, and sometimes short-term medication to manage anxiety symptoms.
The document discusses various psychological treatments for mental disorders. It covers different types of psychotherapy like psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy, humanistic therapy, behavior therapy, and cognitive therapy. It also discusses biological therapies using psychotropic medications, electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and deep brain stimulation. Specific treatments are most effective for certain disorders: cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety/OCD, many options for depression, lithium/antipsychotics for bipolar disorder, and antipsychotics for schizophrenia.
Phobia is an unrelenting fear of a situation, activity, or thing that causes one to want to avoid it. There are several types of phobias including social phobia, agoraphobia, and specific phobias. Phobias can cause intense fear, anxiety, panic, sweating, rapid heartbeat, and a desire to escape. They are often caused by genetics, trauma, family environment, and last at least six months. Phobias are assessed through questions and treated with cognitive behavioral therapy and medication to help people face their fears.
The document discusses several definitions and models of abnormality and mental illness:
1. Abnormality is defined as deviations from social norms, failures to function adequately, and deviations from ideal mental health.
2. Four models of abnormality are presented: the biological model which sees abnormalities as malfunctions in the brain; the psychodynamic model which focuses on unconscious psychological forces; the behavioral model which emphasizes learned behaviors; and the cognitive model related to human thought patterns.
3. Limitations of the definitions and models are discussed, such as the influence of culture and individual situations. Overall, the document seeks to explore different perspectives on what constitutes abnormal or disordered behavior and thought.
Attachment theory proposes that strong emotional bonds form between infants and their caregivers and that these bonds are important for survival. John Bowlby was the first major theorist of attachment, suggesting infants become attached to caregivers who are sensitive and responsive in order to feel safe and secure as they grow. Bowlby identified four stages of attachment from birth through early childhood and proposed styles of attachment including secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized. Attachment serves protective and exploratory functions critical to child development.
Phobias are classified into four main types: animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, and situational. While fears can stem from genuine threats, phobias involve excessive, unreasonable, and paralyzing fears of objects or situations that are generally harmless. Symptoms of phobias include dread, panic, terror, difficulty breathing, and increased heart rate. The three main types of phobias are specific phobia, social phobia, and agoraphobia. Treatment involves consulting a physician, seeing a mental health professional, and undergoing long-term therapy.
Social phobia, also known as social anxiety disorder, causes intense fear and anxiety of being judged by others or doing something embarrassing in social situations. It affects around 15 million American adults and often begins in childhood or adolescence. Symptoms include intense anxiety about interacting with others, fear of judgment, and physical symptoms like blushing, sweating, or nausea. Treatment involves psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy to change anxious thoughts and behaviors, medication like antidepressants or anti-anxiety drugs, or a combination of both. Living with social phobia can be challenging as it causes significant fear and anxiety about common social interactions.
The document outlines an anxiety management skills workshop. It discusses understanding and managing anxiety through practical tips and methods. These include recognizing anxiety versus stress, debunking anxiety myths, understanding the anxiety cycle, using mindfulness techniques like deep breathing, challenging rumination, speaking to oneself kindly, and accepting uncertainty. The workshop promotes managing anxiety through setting boundaries, interrupting negative thought patterns, focusing on the present moment, and practicing positive self-talk.
A phobia is an unrelenting fear that causes one to avoid certain situations, activities or things. Phobias affect over 6 million Americans and are twice as common in women than men. There are several types of phobias including social phobias around embarrassment in social situations, agoraphobia which is a fear of situations that are difficult to escape from, and claustrophobia which is a fear of closed spaces. Other common phobias include fears of clowns, animals, heights, flying, medical procedures involving blood or injections, school, and the number 13.
A phobia is an excessive, irrational fear or anxiety related to specific objects or situations that is persistent and disproportionate to any actual threat. Phobias are classified as specific, social, or agoraphobia. They can be triggered by traumatic incidents, genetics, or stress and cause symptoms like trembling, difficulty breathing, and nausea. While fear protects us from real dangers, phobias are excessive and interfere with daily life. Phobias are treatable through therapies like exposure, cognitive behavioral therapy, and medications.
Fears & Phobia By Ms. Paulomi Pandit.
We are only born with 2 fears, we acquire learn others fears with others.
For info log on to www.healthlibrary.com.
Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by pervasive distrust and suspicion of others. Individuals with this disorder assume that others will exploit, harm, or deceive them even without evidence. They are preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty of friends and associates. The disorder may first appear in childhood as solitariness, poor social skills, and feelings of hypersensitivity. While prevalence is estimated around 2-4%, individuals with this disorder rarely seek treatment. Psychotherapy is generally recommended but little research exists on effective treatment approaches due to low treatment rates.
Attachment refers to the affectional bond between two people, especially the bond formed between infants and their caregivers. This bond is important for survival as it ensures close proximity and helps infants feel secure. Psychologists have identified phases of attachment development from birth to one year, including an indiscriminate phase and specific attachment phase. The "Strange Situation" experiment studied how infants respond to separation from and reunion with caregivers, identifying secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant attachment styles based on the infant's behaviors. Long-term effects of early attachments may influence relationships later in life.
1) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is caused by exposure to highly stressful or dangerous events and symptoms must last over a month.
2) It has been referred to by different names in different eras reflecting traumatic events of those times like shell shock or combat stress syndrome.
3) PTSD is associated with changes in neurobiology including increased noradrenergic activity and alterations in the hippocampus and amygdala.
4) Symptoms include re-experiencing the traumatic event, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, and increased arousal and anxiety.
This document discusses various addiction treatment models and approaches. It covers the disease model of addiction and neurobiological factors. It describes different treatment settings like inpatient vs outpatient and criteria for long-term inpatient care. Evidence-based therapies in the Matrix Model are outlined, including groups, motivational enhancement, and addressing relapse factors. Medication-assisted treatment is compared to no-medication models. Special techniques like integrated group therapy and contingency management are explained. The conclusion emphasizes considering psychopathology and neurobiology in design, using multidisciplinary teams, and addressing barriers to research.
1. Preparedness is the idea that evolution has prepared humans to more easily fear and learn to associate certain threats based on what endangered our ancestors' survival, like snakes, spiders, fire, and deep water.
2. Seligman's theory of preparedness supports classical conditioning and explains why some phobias are more common than others, like a fear of thunder developed from ancestors who feared it.
3. Preparedness suggests we are less likely to fear modern dangers because our fears evolved based on ancestral threats, so we don't as easily develop phobias of new threats like knives.
This document discusses several somatic symptom and dissociative disorders including somatic symptom disorder, illness anxiety disorder, conversion disorder, and their diagnostic criteria and features. Somatic symptom disorder involves physical symptoms that cause significant distress or impairment, along with excessive thoughts about the symptoms. Illness anxiety disorder involves severe health anxiety without corresponding physical symptoms. Conversion disorder was historically called hysteria and involves neurological symptoms like paralysis that cannot be explained physically.
Phobias are irrational, excessive fears that can significantly impair a person's life. There are three main types of phobias: social phobias involving fear of social situations; specific phobias of objects or environments like animals or heights; and agoraphobia which is a fear of being in situations where escape may be difficult. Phobias often develop in childhood or adolescence and are influenced by genetics and traumatic experiences. Treatment through therapy can help manage phobias for most people.
The document discusses phobias, which are intense and irrational fears that interfere with daily life. It provides examples of common phobias like fear of heights, flying, and insects. Barbara is profiled who has a severe fear of flying that is impacting her job. The document outlines types of phobias and symptoms of phobias. It suggests facing fears gradually through desensitization and using relaxation techniques to manage anxiety and challenge unhelpful thoughts.
This document discusses anxiety disorders. It defines anxiety and pathological anxiety, and notes that anxiety disorders are associated with neurotransmitter imbalances involving serotonin, noradrenaline, and GABA. It then describes several types of anxiety disorders including panic disorder, separation anxiety disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder. The document outlines biological and medical causes of anxiety disorders and lists common symptoms. It concludes with a discussion of assessment, management through pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, and medications used to treat different anxiety disorders.
This document defines phobias as unrelenting fears that cause avoidance of certain situations, activities, or things. It discusses common types of phobias like social phobia, agoraphobia, and specific phobias. Signs and symptoms of phobias include both physical reactions like trembling, sweating, and nausea as well as emotional reactions like fear, anxiety, and feeling detached. Potential causes of phobias include genetics, family environment, and traumatic incidents. Treatment options mentioned are self-help, talk therapy like CBT, and sometimes short-term medication to manage anxiety symptoms.
The document discusses various psychological treatments for mental disorders. It covers different types of psychotherapy like psychoanalysis, psychodynamic therapy, humanistic therapy, behavior therapy, and cognitive therapy. It also discusses biological therapies using psychotropic medications, electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and deep brain stimulation. Specific treatments are most effective for certain disorders: cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety/OCD, many options for depression, lithium/antipsychotics for bipolar disorder, and antipsychotics for schizophrenia.
Phobia is an unrelenting fear of a situation, activity, or thing that causes one to want to avoid it. There are several types of phobias including social phobia, agoraphobia, and specific phobias. Phobias can cause intense fear, anxiety, panic, sweating, rapid heartbeat, and a desire to escape. They are often caused by genetics, trauma, family environment, and last at least six months. Phobias are assessed through questions and treated with cognitive behavioral therapy and medication to help people face their fears.
The document discusses several definitions and models of abnormality and mental illness:
1. Abnormality is defined as deviations from social norms, failures to function adequately, and deviations from ideal mental health.
2. Four models of abnormality are presented: the biological model which sees abnormalities as malfunctions in the brain; the psychodynamic model which focuses on unconscious psychological forces; the behavioral model which emphasizes learned behaviors; and the cognitive model related to human thought patterns.
3. Limitations of the definitions and models are discussed, such as the influence of culture and individual situations. Overall, the document seeks to explore different perspectives on what constitutes abnormal or disordered behavior and thought.
Attachment theory proposes that strong emotional bonds form between infants and their caregivers and that these bonds are important for survival. John Bowlby was the first major theorist of attachment, suggesting infants become attached to caregivers who are sensitive and responsive in order to feel safe and secure as they grow. Bowlby identified four stages of attachment from birth through early childhood and proposed styles of attachment including secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized. Attachment serves protective and exploratory functions critical to child development.
Phobias are classified into four main types: animal, natural environment, blood-injection-injury, and situational. While fears can stem from genuine threats, phobias involve excessive, unreasonable, and paralyzing fears of objects or situations that are generally harmless. Symptoms of phobias include dread, panic, terror, difficulty breathing, and increased heart rate. The three main types of phobias are specific phobia, social phobia, and agoraphobia. Treatment involves consulting a physician, seeing a mental health professional, and undergoing long-term therapy.
Social phobia, also known as social anxiety disorder, causes intense fear and anxiety of being judged by others or doing something embarrassing in social situations. It affects around 15 million American adults and often begins in childhood or adolescence. Symptoms include intense anxiety about interacting with others, fear of judgment, and physical symptoms like blushing, sweating, or nausea. Treatment involves psychotherapy like cognitive behavioral therapy to change anxious thoughts and behaviors, medication like antidepressants or anti-anxiety drugs, or a combination of both. Living with social phobia can be challenging as it causes significant fear and anxiety about common social interactions.
The document outlines an anxiety management skills workshop. It discusses understanding and managing anxiety through practical tips and methods. These include recognizing anxiety versus stress, debunking anxiety myths, understanding the anxiety cycle, using mindfulness techniques like deep breathing, challenging rumination, speaking to oneself kindly, and accepting uncertainty. The workshop promotes managing anxiety through setting boundaries, interrupting negative thought patterns, focusing on the present moment, and practicing positive self-talk.
A phobia is an unrelenting fear that causes one to avoid certain situations, activities or things. Phobias affect over 6 million Americans and are twice as common in women than men. There are several types of phobias including social phobias around embarrassment in social situations, agoraphobia which is a fear of situations that are difficult to escape from, and claustrophobia which is a fear of closed spaces. Other common phobias include fears of clowns, animals, heights, flying, medical procedures involving blood or injections, school, and the number 13.
A phobia is an excessive, irrational fear or anxiety related to specific objects or situations that is persistent and disproportionate to any actual threat. Phobias are classified as specific, social, or agoraphobia. They can be triggered by traumatic incidents, genetics, or stress and cause symptoms like trembling, difficulty breathing, and nausea. While fear protects us from real dangers, phobias are excessive and interfere with daily life. Phobias are treatable through therapies like exposure, cognitive behavioral therapy, and medications.
Fears & Phobia By Ms. Paulomi Pandit.
We are only born with 2 fears, we acquire learn others fears with others.
For info log on to www.healthlibrary.com.
Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by pervasive distrust and suspicion of others. Individuals with this disorder assume that others will exploit, harm, or deceive them even without evidence. They are preoccupied with unjustified doubts about the loyalty of friends and associates. The disorder may first appear in childhood as solitariness, poor social skills, and feelings of hypersensitivity. While prevalence is estimated around 2-4%, individuals with this disorder rarely seek treatment. Psychotherapy is generally recommended but little research exists on effective treatment approaches due to low treatment rates.
Attachment refers to the affectional bond between two people, especially the bond formed between infants and their caregivers. This bond is important for survival as it ensures close proximity and helps infants feel secure. Psychologists have identified phases of attachment development from birth to one year, including an indiscriminate phase and specific attachment phase. The "Strange Situation" experiment studied how infants respond to separation from and reunion with caregivers, identifying secure, anxious-avoidant, and anxious-resistant attachment styles based on the infant's behaviors. Long-term effects of early attachments may influence relationships later in life.
1) Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is caused by exposure to highly stressful or dangerous events and symptoms must last over a month.
2) It has been referred to by different names in different eras reflecting traumatic events of those times like shell shock or combat stress syndrome.
3) PTSD is associated with changes in neurobiology including increased noradrenergic activity and alterations in the hippocampus and amygdala.
4) Symptoms include re-experiencing the traumatic event, avoidance of trauma-related stimuli, and increased arousal and anxiety.
This document discusses various addiction treatment models and approaches. It covers the disease model of addiction and neurobiological factors. It describes different treatment settings like inpatient vs outpatient and criteria for long-term inpatient care. Evidence-based therapies in the Matrix Model are outlined, including groups, motivational enhancement, and addressing relapse factors. Medication-assisted treatment is compared to no-medication models. Special techniques like integrated group therapy and contingency management are explained. The conclusion emphasizes considering psychopathology and neurobiology in design, using multidisciplinary teams, and addressing barriers to research.
1. Preparedness is the idea that evolution has prepared humans to more easily fear and learn to associate certain threats based on what endangered our ancestors' survival, like snakes, spiders, fire, and deep water.
2. Seligman's theory of preparedness supports classical conditioning and explains why some phobias are more common than others, like a fear of thunder developed from ancestors who feared it.
3. Preparedness suggests we are less likely to fear modern dangers because our fears evolved based on ancestral threats, so we don't as easily develop phobias of new threats like knives.
A help for students studying psychology at A' Level for the Oxford Cambridge external examinations. Use the presentation as a means to revise the 20 core studies.
Blood phobia is the fear of blood or anything associated with blood like injuries and medical procedures. There are several things one can do to deal with blood phobia on their own, such as getting support from friends or family, engaging in blood phobia therapy, facing fears, challenging negative thoughts, tensing muscles, and seeking treatment from a psychologist specialized in treating phobias.
A phobia is an anxiety disorder characterized by an irrational and intense fear of a specific object, situation, or activity. Phobias are usually the result of early unpleasant experiences and may arise from unconsciously displacing a conflict onto a symbolically related object. There are several main types of phobias including agoraphobia, social phobia, and specific phobias. Phobias can be caused by learning experiences, cognitive distortions, and traumatic life events. Signs of a phobia include withdrawal, high anxiety, inability to function, and avoidance behaviors. Nursing diagnoses for phobias include anxiety, impaired coping, communication issues, and low self-esteem. A common treatment is systematic desensitization, which
This case study documents the psychotherapeutic treatment of a 25-year-old woman referred to a psychiatrist due to severe headaches and blackouts. During therapy, it was discovered she had multiple personality disorder, alternating between personalities of Eve White and Eve Black. Objective psychological tests found differences between the personalities, and family members corroborated behavioral changes. The therapy aimed to help the personalities integrate, with some success though others questioned this account. The case study provides evidence for multiple personality disorder but is limited by potential researcher bias and lack of independent verification.
This document discusses phobias, which are irrational fears. It defines what a phobia is and lists many different types of specific phobias centered around objects, situations, or activities. The document also covers the signs and symptoms of phobias, potential causes, long-term effects on health and relationships, and treatments which may include therapy or medication.
The document provides information about the human digestive system. It describes the main functions of digestion as ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defecation. It then outlines the key parts of the digestive tract including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. For each part, it describes their role in mechanical and chemical breakdown of food as well as absorption of nutrients. The document also discusses digestive disorders like ulcers, constipation, diarrhea, and appendicitis that can disrupt the normal functioning of the digestive system.
The document lists over 40 different phobias, organized alphabetically, including brief definitions or descriptions of each phobia. Some examples of phobias included are: arachnophobia which is the fear of spiders, claustrophobia which is the fear of confined spaces, and agoraphobia which is the fear of open spaces. The document concludes by stating that the list of phobias was compiled to help a student with school assignments and projects, and that the creator hopes other students and parents find it informative.
This document provides an alphabetical list of phobias from A to K, along with a brief definition for each phobia entry. Some examples of phobias included are: arachnophobia (fear of spiders), claustrophobia (fear of enclosed spaces), and agoraphobia (fear of open or crowded places). The document also contains navigation links and brief sponsorship and author notes at the top and bottom.
I recently gave his presentation. It dispels some of today's popular, but baseless marketing myths and provides a path forward to brand growth. We should all thank Professor Byron Sharp and his colleagues from the Ehrenberg Institute in Australia for keeping it real.
Rosenhan conducted a famous study where sane individuals successfully gained admission to psychiatric hospitals by feigning auditory hallucinations. All were diagnosed with schizophrenia and their normal behavior was misinterpreted by staff. In a follow up study, hospital staff also could not distinguish real patients from those falsely claimed to be admitted. The study highlighted the depersonalization and powerlessness felt by patients when subjected to psychiatric labels and institutionalization rather than community-based care focused on behavior.
1) Behavioural explanations suggest that anorexia nervosa is a learned behavior reinforced through conditioning processes and social learning. Dieting and weight loss are positively reinforced through praise and attention.
2) Psychodynamic explanations view anorexia as arising from difficulties with separation from parents during adolescence. Sufferers attempt to regain control and autonomy over their bodies by restricting food intake.
3) Cognitive explanations emphasize distorted body image and perfectionist thinking in anorexia. Sufferers make cognitive errors in judging their body size and ideal weight. Biological factors like genetic predisposition to perfectionism may also contribute.
1. The multi-store model of memory proposes that memory consists of three main stores: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
2. Sensory memory briefly stores sensory information, short-term memory can hold information for seconds to minutes, and long-term memory stores information indefinitely.
3. The working memory model updated the multi-store model by proposing two slave systems - the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad - that actively maintain information in short-term memory under the control of a central executive.
The document provides examples of standard, boring presentation templates and encourages the creation of unique, visually appealing templates instead. It emphasizes using fewer words and more images per slide, varying fonts and colors, and breaking content into multiple slides to keep audiences engaged. Inspiration sources like design blogs and galleries of infographics and slide designs are recommended for making impactful presentations that attract and impress audiences.
A phobia is defined as the unrelenting fear of a situation, activity, or thing. These are largely under reported, probably because many phobia sufferers find ways to avoid the situations to which they are phobic. Statistics that estimate how many people suffer from phobias vary widely.
This document discusses an experiment examining the role of new protein synthesis in the prefrontal cortex (Prl) in forming contextual fear memories in mice. Mice were given contextual fear conditioning (CFC) training to associate an environment with a mild foot shock. Immediately after training, mice were infused with either anisomycin, which inhibits new protein synthesis, or a saline vehicle into the Prl. Mice given anisomycin showed impaired contextual fear memory compared to controls when tested 24 hours later, indicating new protein synthesis in the Prl is required for long-term contextual fear memory formation. Within the initial 2 minutes of testing, freezing levels did not differ between groups.
Psychology is the study of human behaviour. It seeks to look at the motivational drives within an individual
and offer an explanation to the behaviour that is demonstrated
Living With The Extreme Fear Created By Anxiety Disorders...Lynn Holkesvik
The document discusses anxiety disorders and phobic disorders. It defines phobic disorder as an irrational and excessive fear of a particular object or situation. The fear is out of proportion to the actual threat. Two main types of phobic disorders are discussed - agoraphobia, which is a fear of places where escape may be difficult, and social phobia, which is a fear of being judged or embarrassed in social situations. The document provides examples of common phobias people experience and examines the irrational nature of phobic fears.
Phobias are irrational fears that cause intense anxiety and avoidance of specific objects or situations. Common phobias include fears of heights, enclosed spaces, social situations, insects, and darkness. Phobias typically develop in childhood or adolescence due to stressful experiences, frightening events, or learning the phobia from a parent. Treatment involves cognitive behavioral therapy including gradual exposure to the feared object or situation to overcome the anxiety associated with it. Phobias can run in families due to epigenetic factors that influence gene expression related to fear responses.
Physiological psychology investigates human behavior, cognition, and emotion through the lens of biological structures and physiological processes. It assumes humans are biological machines and that the mind arises from biological factors. Tools used include MRI, fMRI, CT scans, PET scans, SPECT, and EEG to study brain activity and structure. While providing objective data, physiological psychology risks oversimplifying humans as machines and downplaying social and environmental influences. It also raises debates around determinism versus free will.
Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes such as perception, thinking, learning, and memory. It examines how information is processed in the brain from sensory input through behavior. Key developments include William James and Carl Lang theorizing that physiological reactions precede emotions, and George Miller describing the brain as analogous to a computer. Cognitive therapy was developed in the 1950s-70s and is now one of the most common psychotherapy approaches. Applications include understanding abnormal psychology and developing effective learning techniques. While science aims for objectivity, subjective perceptions also influence our experience of reality and determine our health and happiness.
This document outlines the steps of historical inquiry: 1) Formulate a clear research question, 2) Gather multiple primary and secondary sources, 3) Analyze sources using the 6 C's - content, citation, context, connections, critical thinking, and conclusion, 4) Synthesize the information from various sources to draw conclusions, and 5) Communicate findings by citing sources and explaining the process used to arrive at conclusions. Historians must carefully evaluate sources for bias, propaganda, inaccuracies and missing context to solve "mysteries of the past." Widely gathering and cross-checking multiple perspectives is key to overcoming shortcomings in any single source.
This document summarizes various treatments for schizophrenia, including biological, behavioral, and cognitive-behavioral approaches. It describes conventional and atypical antipsychotic medications, noting their effects on symptoms and side effects. Behavioral treatments like token economies are explained, as well as electroconvulsive therapy. The document also summarizes a study on cognitive-behavioral therapy for schizophrenia, covering the control group, treatment elements, and outcomes.
The document discusses the biological causes of schizophrenia. It notes several lines of evidence including abnormal genes, brain structure differences, neurotransmitter abnormalities, and the effectiveness of medication. However, it also acknowledges that environmental factors like stress must play a role, as identical twins only have a 50% chance of both developing schizophrenia. The most widely accepted theory is the diathesis-stress model, where genetic vulnerabilities interact with stressors to trigger the onset of the disorder.
Schizophrenia is diagnosed based on symptoms present for at least one month including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior, or negative symptoms that cause social or occupational dysfunction for at least six months. Symptoms are divided into positive symptoms like delusions and hallucinations, and negative symptoms like reduced speech and motivation. Subtypes include paranoid, disorganized, and catatonic types based on the predominant symptoms, though the DSM-5 no longer differentiates subtypes due to low reliability between diagnoses. Positive symptoms generally respond better to medication than negative symptoms.
This document discusses what history is and why it is important to study. It defines history as a branch of knowledge that records and explains past events. Key reasons to study history include: to understand the roots of our current culture, learn from past mistakes, examine trends that repeat throughout history, learn historical facts, and understand how society has been shaped over time. The document outlines that historians investigate the past through a variety of primary and secondary sources. Primary sources were created during the time period being studied, while secondary sources interpret and analyze primary sources.
This document provides an overview of strategies for managing student behavior in the classroom. It begins by discussing foundational principles like maintaining a calm demeanor, showing students care, and consistency. It then examines classroom management styles and recommends a democratic approach. Specific in-class techniques are outlined, like using a rewards system. For out-of-class counseling, the document recommends establishing rapport, coordinating with parents, using behavior charts, and cognitive-behavioral strategies like identifying triggers and role-playing alternatives. It stresses adapting techniques to individual students and investigating underlying causes of misbehavior.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
2. Phobias
• What are you afraidWhat are you afraid
of?of?
– Air Travel?Air Travel?
– Spiders?Spiders?
– Snakes?Snakes?
– Heights?Heights?
– Storms?Storms?
•Small, closed spaces?
•Crowds?
•Being Attacked?
•Blood?
•The Dark?
•Social Events?
•Being Alone?
3. Definition of PHOBIA:Definition of PHOBIA:
A persistent and unreasonable fear of aA persistent and unreasonable fear of a
particular object, activity or situationparticular object, activity or situation
4. PHOBIA
• The person who has a phobia will go toThe person who has a phobia will go to
great lengths to avoid the object of thegreat lengths to avoid the object of the
fear and experience great distress if it isfear and experience great distress if it is
encountered.encountered.
5. In the DSM IV, phobias are subdivided...
• AgoraphobiaAgoraphobia
• Specific PhobiaSpecific Phobia
• Social PhobiaSocial Phobia
6. Specific Phobia
• A significant and persistent fear when inA significant and persistent fear when in
the presence of, or anticipating thethe presence of, or anticipating the
presence of, the object of fear, whichpresence of, the object of fear, which
may be an object, place or situationmay be an object, place or situation
7. DSM 5 criteria for specific
phobia...
1.1.Strong, out of proportion fear in the presence orStrong, out of proportion fear in the presence or
anticipation of a specific object or situationanticipation of a specific object or situation
2.2.Exposure provokes an immediate anxietyExposure provokes an immediate anxiety
response, which may be a panic attack.response, which may be a panic attack.
3.3.The person recognizes that the fear is out ofThe person recognizes that the fear is out of
proportion.proportion.
4.4.The phobic situation(s) is avoided if possible.The phobic situation(s) is avoided if possible.
5.5.The phobia interferes with normal lifeThe phobia interferes with normal life
8. How might a phobia interfere with
daily living? Consider different
arenas of life…work, home, social
10. Common Phobias...can you guess the fears?
1.Arachnophobia
2.Ophidiophobia
3.Acrophobia
4.Agoraphobia
5.Cynophobia
6.Astraphobia
7.Trypanophobia
8.Nyctophobia
9.Pteromerhanophobia
10.Mysophobia
1.Fear of spiders
2.Fear of snakes
3.Fear of heights
4.Fear of places where
escape is difficult
5.Fear of dogs
6.Fear of storms
7.Fear of injections
8.Fear of the dark
9.Fear of flying
10.Fear of germs
11. How about of these bizarre phobias?
• Fear of # 13: TriskaidekaphobiaFear of # 13: Triskaidekaphobia
• Fear of #666:Fear of #666:
HexakosioihexekontahexaphobiaHexakosioihexekontahexaphobia
• Fear of long words:Fear of long words:
hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobiahippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia
• Fear of money: ChrometophobiaFear of money: Chrometophobia
• Fear of beautiful women: CaligynephobiaFear of beautiful women: Caligynephobia
12. For a full list...
• http://phobialist.comhttp://phobialist.com
13. Agoraphobia:
abnormal fear of being helpless in anabnormal fear of being helpless in an
embarrassing or unescapable situation that isembarrassing or unescapable situation that is
characterized especially by the avoidance ofcharacterized especially by the avoidance of
open or public placesopen or public places
14. Social Phobia
• marked and persistent fear of social ormarked and persistent fear of social or
performance situations in whichperformance situations in which
embarrassment may occur.embarrassment may occur.
15. Remember...
• A diagnosis of phobia requires that theA diagnosis of phobia requires that the
avoidance of the object of phobiaavoidance of the object of phobia
interfere with life and that encouteringinterfere with life and that encoutering
the object creates intense disruptivethe object creates intense disruptive
fear.fear.
16. EXPLANATIONS OF PHOBIAS
• There are several theories about the
origins of phobias.
• What do you think might cause
phobias?
19. Psychoanalytic Explanation
• The desires and emotions of the Id are inThe desires and emotions of the Id are in
conflict with the Super-ego.conflict with the Super-ego.
• The tension becomes so great that theThe tension becomes so great that the
individual may stop functioning or becomeindividual may stop functioning or become
psychotic.psychotic.
• The ego DISPLACES (this is a specific defenceThe ego DISPLACES (this is a specific defence
mechanism) the tension of the conflict and themechanism) the tension of the conflict and the
fear of the conflict onto an external object.fear of the conflict onto an external object.
• This causes phobia of that specific object.This causes phobia of that specific object.
20. • What was the conflict inside Little Hans?What was the conflict inside Little Hans?
–He had equinophobia--fear of horses
–He also had Ebultophobia--fear of
baths
–He also seems to have developed
agoraphobia
(remember what agoraphobia means?)
21. • Can you come up with a hypotheticalCan you come up with a hypothetical
conflict between Id and Super-egoconflict between Id and Super-ego
which the Ego may not be able towhich the Ego may not be able to
handle?handle?
22. • Remembering how Freud resolved Hans'Remembering how Freud resolved Hans'
phobias, what might the treatmentphobias, what might the treatment
involve,involve,
23. BEHAVIORAL Explanations
• Classical Conditioning:Classical Conditioning:
– Little Albert (Watson, 1920)Little Albert (Watson, 1920)
– What was the neutral stimulus?What was the neutral stimulus?
– What was the unconditioned stimulus?What was the unconditioned stimulus?
– What was the unconditionedWhat was the unconditioned
response?response?
– What doesWhat does pairing mean?mean?
– Finally what was the conditionedFinally what was the conditioned
stimulus and the conditionedstimulus and the conditioned
response?response?
• What is generalization?What is generalization?
24. Behavioral Explanation Continued
• Avoidance Conditioning,Avoidance Conditioning,
AKA: The two-process theory (or two-AKA: The two-process theory (or two-
factor theory)factor theory)
by Mowrer (1947)by Mowrer (1947)
25. Avoideance Conditioning continued
– After Classical Conditioning establishesAfter Classical Conditioning establishes
a phobic response, Operanta phobic response, Operant
Conditioning takes over.Conditioning takes over.
– The person is relieved of fear when sheThe person is relieved of fear when she
avoids the conditioned stimuli.avoids the conditioned stimuli.
26. Avoidance Conditioning
• What kind of consequence is this:What kind of consequence is this:
– Negative Punishment?Negative Punishment?
– Positive Punishment?Positive Punishment?
– Negative Reinforcement?Negative Reinforcement?
– Positive Reinforcement ?Positive Reinforcement ?
•Negative ReinforcementNegative Reinforcement
27. Social Learning Theory (Remember
Albert Bandura?
• Child sees mother freak out when sheChild sees mother freak out when she
sees a mouse in the kitchen...monkeysees a mouse in the kitchen...monkey
see monkey do...through social learning,see monkey do...through social learning,
the child comes to understand that micethe child comes to understand that mice
are terrifying. (After all, to see Mommyare terrifying. (After all, to see Mommy
terrified is scary. Because of this, thereterrified is scary. Because of this, there
may be a bit of what involved in themay be a bit of what involved in the
development of the mice phobia in thedevelopment of the mice phobia in the
child?child?
28. Social Learning of phobias
• Classical conditioning because miceClassical conditioning because mice
become paired with the scary event ofbecome paired with the scary event of
Mommy freaking out.Mommy freaking out.
• The phobic response, through socialThe phobic response, through social
learning, occurs even in other contextslearning, occurs even in other contexts
than the original place, the kitchen.than the original place, the kitchen.
29. Behavioral Treatments
• Systematic Desensitization (Wolpe, 1958)Systematic Desensitization (Wolpe, 1958)
– this is a form of what kind ofthis is a form of what kind of
conditioning?conditioning?
– Systematic Desensitization can occur inSystematic Desensitization can occur in
three ways:three ways:
– In vitro (imagination)In vitro (imagination)
– In vivo (Real life)In vivo (Real life)
– Video Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET).Video Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET).
30. Systematic Desensitization
(behavioral treatment)
• An anxiety hierarchy represents aAn anxiety hierarchy represents a
progression from mild anxiety in relationprogression from mild anxiety in relation
to the feared object to the most intenseto the feared object to the most intense
possible encounter with the fearedpossible encounter with the feared
object.object.
31. Anxiety Hierarchy for Systematic
Desensitization (Behavioral)
1.1. Seeing the word dog,Seeing the word dog,
2.2.Imagining the dogImagining the dog
3.3.Seeing a pictur of a dogSeeing a pictur of a dog
4.4.seeing a video of a dogseeing a video of a dog
5.5.Hearing a dog barkHearing a dog bark
6.6.Seeing a caged dog.Seeing a caged dog.
7.7.Seeing a dog on a leash.Seeing a dog on a leash.
8.8.Touching a dog.Touching a dog.
32. Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
• Also a form of systematicAlso a form of systematic
desensitization. One advantage of VRETdesensitization. One advantage of VRET
is that it is obvious that there truly is nois that it is obvious that there truly is no
threat of a non-real height (for example)threat of a non-real height (for example)
yet the person feels fear. This allows theyet the person feels fear. This allows the
person more ability to see the fear isperson more ability to see the fear is
completely irrational.completely irrational.
(Rothbaum et. al. 1995)(Rothbaum et. al. 1995)
33. Behavioral Treatments
• Flooding--the terror cannot sustain itself,Flooding--the terror cannot sustain itself,
the organism runs out of energy. Fearthe organism runs out of energy. Fear
subsides and yet the person is still in thesubsides and yet the person is still in the
same situation. The brain then hassame situation. The brain then has
experience of the phobic object withoutexperience of the phobic object without
feeling fear. What kind of conditioningfeeling fear. What kind of conditioning
then takes over to eliminate the phobia?then takes over to eliminate the phobia?
34. Participant Modeling(Bernstein 1997)
(a Social Learning Treatment)
• A model is present to encounter theA model is present to encounter the
feared object safely, e.g. handle a snakefeared object safely, e.g. handle a snake
while the phobic is watching.while the phobic is watching.
• Obviously, this is a kind of social learning.Obviously, this is a kind of social learning.
35. Applied Tension to prevent fainting
• Blood and needle phobias often lead toBlood and needle phobias often lead to
fainting. Not fainting is a good first step forfainting. Not fainting is a good first step for
overcoming the phobia.overcoming the phobia.
– Tense all the muscles for 30 seconds.Tense all the muscles for 30 seconds.
– This raises blood pressure.This raises blood pressure.
– Raised BP prevents fainting (classical cond).Raised BP prevents fainting (classical cond).
– Then relax for 20 seconds (classicalThen relax for 20 seconds (classical
conditioning)conditioning)
– Repeat 5-10 times.Repeat 5-10 times.
36. Cognitive Explanation
• SENSITIZATION: The person becomesSENSITIZATION: The person becomes
sensitive to the object and/or her ownsensitive to the object and/or her own
physiological response. Panic almostphysiological response. Panic almost
always involves fearing the panic itself.always involves fearing the panic itself.
• e.g. the fast heart rate is thought of as "Ie.g. the fast heart rate is thought of as "I
will have a heart attack!" (overestimatingwill have a heart attack!" (overestimating
and catastrophising)and catastrophising)
37. Cognitive Explanation of Phobias
• AVOIDANCE: Like the behaviorists, theAVOIDANCE: Like the behaviorists, the
act of avoiding the object of fear createsact of avoiding the object of fear creates
relief, negative reinforcementrelief, negative reinforcement
38. Cognitive Theory of Phobia
• IRRATIONAL AND NEGATIVEIRRATIONAL AND NEGATIVE
INTERPRETATION:INTERPRETATION:
A false mental interpretation of an objectA false mental interpretation of an object
and self is required for a phobicand self is required for a phobic
response.response.
1.1. Over-estimating: "Spiders are terrible"Spiders are terrible
and dangerous! They are straight fromand dangerous! They are straight from
hell!"hell!"
2.Catastrophizing: "I'm going to die!""I'm going to die!"
3.Underestimating ability to cope: "Iability to cope: "I
can't deal with this!"can't deal with this!"
39. Di Nardo et al (1988)
• Only 50% of cynophobics had a bad experienceOnly 50% of cynophobics had a bad experience
with dogs.with dogs.
– Why is this a problem for behaviorists?Why is this a problem for behaviorists?
– How do cognitive psychologists explain this?How do cognitive psychologists explain this?
• Also, only 50% of people who were bit by dogsAlso, only 50% of people who were bit by dogs
developed cynophobia.developed cynophobia.
– Why is THIS a problem for behaviorists?Why is THIS a problem for behaviorists?
– How do cogntive psychologists explain this?How do cogntive psychologists explain this?
40. Cognitive Therapy
1.1.Identify irrational thoughts/beliefs: "TheIdentify irrational thoughts/beliefs: "The
dog will bite me! I'm going to die! "dog will bite me! I'm going to die! "
2.2.Replace with rational thoughts: "MostReplace with rational thoughts: "Most
dogs don't bite. This one has neverdogs don't bite. This one has never
bitten. It is wagging its tail. Even if bitten,bitten. It is wagging its tail. Even if bitten,
I won't die."I won't die."
3.3.Mentally rehearse appropriate, rationalMentally rehearse appropriate, rational
responses to encounters. e.g. imaginingresponses to encounters. e.g. imagining
encountering a dog and petting it.encountering a dog and petting it.
41. Ost and Westling(1995)CBT vs Applied
Relaxation (Classical Conditioning)
Both about equally effective.Both about equally effective.
• Applied relaxation:Applied relaxation:
– 65% panic-free patients65% panic-free patients
– 82% panic-free after one year.82% panic-free after one year.
• CBT:CBT:
– 74% panic-free patients after the treatment74% panic-free patients after the treatment
– 89% panic-free after a year.89% panic-free after a year.
These differences were not significant.These differences were not significant.
Complications such as generalised anxiety and depression were also reduced toComplications such as generalised anxiety and depression were also reduced to
within the normal range after one year.within the normal range after one year.
42. • Maybe the relaxation group hadMaybe the relaxation group had
acquired altered thoughts about theacquired altered thoughts about the
object of fear due toobject of fear due to
43. Biological Explanations
• Ost 1992Ost 1992
• 62% of people with a blood and injection62% of people with a blood and injection
phobia reported a 1st-degree relative whophobia reported a 1st-degree relative who
shares the same disorder.shares the same disorder.
• The prevalence rate for the generalThe prevalence rate for the general
population is just 3%population is just 3%
How could you argue against theHow could you argue against the
difference in statistics being purelydifference in statistics being purely
genetic?genetic?
44. Preparedness Theory based in Evolution
• Seligman (1971) suggested that there was aSeligman (1971) suggested that there was a
‘‘preparednesspreparedness’’ (a physiological(a physiological
predisposition) to be sensitive to certainpredisposition) to be sensitive to certain
stimuli.stimuli.
• It is not the fears themselves that areIt is not the fears themselves that are
inborn, rather there is an innate (in-born)inborn, rather there is an innate (in-born)
tendency to rapidly acquire a phobia totendency to rapidly acquire a phobia to
potentially harmful eventspotentially harmful events –– we arewe are
biologically prepared from birth.biologically prepared from birth.
45. Evidence for preparedness(Ohman et al 1975)
• AIM Conducted a series of studies to investigate the preparednessAIM Conducted a series of studies to investigate the preparedness
explanation of phobia acquisitionexplanation of phobia acquisition
• METHOD Participants were shown pictures of houses, snakes,METHOD Participants were shown pictures of houses, snakes,
spiders and faces of people. Half the participants received anspiders and faces of people. Half the participants received an
electric shock whenever they were presented with a picture of aelectric shock whenever they were presented with a picture of a
house or a face. The other half received an electric shock wheneverhouse or a face. The other half received an electric shock whenever
they were presented with a picture of a snake or spider.they were presented with a picture of a snake or spider.
• RESULTS Both groups of PpRESULTS Both groups of Pp’’s showed fear when subsequently showns showed fear when subsequently shown
pictures they had experienced with an electric shock. This waspictures they had experienced with an electric shock. This was
measured by their skin reaction called galvanic skin response (GSR).measured by their skin reaction called galvanic skin response (GSR).
Following a period in which PpFollowing a period in which Pp’’s received no electric shocks it wass received no electric shocks it was
found that the GSR was higher for those shocked when shownfound that the GSR was higher for those shocked when shown
snakes and spiders.snakes and spiders.
• CONCLUSION Human beings may be more biologically prepared orCONCLUSION Human beings may be more biologically prepared or
ready to develop phobias for animals such as snakes and spiders,ready to develop phobias for animals such as snakes and spiders,
46. Preparedness
• Preparedness weds biological andPreparedness weds biological and
behavioral ideasbehavioral ideas
• We are genetically programmed toWe are genetically programmed to
develop classically conditioned phobiasdevelop classically conditioned phobias
more rapidly to certain objects!more rapidly to certain objects!
47. Biological Treatments
• Actually, the applied tension techniqueActually, the applied tension technique
can be seen as a biological treatmentcan be seen as a biological treatment
since you are overcoming the fearsince you are overcoming the fear
through behaviorally induced biologicalthrough behaviorally induced biological
change--increased BP followed bychange--increased BP followed by
relaxation.relaxation.
48. Biological Treatments
• D-Cycloserine, when used in conjunction withD-Cycloserine, when used in conjunction with
exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy,exposure-based cognitive behavior therapy,
helps with fear extinction in an array ofhelps with fear extinction in an array of
anxiety- and stress-inducing disorders.anxiety- and stress-inducing disorders.
– Ren, et al. (July 2013)Ren, et al. (July 2013)
– Baker, et al (October 2012).Baker, et al (October 2012).
– Hoffman & Stefan (2006).Hoffman & Stefan (2006).
49. D-Cycloserine Continued
• D-Cycloserine is an antibiotic used toD-Cycloserine is an antibiotic used to
treat tuberculosis. However it also hastreat tuberculosis. However it also has
psychotropic effects.psychotropic effects.
50. D-Cycloserine Continued
• How it works:How it works:
It partially blocks glutamate from stimulating theIt partially blocks glutamate from stimulating the
amygdala, a part of the brain required for negativeamygdala, a part of the brain required for negative
emotions such as panic and fear.emotions such as panic and fear.
It augments (added to and improves) exposureIt augments (added to and improves) exposure
therapy with better results than exposure alone.therapy with better results than exposure alone.
51. Biological Treatments
• SSRI's can be helpfulSSRI's can be helpful
– These block serotonin reuptake sites,These block serotonin reuptake sites,
allowing more serotonin to reach theallowing more serotonin to reach the
dendrites of the next neuron. Serotonin isdendrites of the next neuron. Serotonin is
beleived to increase a sense of well being andbeleived to increase a sense of well being and
may regulate other neurotransmittermay regulate other neurotransmitter
systems. People aren't really sure how SSRI'ssystems. People aren't really sure how SSRI's
work.work.
– Have side effects: loss of libido and ability,Have side effects: loss of libido and ability,
appetite and sleep changes, headache,appetite and sleep changes, headache,
dizziness, most importantly,dizziness, most importantly, suicidalitysuicidality
52. Biological Treatments
• BenzodiazepinesBenzodiazepines (Xanax, Valium and MANY more)(Xanax, Valium and MANY more)
– How they work: These drugs work by binding toHow they work: These drugs work by binding to
GABA type A receptors. After binding, they allowGABA type A receptors. After binding, they allow
more GABA to enter the neurons.more GABA to enter the neurons.
– GABA is a neurotransmitter. GABA is like theGABA is a neurotransmitter. GABA is like the
breaks of the brain, it inhibits neuronal activity.breaks of the brain, it inhibits neuronal activity.
Panic requires a lot of neural activity in thePanic requires a lot of neural activity in the
amygdala and other brain areas. Thus, panic andamygdala and other brain areas. Thus, panic and
fear are reduced.fear are reduced.
53. Benzodiazepines Continued
• Benzodiazepines have some negativeBenzodiazepines have some negative
side-effects and are recommended forside-effects and are recommended for
short term use only.short term use only.
– Addictive (This is the main problem)Addictive (This is the main problem)
– Negatively effects cognitive abilityNegatively effects cognitive ability
– Tendon and ligament damageTendon and ligament damage