Background: The prostate gland is subject to various disorders. The etiology and pathogenesis of these diseases remain not well understood. Moreover, despite technological advancements, the differential diagnosis of prostate disorders has become progressively more complex and controversial. It was suggested that the cobalt (Co) level in prostatic tissue plays an important role in prostatic carcinogenesis and its measurement may be useful as a cancer biomarker. These suggestions promoted more detailed studies of the Co content in the prostatic tissue of healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: The present study evaluated by systematic analysis the published data for Co content analyzed in prostatic tissue of “normal” glands. This evaluation reviewed 1949 studies, all of which were published in the years from 1921 to 2020 and were located by searching the databases Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, ELSEVIER-EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science. The articles were analyzed and “Median of Means” and “Range of Means” were used to examine heterogeneity of the measured Co content in prostates of apparently healthy men. The objective analysis was performed on data from the 23 studies, which included 1207 subjects. Results: It was found that the range of means of prostatic Co content reported in the literature for “normal” gland varies widely from 0.0035 mg/kg to 0.11 mg/kg with median of means 0.0077 mg/kg on a wet mass basis and the level of intraprostatic metal increases with age in adults. Conclusions: Because of small sample size and high data heterogeneity, we recommend other primary studies be performed.
Natural Compounds as Adjuncts for Treating Colon Cancer through Apoptotic Pat...ijtsrd
Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases which is caused when abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue. Colorectal cancer CRC , also known as colon cancer, is one of the most common type of cancers in humans is closely linked to the global cancer – related mortalities worldwide. The ongoing clinical treatment for colorectal cancer or colon cancer largely engages surgery and chemotherapy. But as there are many side effects and due to emergence of drug resistance, it has become very necessary to find novel and more effectual drugs for colon cancer treatment. Chemo prevention, a novel method for controlling cancer encompasses the use of specific natural products or synthetic chemical agents to reverse, suppress or prevent premalignancy before the development of invasive cancer. Many studies have signified that various natural products have efficacious anti CRC effects and may be used as substitutional chemotherapy agents for CRC therapy. Various natural compounds have been shown to be promising on the basis of their anti cancerous effects and low toxicity. In this review we summarise the natural compounds having anti CRC effects from distinct sources. This review suggest that they provide a novel opportunity for treatment of colon cancer. Sarita Negi | Nikita Kaushik | Runjhun Mathur | Abhimanyu Kumar Jha "Natural Compounds as Adjuncts for Treating Colon Cancer through Apoptotic Pathway" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42387.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compharmacy/biotechnology-/42387/natural-compounds-as-adjuncts-for-treating-colon-cancer-through-apoptotic-pathway/sarita-negi
The histomorphological study of prostate lesionsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Trace Elements of Expressed Prostatic Secretions as a Source for Biomarkers o...asclepiuspdfs
Prostate cancer (PCa) is an internationally important health problem of the man, particularly in developed countries. The aim of this exploratory study was to evaluate whether significant changes in the levels of zinc (Zn) and some other trace elements of prostatic fluid exist in the malignantly transformed prostate. Methods: Prostatic fluid levels of Br, Fe, Rb, Sr, and Zn were prospectively evaluated in 24 patients with PCa and 38 healthy male inhabitants. Measurements were performed using 109Cd radionuclide-induced energy dispersive X-ray fluorescent microanalysis. Prostatic fluid samples were divided into two portions. One was used for morphological study while the other was intended for trace element analysis.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) prostate cancer is the second cause of cancer death in men worldwide [1,2]. Some advanced prostate cancers have well known symptoms. However non-cancerous diseases of the prostate, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) cause same symptoms. On the other hand, at very early stages, prostate cancer has no symptoms, the tumor dimension is quite small, and it is extremely difficult to detect it. If prostate cancer is detected at an early stage, it can be successfully cured by different methods. At the later stages, treatment or surgery has very low efficiency. Prostate cancer can often be found by measuring the amount of PSA in the blood. Most healthy men have levels under 4 nano-grams per milliliter (ng/mL) of blood. When prostate cancer develops, the PSA level usually goes above 4. However, for determination of the existence of cancer, some additional methods are used: for example: PSA velocity [3,4] and/or PSA density. Besides, measurement of the ratio of free to total PSA is additional tool in prostate cancer diagnosis [5]. However, the major drawback of PSA determination is its relative lack of specificity. The PSA level can also be increased by benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) - a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate, prostatitis, etc.
Natural Compounds as Adjuncts for Treating Colon Cancer through Apoptotic Pat...ijtsrd
Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases which is caused when abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue. Colorectal cancer CRC , also known as colon cancer, is one of the most common type of cancers in humans is closely linked to the global cancer – related mortalities worldwide. The ongoing clinical treatment for colorectal cancer or colon cancer largely engages surgery and chemotherapy. But as there are many side effects and due to emergence of drug resistance, it has become very necessary to find novel and more effectual drugs for colon cancer treatment. Chemo prevention, a novel method for controlling cancer encompasses the use of specific natural products or synthetic chemical agents to reverse, suppress or prevent premalignancy before the development of invasive cancer. Many studies have signified that various natural products have efficacious anti CRC effects and may be used as substitutional chemotherapy agents for CRC therapy. Various natural compounds have been shown to be promising on the basis of their anti cancerous effects and low toxicity. In this review we summarise the natural compounds having anti CRC effects from distinct sources. This review suggest that they provide a novel opportunity for treatment of colon cancer. Sarita Negi | Nikita Kaushik | Runjhun Mathur | Abhimanyu Kumar Jha "Natural Compounds as Adjuncts for Treating Colon Cancer through Apoptotic Pathway" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42387.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compharmacy/biotechnology-/42387/natural-compounds-as-adjuncts-for-treating-colon-cancer-through-apoptotic-pathway/sarita-negi
The histomorphological study of prostate lesionsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Trace Elements of Expressed Prostatic Secretions as a Source for Biomarkers o...asclepiuspdfs
Prostate cancer (PCa) is an internationally important health problem of the man, particularly in developed countries. The aim of this exploratory study was to evaluate whether significant changes in the levels of zinc (Zn) and some other trace elements of prostatic fluid exist in the malignantly transformed prostate. Methods: Prostatic fluid levels of Br, Fe, Rb, Sr, and Zn were prospectively evaluated in 24 patients with PCa and 38 healthy male inhabitants. Measurements were performed using 109Cd radionuclide-induced energy dispersive X-ray fluorescent microanalysis. Prostatic fluid samples were divided into two portions. One was used for morphological study while the other was intended for trace element analysis.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) prostate cancer is the second cause of cancer death in men worldwide [1,2]. Some advanced prostate cancers have well known symptoms. However non-cancerous diseases of the prostate, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) cause same symptoms. On the other hand, at very early stages, prostate cancer has no symptoms, the tumor dimension is quite small, and it is extremely difficult to detect it. If prostate cancer is detected at an early stage, it can be successfully cured by different methods. At the later stages, treatment or surgery has very low efficiency. Prostate cancer can often be found by measuring the amount of PSA in the blood. Most healthy men have levels under 4 nano-grams per milliliter (ng/mL) of blood. When prostate cancer develops, the PSA level usually goes above 4. However, for determination of the existence of cancer, some additional methods are used: for example: PSA velocity [3,4] and/or PSA density. Besides, measurement of the ratio of free to total PSA is additional tool in prostate cancer diagnosis [5]. However, the major drawback of PSA determination is its relative lack of specificity. The PSA level can also be increased by benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) - a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate, prostatitis, etc.
Development of pancreatic cancer organoid model for studying immune response ...TÀI LIỆU NGÀNH MAY
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tai lieu tong hop, thu vien luan van, luan van tong hop, do an chuyen nganh
Targeting Tumor Metabolism in Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery_Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersCancer
Cancer cells have evolved to develop sets of survival strategies to enable them not only to survive and ward off apoptosis-inducing effects of most chemotherapeutic drugs in current use but also proliferate and invade their surrounding healthy tissue. In the 1920’s, based on his pioneering research, Warburg hypothesized cancer cells rely on glycolysis for energy production to sustain their growth because their mitochondrial metabolism is dysfunctional. This review focuses on the current advances in cancer cell metabolism as a result of the recent resurgence of interests in the “Warburg hypothesis” (also called “Warburg effect”) and discusses how these advances have revealed potential anti-cancer drug targets. Additionally, we will also discuss metabolic pathways that are critically coupled to cancer cell survival and proliferation, thereby uncovering other putative anti-cancer drug targets for therapeutic consideration. Thus, we hope to provide a forward-looking framework for discussing and designing new anti-cancer therapies.
Objective: The association between telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation and outcome of melanoma is unclear and controversial. We aim to conduct a meta-analysis and investigate whether the TERT promoter mutation is a prognostic factor of melanoma.
Study Design: Appropriate studies were searched in 3 databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) were counted through random effects model.
Results: Heterogeneity was moderate in overall survival (OS) (I2=43.7%, p=0.059) and low in disease-free survival (DFS) (I2=0.0%, p=0.587). Sensitivity analysis indicated that the removal of any of the study did not affect the final results. Evidence for publication bias was not found (Begg’s test, p=0.281; Egger’s test, p=0.078). The pooled OS HRs from combined effects analysis was determined (HR 1.07; 95% CI 0.83–1.39, p=0.585), together with the pooled HRs of DFS (HR 1.65; 95% CI 1.02–2.66, p=0.042). TERT promoter mutation predicted a good outcome in meta-static melanoma patients (HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.46–0.96, p=0.042). The pooled HRs of combined mutation in TERT promoter and BRAF (HR 6.27; 95% CI 2.7–14.58, p=0.000) predicted a bad outcome in melanoma patients.
Conclusion: TERT promoter mutation significantly predicted poor DFS outcome but, on the contrary, predicted a good outcome in metastatic melanoma patients. The combined TERT promoter and BRAF mutation was a significant independent factor of OS in melanoma patients.
Keywords: melanoma; meta-analysis; mutation; prognosis; promoter regions, genetic; skin neoplasms; telomerase; TERT promoter mutation; TERT protein, human
A Systematic Review of the Zinc Concentrations in the Prostate Fluid of Norma...asclepiuspdfs
Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly occurring neoplasm in males in many countries and the fourth most commonly occurring cancer overall. Various studies indicate some discrepancies regarding zinc (Zn) levels in prostatic fluid of normal and cancerous glands. Materials and Methods: The present systematic analysis included 25 studies on Zn levels in expressed prostatic fluid (EPF), all of which were published in the years from 1961 to 2018 and selected by searching the databases Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, ELSEVIER-EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science. The articles were analyzed, and “Median of Means” and “Range of Means” were used to examine heterogeneity of Zn concentrations in two groups of subjects – apparently healthy men “N” and patients with PCa “C.” Moreover, using the ratios of prostatic fluid Zn in “C” group to prostatic fluid Zn in “N” group (ZnC/ZnN) obtained (or calculated by us) in the reviewed studies, “Median of Means” and “Range of Means” for these ratios were found. The objective analysis was performed on data from the 25 studies, with total 85 subjects in “C” group and more than 900 subjects in “N” group. Results: The range of means of Zn concentration reported in the literature for normal EPF varies widely from 47.1 mg/L to 825 mg/L with a median of means 501 mg/L. The range of means of Zn concentration for EPF of untreated cancerous prostate varies also widely from 34.7 mg/L to 722 mg/L, but median of means is lower – 65.4 mg/L. Thus, the obtained median of means for Zn concentration in normal human prostatic fluid is at least one order of magnitude higher than median of mean values of the element content in EPF of cancerous prostate. In other words, the analysis of 25 studies with discordant data regarding prostatic fluid concentration of Zn demonstrated that there is a significantly diminished concentration of Zn in EPF of PCa patients compared to controls. Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between lowered Zn concentrations in the prostatic fluid and PCa, but because of small sample size and high data heterogeneity, we recommend other primary studies.
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to CarcinomaJohnJulie1
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers.
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to CarcinomaNainaAnon
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers. We analysed colorectal tissues (11 CRC, 11 CRA and 11 healthy volunteers (HC). Using 16S rRNA sequencing analysis to compare the gut microbiome of patients with CRC, CRA and HC. The microbial diversity including alpha diversity, beta diversity and identified the microbial compositions among the three groups were characterized. Intestinal microbial composition and diversity were significantly decreased in the CRA group, whereas those were obviously increased in the CRC group. The fourth most predominant microbial compositions in the three groups were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes at the phylum level. Moreover, the relative abundance of Fusobacteria at the phylum level behaved a general trend of decreasing in CRA group first and then increasing in CRC group. When exploring the Fusobacteria abundance in MetaCyc database signaling in different groups, it was indicated that Fusobacteria was also higher in CRC than CRA especially in the ICME2-PWY, Cobalsyn-PWY and Anaglycolysi signal pathways. Taken together, the observed intestinal microbial difference among the three groups provides a basis for understanding the potential role of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis.
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to Carcinomaeshaasini
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to Carcinomasemualkaira
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers. We analysed colorectal tissues (11 CRC, 11 CRA and 11 healthy volunteers (HC).
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to Carcinomasemualkaira
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers. We analysed colorectal tissues (11 CRC, 11 CRA and 11 healthy volunteers (HC).
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to Carcinomadaranisaha
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers. We analysed colorectal tissues (11 CRC, 11 CRA and 11 healthy volunteers (HC)
A link between premenopausal iron deficiency and breast cancer malignancyEnrique Moreno Gonzalez
Young breast cancer (BC) patients less than 45 years old are at higher risk of dying from the disease when compared to their older counterparts. However, specific risk factors leading to this poorer outcome have not been identified.
Red Blood Cell Lipids, Serum Trace Elements and Immunological Markers in Pros...ijtsrd
Aim In this study, the red cell lipids, serum trace elements and immunological markers in prostatic disease patients attending the Nephrology Department of Abia state University Teaching Hospital Aba were evaluated.METHODOLOGY A total of one hundred and ten 110 adult males aged 40 80years comprising of 60 prostatic disease patients and fifty 50 normal subjects were recruited. The prostatic disease patients comprised of thirty 30 prostatitis, twenty 20 benign prostatic hyperplasia BPH and ten 10 prostate cancer patients. Red cell lipids, trace elements and immunological markers were determined on blood samples collected from the subjects between January 2017 and December 2020.RESULTS Results obtained following analysis indicated a significant increase in red cell total cholesterol, red cell LDL cholesterol, red cell Triglyceride and red cell phospholipids P 0.05 compared to control subjects whereas red cell HDL cholesterol were significantly decreased compared to control subjects P 0.05 serum trace elements copper were significantly decreased in prostatitis and BPH compared to control subjects P 0.05 but no significant decrease in prostate cancer patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 . Serum iron and lead showed no significant difference in prostatic patients compared to control subjects. Serum manganese levels showed significant increase in BPH patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 whereas prostatitis and prostate cancer patients showed no significant decrease P 0.05 compared to control subjects. Globulin concentrations of prostatatic patients did not show significant increase in prostatic disease patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 .CONCLUSION Lipids serves as a promoter of peroxidation, oxidative stress and oxidative damage which has been implicated in many diseases and immunological markers is an evidence of inflammation which is evidence and risk factors in development of prostatic diseases. Agbugba. N. Agnes | Ohaeri. O. Christopher | Ijioma. N. Solomon | R. T. Uroko | Onyeabo Chimaroke | Achi. K. Ngozi | Nwaokorie Ernest A. "Red Blood Cell Lipids, Serum Trace Elements and Immunological Markers in Prostatic Disease Patients: An Investigative Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49441.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/49441/red-blood-cell-lipids-serum-trace-elements-and-immunological-markers-in-prostatic-disease-patients-an-investigative-study/agbugba-n-agnes
Study of Glutathione Peroxidase GPX Activity Among Betel Quid Chewers of Indi...ijtsrd
"Introduction Betel quid BQ chewing, a habit practiced in Eastern and North Eastern part of India, has known to be associated with cancer of the oral or buccal cavity. BQ is also one of the common mood elevating substances among Indian population. The BQ is a mixture of areca nut Areca catechu , catechu Acacia catechu and slaked lime calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide wrapped in a betel leaf Piper betel .BQ products have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC as group I human carcinogens . Glutathione peroxidise GPx , one of the major enzymatic antioxidant defence system, responsible for scavenging free radicals. Antioxidant enzymes catalyze decomposition of ROS. Overall balance between production and removal of ROS may be more important in various cancers including OSCC Oral squamous cell carcinoma or oral cancer. Methods In this study subjects were screened from Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery andE.N.T. of Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan Hospital RKMSP , Kolkata and different areas of West Bengal and North Eastern states of India. Quantitative in vitro determination of glutathione peroxidase activities in whole blood were estimated manually with 0.05 ml whole blood. The samples were assayed by UV Visible Spectrophotometer SPECORD 50 PLUS at a wavelength of 340nm. Results Most of the subjects had betel quid chewing habit. Glutathione peroxidase values are higher in healthy control than Cancer cases and Pre cancer with betel quid chewing habit, which is statistically significant. Conclusion Reactive oxygen species are generated due to slaked lime, one of the important constituents of betel quid which can modulate the oral pathology and promote carcinogenesis. Aniket Adhikari | Madhusnata De ""Study of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) Activity Among Betel Quid Chewers of Indian Population"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21619.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/21619/study-of-glutathione-peroxidase-gpx-activity-among-betel-quid-chewers-of-indian-population/aniket-adhikari"
Development of pancreatic cancer organoid model for studying immune response ...TÀI LIỆU NGÀNH MAY
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https://www.facebook.com/thuvienluanvan01
tai lieu tong hop, thu vien luan van, luan van tong hop, do an chuyen nganh
Targeting Tumor Metabolism in Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery_Crimson PublishersCrimsonpublishersCancer
Cancer cells have evolved to develop sets of survival strategies to enable them not only to survive and ward off apoptosis-inducing effects of most chemotherapeutic drugs in current use but also proliferate and invade their surrounding healthy tissue. In the 1920’s, based on his pioneering research, Warburg hypothesized cancer cells rely on glycolysis for energy production to sustain their growth because their mitochondrial metabolism is dysfunctional. This review focuses on the current advances in cancer cell metabolism as a result of the recent resurgence of interests in the “Warburg hypothesis” (also called “Warburg effect”) and discusses how these advances have revealed potential anti-cancer drug targets. Additionally, we will also discuss metabolic pathways that are critically coupled to cancer cell survival and proliferation, thereby uncovering other putative anti-cancer drug targets for therapeutic consideration. Thus, we hope to provide a forward-looking framework for discussing and designing new anti-cancer therapies.
Objective: The association between telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation and outcome of melanoma is unclear and controversial. We aim to conduct a meta-analysis and investigate whether the TERT promoter mutation is a prognostic factor of melanoma.
Study Design: Appropriate studies were searched in 3 databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) were counted through random effects model.
Results: Heterogeneity was moderate in overall survival (OS) (I2=43.7%, p=0.059) and low in disease-free survival (DFS) (I2=0.0%, p=0.587). Sensitivity analysis indicated that the removal of any of the study did not affect the final results. Evidence for publication bias was not found (Begg’s test, p=0.281; Egger’s test, p=0.078). The pooled OS HRs from combined effects analysis was determined (HR 1.07; 95% CI 0.83–1.39, p=0.585), together with the pooled HRs of DFS (HR 1.65; 95% CI 1.02–2.66, p=0.042). TERT promoter mutation predicted a good outcome in meta-static melanoma patients (HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.46–0.96, p=0.042). The pooled HRs of combined mutation in TERT promoter and BRAF (HR 6.27; 95% CI 2.7–14.58, p=0.000) predicted a bad outcome in melanoma patients.
Conclusion: TERT promoter mutation significantly predicted poor DFS outcome but, on the contrary, predicted a good outcome in metastatic melanoma patients. The combined TERT promoter and BRAF mutation was a significant independent factor of OS in melanoma patients.
Keywords: melanoma; meta-analysis; mutation; prognosis; promoter regions, genetic; skin neoplasms; telomerase; TERT promoter mutation; TERT protein, human
A Systematic Review of the Zinc Concentrations in the Prostate Fluid of Norma...asclepiuspdfs
Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly occurring neoplasm in males in many countries and the fourth most commonly occurring cancer overall. Various studies indicate some discrepancies regarding zinc (Zn) levels in prostatic fluid of normal and cancerous glands. Materials and Methods: The present systematic analysis included 25 studies on Zn levels in expressed prostatic fluid (EPF), all of which were published in the years from 1961 to 2018 and selected by searching the databases Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, ELSEVIER-EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science. The articles were analyzed, and “Median of Means” and “Range of Means” were used to examine heterogeneity of Zn concentrations in two groups of subjects – apparently healthy men “N” and patients with PCa “C.” Moreover, using the ratios of prostatic fluid Zn in “C” group to prostatic fluid Zn in “N” group (ZnC/ZnN) obtained (or calculated by us) in the reviewed studies, “Median of Means” and “Range of Means” for these ratios were found. The objective analysis was performed on data from the 25 studies, with total 85 subjects in “C” group and more than 900 subjects in “N” group. Results: The range of means of Zn concentration reported in the literature for normal EPF varies widely from 47.1 mg/L to 825 mg/L with a median of means 501 mg/L. The range of means of Zn concentration for EPF of untreated cancerous prostate varies also widely from 34.7 mg/L to 722 mg/L, but median of means is lower – 65.4 mg/L. Thus, the obtained median of means for Zn concentration in normal human prostatic fluid is at least one order of magnitude higher than median of mean values of the element content in EPF of cancerous prostate. In other words, the analysis of 25 studies with discordant data regarding prostatic fluid concentration of Zn demonstrated that there is a significantly diminished concentration of Zn in EPF of PCa patients compared to controls. Conclusions: There is a significant relationship between lowered Zn concentrations in the prostatic fluid and PCa, but because of small sample size and high data heterogeneity, we recommend other primary studies.
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to CarcinomaJohnJulie1
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers.
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to CarcinomaNainaAnon
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers. We analysed colorectal tissues (11 CRC, 11 CRA and 11 healthy volunteers (HC). Using 16S rRNA sequencing analysis to compare the gut microbiome of patients with CRC, CRA and HC. The microbial diversity including alpha diversity, beta diversity and identified the microbial compositions among the three groups were characterized. Intestinal microbial composition and diversity were significantly decreased in the CRA group, whereas those were obviously increased in the CRC group. The fourth most predominant microbial compositions in the three groups were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes at the phylum level. Moreover, the relative abundance of Fusobacteria at the phylum level behaved a general trend of decreasing in CRA group first and then increasing in CRC group. When exploring the Fusobacteria abundance in MetaCyc database signaling in different groups, it was indicated that Fusobacteria was also higher in CRC than CRA especially in the ICME2-PWY, Cobalsyn-PWY and Anaglycolysi signal pathways. Taken together, the observed intestinal microbial difference among the three groups provides a basis for understanding the potential role of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis.
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to Carcinomaeshaasini
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to Carcinomasemualkaira
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers. We analysed colorectal tissues (11 CRC, 11 CRA and 11 healthy volunteers (HC).
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to Carcinomasemualkaira
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers. We analysed colorectal tissues (11 CRC, 11 CRA and 11 healthy volunteers (HC).
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to Carcinomadaranisaha
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers. We analysed colorectal tissues (11 CRC, 11 CRA and 11 healthy volunteers (HC)
A link between premenopausal iron deficiency and breast cancer malignancyEnrique Moreno Gonzalez
Young breast cancer (BC) patients less than 45 years old are at higher risk of dying from the disease when compared to their older counterparts. However, specific risk factors leading to this poorer outcome have not been identified.
Red Blood Cell Lipids, Serum Trace Elements and Immunological Markers in Pros...ijtsrd
Aim In this study, the red cell lipids, serum trace elements and immunological markers in prostatic disease patients attending the Nephrology Department of Abia state University Teaching Hospital Aba were evaluated.METHODOLOGY A total of one hundred and ten 110 adult males aged 40 80years comprising of 60 prostatic disease patients and fifty 50 normal subjects were recruited. The prostatic disease patients comprised of thirty 30 prostatitis, twenty 20 benign prostatic hyperplasia BPH and ten 10 prostate cancer patients. Red cell lipids, trace elements and immunological markers were determined on blood samples collected from the subjects between January 2017 and December 2020.RESULTS Results obtained following analysis indicated a significant increase in red cell total cholesterol, red cell LDL cholesterol, red cell Triglyceride and red cell phospholipids P 0.05 compared to control subjects whereas red cell HDL cholesterol were significantly decreased compared to control subjects P 0.05 serum trace elements copper were significantly decreased in prostatitis and BPH compared to control subjects P 0.05 but no significant decrease in prostate cancer patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 . Serum iron and lead showed no significant difference in prostatic patients compared to control subjects. Serum manganese levels showed significant increase in BPH patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 whereas prostatitis and prostate cancer patients showed no significant decrease P 0.05 compared to control subjects. Globulin concentrations of prostatatic patients did not show significant increase in prostatic disease patients compared to control subjects P 0.05 .CONCLUSION Lipids serves as a promoter of peroxidation, oxidative stress and oxidative damage which has been implicated in many diseases and immunological markers is an evidence of inflammation which is evidence and risk factors in development of prostatic diseases. Agbugba. N. Agnes | Ohaeri. O. Christopher | Ijioma. N. Solomon | R. T. Uroko | Onyeabo Chimaroke | Achi. K. Ngozi | Nwaokorie Ernest A. "Red Blood Cell Lipids, Serum Trace Elements and Immunological Markers in Prostatic Disease Patients: An Investigative Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49441.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/49441/red-blood-cell-lipids-serum-trace-elements-and-immunological-markers-in-prostatic-disease-patients-an-investigative-study/agbugba-n-agnes
Study of Glutathione Peroxidase GPX Activity Among Betel Quid Chewers of Indi...ijtsrd
"Introduction Betel quid BQ chewing, a habit practiced in Eastern and North Eastern part of India, has known to be associated with cancer of the oral or buccal cavity. BQ is also one of the common mood elevating substances among Indian population. The BQ is a mixture of areca nut Areca catechu , catechu Acacia catechu and slaked lime calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide wrapped in a betel leaf Piper betel .BQ products have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer IARC as group I human carcinogens . Glutathione peroxidise GPx , one of the major enzymatic antioxidant defence system, responsible for scavenging free radicals. Antioxidant enzymes catalyze decomposition of ROS. Overall balance between production and removal of ROS may be more important in various cancers including OSCC Oral squamous cell carcinoma or oral cancer. Methods In this study subjects were screened from Department of Oral and Maxillofacial surgery andE.N.T. of Ramakrishna Mission Seva Pratishthan Hospital RKMSP , Kolkata and different areas of West Bengal and North Eastern states of India. Quantitative in vitro determination of glutathione peroxidase activities in whole blood were estimated manually with 0.05 ml whole blood. The samples were assayed by UV Visible Spectrophotometer SPECORD 50 PLUS at a wavelength of 340nm. Results Most of the subjects had betel quid chewing habit. Glutathione peroxidase values are higher in healthy control than Cancer cases and Pre cancer with betel quid chewing habit, which is statistically significant. Conclusion Reactive oxygen species are generated due to slaked lime, one of the important constituents of betel quid which can modulate the oral pathology and promote carcinogenesis. Aniket Adhikari | Madhusnata De ""Study of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX) Activity Among Betel Quid Chewers of Indian Population"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21619.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/21619/study-of-glutathione-peroxidase-gpx-activity-among-betel-quid-chewers-of-indian-population/aniket-adhikari"
Determination the Levels of Zinc and Copper in Patients with LeukemiaHussein Alkufi
Leukemia is the most common type of blood cancer in which both of zinc and copper levels are altered resulting in many metabolic and physiological disorders.
A statistical framework for multiparameter analysis at the single cell levelShashaanka Ashili
Phenotypic characterization of individual cells provides crucial insights into intercellular heterogeneity and enables access to information that is unavailable from ensemble averaged, bulk cell analyses. Single-cell studies have attracted significant interest in recent years and spurred the development of a variety of commercially available and research-grade technologies. To quantify cell-to-cell variability of cell populations, we have developed an experimental platform for real-time measurements of oxygen consumption (OC) kinetics at the single-cell level. Unique challenges inherent to these single-cell measurements arise, and no existing data analysis
methodology is available to address them. Here we present a data processing and analysis method that addresses challenges encountered with this unique type of data in order to extract biologically relevant information. We applied the method to analyze OC profiles obtained with single cells of two different cell lines derived from metaplastic and dysplastic human Barrett’s esophageal epithelium. In terms of method development, three main challenges were considered for this heterogeneous dynamic system: (i) high levels of noise, (ii) the lack of a priori knowledge of single-cell dynamics, and (iii) the role of intercellular variability within and across cell types.
Several strategies and solutions to address each of these three challenges are presented. The features such as slopes, intercepts, breakpoint or change-point were extracted for every OC profile and compared across individual cells and cell types. The results demonstrated that the extracted features facilitated exposition of subtle differences between individual cells and their responses to
cell–cell interactions. With minor modifications, this method can be used to process and analyze
data from other acquisition and experimental modalities at the single-cell level, providing a valuable statistical framework for single-cell analysis.
Metabolomics: The Next Generation of Biochemistry Metabolon, Inc.
This brief eBook explores the benefits of incorporating the science of metabolomics into contemporary biology research as a stand-alone tool or as a compliment to genomics or other types of molecular biology research.
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between β-Blocker Use ...daranisaha
β-blockers are drugs frequently prescribed for various indications in cardiology and for which anticancer properties have been suggested. We aimed to evaluate the association between the use of β-blockers and survival of women with OC.
1.2. Methods: A systematic literature search of relevant databases through September 2020 was conducted to identify studies assessing the association between β-blockers use and prognostic in women with OC. The inverse variance weighting method with random-effects model was used to calculate pooled hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). We assessed the risk of immortal time bias (ITB) and the quality of the studies with the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. Subanalyses were performed based on quality scores and the risk for ITB.
Similar to A Systematic Review of the Cobalt Content of the Normal Human Prostate Gland (20)
Convalescent Plasma and COVID-19: Ancient Therapy Re-emergedasclepiuspdfs
Convalescent plasma has again re-emerged as a therapy during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreaks currently use as a prophylactic or an interventional treatment in infected patients. Convalescent plasma has been used in the 20th century confronting different infectious diseases where there was no other therapy available. Conceivably, this convalescent plasma therapy tends to be proving a game-changing treatment in some COVID-19 patients and could support treatment, in addition to the current interventions before other developed therapies are available for the population.
The Negative Clinical Consequences Due to the Lack of the Elaboration of a Sc...asclepiuspdfs
Until a few years ago, the immune system was considered as responsible for the only defense against microbial infections and other external agents. On the contrary, the immune cells have been proven to be linked not only through cell-cell contact but also by releasing proteins capable of influencing the immune-inflammatory response, the so-called cytokines or interleukins. Moreover, the cytokines have appeared to play not only immune activities but also metabolic and systemic effects influencing the overall biological systems, including the nervous, the endocrine, and the cardiovascular systems, by representing the main endogenous molecules responsible for the maintenance of the unity of the biological life. Therefore, only the systematic clinical consideration of cytokine effects may allow the generation of real future holistic medicine.
The great benefit of blood/blood constitutes therapy is the ability to provide transfusion support for patients with many unique hematologic conditions. For some patients, such as patients with sickle cell disease, thalassemia major, immune hemolytic anemia, anemia of kidney disease, and aplastic anemia may need for this consolidation extends throughout their life. By knowing the alteration mechanisms of these conditions, we can appreciate the stationary, urgency, and the value of the transfused red blood cell (RBC).
Decreasing or Increasing Role of Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Mult...asclepiuspdfs
During the past four decades, autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has been the first choice and the standard option for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma. The introduction of new agents such as thalidomide, lenalidomide, and bortezomib has led to a clear improvement in basic approach and those agents became the standard of care in the induction phase; however, they were not able to play the role of ASCT in term of progression-free survival and overall survival. Debate continues about the best induction, consolidation, and maintenance taking into account the toxicities of these new agents. The new monoclonal antibody (anti CD38) starts to take its place in the induction setting and it seems to be a promising agent in the high-risk group. Until recently, ASCT is the standard treatment for newly diagnosed patients.
Comparison of the Hypocalcemic Effects of Erythropoietin and U-74389Gasclepiuspdfs
Aim: This study calculated the effects on serum calcium (Ca) levels, after treatment with either of two drugs: The erythropoietin (Epo) and the antioxidant lazaroid (L) drug U-74389G. The calculation was based on the results of two preliminary studies, each one of which estimated the certain influence, after the respective drug usage in an induced ischemia-reperfusion animal experiment. Materials and Methods: The two main experimental endpoints at which the serum Ca levels were evaluated were the 60th reperfusion min (for the Groups A, C, and E) and the 120th reperfusion min (for the Groups B, D, and F). Especially, the Groups A and B were processed without drugs, Groups C and D after Epo administration, whereas Groups E and F after the L administration. Results: The first preliminary study of Epo presented a non-significant hypocalcemic effect by 0.34% ± 0.68% (P = 0.6095). However, the second preliminary study of U-74389G presented a non-significant hypercalcemic effect by 0.14% ± 0.66% (P = 0.8245). These two studies were coevaluated since they came from the same experimental setting. The outcome of the coevaluation was that L is 2.3623042-fold (2.3482723–2.3764196) more hypercalcemic than Epo (P = 0.0000). Conclusions: The antioxidant capacities of U-74389G ascribe 2.3623042-fold more hypercalcemic effects than Epo (P = 0.0000).
The term refractory anemia (RA) may be confusing to those who are not hematologists. RA should be well defined because it means more than what it says. RA is defined as anemia that is not responsive to therapy except transfusion.[1] The term RA is used to rule out those types of anemia with a known cause such as anemia of systemic diseases (liver and kidney) and anemia of inflammation even though they are considered refractory to therapy.[2] RA with cellular or hypercellular bone marrow was formerly used to exclude aplastic anemia.
Management of Immunogenic Heparin-induced Thrombocytopeniaasclepiuspdfs
Immunogenic heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune response to heparin associated with significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients if unidentified as soon as possible, due to thromboembolic complications involving both arterial and venous systems. Early diagnoses based on a comprehensive interpretation of clinical and laboratory information improve clinical outcomes. Management principles of strongly suspected HIT should not be delayed for laboratory result confirmation. Treatment strategies have been introduced including new, safe, and effective agents. This review summarizes the clinical therapeutic options for HIT addressing the use of parenteral direct thrombin inhibitors and indirect factor Xa inhibitors as well as the potential non-Vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants.
73-year-old woman without any pertinent history was admitted to the hospital due to remittent fever with erythema. She showed itching and linearly arranged erythema on the chest, back, and abdomen [Figure 1a and b]. As she had been taking daily cefditoren pivoxil for the 4 days before her admission, she was diagnosed as having drug-related scratch dermatitis, and the antibiotic treatment was stopped. Her fever remained. Laboratory data showed elevated levels of white blood cells (14,800/μl, normal range 4000–7000) and liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 138 IU/L (normal range 5–40), alanine aminotransferase 97 IU/L (normal range 5–35), and ferritin (17469.5 ng/mL, normal range 5–152).
Bone Marrow Histology is a Pathognomonic Clue to Each of the JAK2V617F, MPL,5...asclepiuspdfs
According to the World Health Organization and Clinical Laboratory Molecular and Pathological criteria bone marrow pathology in JAK2V617F mutated trilinear myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients essential thrombocythemia (ET) and polycythemia vera are indistinguishably featured by clustered medium to large pleomorphic megakaryocytes and increased cellularity (60–90%) due to increased erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis. MPL515 mutated ET is the second distinct clonal MPN characterized by thrombocythemia in a normocellular bone marrow showing clustered increased large to giant mature megakaryocytes with staghorn-like hyperlobulated nuclei. Calreticulin (CALR) mutated hypercellular thrombocythemia associated with prefibrotic megakaryocytic, granulocytic myeloproliferation (MGM) recently became the third distinct MPN featured by dense clusters of immature megakaryocytes with cloud-like nuclei. Bone marrow pathology in newly diagnosed MPN patients appears to be a pathognomonic clue for diagnostic differentiation between JAK2V617F mutated trilinear MPN, MPL515 normocellular thrombocythemia, and CALR thrombocythemia with MGM characteristics followed by secondary reticulin fibrosis. Their natural histories clearly differ featured by an increase of erythro/granulopoiesis and cellularity in JAK2V617F, decrease of erythropoiesis and cellularity in MPL515 and increase of dual megakaryo/granulopoiesis and cellularity in CALR mutated MPN.
Helicobacter pylori Frequency in Polycythemia Vera Patients without Dyspeptic...asclepiuspdfs
Introduction: In polycythemia vera (PV) patients, peptic ulcer and gastroduodenal erosions are more common than the general population, but there are insufficient data on the frequency of Helicobacter pylori (HP) and its role in etiopathogenesis. In this study, we aimed to compare the prevalence of HP infection in PV patients without dyspeptic complaints with a healthy control group without dyspeptic complaints. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients with PV without dyspeptic complaints and 50 controls without dyspeptic complaints were enrolled in this study after informed consent obtained. Stool samples of selected patients were analyzed using HP stool antigen test (True Line®). Results: There was surprisingly striking difference between HP prevalence in PV patients without dyspeptic complaints and asymptomatic healthy controls (64% vs. 2%) (P < 0.05). There was no significant relationship found between HP presence and age, gender, treatment modalities, complete blood count, positivity of JAK2 V617F, serum erythropoietin level, and splenomegaly in PV patients (P > 0.05). Conclusion: As the susceptibility of HP infections in PV patients are higher, it is recommended to have close surveillance of these patients by screening HP presence. In addition, when HP positivity is determined, the eradication of HP is essential to prevent possible future gastrointestinal lesions in patients with PV.
Lymphoma of the Tonsil in a Developing Communityasclepiuspdfs
The lymphoma of the tonsil is a rarity. Single case reports have appeared in countries as disparate as China, Greece, India, Japan, and Turkey. Therefore, this paper presents cases found in Nigeria among the Ibo ethnic group. The epidemiological comparisons are deemed to be worthy of documentation such as age ranges and sides of involvement.
Should Metformin Be Continued after Hospital Admission in Patients with Coron...asclepiuspdfs
Background: In most patients with diabetes, guidelines recommend discontinuation of oral anti-diabetic agents. Preliminary data suggest that pre-admission metformin use may have a mortality benefit in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 admitted to the hospital. Objective: The objective of the study was to review the impact of metformin on morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Methods: Review of English literature by PUBMED search until November 10, 2020. Search terms included diabetes, COVID-19, metformin, retrospective studies, meta-analyses, pertinent reviews, pre-print articles, and consensus guidelines are reviewed.
Clinical Significance of Hypocalcemia in COVID-19asclepiuspdfs
Background: Preliminary data suggest that hypocalcemia is common among patients with COVID-19 admitted to the hospital. Objective: The objective of the study was to examine the clinical significance of hypocalcemia in the setting of COVID-19. Methods: Literature search (PubMed) until August 5, 2020. Search terms include hypocalcemia, COVID-19, mortality, and complications. Retrospective studies are reviewed due to a lack of randomized trials. Results: Prevalence of hypocalcemia among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 ranges from 62% to 78%, depending on the definition of hypocalcemia and patients’ characteristics. In most cases, hypocalcemia is mild to moderate biochemically. Hypocalcemia is a risk factor for hospitalization of patients with COVID-19. In already hospitalized patients, hypocalcemia is significantly associated with increase severity of COVID-19 and its complications, including multiorgan failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and death. Hypocalcemia is significantly correlated with inflammatory markers of COVID-19. Causes of hypocalcemia in COVID-19 patients are unclear, but Vitamin D deficiency may be a contributing factor. Conclusion: Hypocalcemia is common in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 and carries unfavorable outcomes. Further studies are needed to examine the causes of hypocalcemia in COVID-19 and to see whether normalization of circulating calcium levels improves prognosis.
Excess of Maternal Transmission of Type 2 Diabetes: Is there a Role of Bioche...asclepiuspdfs
Objective: An excess of maternal transmission of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been reported in some populations but not confirmed in other studies. Mitochondrial inheritance has been proposed to explain such excess. In the present paper, we have considered the presence of T2D in the mother and/or in the father in relation to the risk of T2D and to age at onset of the disease in the offspring. The distribution of two genetic polymorphisms involved in glucose metabolism in relation to the presence of T2D in the mother has been also considered. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and seventy-nine participants with T2D were studied in the population of Penne, a small rural town in the eastern side of central Italy. Adenosine deaminase locus 1 (ADA1) and phosphoglucomutase locus 1 (PGM1) phenotypes were determined by starch gel electrophoresis. Statistical analyses were carried out using commercial software (SPSS). Results: The proportion of patients from T2D mothers is much greater as compared to the proportion of the patients from T2D fathers (P < 0.0001). Age at onset of the disease in patients in whom one or both parents are T2D is lower as compared to other patients. The distribution of ADA1 and PGM1 phenotypes in participants with T2D depends on the presence of diabetes in the mother. Conclusions: About the transmission of T2D, our data confirm the high proportion of maternal T2D and show the role of two common biochemical polymorphisms involved in glucose metabolism.
The Effect of Demographic Data and Hemoglobin A 1c on Treatment Outcomes in P...asclepiuspdfs
Objective: Diabetes mellitus, the most common cause of non-traumatic foot amputations, is a life-threatening condition due to its high mortality and morbidity. In our study, we retrospectively evaluated our patients with diabetic foot syndrome in our clinic. Materials and Methods: The demographic data, duration of diabetes, Wagner classification, haemoglobin A 1c (HbA1c) levels, white blood cell, C-reactive protein sedimentation levels, hospital stay, and treatment results were evaluated retrospectively in 14 patients with diabetic foot between January 2017 and December 2018. Results: The mean age of the patients was 62.43 ± 7.7 years. Of the 14 patients, 3 were females and 11 were males. All 14 patients were type 2 diabetes mellitus. When diabetic foot Wagner classification was performed, 6 patients were evaluated as Wagner 2, five patients were Wagner 3, and three patients were evaluated as Wagner 4. Nine patients had complete amputation and 3 had vascular surgery. Conclusion: Although the level of HbA1c is below the target level, the risk of diabetic foot is increased when there is no adequate diabetes mellitus foot training. Inadequate diabetic patient education and hospitalization of patients after infection progress the amputation rate.
Self-efficacy Impact Adherence in Diabetes Mellitusasclepiuspdfs
The aim of the paper is to explore how self-efficacy (SE) is associated with adherence among adults with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: The search of electronic databases identified 564 records from 2007 to 2017 on SE and adherence from different perspectives and its effect on adults with DM. Discussions: SE increases the confidence in adults in their self-care behaviors. Non-adherence continues to be a significant barrier to SE. SE and adherence should be informed by an understanding of theoretical frameworks and the individual characteristics. Conclusion: Adherence is likely among adults with better SE to empower them to make valid decisions about their health. Interventions to improve SE should be tailored based on different types of non-adherence such as intentional and unintentional non-adherence. Implications: An intercollaborative professional practice approach is crucial to improve SE and adherence for sound judgment and valid decision-making.
Uncoiling the Tightening Obesity Spiralasclepiuspdfs
While an underweight prevalence was once more than twice that of obesity, now more people are obese than underweight. Obesity is one of the leading causes of preventable death in the world. There are an estimated 2,100,000,000 obese people worldwide and that number is forecast to grow to 51% of the world’s population by 2030. Escalating obesity-related disease costs threaten to bankrupt the world’s health-care systems.
Prevalence of Chronic Kidney disease in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in S...asclepiuspdfs
Background and Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is an increasingly important clinical and public health issue is associated with cardiovascular disease. Epidemiologic studies have also linked metabolic syndrome (MetS) with an increased risk of incident CKD. Therefore, the present study was designed retrospectively to find the prevalence and potential risk factors of CKD in patients with MetS in Saudi Arabia.
Management Of Hypoglycemia In Patients With Type 2 Diabetesasclepiuspdfs
Hypoglycemia is the rate-limiting step of intensive management in patients with diabetes. Lowering one’s A1C to a prescribed target is expected to mitigate one’s risk of developing long- and short-term diabetes-related complications. Several of the less expensive and commonly prescribed glucose lowering agents favored by practitioners result in weight gain, hypoglycemia, and even an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) mortality. Although achieving a targeted A1C of <7 % is the standard of care, clinicians often fail to evaluate patients for glycemic variability which can increase oxidative stress driving long-term diabetes-related complications including CV death. The use of concentrated insulins and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists separately or in combination with each other reduces glycemic variability and one’s risk of hypoglycemia. Pharmaceutical agents which allow patients to safely achieve their targeted A1C without weight gain and hypoglycemia should be preferred in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Predictive and Preventive Care: Metabolic Diseasesasclepiuspdfs
South Asians have a very high incidence of ischemic heart disease and stroke. In addition, they also have a very high incidence of metabolic diseases such as prehypertension, hypertension, visceral obesity, metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, type-2 diabetes, and its clinical complications. Currently, there are over 75 million diabetic subjects in India and an equal number of prediabetics. Republic of China has taken over India as the diabetes capital of the world, with over 115 million diabetics. Modern medicine is disease focused and has failed to address the prevention of these chronic diseases. According to the reports from the United Nations (Millennium Development Goals [MDGs], the World Health Organization, Global Health Initiatives, and the non-communicable disease risk task force), obesity has increased by 2-fold and type-2 diabetes by 4-fold worldwide. Experts in this field predict that chances of meeting the MDGs set by the UN members of reducing the incidence of these diseases at 2025 to the level of 2020 are very little. Western medicine has failed to reduce or reverse the trend in the incidence of these diseases. We feel that an integrated approach to health care may be a better option, to reduce the disease burden in developing and resource-poor countries. Having said that, one cannot prevent something that one is not aware of, as such it is the need of the hour for us, to develop a robust predictive and preventive health-care platform. In an earlier article, we presented our views on reducing or reversing cardiometabolic diseases. There is great enthusiasm among the health-care providers and professional bodies that integration of emerging technologies will help develop personalized, precision medicine, as well as reduce the cost of health-care worldwide.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. Zaichick: Co content of the normal human prostate – Review
7 Journal of Clinical Research in Oncology • Vol 3 • Issue 1 • 2020
compounds should be considered as genotoxic carcinogens
with a practical threshold.[33]
Consequently, the International
Agency for Research on Cancer has evaluated Co as
carcinogenic to humans.[34]
Humans are exposed to Co from
industry and surgical devices, most notably orthopedic
joint replacements made of Co-Cr hard metal alloys. Many
epidemiologic and laboratory studies found that total joint
arthroplasty increases the risk of cancer and particularly
Pca.[35-40]
These findings promoted more detailed studies of
the Co content of prostatic tissue of healthy subjects, as well
as of patients with different prostatic diseases, including BPH
and PCa.
The effects of TEs, including Co, are related to their
concentration. Recorded observations range from a deficiency
state, through normal function as biologically essential
components, to an imbalance, when excess of one element
interferes with the function of another, to pharmacologically
active concentrations, and finally to toxic and even life-
threatening concentrations.[41]
In this context, for example,
Vitamin B12 is an essential Co-containing nutrient and
the human body needs in it in low dose, but significant Co
exposure may result in adverse health effects in different
organs or tissues, including malignancy such as multiple
myeloma, tongue cancer, and Pca.[35-40,42,43]
However, precise
molecular mechanisms by which this metal causes healthy
cells to transform to malignant states have yet to be fully
defined. Current models propose the induction of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative DNA damage by ROS,
combined with inhibition of DNA repair.[38]
By now, a few studies have reported the Co content in tissue of
“normal” and affected glands. However, further investigation
has been considered necessary to provide a practical reference
data of Co levels in prostate norm and disorders, because the
findings of various studies indicate some discrepancies.
The present study addresses the significance of Co levels
in prostatic tissue as a biomarker of the gland’s condition.
Therefore, we systematically reviewed all the available
relevant literature and performed a statistical analysis of Co
content in tissue of “normal” glands, which may provide
valuable insight into the etiology and diagnosis of prostate
disorders.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Data sources and search strategy
Aiming at finding the most relevant articles for this review,
a thorough comprehensive web search was conducted by
consulting the Scopus, PubMed, MEDLINE, ELSEVIER-
EMBASE,CochraneLibrary,andtheWebofSciencedatabases,
as well as from the personal archive of the author collected
between 1966 and 2020, using the key words: Prostatic TEs,
prostatic Co content, prostatic tissue, and their combinations.
For example, the search terms for Co content were “Co mass
fraction,” “Co content,” “Co level,” “prostatic tissue Co,” and
“Co of prostatic tissue.” The language of the article was not
restricted. The titles from the search results were evaluated
closely and determined to be acceptable for potential inclusion
criteria. Furthermore, references from the selected articles
were examined as further search tools. Relevant studies noted
for the each selected article were also evaluated for inclusion.
Eligibility criteria
Inclusion criteria
Only papers with quantitative data of Co prostatic content
were accepted for further evaluation. Studies were included if
the control groups were healthy human males with no history
or evidence of urological or other andrological disease and
Co levels were measured in samples of prostatic tissue.
Exclusion criteria
Studies were excluded if they were case reports. Studies
involving subjects that were using Co supplementation
or Co occupational exposed, as well as persons from Co
contaminated area were also excluded.
Data extraction
A standard extraction of data was applied, and the following
available variables were extracted from each paper: Method
of Co determination, number and ages of healthy persons,
sample preparation, mean and median of Co levels, standard
deviations of mean, and range of Co levels. Abstracts and
complete articles were reviewed independently, and if the
results were different, the texts were checked once again until
the differences were resolved.
Statistical analysis
Studies were combined based on means of Co levels in
prostatic tissue. The articles were analyzed and “Median
of Means” and “Range of Means” were used to examine
heterogeneity of Co contents. The objective analysis was
performed on data from the 23 studies, with 1207 subjects.
RESULTS
Information about Co levels in prostatic tissue in different
prostatic diseases is of obvious interest not only to understand
the etiology and pathogenesis of prostatic diseases more
profoundly but also for their diagnosis, particularly for PCa
diagnosis and PCa risk prognosis.[27,28,41]
Thus, it dictates a
need for reliable values of the Co levels in the prostatic tissue
of apparently healthy subjects, ranging from young adult
males to elderly persons.
Possible publications relevant to the keywords were
retrieved and screened. A total of 1949 publications were
3. Zaichick: Co content of the normal human prostate – Review
Journal of Clinical Research in Oncology • Vol 3 • Issue 1 • 2020 8
primarily obtained, of which 1926 irrelevant papers
were excluded. Thus, 23 studies were ultimately selected
according to eligibility criteria that investigated Co levels
in tissue of normal prostates [Table 1] and these 23 pap
ers[7,9,11,13,14,24,26,29-31,44-56]
comprised the material on which the
review was based. A number of values for Co mass fractions
were not expressed on a wet mass basis by the authors of
the cited references. However, we calculated these values
using the medians of published data for water – 83%[57-60]
and
ash – 1% (on a wet mass basis) contents in normal prostates
of adult men.[30,44,59,61]
Table 1 summarizes general data from
the 23 studies. The retrieved studies involved 1207 subjects.
The ages of subjects were available for 19 studies and ranged
from 0 to 87 years. Information about the analytical method
and sample preparation used was available for 22 studies.
Four studies determined Co levels by destructive (require
high temperature drying, ashing, acid digestion, or cut
section on a cryomicrotome) analytical methods [Table 1]:
One – atomic emission spectrometry (AES), one – atomic
absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), one – synchrotron
radiation-induced X-ray emission, and one – inductively
coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). Six studies
detected Co level in intact prostatic tissue samples by non-
destructive analytical method, such as neutron activation
analysis (NAA). In 12 studies, a combination of destructive
and non-destructive methods (ICPMS and NAA) was used
and results were summarized.
DISCUSSION
The range of means of Co mass fractions reported in the
literature for “normal” prostatic tissue varies widely from
0.0035 mg/kg[49]
to 3.8 mg/kg[31]
with median of means
0.0078 mg/kg wet tissue [Table 1]. The maximal value of
mean Co mass fraction reported[31]
was 487 times higher the
median of Co mass fraction means and at least one order
of magnitude higher than all other published means. Thus,
value 3.8 mg/kg[31]
can be excluded. However, without this
result, range of means of Co mass fractions for “normal”
prostatic tissue remains very wide from 0.0035 mg/kg[49]
to
0.11 mg/kg[44]
with median of means 0.0077 mg/kg wet tissue
and Mmax
/Mmin
ratio approximately 31 [Table 1].
This variability of reported mean values can be explained
a priori by a dependence of Co content on many factors,
including analytical method imperfections, differences in
“normal” prostate definitions, possible non-homogeneous
distribution of Co levels throughout the prostate gland
volume, age, ethnicity, diet, smoking, alcohol intake,
consuming supplemental TEs, and others. Not all these
factors were strictly controlled in the cited studies. For
example, in some studies, the “normal” prostate means a
gland of an apparently healthy man who had died suddenly,
but without any morphological confirmation of “normality”
of his prostatic tissue. In other studies, the “normal” prostate
means a non-cancerous prostate (but hyperplastic and
inflamed glands were included) and even a visually normal
prostatic tissue adjacent to a prostatic malignant tumor.
Some researchers used as the “normal” prostate the glands
of patients who died from acute and chronic non-prostatic
diseases including subjects who had suffered from prolonged
wasting illnesses. In some studies, whole glands were used
for the investigation while in others, the Co content was
measured in pieces of the prostate. Therefore, published
data allowed us to estimate the effect of only some different
factors on Co content in “normal” prostate tissue.
Analytical method
The trend line of Co content data in “normal” prostate
[Figure 1] showed that an improvement of analytical
technologies during the last 58 years impacted significantly
on the mean and variability of reported values. In our
opinion, the leading cause of interobserver variability was an
insufficient sensitivity of analytical techniques and a lack of
quality control of results in old studies published in 60s.
In some reported papers, such destructive analytical methods
asAES,AAS, and ICP-MS were used. These methods require
acid digestion of the samples at a high temperature. There is
evidence that the use of this treatment causes some quantities
of TEs to be lost.[41,62,63]
On the other hand, the Co content of
chemicals used for acid digestion can contaminate the prostate
samples. Thus, when using destructive analytical methods, it
is necessary to allow for the losses of TEs, for example, when
there is complete acid digestion of the sample. Then, there
are contaminations by TEs during sample decomposition,
which require addition of some chemicals. In the case of a
paraffin/epoxy-embedded tissue samples, Co, particularly
from prostatic fluid, may be lost during sample fixation in
ethanol/chloroform/formaldehyde.
It is possible to avoid these problems using non-destructive
methods, such as NAA, which allow to quantify Co content
in “normal” prostate without acid digestion. Moreover, a
good agreement between results obtained by both NAA and
ICPMS methods under a strong quality control[9,13,14,26,48,49,51-56]
shoved that in case of Co, it is possible to avoid uncertainties
connected with acid digestion. It is, therefore, reasonable to
conclude that the quality control of results is very important
factor for using the Co content in prostatic tissue as
biomarkers.
Age
In a few studies, a significant increase in Co content with
increasing of age of adults was shown by the comparison of
different age groups or the Pearson’s coefficient of correlation
between age and Co content in prostate tissue.[47-51]
For
example, a strongly pronounced tendency for an age-related
exponential increase of Co mass fraction was observed in
the prostate for the third to eighth decades.[48]
In prostates
4. Zaichick: Co content of the normal human prostate – Review
9 Journal of Clinical Research in Oncology • Vol 3 • Issue 1 • 2020
Table 1: Reference data of Co mass fractions (mg/kg wet tissue) in “normal” human prostatic tissue
Reference Method n Age range
years
Sample
preparation
Co
Mean±SD Range
Zakutinsky et al., 1962[29]
- - - - 0.07 -
Tipton et al., 1963[30]
AES 50 Adult D, A 0.02 Max=0.03
Schroeder et al., 1967[44]
AAS 1 Adult A, AD 0.11 -
Kwiatek et al., 2005[31]
SRIXE 1 Adult CS (NB) 3.8 -
Zaichick et al., 2011[45]
NAA 64 13–60 Intact 0.0061±0.0037 0.0014–0.0180
9 13–20 Intact 0.0051±0.0031 -
28 21–40 Intact 0.0051±0.0026 -
27 41–60 Intact 0.0080±0.0043 -
Zaichick et al., 2012[24]
NAA 37 66±8 Intact 0.0077±0.0041 0.0028–0.0180
Zaichick et al., 2012[46]
ICPMS 64 13–60 AD 0.0077±0.0041 0.0024–0.0180
Zaichick et al., 2013[7]
NAA 29 0–13 Intact 0.0077±0.0054 -
21 14–30 Intact 0.0039±0.0017 -
Zaichick et al., 2013[9]
2 methods 16 0–13 Intact, AD 0.0075±0.0054 -
14–30 Intact, AD 0.0077±0.0041 -
Zaichick et al., 2014[47]
NAA 28 21–40 Intact 0.0049±0.0026 0.0013–0.0125
27 41–60 Intact 0.0080±0.0044 0.0028–0.0180
10 61–87 Intact 0.0070±0.0026 0.0039–0.0100
Zaichick et al., 2014[48]
2 methods 28 21–40 Intact, AD 0.0053±0.0024 0.0023–0.0129
27 41–60 Intact, AD 0.0073±0.0039 0.0028–0.0180
10 61–87 Intact, AD 0.0095±0.0095 0.0034–0.0340
Zaichick et al., 2014[11]
NAA 29 0–13 Intact 0.0100±0.0074 -
21 14–30 Intact 0.0046±0.0023 -
50 0–30 Intact 0.0076±0.0063 -
Zaichick et al., 2014[13]
2 methods 16 20–30 Intact, AD 0.0041±0.0016 -
Zaichick et al., 2014[14]
2 methods 50 0–30 Intact, AD 0.0077±0.0060 -
29 0–13 Intact, AD 0.0099±0.0072 -
21 14–30 Intact, AD 0.0050±0.0023 -
Zaichick, 2015[49]
2 methods 28 21–40 Intact, AD 0.0035±0.0031 0.0023–0.0129
27 41–60 Intact, AD 0.0073±0.0039 0.0028–0.0180
10 61–87 Intact, AD 0.0095–0.0095 0.0034–0.0340
37 41–87 Intact, AD 0.0080±0.0060 0.0028–0.0340
Zaichick et al., 2016[50]
NAA 28 21–40 Intact 0.0060±0.0032 0.0014–0.146
27 41–60 Intact 0.0097±0.0055 0.0029=0.0227
10 61=87 Intact 0.0088±0.0055 0.0050–0.0129
Zaichick et al., 2016[51]
2 methods 65 21–87 Intact, AD 0.0081±0.0032 0.0025–o.0418
28 21–40 Intact, AD 0.0062±0.00813 -
27 41–60 Intact, AD 0.0089±0.0052 -
10 61=87 Intact, AD 0.0120±0.0123 -
Zaichick et al., 2016[52]
2 methods 32 44–87 Intact, AD 0.0078±0.0064 -
Zaichick et al., 2016[53]
2 methods 37 41–87 Intact, AD 0.0080±0.0060 -
Zaichick et al., 2017[26]
2 methods 37 41–87 Intact, AD 0.0080±0.0060 -
Zaichick et al., 2017[54]
2 methods 37 41–87 Intact, AD 0.0093±0,0070 0.00272–0.0398
(Contd...)
5. Zaichick: Co content of the normal human prostate – Review
Journal of Clinical Research in Oncology • Vol 3 • Issue 1 • 2020 10
of 61–87 years old men, the mean Co mass fraction was 2–3
times greater than that in the prostates of 21–40 years old
males.[48,49,51]
Thus, the accumulated information, studied
by us from reported data, allowed a conclusion that there
is a significant exponential increase in Co mass fraction in
“normal” prostate from age 21 years to the eighth decade.
Androgen independence of prostatic Co levels
There was not found any difference between Co levels in
prostates of teenagers before puberty and of post-pubertal
teenagers and young adults.[7,9,11,14]
These findings allowed
us to conclude that the Co content in “normal” prostates
does not depend on the level of androgens and vice versa.
However, studies on the association between the Co content
in “normal” prostates and the level of androgens in blood
were not found.
Co intake
The general population can be exposed to low levels of Co
primarily through consumption of food and to a lesser degree
through inhalation of ambient air and ingestion of drinking
water.[64]
Green, leafy vegetables and fresh cereals generally
contain the most Co.[34]
For most of the general population,
dietary intake (5–40 μg Co/d) represents the primary
source of Co exposure. Elevated Co intake may result from
prescription Vitamin B12 or other mineral preparations
containing Co compounds. Other potential sources of Co
exposure include consumer products and tobacco smoking.[64]
However, over the past decades, the use of Co hard metal
alloys in orthopedic joint replacements, in particular in
metal-on-metal bearings in hip joint arthroplasty, has created
an entirely new source of internal Co exposure. Corrosion
and wear produce soluble metal ions and metal debris in the
form of huge numbers of wear particles in nanometric size,
with systemic dissemination through lymph and systemic
vascular system.[64]
Co content in body fluids, tissues, and organs
It is known that Co is accumulated primarily in liver, kidney,
pancreas, heart, skeleton, and muscle.[38]
Mass fraction of this
metal in liver ranged from 0.006 to 0.045 (mean 0.018) mg/kg
wettissue.[65]
ThemedianofprostaticCocontentmeansobtained
in the present review is very close to the metal level in liver.
Thus, we can conclude that the prostate is also a target organ for
Co. A small increase of Co intake for a long period associated
with a great increase of metal concentration in blood,[66]
and, as
a consequence in different organs, including the prostate.
All natural chemical elements of the periodic system,
including Co, present in all subjects of biosphere.[41,67,68]
During the long evolutional period, intakes of Co were
more or less stable and organisms were adopted for such
environmental conditions. Moreover, organisms, including
human body, involved low doses of this metal in their
functions. For example, Co is a part of Vitamin B12.[69]
The
situation began to change after the industrial revolution,
particularly, over the past 100 years. Discovered in the 1735
year, the use of Co and various Co compounds and alloys
started to become industrially important near the close
of the 19th
century. Co metal is produced as a by-product
from ores associated with Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Pt group
metals and is most often chemically combined in its ores
Table 1: (Continued)
Reference Method n Age range
years
Sample
preparation
Co
Mean±SD Range
Zaichick, 2017[55]
2 methods 37 41–87 Intact, AD 0.0080±0.0060 0.0028–0.0340
Zaichick et al., 2019[56]
2 methods 37 41–87 Intact, AD 0.0080±0.0060 0.0028–0.0340
Median of means 0.0078 or 0.0077 (without 3.8)
Range of means (Mmin
–Mmax
) 0.0035–3.8 or 0.0035–0.11 (without 3.8)
Ratio Mmax
/Mmin
1086 or 31.4 (without 3.8)
All references 23
M: Arithmetic mean, SD: Standard deviation of mean, AES: Atomic emission spectrometry, AAS: Atomic absorption spectrophotometry,
SRIXE: Synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray emission, NAA: Neutron activation analysis, ICPMS: Inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry; 2 methods – NAA and ICPMS. D: Drying at high temperature, A: Ashing, AD: Acid digestion, CS: Cut section on a
cryomicrotome, NB: Needle biopsy
Figure 1: Data on cobalt content in normal prostate tissue
reported from 1962 to 2020 without value 3.8 mg/kg wet
tissue published in 2005[31]
y = 1E+31e-0.038x
R² = 0.65
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Co,
mg/kg
wet
tissue
year
Normal prostate gland
6. Zaichick: Co content of the normal human prostate – Review
11 Journal of Clinical Research in Oncology • Vol 3 • Issue 1 • 2020
with S and As. Co and Co compounds are used in numerous
commercial, industrial, and military applications. Major uses
for metallic Co include production of superalloys, cemented
carbides, and bonded diamonds. Co nanoparticles are used
in medical applications (e.g., sensors, magnetic resonance
imaging contrast enhancement, and drug delivery), and Co
nanofibers and nanowires are used in industrial applications.
Co compounds are used as pigments for glass, ceramics,
and enamels, as driers for paints, varnishes, or lacquers, as
catalysts, as adhesives and enamel frits, and as trace mineral
additives in animal diets. The fastest-growing use for Co in
recent years has been in high-capacity, rechargeable batteries
for electric vehicles and portable electronic devices such
as smartphones and laptops. Environmental Co pollution
occurs mainly through a combination of land (through
atmospheric emissions originating from residues from coal,
oil, and gas combustion, urban refuse, mine tailings and
smelter slag, and also from waste, fertilizers, and sludge
application), water (through irrigation and industrial liquid
waste), and air (through atmospheric industrial emissions
and vehicle exhaust) contamination and is subsequently
introduced into the food chain. Worldwide, in the end of 20th
century, approximately 75,000 metric tons of Co enters the
environment annually, with similar amounts coming from
natural sources (40,000 metric tons) and sources related to
human activities (35,000 metric tons), and global demand
for metal increased constantly. Moreover, it is likely that this
tendency will continue. Age-dependent increase of Co mass
fractions in the “normal” prostate tissue indirectly confirms
this conclusion. As was highlight above, age-dependent
increase of Co mass fractions in the “normal” prostate over
lifespan of adults is more ideally fitted by an exponential law
than by a linear, polynomial, logarithmic, or power law.[45-51]
If an exponential increase of Co in prostate of healthy men
living in a non-industrial, ecologically safe region will be
confirmed, this could be interpreted as the result of a global
increase of the concentrations of Co in the environment. Thus,
according our study for not polluted areas, no one influencing
factor could explain the variability of published means for
prostatic Co levels from 0.0035 mg/kg to 0.11 mg/kg in wet
tissue. Moreover, prostate tissue Co contents showed large
variations among individuals, but sources of the variation
remain unknown. For example, the most powerful factor was
age when it was found that the prostatic Co level of young
adults was 2–3 times lower than that of men aged 61–87
years. It is, therefore, reasonable to assume from data of our
study that inaccuracy of analytical technologies employed
caused so great variability of published means for prostatic
Co levels. This conclusion was supported the fact that the
Certified Reference Materials for quality control of results
were not used in studies reported in the 1960s[29,30,44]
and in
2005.[31]
There are some limitations in our study, which need
to be taken into consideration when interpreting the results
of this review. The sample size of each study was sometimes
relatively small (from 1 to 65), and a total of 1207 “normal”
controls were investigated from all 23 studies. As such, it is
hard to draw definite conclusions about the reference value
of the Co content in “normal” prostate as well as about the
clinical value of the Co levels in “normal” prostates as a
biomarker.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study is a comprehensive study regarding the
determination of Co content in “normal” human prostates.
With this knowledge, Co levels may then be considered as
a biomarker for the recognition of prostate disorders. The
study has demonstrated that level of Co in “normal” prostates
depends on some factors such as age and analytical method.
Because of the uncertainties we have outlined, we recommend
other primary studies be performed.
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How to cite this article: Zaichick V.ASystematic Review
of the Cobalt Content of the Normal Human Prostate
Gland. J Clin Res Oncol 2020;3(1):6-13.