This document provides an overview of purposive sampling as a non-probability sampling method in research. It defines purposive sampling as relying on the researcher's judgment to select units for study based on criteria relevant to the research questions. The document outlines the general process of sampling, including identifying the population, specifying a sampling frame and method, determining sample size, and implementing the plan. It notes that purposive sampling focuses on particular characteristics of interest rather than aiming for statistical generalization. The goal is to enable answering the research questions by focusing on relevant characteristics, rather than achieving a representative sample.
The following powerpoint was presented to Dr. Baljit Atwal's Forensic Psychology class at Alliant University (Sacramento) by Dr. Nathaniel Mills ( www.NathanielMills.com ) on December 3rd, 2012. The presentation covered findings from the U.S. Secret Service and U.S. Department of Education's Safe Schools Initiative's final findings report.
This document contains a quiz on concepts related to social psychology and human behavior. The 10 multiple choice questions cover topics like aggression, deindividuation, mere-exposure effect, conformity, obedience, cognitive dissonance, correspondence bias, and gender development theories. It also includes short passages explaining key terms and concepts from social psychology.
Workplace bullying demonstrates a lack of which one of the three types of organizational justice?
What aspects of motivation might workplace bullying reduce? For example, are there likely to be effects on an employee’s self-efficacy? If so, what might those effects be?
If you were a victim of workplace bullying, what steps would you take to reduce its occurrence? What strategies would be most effective? Least effective? What would you do if one of your colleagues was a victim?
What factors do you believe contribute to workplace bullying? Are bullies a product of the situations, or do they have flawed personalities? What situations and what personality factors might contribute to the presence of bullies?
During this module, the key features and main steps to analyze an incident using the comprehensive method will be described, discussed and applied. In addition, the tools that facilitate a comprehensive analysis will be introduced: the timeline, human factors, diagramming contributing factors and their interconnection (using the constellation diagram), guiding questions and the statements of findings.
Carlos P. Garcia Biography by Moriset Tanmoriset49
Carlos P. Garcia was the 8th President of the Philippines. He was born in Bohol and pursued education in Bohol, Cebu, and Manila. Garcia entered politics in 1925 as a representative in Bohol and later served as governor of Bohol and a senator. He became vice president in 1953 and assumed the presidency in 1957 after Ramon Magsaysay's death. As president, Garcia emphasized the "Filipino First Policy" to promote Philippine economic independence. He died in 1971 while serving as president of the Constitutional Convention.
APUSH Lecture - Election of 1912, Wilson and WWIbwellington
The 1912 US presidential election saw Republicans nominate incumbent William Howard Taft, while Democrats chose Woodrow Wilson and former president Theodore Roosevelt ran as part of the Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party. Wilson campaigned on a "New Freedom" platform and defeated both Taft and Roosevelt. As president, Wilson oversaw the passage of important progressive reforms and took the US into World War I in 1917. The war led to expanded government powers and curbs on civil liberties. Wilson advocated for a postwar peace without victory, but was unable to convince others to fully adopt his Fourteen Points plan. The resulting Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany, and Wilson struggled to gain its ratification in the US Senate.
The document summarizes key aspects of Republic Act No. 9262, also known as the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004 in the Philippines. It defines violence against women and children as any act resulting in physical, sexual, psychological, or economic harm. It outlines four forms of violence: physical, sexual, emotional, and financial abuse. It declares violence against women and children a public crime that can be prosecuted upon complaint. It also discusses protection orders that can be issued, including barangay, temporary, and permanent protection orders to safeguard victims. Finally, it outlines penalties for offenses involving slight, less, or serious physical injuries under the Act.
The following powerpoint was presented to Dr. Baljit Atwal's Forensic Psychology class at Alliant University (Sacramento) by Dr. Nathaniel Mills ( www.NathanielMills.com ) on December 3rd, 2012. The presentation covered findings from the U.S. Secret Service and U.S. Department of Education's Safe Schools Initiative's final findings report.
This document contains a quiz on concepts related to social psychology and human behavior. The 10 multiple choice questions cover topics like aggression, deindividuation, mere-exposure effect, conformity, obedience, cognitive dissonance, correspondence bias, and gender development theories. It also includes short passages explaining key terms and concepts from social psychology.
Workplace bullying demonstrates a lack of which one of the three types of organizational justice?
What aspects of motivation might workplace bullying reduce? For example, are there likely to be effects on an employee’s self-efficacy? If so, what might those effects be?
If you were a victim of workplace bullying, what steps would you take to reduce its occurrence? What strategies would be most effective? Least effective? What would you do if one of your colleagues was a victim?
What factors do you believe contribute to workplace bullying? Are bullies a product of the situations, or do they have flawed personalities? What situations and what personality factors might contribute to the presence of bullies?
During this module, the key features and main steps to analyze an incident using the comprehensive method will be described, discussed and applied. In addition, the tools that facilitate a comprehensive analysis will be introduced: the timeline, human factors, diagramming contributing factors and their interconnection (using the constellation diagram), guiding questions and the statements of findings.
Carlos P. Garcia Biography by Moriset Tanmoriset49
Carlos P. Garcia was the 8th President of the Philippines. He was born in Bohol and pursued education in Bohol, Cebu, and Manila. Garcia entered politics in 1925 as a representative in Bohol and later served as governor of Bohol and a senator. He became vice president in 1953 and assumed the presidency in 1957 after Ramon Magsaysay's death. As president, Garcia emphasized the "Filipino First Policy" to promote Philippine economic independence. He died in 1971 while serving as president of the Constitutional Convention.
APUSH Lecture - Election of 1912, Wilson and WWIbwellington
The 1912 US presidential election saw Republicans nominate incumbent William Howard Taft, while Democrats chose Woodrow Wilson and former president Theodore Roosevelt ran as part of the Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party. Wilson campaigned on a "New Freedom" platform and defeated both Taft and Roosevelt. As president, Wilson oversaw the passage of important progressive reforms and took the US into World War I in 1917. The war led to expanded government powers and curbs on civil liberties. Wilson advocated for a postwar peace without victory, but was unable to convince others to fully adopt his Fourteen Points plan. The resulting Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany, and Wilson struggled to gain its ratification in the US Senate.
The document summarizes key aspects of Republic Act No. 9262, also known as the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004 in the Philippines. It defines violence against women and children as any act resulting in physical, sexual, psychological, or economic harm. It outlines four forms of violence: physical, sexual, emotional, and financial abuse. It declares violence against women and children a public crime that can be prosecuted upon complaint. It also discusses protection orders that can be issued, including barangay, temporary, and permanent protection orders to safeguard victims. Finally, it outlines penalties for offenses involving slight, less, or serious physical injuries under the Act.
The document is an anti-sexual harassment quiz created by KelpHR to test knowledge of India's anti-sexual harassment law. It consists of 17 multiple choice questions covering topics like what constitutes sexual harassment, employer liability, reporting obligations, and more. The questions are followed by answers and explanations for each response. The purpose is to help improve understanding of sexual harassment policies and legal responsibilities.
Child abuse is doing something or failing to do something that results in harm to a child or puts a child at risk of harm. Child abuse can be physical, sexual or emotional. Neglect, or not providing for a child's needs, is also a form of abuse.
Most abused children suffer greater emotional than physical damage. An abused child may become depressed. He or she may withdraw, think of suicide or become violent. An older child may use drugs or alcohol, try to run away or abuse others.
Child abuse is a serious problem. If you suspect a child is being abused or neglected, call the police or your local child welfare agency.
This document discusses child labor in the Philippines. It defines child labor as the illegal employment of children under 18 in hazardous work. About 2.06 million children in the Philippines work in fields like agriculture, mining, and factories. Poverty and lack of economic opportunities, failures in education, and cultural factors contribute to child labor. The legal framework around child labor in the Philippines has evolved over time through various acts and conventions to protect child workers. Strategies are still needed to address the ongoing problem of child labor in the country.
The document discusses gender responsive education policy in the Philippines. It defines key terms related to gender such as gender, gender equality, gender equity, gender and development. It outlines DepEd's commitments to mainstream gender in policies, programs, and the curriculum. It also discusses commitments to promote gender parity in staffing and strengthen gender mechanisms. The overall goal is to promote inclusive education and non-discrimination.
The boss short story analysis&activities lang II_2013Yamina Gava
This document provides an analysis of the short story "The Boss" by Dan Jacobson. It summarizes the plot, characters, setting, themes, and importance of the title. The story is about Lionel Kramer taking over his father's butter factory business and struggling to gain the respect of one of the employees, Ms. Posen, as the new boss. It explores the challenges of a young man learning to be a boss and the conflict between father and son in a family business.
Safe Space Law Bawal Bastos Law republic act no. 11313 by maricel abaya
GBSH in street and public spaces is defined as acts which are committed through any unwanted and uninvited sexual actions or remarks against any person regardless of the motive for committing such action or remarks.
Catcalling or unwanted remarks directed towards a person, commonly done in the form of wolf- whistling (paninipol), misogynistic, transphobic, homophobic, and sexist slurs, as well as unwanted invitations;
This document provides an overview of violence against women in the Philippines from a historical and legal perspective. It discusses how women had higher social status and equal rights pre-colonially, but their role became restricted during the Spanish period to solely taking care of the home. This helped establish patriarchal gender roles and stereotypes that still influence society today. The document then outlines key statistics on violence against women and defines domestic violence and child abuse according to Republic Act 9262, also known as the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004. It details the law's protections, legal remedies, and penalties for offenders to prevent further harm and facilitate victim empowerment and recovery.
Elpidio Rivera Quirino was a Filipino politician who served as the sixth President of the Philippines from 1948 to 1953. He was born in 1890 in Vigan, Ilocos Sur and served in the Philippine House of Representatives and Senate prior to becoming vice president under Manuel Roxas in 1946. When Roxas died in 1948, Quirino assumed the presidency. As president, he faced threats from the communist Hukbalahap movement and allegations of election fraud. He died of a heart attack in 1956 while still in office.
The document summarizes discrimination and segregation against African Americans after Reconstruction. It explains that "Jim Crow" laws institutionalized legal segregation across many states, separating public facilities by race. While segregation primarily targeted African Americans, other groups were also affected. The document notes that African American responses to discrimination differed, with Booker T. Washington accepting social separation in exchange for vocational education, while W.E.B. Du Bois advocated for full and immediate political, civil, and social rights.
The document summarizes the Red Summer of 1919, when over 20 race riots broke out across many American cities. It describes the major causes of the riots as tensions between white and black communities over jobs and housing amid the Great Migration and post-WWI demobilization. It also notes that the worst violence occurred in Chicago, where a riot began after African Americans were prevented from accessing a whites-only beach, leading to days of clashes between white and black neighborhoods in which 38 people were killed and over 500 injured.
During the American Civil Rights Movement from 1954-1965, African Americans fought for equal rights through various protests and court cases. Key events included the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling that mandated desegregation of schools, the Montgomery Bus Boycott led by MLK Jr., and the March on Washington where MLK delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech calling for racial equality. This nonviolent protest movement helped spur passage of landmark civil rights legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965.
This document provides discussion questions and prompts for students related to slides and content about protective practices, vulnerability and adversity, responding to children, and taking a team approach to support. Some key points addressed are guidelines on situations like child disclosures, digital footprint concerns, managing challenges to boundaries, parental problems that impact children, recognizing and reporting abuse, and information sharing regarding at-risk youth. Students are directed to relevant resources and asked to discuss issues like impact of parental issues, increasing vulnerability, institutional response to disclosures, and seeking consent for information sharing.
This situation requires sensitivity and care. While the employee's condition at work raises valid safety concerns, her disclosure of medical condition status warrants discretion and consideration for her privacy and dignity. The wisest path is to discuss options respectfully with the goal of an agreeable resolution that protects all parties' well-being and rights.
Third to Fifth Republic of the PhilippinesJames Bacayan
This document provides biographical information and accomplishments of the presidents of the Third Republic of the Philippines from Manuel Roxas to the current president Rodrigo Duterte. It outlines their backgrounds, contributions during their terms such as establishing social programs, quelling rebel movements, and promoting economic growth and trade. Major events included Martial Law under Marcos and the People Power Revolution that removed him from power.
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was sparked by Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her seat to a white passenger in 1955. In response, the NAACP and Black churches organized a 381-day boycott of the city's bus system. Led by Martin Luther King Jr., the nonviolent protests succeeded in legally desegregating public transit. The boycott demonstrated the power of grassroots activism and inspired the wider Civil Rights Movement.
The document summarizes key aspects of the "Anti-Online Sexual Abuse or Exploitation of Children (OSAEC) and Anti-Child Sexual Abuse or Exploitation Materials (CSAEM) Act" passed in the Philippines in 2022. It defines terms like child sexual abuse, child sexual exploitation material, grooming and online sexual abuse/exploitation of children. It outlines unlawful acts such as producing, distributing or accessing CSAEM. It also discusses provisions for victim protection, reporting of offenses, and prohibiting dismissal of cases based solely on affidavits of desistance.
The philippine during martial law yearsHanan Edres
During Martial Law years in the Philippines, President Ferdinand Marcos initially consolidated power but unrest grew. In 1972, he declared Martial Law, suspended civil liberties, and ruled by decree as the economy declined. Martial Law was lifted in 1981 but a fraudulent election in 1986 triggered the People Power Revolution that ousted Marcos and installed Corazon Aquino as the new president, beginning the Fifth Republic.
The document summarizes Republic Act 9262, also known as the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004. The law seeks to address the prevalence of violence against women and children committed by intimate partners such as husbands, ex-husbands, boyfriends, or ex-boyfriends. It defines violence against women and children and identifies who is protected under the law. The law allows women and children to file criminal charges or apply for a protection order and prescribes penalties for offenders such as imprisonment ranging from 1 month to 20 years and fines from 100,000 to 300,000 pesos.
The document discusses various sampling methods used in research. It defines key terms like population, sampling element, sampling frame, and inference. It then explains probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and multi-stage sampling. It discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The document also covers non-probability sampling methods like convenience sampling and purposive sampling. It provides examples of different types of purposive sampling and discusses their advantages over random sampling in certain research objectives.
This document discusses sampling techniques used in educational research. It begins by defining key terms like population, sample, and sampling techniques. It then describes probability sampling methods like systematic sampling and non-probability sampling methods like purposive sampling. For systematic sampling, every kth unit is selected from an ordered population. Purposive sampling involves selecting units that are relevant to the research objectives. The document outlines the advantages and limitations of these sampling methods.
The document is an anti-sexual harassment quiz created by KelpHR to test knowledge of India's anti-sexual harassment law. It consists of 17 multiple choice questions covering topics like what constitutes sexual harassment, employer liability, reporting obligations, and more. The questions are followed by answers and explanations for each response. The purpose is to help improve understanding of sexual harassment policies and legal responsibilities.
Child abuse is doing something or failing to do something that results in harm to a child or puts a child at risk of harm. Child abuse can be physical, sexual or emotional. Neglect, or not providing for a child's needs, is also a form of abuse.
Most abused children suffer greater emotional than physical damage. An abused child may become depressed. He or she may withdraw, think of suicide or become violent. An older child may use drugs or alcohol, try to run away or abuse others.
Child abuse is a serious problem. If you suspect a child is being abused or neglected, call the police or your local child welfare agency.
This document discusses child labor in the Philippines. It defines child labor as the illegal employment of children under 18 in hazardous work. About 2.06 million children in the Philippines work in fields like agriculture, mining, and factories. Poverty and lack of economic opportunities, failures in education, and cultural factors contribute to child labor. The legal framework around child labor in the Philippines has evolved over time through various acts and conventions to protect child workers. Strategies are still needed to address the ongoing problem of child labor in the country.
The document discusses gender responsive education policy in the Philippines. It defines key terms related to gender such as gender, gender equality, gender equity, gender and development. It outlines DepEd's commitments to mainstream gender in policies, programs, and the curriculum. It also discusses commitments to promote gender parity in staffing and strengthen gender mechanisms. The overall goal is to promote inclusive education and non-discrimination.
The boss short story analysis&activities lang II_2013Yamina Gava
This document provides an analysis of the short story "The Boss" by Dan Jacobson. It summarizes the plot, characters, setting, themes, and importance of the title. The story is about Lionel Kramer taking over his father's butter factory business and struggling to gain the respect of one of the employees, Ms. Posen, as the new boss. It explores the challenges of a young man learning to be a boss and the conflict between father and son in a family business.
Safe Space Law Bawal Bastos Law republic act no. 11313 by maricel abaya
GBSH in street and public spaces is defined as acts which are committed through any unwanted and uninvited sexual actions or remarks against any person regardless of the motive for committing such action or remarks.
Catcalling or unwanted remarks directed towards a person, commonly done in the form of wolf- whistling (paninipol), misogynistic, transphobic, homophobic, and sexist slurs, as well as unwanted invitations;
This document provides an overview of violence against women in the Philippines from a historical and legal perspective. It discusses how women had higher social status and equal rights pre-colonially, but their role became restricted during the Spanish period to solely taking care of the home. This helped establish patriarchal gender roles and stereotypes that still influence society today. The document then outlines key statistics on violence against women and defines domestic violence and child abuse according to Republic Act 9262, also known as the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004. It details the law's protections, legal remedies, and penalties for offenders to prevent further harm and facilitate victim empowerment and recovery.
Elpidio Rivera Quirino was a Filipino politician who served as the sixth President of the Philippines from 1948 to 1953. He was born in 1890 in Vigan, Ilocos Sur and served in the Philippine House of Representatives and Senate prior to becoming vice president under Manuel Roxas in 1946. When Roxas died in 1948, Quirino assumed the presidency. As president, he faced threats from the communist Hukbalahap movement and allegations of election fraud. He died of a heart attack in 1956 while still in office.
The document summarizes discrimination and segregation against African Americans after Reconstruction. It explains that "Jim Crow" laws institutionalized legal segregation across many states, separating public facilities by race. While segregation primarily targeted African Americans, other groups were also affected. The document notes that African American responses to discrimination differed, with Booker T. Washington accepting social separation in exchange for vocational education, while W.E.B. Du Bois advocated for full and immediate political, civil, and social rights.
The document summarizes the Red Summer of 1919, when over 20 race riots broke out across many American cities. It describes the major causes of the riots as tensions between white and black communities over jobs and housing amid the Great Migration and post-WWI demobilization. It also notes that the worst violence occurred in Chicago, where a riot began after African Americans were prevented from accessing a whites-only beach, leading to days of clashes between white and black neighborhoods in which 38 people were killed and over 500 injured.
During the American Civil Rights Movement from 1954-1965, African Americans fought for equal rights through various protests and court cases. Key events included the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling that mandated desegregation of schools, the Montgomery Bus Boycott led by MLK Jr., and the March on Washington where MLK delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech calling for racial equality. This nonviolent protest movement helped spur passage of landmark civil rights legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965.
This document provides discussion questions and prompts for students related to slides and content about protective practices, vulnerability and adversity, responding to children, and taking a team approach to support. Some key points addressed are guidelines on situations like child disclosures, digital footprint concerns, managing challenges to boundaries, parental problems that impact children, recognizing and reporting abuse, and information sharing regarding at-risk youth. Students are directed to relevant resources and asked to discuss issues like impact of parental issues, increasing vulnerability, institutional response to disclosures, and seeking consent for information sharing.
This situation requires sensitivity and care. While the employee's condition at work raises valid safety concerns, her disclosure of medical condition status warrants discretion and consideration for her privacy and dignity. The wisest path is to discuss options respectfully with the goal of an agreeable resolution that protects all parties' well-being and rights.
Third to Fifth Republic of the PhilippinesJames Bacayan
This document provides biographical information and accomplishments of the presidents of the Third Republic of the Philippines from Manuel Roxas to the current president Rodrigo Duterte. It outlines their backgrounds, contributions during their terms such as establishing social programs, quelling rebel movements, and promoting economic growth and trade. Major events included Martial Law under Marcos and the People Power Revolution that removed him from power.
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was sparked by Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her seat to a white passenger in 1955. In response, the NAACP and Black churches organized a 381-day boycott of the city's bus system. Led by Martin Luther King Jr., the nonviolent protests succeeded in legally desegregating public transit. The boycott demonstrated the power of grassroots activism and inspired the wider Civil Rights Movement.
The document summarizes key aspects of the "Anti-Online Sexual Abuse or Exploitation of Children (OSAEC) and Anti-Child Sexual Abuse or Exploitation Materials (CSAEM) Act" passed in the Philippines in 2022. It defines terms like child sexual abuse, child sexual exploitation material, grooming and online sexual abuse/exploitation of children. It outlines unlawful acts such as producing, distributing or accessing CSAEM. It also discusses provisions for victim protection, reporting of offenses, and prohibiting dismissal of cases based solely on affidavits of desistance.
The philippine during martial law yearsHanan Edres
During Martial Law years in the Philippines, President Ferdinand Marcos initially consolidated power but unrest grew. In 1972, he declared Martial Law, suspended civil liberties, and ruled by decree as the economy declined. Martial Law was lifted in 1981 but a fraudulent election in 1986 triggered the People Power Revolution that ousted Marcos and installed Corazon Aquino as the new president, beginning the Fifth Republic.
The document summarizes Republic Act 9262, also known as the Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004. The law seeks to address the prevalence of violence against women and children committed by intimate partners such as husbands, ex-husbands, boyfriends, or ex-boyfriends. It defines violence against women and children and identifies who is protected under the law. The law allows women and children to file criminal charges or apply for a protection order and prescribes penalties for offenders such as imprisonment ranging from 1 month to 20 years and fines from 100,000 to 300,000 pesos.
The document discusses various sampling methods used in research. It defines key terms like population, sampling element, sampling frame, and inference. It then explains probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and multi-stage sampling. It discusses their advantages and disadvantages. The document also covers non-probability sampling methods like convenience sampling and purposive sampling. It provides examples of different types of purposive sampling and discusses their advantages over random sampling in certain research objectives.
This document discusses sampling techniques used in educational research. It begins by defining key terms like population, sample, and sampling techniques. It then describes probability sampling methods like systematic sampling and non-probability sampling methods like purposive sampling. For systematic sampling, every kth unit is selected from an ordered population. Purposive sampling involves selecting units that are relevant to the research objectives. The document outlines the advantages and limitations of these sampling methods.
Project Monitorig and Evaluation_Data Collection Methods is a Presentation by William Afani Paul for a Project MEAL Masterclass by Excellence Foundation for South Sudan
This session is designed to equip participants with essential knowledge and skills in monitoring and evaluating projects effectively.
During this masterclass, participants will delve into the fundamental concepts, tools, and techniques of project monitoring and evaluation. Through interactive discussions, case studies, and practical exercises, attendees will gain a comprehensive understanding of MEAL principles and their application in diverse project contexts.
Key Objectives
Understand the importance of project monitoring and evaluation in ensuring project success.
Learn how to develop and implement effective monitoring and evaluation frameworks.
Explore various data collection methods and analysis techniques for monitoring and evaluation purposes.
Gain insights into utilizing monitoring and evaluation findings to inform decision-making and improve project outcomes.
Learning Outcomes: By the end of the masterclass, participants will able to:
Define key concepts related to project monitoring and evaluation.
Develop a monitoring and evaluation plan tailored to specific project requirements.
Apply appropriate data collection methods and tools for monitoring and evaluation activities.
Utilize monitoring and evaluation findings to enhance project performance and impact.
Types of research design, sampling methods & data collectionBipin Koirala
This document discusses different types of research design, sampling methods, and data collection techniques. It defines key terms like population, sample, sampling frame, and probability versus non-probability sampling. For probability sampling it describes simple random sampling, where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. For non-probability sampling it outlines purposive sampling, convenience sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling. The document emphasizes that probability sampling allows estimating sampling errors and generalization to the population, while non-probability sampling is prone to bias.
This document discusses methodology in research, including key terms and concepts. It defines methodology as how research is conducted using strategies and techniques. It then covers key aspects of the research process like population, sampling, data collection, analysis and interpretation. It distinguishes between target and accessible populations. It also defines and provides examples of different sampling techniques, including probability sampling methods like simple random sampling and cluster sampling, as well as non-probability methods like convenience and snowball sampling.
Non-probability sampling is a type of sampling where samples are gathered in a way that does not give all individuals in the population an equal chance of being selected. It is often used when random sampling is impossible due to large population sizes or limited resources. Some common types of non-probability sampling include convenience sampling, quota sampling, snowball sampling, and purposive sampling. While non-probability sampling is less costly and easier than probability sampling, the results cannot be generalized to the larger population due to potential sampling biases.
This document discusses population, samples, and sampling techniques in research. It defines population as the entire group being studied, while a sample is a subset of the population. It describes different probability sampling techniques like random sampling and stratified sampling as well as non-probability techniques like convenience sampling, purposive sampling, snowball sampling, and theoretical sampling. The key factors in choosing a sampling technique are aligning it with the research design and ensuring the sample is representative of the population.
Sampling involves selecting a subset of a population to make inferences about the whole population. Common sampling techniques include probability sampling, where every unit has a known chance of selection, and non-probability sampling, where the probability of selection cannot be determined. Some specific sampling methods are systematic sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, simple random sampling, convenience sampling, judgement sampling, snowball sampling, and quota sampling. Sampling error, the difference between the sample and the true population, can be reduced by using a large, randomly selected sample.
This document discusses various aspects of marketing research including defining the research problem, reviewing literature, determining sample design, collecting data through various methods like surveys and questionnaires, and analyzing the data. It provides details on formulating the research problem, developing the research design, using probability and non-probability sampling techniques, and methods for collecting primary data such as observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The key stages of marketing research are also summarized: problem definition, research design, field work, data analysis, report presentation, and decision making.
Sampling means selecting the group that researcher will actually collect data from in research. It attempts to collect samples that are representative of the population.
This document discusses research methodology and the research process. It defines research methodology as a systematic approach to solving a research problem and reaching a new conclusion. The research process involves formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results. The document also discusses objectives of research, criteria for good research, differences between research methods and methodology, defining research problems, sources of research problems, why sampling is important, differences between populations and samples, probability and non-probability sampling techniques, and potential sources of bias in sampling.
Research techniques; samling and ethics eltAbdo90nussair
Advance Research Techniques; How to make samples Abdurrahman Abdalla .. كيف تؤخد العينة في طرق البحث المتقدم .. إعداد عبدالرحمن المهدي نصير جامعة الشرق الادنى - قبرص الشمالية
Sampling and different ways of sampling under public opinion and survey research.Advantages and disadvantages of different sampling methods with pictures and examples.
PPT 7 SAMPLING.ppt sampling an dsampling techniquesBayissaBekele
The document discusses sampling methods for research. It defines population and sample, and explains that sampling is used to make conclusions about larger populations. Probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified sampling and cluster sampling aim to give all population members an equal chance of selection. Non-probability methods like convenience sampling and purposive sampling rely on researcher judgment. Both probability and non-probability methods are discussed in detail in the document.
Understanding The Sampling Design (Part-II)DrShalooSaini
This Power Point Presentation has been made while referring to the research books written by eminent, renowned and expert authors as mentioned in the references section. The purpose of this Presentation is to help the research students in developing an insight about the Sampling Design(Part-II).
This document discusses population and sampling techniques for qualitative research. It explains that non-probability sampling is often used in qualitative research as the goal is exploratory understanding rather than statistical inference about a broad population. Some common non-probability sampling techniques discussed include purposive sampling, snowball sampling, quota sampling, and convenience sampling. Each technique has strengths and weaknesses for different types of qualitative research.
Similar to A STUDY ON PURPOSIVE SAMPLING METHOD IN RESEARCH (20)
Visual Medium Advertisement Analysis Es. Online assignment writing service.Sheila Sinclair
The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request through the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work.
Personal Essay Template. The Per. Online assignment writing service.Sheila Sinclair
The document discusses both the positive and negative impacts of globalization. It notes that globalization can both promote progress through greater interconnectivity between people worldwide, but can also lead to cultural homogenization and the alteration of local cultural values and traditions. Specifically, the document states that while globalization expands exposure to foreign cultures, it can also influence people, especially younger generations, to take on global cultural trends at the expense of their traditional local identities. Both benefits like the spread of ideas and challenges like changes in traditional customs are discussed as complex effects of the growing interconnectedness between societies worldwide under globalization.
Steps On How To Write An Essay. Steps To Writing AnSheila Sinclair
The document provides 5 steps for writing an essay through the website HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications.
4. Review the paper and authorize payment if pleased. Revisions are allowed.
5. Multiple revisions can be requested to ensure satisfaction. Plagiarized work results in a refund.
Free Writing Paper Cliparts, Download Free Writing PaSheila Sinclair
The document provides steps for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines the 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if pleased. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a full refund option for plagiarized work. The process aims to match clients with qualified writers and provide original, high-quality content through revisions.
Descriptive Paragraph On Nature. Essay On Nature. 2Sheila Sinclair
The document outlines the 5 steps to request and receive writing assistance from HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete an order form providing instructions, sources, deadline, and sample work.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications.
4. Review the completed paper and authorize payment if pleased.
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A STUDY ON PURPOSIVE SAMPLING METHOD IN RESEARCH
1. Page 1 of 12
A STUDY ON PURPOSIVE SAMPLING METHOD IN
RESEARCH
Neetij Rai
Bikash Thapa
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND
Research is a scientific process of investigation and experimentation that involves the systematic
collection, analysis and interpretation of data to answer a certain question or solve problem.1
Hence, being systematic it has certain methods and techniques to gather the information.
Gathering those information is not always easy as the researcher has to go through huge pile of
information be it primary or secondary. Thus, in such situation it would be practically very
difficult for the researcher to perform the task. Hence, methods like sampling is used when the
universe is very broad and among many of its type purposive sampling method is one of the
widely used method where the researcher has a very important role to play.
1.2 RATIONALE
The main objective of this paper is to explore the concept of purposive sampling method in
research.
1.3 LIMITATION
This paper is only limited to purposive sampling method in research.
1.4 METHODOLOGY
The paper is based on doctrinal research method. The citation rule in the study has been applied
as per Kathmandu School of Law Style Guide to academic writing.
Section Officer, Supreme Court of Nepal / L.L.M.(Ongoing) Kathmandu School of Law.
Advocate/ Rule of Law Advisor, L.L.M. Loyola University, Chicago School of Law.
1
Anand Ballabh Joshi, Megha Raj Banjara, Research Methods and Thesis Writing, Format Printing Press,
Kathmandu, 2004, p. 1.
2. Page 2 of 12
CHAPTER II
2.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF SAMPLING METHOD
When a small group is selected as representative of the whole it is known as sample method. The
method of selecting for study the portion of universe with a view to draw conclusions about the
universe is called sampling.2
Sampling method refers to the way that observations are selected
from a population to be in the sample for a sample survey.3
Hence, sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of
observations will be taken from a larger population.4
As per Goode and Hatt, a sample is a “
smaller representation of large whole.” Nan Lin defines it as “ a subject of cases from the
population chosen to represent it”. Thus, the whole group from which the sample has been drawn
is known as ‘universe’ or ‘population’ and the group selected for study is known as sample.
Sampling is used when,5
i. The researcher has to collect information from a wider area.
ii. The researcher does not require cent percent accuracy.
iii. The population is homogenous
iv. It is not possible to adopt census method.
Assumptions underlying in sampling6
a. Homogeneity amidst complexity:
Although there is complexity in socio-legal phenomena, there appears dominantal unity
in diversity. The assumption is that there is possibility of representative types in the
whole population that makes sampling possible. If no two units were alike in any respect
the sampling would have been impossible.
b. Possibility of representative selection:
2
S.R.Myneni, Legal Research Methodology, Reprint 3rd
edn, Allahabad Law Agency, Haryana, 2007, p. 124.
3
Survey Sampling Methods, available at http://stattrek.com/survey-research/sampling-methods.aspx?Tutorial=AP,
accessed on June 14, 2015.
4
Sampling, available at http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sampling.asp#ixzz3edivEXZy, accessed on
5
Myneni (n 2), p. 125.
6
Ibid.
3. Page 3 of 12
The assumption is that it is possible to draw a representative sample. If a certain number
of units are selected from a mass on purely random basis, every unit will have a chance of
being included and the sample so selected will contain all types of units, so that it may be
representative.
c. Absolute accuracy not essential:
The assumption is that absolute accuracy is not essential. The 95% of relative accuracy is
fairly sufficient in large scale studies.
d. Independency or interchangeability:
All the items in a sample should be independent of each other.
Characteristics of a Good Sample Design:7
i. Sample design must result in a truly representative sample.
ii. It must be such which results in a small sampling error.
iii. It must be viable in the context of funds available for the research study.
iv. It must be such so that systematic bias can be controlled in a better way.
v. Sample should be such that the results of the sample study can be applied, in general,
for the universe with a reasonable level of confidence.
Process used in Sampling:
1. Identify the population of interest8
A population is the group of people that you want to make assumptions about. For
example, if I want to know how much stress college students experience during
finals. My population is every college student in the world because that's what I am
interested in. Of course, there's no way that I can feasibly study every college student
in the world, so I move on to the next step.
2. Specify a sampling frame9
7
C.R.Kothari, Research Methodology: Methods & Techniques, Revised 2nd
edn, New Age International Publishers,
New Delhi, 2007, p. 58.
8
What is Sampling in Research? - Definition, Methods & Importance, available at
http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-sampling-in-research-definition-methods-importance.html, accessed on
June 14, 2015.
4. Page 4 of 12
A sampling frame is the group of people from which you will draw your sample. For
example, I might decide that her sampling frame is every student at the university
where I study. Notice that a sampling frame is not as large as the population, but it's
still a pretty big group of people. I still won't be able to study every single student at
her university, but that's a good place from which to draw my sample.
3. Specify a sampling method10
There are basically two ways to choose a sample from a sampling frame: randomly or
non-randomly.
Random sampling, also known as probability sampling or chance sampling is when
every item of the universe has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample. It has
following types:
a. Random Sampling
b. Systematic Sampling
c. Stratified random Sampling
d. Cluster Sampling
Non random sampling, also known as non-probability sampling is a method where
sample is not based on the probability with which a unit can enter the sample but by
other consideration such as common sense, experience, intention and expertise of the
sampler. It has following types:
a. Representative Sampling
b. Accidental Sampling
c. Purposive Sampling
4. Determine the sample size11
In general, larger samples are better, but they also require more time and effort to
manage. If I end up having to go through 1,00 surveys, it will take her more time
9
Ibid.
10
Ibid.
11
Ibid.
5. Page 5 of 12
than if I only go through 10 surveys. But the results of my study will be stronger
with 1,00 surveys, so I (like all researchers) has to make choices and find a
balance between what will give me good data and what is practical.
5. Implement the plan12
Once you know your population, sampling frame, sampling method, and sample
size, you can use all that information to choose your sample.
2.2 UNDERSTANDING PURPOSIVE SAMPLING METHOD
Meaning
Purposive sampling represents a group of different non-probability sampling techniques. Also
known as judgmental, selective or subjective sampling, purposive sampling relies on the
judgement of the researcher when it comes to selecting the units (e.g., people,
cases/organisations, events, pieces of data) that are to be studied. Usually, the sample being
investigated is quite small, especially when compared with probability sampling techniques.13
It is a form of non-probability sampling in which decisions concerning the individuals to be
included in the sample are taken by the researcher, based upon a variety of criteria which may
include specialist knowledge of the research issue, or capacity and willingness to participate in
the research.14
According to Adolph Jenson, “ A purposive selection denotes the method of selecting a number
of groups of units in such a way that selected groups together yield as nearly as possible the
same average or proportion as the totality with respect of those characteristics which are already
a matter of statistical knowledge.”15
Unlike the various sampling techniques that can be used under probability sampling (e.g., simple
random sampling, stratified random sampling, etc.), the goal of purposive sampling is not to
12
Ibid.
13
Purposive sampling, available at http://dissertation.laerd.com/purposive-sampling.php , accessed on June 15, 2015
14
Paul Oliver, Purposive sampling, available at http://srmo.sagepub.com/view/the-sage-dictionary-of-social-
research-methods/n162.xml, accessed on June 15, 2015.
15
Myneni (n 2), p. 125.
6. Page 6 of 12
randomly select units from a population to create a sample with the intention of making
generalisations (i.e., statistical inferences) from that sample to the population of interest. This is
the general intent of research that is guided by a quantitative research design.16
The main goal of purposive sampling is to focus on particular characteristics of a population that
are of interest, which will best enable you to answer your research questions. The sample being
studied is not representative of the population, but for researchers pursuing qualitative or mixed
methods research designs, this is not considered to be a weakness. Rather, it is a choice, the
purpose of which varies depending on the type of purposing sampling technique that is used. For
example, in homogeneous sampling, units are selected based on their having similar
characteristics because such characteristics are of particular interested to the researcher. By
contrast, critical case sampling is frequently used in exploratory, qualitative research in order to
assess whether the phenomenon of interest even exists (amongst other reasons).
Purposive sample is a non-representative subset of some larger population, and is constructed to
serve a very specific need or purpose. A researcher may have a specific group in mind, such as
high level business executives.17
Types of Purposive Sampling
1. Maximum variation sampling18
Maximum variation sampling, also known as heterogeneous sampling, is a purposive
sampling technique used to capture a wide range of perspectives relating to the thing that
researchers are interested in studying; that is, maximum variation sampling is a search for
variation in perspectives, ranging from those conditions that are view to be typical through to
those that are more extreme in nature. By conditions, it mean the units (i.e., people,
cases/organisations, events, pieces of data) that are of interest to the researcher. These units
may exhibit a wide range of attributes, behaviours, experiences, incidents, qualities,
situations, and so forth. The basic principle behind maximum variation sampling is to gain
16
Purposive sampling, (n 13).
17
Types of samples, available at
http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/faculty_sites/sommerb/sommerdemo/sampling/types.htm, accessed on June 16, 2015.
18
Purposive Sampling, (n 13).
7. Page 7 of 12
greater insights into a phenomenon by looking at it from all angles. This can often help the
researcher to identify common themes that are evident across the sample.
2. Homogeneous sampling19
Homogeneous sampling is a purposive sampling technique that aims to achieve a
homogeneous sample; that is, a sample whose units (e.g., people, cases, etc.) share the same
(or very similar) characteristics or traits (e.g., a group of people that are similar in terms of
age, gender, background, occupation, etc.). In this respect, homogeneous sampling is the
opposite of maximum variation sampling. A homogeneous sample is often chosen when the
research question that is being address is specific to the characteristics of the particular group
of interest, which is subsequently examined in detail.
3. Typical case sampling20
Typical case sampling is a purposive sampling technique used when you are interested in the
normality/typicality of the units (e.g., people, cases, events, settings/contexts, places/sites)
you are interested, because they are normal/typical. The word typical does not mean that the
sample is representative in the sense of probability sampling (i.e., that the sample shares the
same/similar characteristics of the population being studied). Rather, the word typical means
that the researcher has the ability to compare the findings from a study using typical case
sampling with other similar samples (i.e., comparing samples, not generalising a sample to a
population). Therefore, with typical case sampling, you cannot use the sample to make
generalisations to a population, but the sample could be illustrative of other similar samples..
4. Extreme (or deviant) case sampling21
Extreme (or deviant) case sampling is a type of purposive sampling that is used to focus on
cases that are special or unusual, typically in the sense that the cases highlight notable
19
Ibid.
20
Ibid.
21
Ibid.
8. Page 8 of 12
outcomes, failures or successes. These extreme (or deviant) cases are useful because they
often provide significant insight into a particular phenomenon, which can act as lessons (or
cases of best practice) that guide future research and practice. In some cases, extreme (or
deviant) case sampling is thought to reflect the purest form of insight into the phenomenon
being studied.
5. Critical case sampling22
Critical case sampling is a type of purposive sampling technique that is particularly useful in
exploratory qualitative research, research with limited resources, as well as research where a
single case (or small number of cases) can be decisive in explaining the phenomenon of
interest. It is this decisive aspect of critical case sampling that is arguably the most important.
To know if a case is decisive, think about the following statements: ?If it happens there, it
will happen anywhere?; or ?if it doesn?t happen there, it won?t happen anywhere?; and ?If
that group is having problems, then we can be sure all the groups are having problems?.
Whilst such critical cases should not be used to make statistical generalisations, it can be
argued that they can help in making logical generalisations. However, such logical
generalisations should be made carefully.
6. Total population sampling23
Total population sampling is a type of purposive sampling technique where you choose to
examine the entire population (i.e., the total population) that have a particular set of
characteristics (e.g., specific experience, knowledge, skills, exposure to an event, etc.). In
such cases, the entire population is often chosen because the size of the population that has
the particular set of characteristics that you are interest in is very small. Therefore, if a small
number of units (i.e., people, cases/organisations, etc.) were not included in the sample that is
investigated, it may be felt that a significant piece of the puzzle was missing [see the article,
Total population sampling, to learn more].
22
Ibid.
23
Ibid.
9. Page 9 of 12
7. Expert sampling24
Expert sampling is a type of purposive sampling technique that is used when your research
needs to glean knowledge from individuals that have particular expertise. This expertise may
be required during the exploratory phase of qualitative research, highlighting potential new
areas of interest or opening doors to other participants. Alternately, the particular expertise
that is being investigated may form the basis of your research, requiring a focus only on
individuals with such specific expertise. Expert sampling is particularly useful where there is
a lack of empirical evidence in an area and high levels of uncertainty, as well as situations
where it may take a long period of time before the findings from research can be uncovered.
Therefore, expert sampling is a cornerstone of a research design known as expert elicitation.
Advantages of Purposive Sampling
1. One of the major benefits of purposive sampling is the wide range of sampling techniques
that can be used across such qualitative research designs; purposive sampling techniques
that range from homogeneous sampling through to critical case sampling, expert
sampling, and more.
2. Whilst the various purposive sampling techniques each have different goals, they can
provide researchers with the justification to make generalisations from the sample that is
being studied, whether such generalisations aretheoretical, analytic and/or logical in
nature. However, since each of these types of purposive sampling differs in terms of the
nature and ability to make generalisations, you should read the articles on each of these
purposive sampling techniques to understand their relative advantages.
3. Qualitative research designs can involve multiple phases, with each phase building on the
previous one. In such instances, different types of sampling technique may be required at
each phase. Purposive sampling is useful in these instances because it provides a wide
range of non-probability sampling techniques for the researcher to draw on. For
example, critical case sampling may be used to investigate whether a phenomenon is
worth investigating further, before adopting an expert sampling approach to examine
specific issues further.
24
Ibid.
10. Page 10 of 12
4. Proper care will be taken in selecting the sample.
5. At times, this method is less expensive and less time consuming.
6. It is very useful when some of the units are very important and must be included.
Disadvantages of Purposive Sampling
1. Purposive samples can be highly prone to researcher bias. The idea that a purposive
sample has been created based on the judgement of the researcher is not a good defence
when it comes to alleviating possible researcher biases, especially when compared
with probability sampling techniques that are designed to reduce such biases. However,
this judgemental, subjective component of purpose sampling is only a major disadvantage
when such judgements are ill-conceived or poorly considered; that is, where judgements
have not been based on clear criteria, whether a theoretical framework, expert elicitation,
or some other accepted criteria.
2. The subjectivity and non-probability based nature of unit selection (i.e., selecting people,
cases/organisations, etc.) in purposive sampling means that it can be difficult to defend
the representativeness of the sample. In other words, it can be difficult to convince the
reader that the judgement you used to select units to study was appropriate. For this
reason, it can also be difficult to convince the reader that research using purposive
sampling achieved theoretical/analytic/logical generalisation. After all, if different units
had been selected, would the results and any generalisations have been the same?
3. The knowledge of population may not always be available. If this happens then the
researcher cannot fully use the method.
11. Page 11 of 12
CHAPTER III: CONCLUSION
Redman and Mory described research as “systematized effort to gain knowledge”. Hence,
research is undertaken with the purpose to arrive at a state of generality.25
But the universe is so
vast that it would be almost impossible for the researcher to go through all the units. Thus,
sampling method is employed due to which the researcher is able to provide a valid analysis even
in this vast universe. Among various types of sampling method, purposive sampling is also one
of them. Some types of research design necessitate researchers taking a decision about the
individual participants who would be most likely to contribute appropriate data, both in terms of
relevance and depth. For example, in life history research, some potential participants may be
willing to be interviewed, but may not be able to provide sufficiently rich data.
In sampling, a small, but carefully chosen sample can be used to represent the population.26
The
sample reflects the characteristics of the population from which it is drawn. Purposive sampling
seems to be more appropriate when the universe happens to be small and a known characteristic
of it is to be studied intensively. It starts with a purpose in mind and the sample is thus selected
to include people of interest and exclude those who do not suit the purpose.27
Purposive method gives more leverage to the researcher to perform and bring out the best
information possible from the samples and it depends on the knowledge, judgment and intellect
of the researcher to a large extent. Hence, despite having some limitations, purposive sampling
is the only possible solution when some of the units are very important cannot be missed out.
25
Myneni (n 2), p. 1.
26
Survey Sampling Methods, available at https://www.statpac.com/surveys/sampling.htm, accessed on June 16,
2015.
27
Purposive Sampling, available at
http://changingminds.org/explanations/research/sampling/purposive_sampling.htm , accessed on June 16, 2015.
12. Page 12 of 12
BIBILOGRAPHY
Joshi, Anand Ballabh, Banjara, Megha Raj Research Methods and Thesis Writing, Format
Printing Press, Kathmandu, 2004.
Kothari, C.R Research Methodology: Methods & Techniques, Revised 2nd
edn, New Age
International Publishers, New Delhi, 2007.
Myneni, S.R. Legal Research Methodology, Reprint 3rd
edn, Allahabad Law Agency, Haryana,
2007.
Oliver, Paul, Purposive sampling, available at http://srmo.sagepub.com/view/the-sage-
dictionary-of-social-research-methods/n162.xml
Purposive Sampling, available at
http://changingminds.org/explanations/research/sampling/purposive_sampling.htm
Purposive sampling, available at http://dissertation.laerd.com/purposive-sampling.php
Sampling, available at http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/sampling.asp#ixzz3edivEXZy,
Survey Sampling Methods, available at http://stattrek.com/survey-research/sampling-
methods.aspx?Tutorial=AP
Survey Sampling Methods, available at https://www.statpac.com/surveys/sampling.htm,
Types of samples, available at
http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/faculty_sites/sommerb/sommerdemo/sampling/types.htm
What is Sampling in Research? - Definition, Methods & Importance, available at
http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-sampling-in-research-definition-methods-
importance.html