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1. i
A REPORT ON COMPLETION OF STUDENT
INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME
(S.I.W.E.S).
AT
THE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF NIGERIAN
TELEVISION AUTHORITY CHANNEL 5 ABUJA
BEHIND OLD PARADE GROUND, AREA 10 GARKI
FCT.
BY
IJI JOHN ELUWA.
BSU/SC/PHY/DE/13/22132.
PRESENTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
BENUE STATE UNIVERSITY MAKURDI
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE
REQUIRMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN PHYSICS
(B.SC PHYSISC)
JUNE, 2016.

2. ii
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that Iji John Eluwa with Matriculation number
BSU/SC/PHY/DE/13/22132 of the Department of Physics, Benue State
University, Makurdi, has successfully completed his six months Student
Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) at Nigeria Television
Authority Channel 5, Behind Old parade ground Area 10 Garki Abuja, from
12th
November, 2015 to 22nd
April, 2016.
Iji John Eluwa
(Student) Signature/Date
Dr. Barnabas Achakpa Ikyo
(SIWES Supervisor) Signature/Date
Dr. Sliva Tafon
(Departmental SIWES Coordinator) Signature/Date
DR. Tyona M. D
(Head of Department) Signature/Date

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DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to Almighty God for His superior act of
Love during the integrated course of my SIWES program, and my
father Hon. Emmanuel I. Eluwa for his financial support toward
my academic pursuit.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
With gratitude, I want to acknowledge the Almighty God (most superior) for
His continuous Love, Grace, Favour, faithfulness, and his providence
throughout the period of my SIWES programme.
I want to acknowledge the Engineering Department of NTA Channel 5
Abuja especially Engr. Ifedayo, Engr. Saka, Engr. Emeka for their moral
support in the cause of this programme.
I also acknowledge you my friends Prince Matthew Obam and course mates
Aja Fidelis, Icheme Samuel (SammySure), James Abechi (Jamal) and host
of others. I am grateful for all your support.
This report will be incomplete if I failed to acknowledge my supervisor Dr.
Barnabas Achakpa Ikyo for taking his time to supervise this work. I am
grateful.
And to all Department of Engineer NTA Channel 5 Abuja, I say thank you
for the opportunity and the privilege of meeting you that was well used.
Thanks to you all.

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ABSTRACT
This report holds a review of the Student Industrial Work Experience
Scheme (S.I.W.E.S), at The Nigeria Television Authority; Channel 5 (The
Unity Station) Abuja. The nature of this report spans the duration and
findings during the program, including daily activities, majorly
broadcasting, Networking and the devices used.

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CONTENTS PAGE
Section……………………………………………………………………Page Number
Certification………………………………………………………………..…….i
Dedication……………………………………………………………………….ii
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………..iii
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………..iv
Contents Page…………………………………………………………………….v
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………....….….1
1.2 About NTA Ch5 Abuja……………………………………………………….2
1.3 The Goals and Objectives………………………………………………….....3
1.4 Brief on the Department……………………………………………………....4
1.5 About the Company (Organogram)……………………………………..…….8
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Duties And Responsibilities…………………………………………………..8
2.2 Setting up the Studio…………………………………………………………9
2.3 Computer/Internet Networking ……………………………………….…..…11

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CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Duties and Responsibilities……….. ……………………………………....……19
3.2 News Production ……………………………………………………………..…..25
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Challenges Faced …………………………………………………………………31
4.2 Problems Encounter and Course of Action ……………………...………...….....31
4.3 Confirmatory …………………………………………………..………………….32
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Conclusions and Summary of Experiences Obtained……………….……………33
5.2 Recommendations…………………………………………………..……..……….33
5.3 References ………………………………………………………………..………...34

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9. 1
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This report has been written due to the Industrial Training (IT) program
undergone. It examines the activities carried out during the program as
regard to the duties and responsibilities that I was subjected to including
News production and the organization’s tasks.
This program was incorporated and funded by the Federal
Government of Nigeria, jointly coordinated by the National Universities
Commission (NUC) and Industrial Training Fund (ITF) for the acquisition
of skills and added values to students of various universities.
In the course of the program, I was exposed majorly to “Scala Info
Channel Designer” and “Avid Liquid” as the main software with
additional skills of Audio Control in a higher studio mixing and the ability
to deal resourcefully with unusual Sound control and Interferences.
BIOGRAPHY OF THE ORGANIZATION.
Nigerian Television Authority also known as NTA was inaugurated in 1977
and is the Government-owned body in charge of Television Broadcasting in
the country. Formerly known as Nigerian Television (NTv), the network
began with a takeover of regional television station in 1976 by then Nigerian
military authorities and widely viewed as the authentic voice of the Nigerian
Government. Television began broadcasting on 31st October 1959 under the
name Western Nigerian Government Broadcasting Co-operation (WNTV).
It was based in Ibadan and was the first television station in tropical Africa.
Merged station emerged in March 1962 with Radio-Television Kaduna and
was called Operated Broadcasting Company of North Nigerian. In April
1962-NBC (Nigerian Broadcasting Company) was established; it was
Federal Government owned service, based in the city of Lagos. Its broadcast
was to the South Western States. In 1974 Benue-Plateau Television

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Corporation (BPTV) was established in Jos. It was the first television station
to lunch regular/permanent colour broadcast in Africa. the colour test
transmission commenced October 1975 while BPTV was later rebranded as
NTv-Jos. From May 1977 all the state television broadcasters named above
were merged and rebranded Nigerian Television Authority (NTA).
1.2 ABOUT NTA CH5 ABUJA
The Nigerian Television Authority (NTA) Channel 5 Abuja (The Unity
Station) was established in 1981 with a test transmission at Suleja Niger
State. The Station had one kilowatt transmitter then with only 24 km
coverage. At the moment the station has 3.5 kilowatts transmitters located in
Area 10 Garki FCT. The station transmits on VHF 175.25 – Channel 5
respectively.
COVERAGE
NTA Channel 5 Abuja uses Analogue transmitter to transmit only one
channel of its signal. The transmitters enable the station to cover the whole
of FCT and part of the neighbouring states of Niger, Nasarawa, Kogi and
Kaduna.
THE VISION
“To be a World Class Television Network”
MISSION
“To provide excellent Television Services Worldwide and to project the true
African Perspective.
1.3 THE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
The goals and objectives of NTA Channel 5 are to educate, entertain and
enlightened the viewing audience by providing and effective coverage of
Nigeria and to broadcast the internationally acceptable programmes.

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Some of the prime goals of NTA Channel 5 include;
 Promoting the knowledge of available products through balanced and
controlled information
 To encourage the production and consumption of local product in
order to achieve our sufficiency and self reliance
 To foster the spirit of hard work and high productivity with a view to
increase the Nation’s wealth and to elevate the quality of life of the
people.
The Station is headed by the General Manager Oganya L. Simon (Mrs) and
Assisted by six Heads of Department of News, Programmes, Engineering,
Administration, Marketing and Accounts as follows:
MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE
NO. NAME POSITION
1 Oganya L. Simon (Mrs) General Manager
2 Mr. John Bivan Manager Marketing
3 Sunday Esogban Manager Finance
4 Ronke Aliyu Manager Programmes
5 Fatima A Hassan Manager News & C/Affairs
6 Hadiza Lawal Gwaram Manager Administration
7 Shuaibu Yahaya Asst. Chief Engineer
1.4 BRIEF ON THE DEPARTMENT
ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT
The Admin Department is responsible for General Administration and
personnel matters.

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ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
The Engineering Department is in charge of projects, Engineering Services
and Operations and Communication.
FINANCE DEPARTMENT
The Finance Department is responsible for financial matters such as
Accounting records, custodian of the station funds and management
information system.
MARKETING DEPARTMENT
The Department is responsible for the daily News current Affairs and sport
events.
PROGRAMMES DEPARTMENT
The Programmes Department is responsible for non-news programmes such
as Entertainment and Enlightenment.
ACHIEVEMENT
 Successful coverage of FCT Area Council Election 2010.
 Successful and coordination of International, National and Local
excursion visits.
 Pioneer in the social responsibility and humanitarian activity
reporting.
 Timelines of reporting security matters and information concerning
the safety of life and properties of the FCT citizens etc.
AWARDS.
A. Merit award for distinguished professionalism and selfless services to
the growth of life and promotion of Pharmacy profession by
pharmaceutical society of Nigeria 2004.

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B. Merit award as a Television station of the year by Centre for
prevention of HIV/AID and Community Health 2004.
C. Award of Excellence: In recognition of successful coverage of FCT
activities by Radio, Television, Theatre and Arts workers Union
(RATTAWU) FCT Council.
D. Award for a brilliant coverage of Bakar Kunama exercise (field
training exercise) 18th
June, 2008 at Keffi Nasarawa State by Nigerian
Army.
E. Merit award in recognition of our understanding service to humanity
by Rotary Club of Apo FCT.
F. Merit Award in recognition of our support to soroptimist International
Club Abuja.
G. TV STATION OF THE YEAR by capital Territory Advancement
Award (CTAA) both in 2012 and 2013
The Organization has wide varieties of workers ranging from graduates,
undergraduates, graduates, master degree holders as well as diploma
holders.

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WORKING CONDITIONS
Normal working hours for engineering department is 24 (Twenty Four)
hours daily, Mondays to Sundays. Except IT staff, 9.00am to 4.00pm
Mondays to Friday. I was also required to spend extra hours as at when
required by the organization.

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ORGANOGRAM OF NTA CHANNEL 5 ABUJA

16. 8
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
The Engineering Department of the Nigeria Television Authority Channel 5
is the regulatory department that carry out maintenance and repairs of all the
equipment in all other departments and enhances the fully functionality of
all the devices. During my Industrial Training (IT) program, I learnt that
Engineering Department controls the;
a. WORKSHOP (where all faulty equipment are repaired).
b. STUDIO (Where the News and live programs are recorded for
transmission).
c. MINI CONTROL ROOM (Where the audio and video signals of all
live news and recorded programme are collected).
d. MASTER CONTROL ROOM (also called MCR: where major
mixing of audio and video signals for programs are done and send to
Transmitter).
My training schedule includes:
 Setting up and operating equipment and transmission links during
broadcast.
 Arrangement of Scroll messages for News,
 Troubleshooting and laying of cables and connector i.e. the fibre optic
cables, Bnc cables and coaxial cables.
 General networking of computer system using twisted pair cable and
RJ45 connector.
 Control Audio and Video Consoles,
 Minimizing loss of service when equipment fails quickly by
identifying and implementing alternative method of service provision.
 Operation and Maintenance of Generators,
 Changing over from AEDC (Abuja Electricity Distribution Company)
to generator during power failure or live programme.
 Recording of News.

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 Analysis and repairing technical faults on equipment and systems
 Servicing of AC (Air Condition s) and printers.
In the course of performing these activities, I acquired valuable skills and
knowledge necessary in the transmission of signals. This is described below:
The first two weeks I was made to know the sources of Power Generation
and Electricity Distribution, Basis of Connectivity, Networking and Signal
Transfer, Equipment used and their Functions.
2.2 SETTING UP OF STUDIO
Setting up of studio is done once a day. The Nigeria Television Authority
Channel 5 News takes place at exactly 1.00pm and it is the duty of the IT
Staff in Engineering Department under the supervision of the Duty Engineer
to make sure that the stage is set ahead of 1.00pm news. We normally set up
the studio at about 12:45pm. There are different background for different
production, in some cases we pull up the chrome background incase of a
normal recording that is just going to be made ahead of a production.
I put ON the studio lights and the camera men adjust their visual to acquire
clear shot, I set up newscaster microphone and made sure that there is no
interference of any incoming signal from another source to the amplifier and
if it does, I will then go to the audio mixer and fade out all other incoming
audio signal and slightly fade in only the newscaster’s microphone. I also
check for communications from the deck of the Technical Directors to all
the camera men and to the Duty Engineer. These is repeated daily before
news.
ARRANGEMENT OF SCROLL MESSAGES FOR NEWS
This is the program responsible for the scroll display news that everyone
reads at the task bar of a television screen.

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The type of news that the News Editor wants us to display is first of all hand
written and send to me from the News Department and upon receipt, I key it
in along with the logo using “Scala Info Channel Designer” as the software
that allow such program to run. As soon as I finished typing it, I will allow it
to run. This program work alongside with the display time of the system
therefore the system time and date must be set correctly.
Independently, this program cannot be display on its own, a Duty Engineer
must Turn On the key switch control from Fade On (To Turn it On) and
Fade Off (To Turn it Off). When this is done, the information displayed on
the screen of the Scala Info Channel Designer is been transfer to the IQ
Modular and it is received by the transmitter and it is sent by the transmitter
to the every receiver at home, it is then viewed as scroll news.
POWER GENERATION
The Nigeria Television Channel 5 Abuja has a 200KVA, its uses diesel as
source of power generation. It is able to supply power to every departments
in the station, including all electric appliances.
I learnt that before I start the generator, I check for the water in the radiator,
and when the generator is in use I goes back to check for the temperature
and if the temperature is above 750
Celsius, I will then cool the environment
by connecting pipe from tap water and pure it on the floor close to the
generator. I will then go to every office and put off their Air conditioner. I
will also go to the recording studio to turn off the studio lights off if there is
no recording done at that particular moment.
At the engineering department, I write down the time that I put on/off the
generator in the log book of the organization. This is done at every hour
repeatedly.

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2.3 COMPUTER/INTERNET NETWORKING
NETWORKING
A computer network is a telecommunication network which allows
computers to exchange data. In computers, networked computing devices
exchange data with each other using data link.
While wireless is also possible, most computer networks today still utilize
cables. In computer networking, the media over which data or massage are
transferred are called network media. The medium affects nearly every
aspect of communication. For instance, different types of cables have
different capacity for carrying data and also transfer the data from one point
to another at different speed.
The power and data cables are in various forms and are often standardized.
For instance, a data cable can be recognize as a printer cable and another as
a monitor cable.
A cable can only be connected to a device if it has a connector.
NETWORK CABLES AND CONNECTORS
A simple network consist of computers communicating over a cable. There
are different type of connectors are required to connect the cables to the
computers.
NETWORK CABLES:
The major types of network cables include the following:
i. Twisted – pair cable
ii. Coaxial cable
iii. Fibre – optic cable
iv. Telephone cable

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I will be talking about Twisted – pair cable, because that is the networking
cable that I was taught how to use during networking.
TWISTED-PAIR CABLES
There are two types of twisted-pair cables. They are:
(i) Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
(ii) Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
i. UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (UTP)
Unshielded twisted pair is the most common kind of cooper telephone
wiring. Twisted pair is the ordinary copper wire that connects home and
many business computers to the telephone company. Two insulated copper
wires are twisted around each other, a number of twisted-pair wires are often
grouped together and enclosed in a protective sheath to form a cable. Each
twisted-wires consist of two copper wires that are separately insulated and
twisted together. This is to enable the cable reduce crosstalk or
electromagmatic induction and outside electrical interference between pairs
of wire. Yet, this cable is still susceptible to noise and crosstalk. Crosstalk is
defined as a situation where signals from one line are mixed with signals
from another line.
Bellow is the image of Unshielded Twisted – Pair Cable.

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(i) SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR CABLE (STP)
This is similar to UTP, but it has a braided metal shielded and a foil wrap
between and around the twisted pairs to reduce noise and crosstalk.
Bellow is the image of Shielded Twisted – Pair Cable.
The two types of twisted pair cables (UTP and STP) have a metal
conducting core (copper); therefore they transmit data in form of
electrical signals.
CONNECTORS
The connector is also described as an interface for linking devices by using
cables.
The connectors are either male (containing one or more expose pins) or
female (contain holes in which the male connector can be inserted).
Most connectors generally have a male end with pins protruding from it.
This plug is meant to be inserted into a female part (also called socket),
which includes holes for accommodating the pins.
However, there are “hermaphroditic” plugs which can act as either male or
female plugs, and can be inserted into either one.
The common network cable connectors include the following:

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i. Rj45 connector
ii. Rj11 connector
iii. BNC connector
iv. Fibre optic connector
I will be talking about Rj45 and Rj11 connectors, because they are the
connectors I was taught about.
RJ-45 CONNECTOR
Short stand for Registered Jack – 45, an eight – wire connector used
commonly to connect computers onto a Local – Area Network (LAN),
especially Ethernet. Rj45 connectors feature eight pins to which cables
interface electrically. The common type of cable used is the twisted – pair
cable. Rj45 connector look similar to the ubiquitous Rj11 connectors used
for connecting telephone equipment, but they are somewhat wide.
Fig: RJ45 connector.
RJ-11 CONNECTOR
Short for Registered Jack – 11, a four or six – wire connector used primarily
to connect telephone equipment using the telephone cable.

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Fig: RJ11 connector.
CONFIGURATION OF TWISTED – PAIR COLOR CODE
There are two types of Configuration such as:
i. Cross – Over Color Code Configuration
ii. Straight Color Code Configuration
Bellow is the color code configuration of both Cross – Over Color Code
Configuration and Straight Color Code Configuration. It shows us how the
both end of a Twisted – Pair cable is to be arrange before connecting the
connectors.
Cross – Over Color Code
Configuration
Straight Color Code
Configuration
First End Second End First End Second End
Green White Orange White Orange White Orange White
Green Orange Orange Orange
Orange White Green White Green White Green White
Blue Blue Blue Blue
Blue White Blue White Blue White Blue White
Orange Green Green Green
Brown White Brown White Brown White Brown White
Brown Brown Brown Brown

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 Cross – Over Color Code Configuration are use when connecting like
terms, such as, System to System, Router to Router and Switch to
Switch etc.
 Straight Color Code Configuration are use when connecting unlike
terms such as, System to Switch, Switch to Router and System to
Router etc.
USES OF TWISTED PAIR CABLE
Used for telephone systems and network cabling especially LANs such as
Ethernet and star topology, and also for Pair to Pair connection between one
system to another system.
ADVANTAGES OF TWISTED – PAIR CABLE
i. It is cheap and readily available.
ii. It allows straightforward addition of extra nodes (i.e. computers or
other devices like printer) to a network, especially is star topology.
DISADVANTAGES OF TWISTED – PAIR CABLE
i. It is susceptible or prone to noise (electrical interference from external
sources)
ii. It is also prone to crosstalk (electrical interference from adjacent
cables)
iii. Low data transmission i.e. it can only carry few data signals compared
to fiber optic cable

25. 17
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 DEVICES AND EQUIPMENTS
A television transmission comprises of Audio and Visual signal with the use
of multiple devices and equipment.
Some of these devices include:
a. An ATEM Switcher
b. Open Gear
c. IQ Modular
d. Mixing Console
e. Logo Inserter
f. Transmitter
3.1.1 ATEM
An ATEM is a device that switches between SDI (Serial Digital Interface),
HD (High Definition) or Ultra HD video standards so that one can form
exciting live production with a wide range of video sources such as cameras,
disk recorders and slide shows or animation from computers.
Fig: ATEM 2M/E Broadcasting Board
Powerful features such as chroma key, creative transitions, audio mixer,
multi-view and more, can be gotten The more advanced models include
features such as up to 20 SDI inputs, SuperSource multi-layer engine, full

26. 18
motion DVE (Digital Video Effect), larger media pool with full motion clips
and up to an incredible 6 auxiliary outputs.
OUTPUT
The output of ATEM program include down converted program outputs plus
auxiliary outputs allowing clean feeds, perfect for connecting to giant
outdoor LED screens, projectors, etc. The multi view outputs are in HD so
you can use any TV or monitor.
Fig: Configuration of ATEM 1M/E Broadcasting View

27. 19
OPEN GEAR
OpenGear Converters is the device that instantly switches between all SD
and HD video format the instant the video input changes.
These inputs can either be analog bit or digital audio. OpenGear Converters
support the standard channel audio rear modules, so they can be used with
other brand.
Audio and video synchronization is combined with a signal processor,
offering full control of the 16 channels of audio, with gain, invert, shuffle
and sample rate conversion. Video processing offers adjustment for luma /
chroma gain plus black offset with metadata processor. Pillar bar / letter box
(wings) insertion can be achieved with the external fill signal or internally
from the logo inserter.

28. 20
IQ MODULAR
The best High Definition TV broadcasts combine great picture quality with
high resolution audio in order to bring those pictures to life. To this end,
providing tools for repurposing content to maximize it’s future value and
potential is a key focus of the IQ range of video and audio processing
modules. However, Modulation is the process of varying one or more
properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with a
modulating signal that typically contains information to be transmitted.
IQ modulation allows twice the amount of information to be sent compared
to basic AM. Besides our mere visual on the device, the device does a lot of
calculations in its functional board. IQ modular receives all SD signal HD
visual information from all electronic devices connected to it including
ATEM switcher, Open gear and Logo Inserter and send to Transmitter.
The IQ modular transports all information it receives directly to the
transmitter.
Multiplication (i.e mixing) operation shifts infrequency and creates
undesired high frequency components at receiver.

29. 21
Lowpass filtering passes only the desired baseband signal at receiver.
“a modulation that contains both a sine and cosine wave, the
resultant is known as I/Q modulation. In this case, the I/Q
signals occupy the same frequency band, but one is real and
one is imaginary.”
RF MODULATION
An RF modulation is an electronic device with input baseband signal which
is used to modulate a radio frequency.
Televisions were designed to only accept signals through the aerial
connector. Signals originate at a TV station are transmitted over the air, and
are then received by an antenna and demodulated within the TV. When
equipment was developed which could use a Television receiver as its
display device such as VCRs, DVD players and video consoles, the signals
was modulated and sent to the RF input connector.
The aerial connector is standard on all TV sets, even very old ones. Since
later TV designs include composite, s-video and component video jacks,
which skip the modulation and demodulation steps.

30. 22
Modulators are no longer included as standard equipment and RF
modulators are now largely a third-party product, purchase primarily to run
newer equipment such as DVD players with an old TV set.
SCALA INFO CHANNEL DESIGNER
This is program that enables an Engineer to display Station Logo at either
corner of a Television during broadcasting from a particular broadcasting
station. It is the same program that is used to display scrolling news at the
bottom of a Television during broadcasting. (About Info Channel software)
3.2 NEWS PRODUCTION
News production starts with stories, events or ideas in the society gathered
by the News crews. Reporters are assigned to the venue of the events to
gather information which becomes news. The information gathered is
written down as a story by the reporter, edited by the news editor and
submitted to the News Producer who compiles all the stories that would run
as news. The news caster goes through all the stories for familiarization and
pronouncement of words while the news Director with the help of the

31. 23
Engineer on duty arranges the stories according to preference and order. At
news time, the Engineer on duty collect the news via an Ethernet network
cable between network computers from the Editing studio to MCR, the Duty
Engineer arrange the story according to program log. In this same manner,
the written story is also been typed on the teleprompter machine and export
to the Main recording Camera through the output of the teleprompting
machine. Studio lights are turned on, and a chromo display background, is
arranged. All audio sounds are checked and tested, visual effect is checked.
The news production is done with the help of Technical Director who is in
charge of all communication to the camera men and Duty Engineer on what
story to display. It is the same Technical Director that control the video
mixer by selecting on the desire camera view.
TELEPROMPTING DEVICE
The teleprompting Machine comprises of a Computer System with two
display monitor. One of the display monitor IS just in front of the operator,
this display monitor shows exactly what the operator wants to key in. The
second display monitor is placed 1800
to the standing camera lens, this
second display monitor display an inverted information seen at the first
display monitor. A transparent glass is placed at an angle of 450
and
supported by a black material incline to the lens of the main camera. This

32. 24
transparent glass looks as if it is erect to 900
when view from a distance, and
it is placed in between the lens and the second display monitor of the
teleprompting device and the main camera lens.
The inverted information displayed on the second display monitor of the
teleprompting device is seen on the transparent glass and it is erect. This is
where the newscaster read all stories from and it is as if the newscaster has
memorized all stories. All news stories are typed on the Teleprompting
device.
UP LINK AND DOWNLINK
A link is a communication channel that connects two or more
communicating device. This link may be physical or logical.
The term link is widely used in computer networking to refer to the
communication facilities that connects nodes of a network link in a logical
link.
TYPES OF LINKS
 Point to point
 Broad cast
 Multipath
 Point to multipath
UPLINK
An uplink is a portion of
communication link used to
transmission of signal from an earth
signal to a satellite or air borne
platform.

33. 25
DOWNLINK
This is the link from a satellite to
the ground satellite.
FREQUENCIES TO PRIMARY MODE OF PROPAGATION
BAND FREQUENCY WAVELENGTH
ELF
(Extremely Low Frequency )
3 – 30Hz 10,000 – 100,000Km
SLF
(Super Low Frequency )
30 – 300Hz 10,000 – 1,000Km
ULF
(Ultra Low Frequency )
0.3 – 3KHz
(300–3,000 Hz)
1,000 – 100Km
VLF
(Very Low Frequency )
3 – 30KHz
(3,000–30,000 Hz)
100 – 10Km
LF
(Low Frequency)
30 – 300KHz
(30,000–300,000 Hz)
10 – 1Km
MF
(Medium Frequency)
300 – 3000KHz
(300,000–3,000,000 Hz)
1000 - 100m
HF
(High Frequency)
3 – 30MHz
(3,000,000–30,000,000 Hz)
100 – 10m
VHF
(Very High Frequency)
30 – 300MHz
(30,000,000–300,000,000 Hz)
10 – 1m
UHF
(Ultra High Frequency)
300 – 3000MHz
(300,000,000–3,000,000,000 Hz)
100 – 10cm

34. 26
SHF
(Super High Frequency )
3 – 30GHz
(3,000,000,000–30,000,000,000 Hz)
10 – 1cm
EHF
(Extremely High Frequency)
30–300GHz
(30,000,000,000–300,000,000,000 Hz)
10–1 mm
THF
(Tremendously High frequency)
0.3–3 THz
(300,000,000,000 –3,000,000,000,000 Hz)
1–0.1 mm
TRANSMITTER
A Transmitter is an electronic device that generates and amplifies a carrier
wave, modulates it with a meaningful signal derived from speech or other
sources, and radiates the resulting signal from an antenna. In
Telecommunication, Transmission (Tx) is the process of sending &
propagation of analogue and digital information signal over a physical point
to point or point to multiple point transmission medium either wire, optical
fibre.
TELEVISION TRANSMITTER
A television transmitter is a device that broadcasts an electromagnetic signal
to the television receivers. Television transmitter may be analog or digital.
A transmitter modulates both picture and sound into one signal then sends
this transmission over a wide range for a receiver (TV set) to receive.
Radio waves are affected by the phenomenon of reflection, refraction,
diffraction, absorption, polarization and scattering.
SIGNAL TRANSFER
The signal passes through buffer stages and it is then applied to a modulator
where it modulates an “intermediate frequency” carrier (IF). This
modulation technique is usually frequency modulation (FM) with a typical
maximum deviation of 50 kHz.

35. 27
The video (VF) input is a composite video signal (i.e video information with
sync) of maximum 1 volt on 75 Ω impedance. However, the modulator is
followed by a special filter known as Vestigal sideband (VSB) filter. This
filter is used to suppress a portion of one side band, thus bandwidth is
reduced. This suppression doesn't cause a loss in information. Although the
suppression causes phase delay problems the VSB stage also includes
correction circuits to equalize the phase.
OUTPUT STAGES
The modulated signal is applied to a mixer (also known as frequency
converter). Another input to the mixer which is usually produced in a
crystal oven oscillator is known as subcarrier. The two outputs of the mixer
are the sum and difference of two signals. Unwanted signal (usually the
sum) is filtered out and the remaining signal is the radio frequency (RF)
signal. Then the signal is applied to the amplifier stages. The number of
series amplifiers depends on the required output power. The final stage is
sent to a receiver.
RECEIVER
A receiver (TV set) receives the transmitted signals (TV programs) and turns
radio waves, which include audio and video signals, into useful signals that
can be processed into an image and sound.
DISPLAY DEVICE
This is either a TV set or monitor. A display device has the technology to
turn the electrical signals received into visible light. On a standard TV set,
this includes the CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) technology from one of the
output of the visual mixer

36. 28
TELEVISION INTERFERENCE
This a particular case of electromagnetic interference which affects
television reception. Many natural and man-made phenomena can disrupt
the reception of television signals. These include naturally occurring and
artificial spark discharges, and effects due to the operation of radio
transmitters.
Analogue television broadcast display different effects due to different kinds
of interference. Digital television reception generally gives a good quality
picture until the interference is so large that it can no longer be eliminated
by the error checking systems in the receiver, at which point the video
display becomes pixelated, distorts, or goes blank.
CO-CHANNEL & MULTIPATH (GHOST IMAGE)
During unusual atmospheric condition, a distant station normally
undetectable at a particular location may provide a much stronger signal that
usual. The analog television picture may display the sum of the two signals,
producing an image from the strong local signal with traces or “ghost” from
thee distant, weaker signal. TV broadcast stations are located and assigned
channels so that such events are rare. These can be corrected by readjusting
of the receiving antenna may allow more of the distant signal to be rejected,
improving image quality.
A local signal may travel by more than one path from the transmitter to
receiving antenna “multipath” reception is visible as multiple impressions of
the same image, slightly shifted along the width of the screen due to the
varying transmission to road vehicles or air craft passing.

37. 29
STATIC ELECTRICITY AND SPARKS
The sparks generated by static electricity can generate interference:
many systems (mostly television) where radio frequency interface is caused
by sparkling can be modeled as the following circuit. The source of energy
charges C1 via a resistance, and when the spark gap breaks down, the
electricity passes through L and excites the resonance LC circuit. The
energy in the LC circuit is then radiated through the aerial.
Fig: a diagram of static electricity
MIXING CONSOLE
In Telecommunication, a mixing console (also known as an audio mixer,
mixing desk or sound mixer) is an electronic device for combining (also
called "mixing"), routing, and changing the level, timbre (tone color) or
dynamics of many different audio signals, such as microphones being used
by newscaster, mics picking up acoustic instruments such as drums or
saxophones, or signals from electric or electronic instruments such as the
electric bass or synthesizer.
In the NTA CH5, the Video and Audio Mixer is able to control analog or
digital signals, depending on the type of signal its receives. The modified
signals (voltages or digital samples) are summed to produce the combined

38. 30
output signals, which are then broadcast and amplified through a sound
reinforcement system.
Mixing consoles are used in many applications, in NTA CH5 including the
recording studios, public address systems, sound reinforcement systems,
broadcasting, television, pre-program and News production . A typical,
simple application combines signals from two microphones (each used by
news caster, and guest during live program,) into an amplifier that drives
one set of speakers simultaneously. In live performances, the signal from the
mixer usually goes directly to an amplifier but NTA CH5 mixer has a built
in power amplifier and it is connected to powered speakers.
The audio mixer at the Nigeria Television Authority Channel 5 have 16
channels. A mixing console in a professional recording studio may have as
many as 72 channels. It does provide phantom power for capacitor
microphones; pan control (which changes a sound's apparent position in the
stereo soundfield); filtering and equalization; routing facilities; and
monitoring facilities, whereby one of a number of sources can be routed to
loudspeakers or headphones for listening, often without affecting the mixer's
main output. It has onboard electronic effects, such as reverb.
Fig: 14 Channel Audio Mixer

39. 31
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 CHALLENGES FACED
The program was requiring more than usually expected, especially great
patience effort and skill. Among others are:
The Nigeria Television Authority Channel 5 Abuja is a Nigeria Government
owned establishment but it is too difficult for the management to
compensate IT students with a stipend especially the Industrial Students in
the Engineering Department that are required to carry out a lot of task.
Also, at some particular period, I was the only IT student in the Engineering
Department and the work was too cumbersome on me that I began to close
late at times even without pay.
Most of the Duty Engineer cannot really explain the basis behind their job,
they were only thought on how to operate the equipment and they do not
require IT Students to go into the MCR when not required unless they are
fully aware that an individual is given a task to undergo. For this reason, I
could not comprehensively grasp the use of swing applications in Avid
Liquid and Info Channel software.
The other challenge was finance; Owing to the fact that the organization
does not give me any grant or financial support, transportation became a
major source of expenditure. It was not an easy task to undergo, only God
in Heaven saw me through.
4.2 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED AND THE COURSES OF
ACTION
Problems Encountered
The major state of difficulties encountered was:

40. 32
There are majorly three Duty Engineer that really knows the devices and the
free use of all the equipment and they are very friendly in explaining them
when they are less busy, but each of these Duty Engineer are on duty shift of
five (5) working days apart, its take me two to three weeks to meet with
such Duty Engineer.
How It Was Solved
The course of action was: Practice from previous idea and knowledge base
on what was thought to me by such Engineer.
COMPANY’S LIMITATIONS AND POTENTIALS
Limitations
The major limitation is lack of facilities like computers for students on IT
training.
Potentials
The potentials and strengths as by the company’s regulation include:
The organization has extensive experience in Management, Entertainment,
Education and Broadcasting on recent events in the Country and beyond.
The organization has the culture of team work, there are always two Duty
Engineers working side-by-side and they are hard working, they have
respect for colleagues.
4.3 CONFIRMATORY
The Organization’s full contact is as below:
Address: Behind Old Parade Ground, Opposite Radio house, Area 10 Garki
Slogan: Unity Station
Supervisory Officer: Engr. Sani Ada Mohammed
General Manager: Oganya L. Simon (Mrs)

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CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY OF EXPERIENCES
OBTAINED
In summary, the Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a
Skill Training Program designed to prepare and expose students of the
University to the industrial work situation they are likely to meet after
graduation.
In the course of my engagement during the IT program at Nigeria Television
Authority, Channel 5 Abuja, I was introduced to Info Channel software, a
major technology comprising of Television Logo Insertion animated
background and scroll news.
I was also introduce to “Avid Liquid” a software that enable and engineer to
play programs such as news, jingles, advertisement for news production. I
also learnt how to network computers, how to make two or more computer
belong to a member of a domain using Ethernet cable. I also learnt how to
repair some electrical appliances.
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
Due to the gains and favourable reception, it is advisable as a course of
action, that students of the university who do not engage in the Student
Industrial Work Experience Scheme (S.I.W.E.S), should be allowed to
participate and involve themselves as this will go a long way enhancing and
promoting their welfare giving them great opportunities in acquiring skills
for the future.
Also, financial support should be made available before the commencement
of the training so as to aid students in their mobility.

42. 34
REFERENCES
Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) Training Log Book
By Iji John Eluwa
WELCOME TO COMPUTER STUDIES
- For Senior Secondary School 3 (1st Edition), Dele Kelani, Boye
Jokotoye
TELEVISION TRANSMISSION
- Television Transmitter –Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
ADC (ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER)
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter signals!
INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS RESEARCH STUDIES IN PHYSICS
www.internationalstudent.com/study-broadcasting/study-television-
broadcasting/
QUANTIZATION TECHNIQUES IN AUDIO FREQUENCY
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)
MODULATION
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation