In this quantum-like model of homeopathy clinical trials, success in openlabel
setting and failure with centralized blind RCTs emerge logically from the formalism.
This model suggests that significant differences between placebo and homeopathy in
blind RCTs would be found more frequently if in situ randomization/unblinding was
used.
Of Dodo birds and common factors: A scoping review of direct comparison trial...Will Dobud
Background: Adventure therapy (AT) is a term that includes therapies such as wilderness therapy and adventure-based counseling. With growing empirical support for AT, the diversity of studies make it difficult to attribute outcomes to specific treatment factors.
Objectives: Researchers explored whether AT, often perceived as an alternative therapy, works because of AT's unique components, or whether factors shared by all therapies were responsible.
Methods: A scoping review was undertaken utilizing a search of major databases, unpublished disser- tations, and a hand search for direct comparison trials matching AT with another therapeutic intervention.
Results: 881 publications were identified. 105 quantitative studies were included following a title and abstract review. Only 13 met the full inclusion criteria. Little to no differences were found to isolate specific therapeutic factors.
Conclusions: We discuss the implications of these results considering the movement toward evidence- based practice and recommend future research to eclipse our current understanding of AT.
Re-analysis of the Cochrane Library data and heterogeneity challengesEvangelos Kontopantelis
Heterogeneity issues and a re-analysis of the Cochrane Library data. Presented in the 35th Annual Conference of the International Society for Clinical Biostatistics (ISCB35) in Vienna
the role of Cochrane collaboration and specifically the menstrual disorder & subfertility group is illustrated . simple explanation how to use cochrane reviews is done.
Of Dodo birds and common factors: A scoping review of direct comparison trial...Will Dobud
Background: Adventure therapy (AT) is a term that includes therapies such as wilderness therapy and adventure-based counseling. With growing empirical support for AT, the diversity of studies make it difficult to attribute outcomes to specific treatment factors.
Objectives: Researchers explored whether AT, often perceived as an alternative therapy, works because of AT's unique components, or whether factors shared by all therapies were responsible.
Methods: A scoping review was undertaken utilizing a search of major databases, unpublished disser- tations, and a hand search for direct comparison trials matching AT with another therapeutic intervention.
Results: 881 publications were identified. 105 quantitative studies were included following a title and abstract review. Only 13 met the full inclusion criteria. Little to no differences were found to isolate specific therapeutic factors.
Conclusions: We discuss the implications of these results considering the movement toward evidence- based practice and recommend future research to eclipse our current understanding of AT.
Re-analysis of the Cochrane Library data and heterogeneity challengesEvangelos Kontopantelis
Heterogeneity issues and a re-analysis of the Cochrane Library data. Presented in the 35th Annual Conference of the International Society for Clinical Biostatistics (ISCB35) in Vienna
the role of Cochrane collaboration and specifically the menstrual disorder & subfertility group is illustrated . simple explanation how to use cochrane reviews is done.
Bhaskar Health News and Medical Education is leading source for trustworthy health, medical, science and technology news and information. Providing world health information Medical Education.
Bhaskar Health News and Medical Education is dedicated to medical students, physiotherapists, doctors, nurses, paramedics, physician associates, dentists, pharmacists, midwives and other healthcare professionals.
We're committed to being your source for expert health guidance. Bhaskar Health and Medical Education.
Source : https://www.bhaskarhealth.com
Health Shop: https://www.bhaskarhealth.org
@drrohitbhaskar @bhaskarhealth
#DrRohitBhaskar #BhaskarHealth
#Health #Medical #News #Physiotherapy
Statistical Methods for Removing Selection Bias In Observational StudiesNathan Taback
The slide deck is from a talk I delivered at a Dana Farber / Harvard Cancer Center outcomes seminar. It presents an overview of currently available statistical methods to remove bias in observational studies.
"The determination of the relative strength of a substance (e.g., a drug or hormone or toxicant) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation." is called bioassay.
Cell sensitivity, non-linearity and inverse effectshome
The classic homeopathic method of drug discovery was
originally based on careful observation of symptoms
because at that time there was no knowledge of the ‘intimate
nature’ of disease processes and of pharmacodynamic
actions. The conceptual model presented here
helps us to understand that the two perspectives e ‘holistic’,
based on symptoms of the whole person and ‘reductionistic’,
based on cellular and molecular changes e are
not in contrast but have the same heuristic connotation.
With the introduction of modern ‘omics’ techniques,
the knowledge basis of homeopathic drug actions on
healthy and sick people can be deepened to the molecular
level.
This section loois back to some gourd breaking centributions to pubic (1).pdfaslachennain
This section loois back to some gourd breaking centributions to pubic health, reprodxing then in
their original fome and adding a commentary on their sighilicance from a medesp disy
pecupective. Robyn M Lucas and Artiony L. Mrakichaed retiew the enyinonmert and diceise:
association or ciusation by Sir Austin Bradiord th on estaldiching selationshios betiven ineni and
conditions of work or lwing. The original paper is reproduced by permission of The Royal
Society of Medicine fies linited (impilwwa.ismarg) Association or causation: evaluating links
between "environment and disease" Robyn M. Lucas! \& Anthony I MdMichael?
Epidemiological studies typically examine associations terween stadiod may not promide mue
information about the relation: an expouare variable and a health euscome. In asesulag the ahap
brtwesa enpoiate and oescome in the nounce populacion, caual nature of an observed association.
the "Bradfond HHll wath respect cither oo the sclatiomihip that the sample actually thought (1).
Fint publiched exactry 40 yrans apo, these criteria designs that muimine the egnal to noule rario.
and quickly became a mainstay of epidcmiolopical tesbooks tescarch, requite onc to procerl
cabbousty in making erusal and data intepptetation (2). Their chedist nafure suitcel the inferchce.
Oner meffient stadics have hern done, in diverse sudy af simple, direcr cautation by discipliner
characterizad serrings, and adequanty linining mandeats error (an ineriavic by chavic acientific
and mathematical training. property of a stochatic aniverse), ypotematic error (beas) and
conceptualization of cheir causarion varies by discipline. While ascociarions can remonoubly he
assessed. it is soirntifically utisfying to ducidate the many component Note. though. that
particular phraie: "eaual nature". causs of an illnces, in pubtic health tcvcurch the more impot-
Causution is as intcrpectatice, not as entity it should not be tant emphasis is on the discevery of
neceskary or nuffcicnt reifind. The 18ch-centary Scoetinh phinomopher David Hurne causes that
afe amenable is ineerveation. Eytm sov over the pointrd our thar canarion in induced fogleally,
aot absennd four decudes since Bradford Hill' paper appeared, the range empinically (3).
Theneface we can merer hewew absolunely thut of multivariate, multistage and multi-lerel
fesearch quotions expouse X caces disease Y. There is ao final gmof of causation: tackled by
cpidemiologines has coolved, as have thcir statistical it in mercly an inficrmoe based on an
observed conjanction of methods and their engerement in wider-ranging intendisci- rwo
variables (mponene and healh iearas) in time and space plinary researh. Within that context it is
eftea not appeopeiate. Thut limitaniee of inductive logic applies, of course, to boeh to seck the
discrete cause ot cause of a diseave, but rather to experimental and non-caperimental roseatch.
ikentify a complex of interretased and often interactine fac- Around the mil-20ich cenrar. the
jhi.
Solvatochromic dyes detect the presence of homeopathic potencieshome
A systematic approach to the design of simple, chemical systems for investigating the
nature of homeopathic medicines has led to the development of an experimental protocol
in which solvatochromic dyes are used as molecular probes of serially diluted and
agitated solutions. Electronic spectroscopy has been used to follow changes in the
absorbance of this class of dyes across the visible spectrum in the presence of homeopathic
potencies.
Evidence is presented using six different solvatochromic dyes in three different solvent
systems. In all cases homeopathic potencies produce consistent and reproducible
changes in the spectra of the dyes.
Results suggest that potencies influence the supramolecular chemistry of solvatochromic
dyes, enhancing either dye aggregation or disaggregation, depending upon dye
structure. Comparable dyes lacking the intramolecular charge transfer feature of solvatochromic
dyes are unaffected by homeopathic potencies, suggesting potencies require
the oscillating dipole of solvatochromic dyes for effective interaction.
The implications of the results presented, both for an eventual understanding of the nature
of homeopathic medicines and their mode of action, together with future directions
for research in this area, are discussed.
Descriptive model: In this type of model, the purpose is to provide a reasonable description of the data in some appropriate way without any attempt at understanding the underlying aspect, that is, the data-producing device.
Mechanistic model: In the mechanistic model, the importance rests in the knowledge of the device of development, it is important to be able to score on a powerful collaboration among scientists, specialists in the field, and statisticians or mathematicians.
Short-Term Effects of Repeated Olfactory Administration of Homeopathic Sulphu...Francisco Navarro
Short-Term Effects of Repeated Olfactory Administration of
Homeopathic Sulphur or Pulsatilla on Electroencephalographic
Alpha Power in Healthy Young Adults
Bhaskar Health News and Medical Education is leading source for trustworthy health, medical, science and technology news and information. Providing world health information Medical Education.
Bhaskar Health News and Medical Education is dedicated to medical students, physiotherapists, doctors, nurses, paramedics, physician associates, dentists, pharmacists, midwives and other healthcare professionals.
We're committed to being your source for expert health guidance. Bhaskar Health and Medical Education.
Source : https://www.bhaskarhealth.com
Health Shop: https://www.bhaskarhealth.org
@drrohitbhaskar @bhaskarhealth
#DrRohitBhaskar #BhaskarHealth
#Health #Medical #News #Physiotherapy
Statistical Methods for Removing Selection Bias In Observational StudiesNathan Taback
The slide deck is from a talk I delivered at a Dana Farber / Harvard Cancer Center outcomes seminar. It presents an overview of currently available statistical methods to remove bias in observational studies.
"The determination of the relative strength of a substance (e.g., a drug or hormone or toxicant) by comparing its effect on a test organism with that of a standard preparation." is called bioassay.
Cell sensitivity, non-linearity and inverse effectshome
The classic homeopathic method of drug discovery was
originally based on careful observation of symptoms
because at that time there was no knowledge of the ‘intimate
nature’ of disease processes and of pharmacodynamic
actions. The conceptual model presented here
helps us to understand that the two perspectives e ‘holistic’,
based on symptoms of the whole person and ‘reductionistic’,
based on cellular and molecular changes e are
not in contrast but have the same heuristic connotation.
With the introduction of modern ‘omics’ techniques,
the knowledge basis of homeopathic drug actions on
healthy and sick people can be deepened to the molecular
level.
This section loois back to some gourd breaking centributions to pubic (1).pdfaslachennain
This section loois back to some gourd breaking centributions to pubic health, reprodxing then in
their original fome and adding a commentary on their sighilicance from a medesp disy
pecupective. Robyn M Lucas and Artiony L. Mrakichaed retiew the enyinonmert and diceise:
association or ciusation by Sir Austin Bradiord th on estaldiching selationshios betiven ineni and
conditions of work or lwing. The original paper is reproduced by permission of The Royal
Society of Medicine fies linited (impilwwa.ismarg) Association or causation: evaluating links
between "environment and disease" Robyn M. Lucas! \& Anthony I MdMichael?
Epidemiological studies typically examine associations terween stadiod may not promide mue
information about the relation: an expouare variable and a health euscome. In asesulag the ahap
brtwesa enpoiate and oescome in the nounce populacion, caual nature of an observed association.
the "Bradfond HHll wath respect cither oo the sclatiomihip that the sample actually thought (1).
Fint publiched exactry 40 yrans apo, these criteria designs that muimine the egnal to noule rario.
and quickly became a mainstay of epidcmiolopical tesbooks tescarch, requite onc to procerl
cabbousty in making erusal and data intepptetation (2). Their chedist nafure suitcel the inferchce.
Oner meffient stadics have hern done, in diverse sudy af simple, direcr cautation by discipliner
characterizad serrings, and adequanty linining mandeats error (an ineriavic by chavic acientific
and mathematical training. property of a stochatic aniverse), ypotematic error (beas) and
conceptualization of cheir causarion varies by discipline. While ascociarions can remonoubly he
assessed. it is soirntifically utisfying to ducidate the many component Note. though. that
particular phraie: "eaual nature". causs of an illnces, in pubtic health tcvcurch the more impot-
Causution is as intcrpectatice, not as entity it should not be tant emphasis is on the discevery of
neceskary or nuffcicnt reifind. The 18ch-centary Scoetinh phinomopher David Hurne causes that
afe amenable is ineerveation. Eytm sov over the pointrd our thar canarion in induced fogleally,
aot absennd four decudes since Bradford Hill' paper appeared, the range empinically (3).
Theneface we can merer hewew absolunely thut of multivariate, multistage and multi-lerel
fesearch quotions expouse X caces disease Y. There is ao final gmof of causation: tackled by
cpidemiologines has coolved, as have thcir statistical it in mercly an inficrmoe based on an
observed conjanction of methods and their engerement in wider-ranging intendisci- rwo
variables (mponene and healh iearas) in time and space plinary researh. Within that context it is
eftea not appeopeiate. Thut limitaniee of inductive logic applies, of course, to boeh to seck the
discrete cause ot cause of a diseave, but rather to experimental and non-caperimental roseatch.
ikentify a complex of interretased and often interactine fac- Around the mil-20ich cenrar. the
jhi.
Solvatochromic dyes detect the presence of homeopathic potencieshome
A systematic approach to the design of simple, chemical systems for investigating the
nature of homeopathic medicines has led to the development of an experimental protocol
in which solvatochromic dyes are used as molecular probes of serially diluted and
agitated solutions. Electronic spectroscopy has been used to follow changes in the
absorbance of this class of dyes across the visible spectrum in the presence of homeopathic
potencies.
Evidence is presented using six different solvatochromic dyes in three different solvent
systems. In all cases homeopathic potencies produce consistent and reproducible
changes in the spectra of the dyes.
Results suggest that potencies influence the supramolecular chemistry of solvatochromic
dyes, enhancing either dye aggregation or disaggregation, depending upon dye
structure. Comparable dyes lacking the intramolecular charge transfer feature of solvatochromic
dyes are unaffected by homeopathic potencies, suggesting potencies require
the oscillating dipole of solvatochromic dyes for effective interaction.
The implications of the results presented, both for an eventual understanding of the nature
of homeopathic medicines and their mode of action, together with future directions
for research in this area, are discussed.
Descriptive model: In this type of model, the purpose is to provide a reasonable description of the data in some appropriate way without any attempt at understanding the underlying aspect, that is, the data-producing device.
Mechanistic model: In the mechanistic model, the importance rests in the knowledge of the device of development, it is important to be able to score on a powerful collaboration among scientists, specialists in the field, and statisticians or mathematicians.
Short-Term Effects of Repeated Olfactory Administration of Homeopathic Sulphu...Francisco Navarro
Short-Term Effects of Repeated Olfactory Administration of
Homeopathic Sulphur or Pulsatilla on Electroencephalographic
Alpha Power in Healthy Young Adults
What do you think will likely happen when a cell containing 1 suc.docxalanfhall8953
What do you think will likely happen when a cell containing 1% sucrose is placed in an environment with 50% sucrose?
I would guess that the weigh of this experiment concentration will low the sucrose after they are mix togther.
I would also like you to consider the following terms as they relate to this experiment:
Tonicity: The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.
The tonicity of a solution mainly depends on its concentration of solutes that cannot cross the plasma membrane relative to the concentrations of solutes in the cell.
· Isotonic: An environment of equal solute concentration to the cell. In this environment, you will not likely see much of a change in cell size. Will water still move randomly across the plasma membrane?
I will guess that the water would moved randomly because every living cell exists in a liquid environment that it needs to survive. One of the most important functions of the cell membrane is to regulate the movement of dissolved molecules from the liquid on one side of the membrane to the liquid on the other side.
· Hypotonic: This term represents an environment that contains a lower solute concentration than the cell. In this case, water will move into the cell, the cell will swell and may burst. To test your knowledge from the last module, what cellular structure do plants have that will provide protection from burstinTop of Form 1
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Emailing: Introduction to the Scientific Method — The Biology Primer
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Introduction to the Scientific Method
What is you favorite Skittles color? Do you sort your Skittles by color and eat one color at a time, or do you eat them randomly?
In the lab, students will use the scientific method to answer the question, "Can humans detect the color of Skittles based on taste alone?" Student's work in groups of four, taking turns being 'subjects' of an experiment. The subjects are blindfolded and given Skittles, which they have to determine the color. Once all of the subjects have been tested, the students aggregate their data on the board and use statistics (an unpaired t test) to determine whether or not humans can detect the color of Skittles based on taste alone. A variety of unpaired t tests .
Digital Scientific Notations are expected to solve some of the problems we have in computational science today. In particular, they should make the verification of computational science by human scientists possible again. Leibniz is a Digital Scientific Notation for the physical sciences currently under development. This presentation gives an overview of the current state.
Can the caged bird sing? Reflections on the application of qualitative resear...home
Two main pathways exist for the development of knowledge in clinical homeopathy.
These comprise clinical trials conducted primarily by university-based researchers and cases
reports and homeopathic "provings" compiled by engaged homeopathic practitioners. In this paper
the relative merits of these methods are examined and a middle way proposed. This consists of the
"Formal Case Study" (FCS) in which qualitative methods are used to increase the rigour and
sophistication with which homeopathic cases are studied. Before going into design issues this paper
places the FCS in an historical and academic context and describes the relative merits of the
method.
Homeopahty, el proyecto de un Sistema de Salud, protagonistas, fundadores, ideólogos históricos, las iniciativas de Medicina Alternativa Complementaria CAM.
Homeopathy—quackery or a key to the future of medicine?home
When cholera first invaded Europe in 1831, the
mortality throughout Europe was generally between
40% and 60%. To the surprise of many, mortality
rates reported by homeopathic physicians was generally
below 10%, and commonly under 4%. Let me
present two typical cholera reports, which have a
stamp of officialdom. The first one comes from the
territory of Raab in Hungary where in 1831 a
Dr Joseph Bakody treated 223 patients with mild to
severe cholera, 14 of which were in a state of collapse .
He lost a total of 8 patients, a mortality of 3.6%. A
similar situation occurred in Cincinnati in 1849. The
Board of Health issued an order calling for physicians
to report all cases of cholera. Reports of a high
mortality rate were received by the Board from the city
hospital and allopathic physicians. However, six
homeopathic physicians attracted national attention
when they reported not a single death out of their first
350 cases of cholera. Two of these homeopathic
physicians, Dr Pulte and Ehrmann would eventually
report treating 2646 cases with 35 deaths, or a
mortality rate of 1.3%. Allopaths reported fatal
outcomes in about 50% of their cases.
Homeopathy in the treatment of fibromyalgia A comprehensive literature-review...home
Given the low number and included trials and the lowmethodological quality, any conclusion based on the resultsof this review have to be regarded as preliminary. However,as single case studies and clinical trials indicate a positiveeffect, homeopathy could be considered a complementarytreatment for patients with fibromyalgia
Homeopathy as replacement to antibiotics in the case of Escherichia coli diar...home
The use of antibiotics in the livestock sector is increasing to such an extent
that it threatens negative consequences for human health, animal health and the environment.
Homeopathy might be an alternative to antibiotics. It has therefore been tested in
a randomised placebo-controlled trial to prevent Escherichia coli diarrhoea in neonatal
piglets.
Multidrugresistant tuberculosis
Among the most menacing forms of MDR is multidrug
resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). WHO estimates that
were about 450,000 new cases and 170,000 deaths from
MDR-TB in 2012. The number of cases reported to
WHO rose by an alarming 35% between 2011 and 2012,
although this probably mostly reflects increased recognition
and reporting. Over half the new cases were in India,
China or the Russian Federation.3
This issue of Homeopathy features a paper by Dr Kusum
Chand and colleagues reporting a randomized, double blind,
placebo-controlled clinical trial of individualized homeopathic
treatment or placebo in addition to standard antituberculous
chemotherapy as specified by the Indian Revised
National Tuberculosis Control Program, for MDR-TB
articleHealth professionals’ and families’ understanding of the role ofindivi...home
This paper draws on a mixed methods study that examined the feasibility of conducting a randomised controlled trial of individualisedhomeopathy plus usual care, compared to usual care alone, for children aged 7–14 with moderate to severe asthma recruited from secondary care.It draws on qualitative interviews with participants in the feasibility study that investigated families’ and professionals’ views and experiences ofasthma, homeopathy and study participation
Cutting Edge Research in Homeopathy: HRI’s second international research conf...home
Rome, 3rde5th June 2015, was the setting for the Homeopathy Research Institute’s (HRI)
second conference with the theme ‘Cutting Edge Research in Homeopathy’. Attended by
over 250 delegates from 39 countries, this event provided an intense two and a half day
programme of presentations and a forum for the sharing of ideas and the creation of international
scientific collaborations. With 35 oral presentations from leaders in the field,
the scientific calibre of the programme was high and the content diverse. This report
summarises the key themes underpinning the cutting edge data presented by the
speakers, including six key-note presentations, covering advancements in both basic
and clinical research. Given the clear commitment of the global homeopathic community
to high quality research, the resounding success of both Barcelona 2013 and
Rome 2015 HRI conferences, and the dedicated support of colleagues, the HRI moves
confidently forward towards the next biennial conference
CORE-Hom: A powerful and exhaustive database of clinical trials in homeopathyhome
The CORE-Hom database was created to answer the need for a reliable and publicly available
source of information in the field of clinical research in homeopathy. As of May 2014
it held 1048 entries of clinical trials, observational studies and surveys in the field of homeopathy,
including second publications and re-analyses. 352 of the trials referenced in
the database were published in peer reviewed journals, 198 of which were randomised
controlled trials. The most often used remedies were Arnica montana (n = 103) and
Traumeel (n = 40). The most studied medical conditions were respiratory tract infections
(n = 126) and traumatic injuries (n = 110). The aim of this article is to introduce
the database to the public, describing and explaining the interface, features and content
of the CORE-Hom database.
Observations about controlled clinical trials expressed by Max Haidvogl
in the book Ultra High Dilution (1994) have been appraised from a perspective two
decades later. The present commentary briefly examines changes in homeopathy
research evidence since 1994 as regards: the published number of randomised controlled
trials (RCTs), the use of individualised homeopathic intervention, the ‘proven efficacy of
homeopathy’, and the quality of the evidence.
Clinical trial of homeopathy in rheumatoid arthritishome
The conclusion of the study that the effect was due to
‘consultation’ and not to the homeopathic remedy appears
to be biased for two reasons:
There was no substantial amelioration of the pathology
in any group to compare and on which to base conclusions.
The placebo effect in such deep pathology cases is superficial
and transient as the patient remains in essence with
the same frame of pathology.
Blisters and homeopathy: case reports and differential diagnosishome
Blisters are skin lesions characterized by accumulation of fluid between the layers of the
skin. Their severity varies from the common blisters caused by friction to severe autoimmune
and congenital bullous disorders, some of themcurrently without treatment in conventional
medicine or requiring drugs with potentially severe side-effects. This article
reports cases of blistering diseases successfully treated with homeopathic medicines,
which represent an alternative for the treatment of such disorders.
A short history of the development of homeopathy in Indiahome
Homeopathy was introduced in India the early 19th century. It flourished in Bengal at first,
and then spread all over India. In the beginning, the system was extensively practised by
amateurs in the civil and military services and others. Mahendra Lal Sircar was the first
Indian who became a homeopathic physician. A number of allopathic doctors started
homeopathic practice following Sircar’s lead. The ‘Calcutta Homeopathic Medical
College’, the first homeopathic medical college was established in 1881. This institution
took on a major role in popularising homeopathy in India.
In 1973, the Government of India recognised homeopathy as one of the national systems of
medicine and set up the Central Council of Homeopathy (CCH) to regulate its education
and practice. Now, only qualified registered homeopaths can practice homeopathy in
India. At present, in India, homeopathy is the third most popular method of medical treatment
after allopathy and Ayurveda. There are over 200,000 registered homeopathic doctors
currently, with approximately 12,000 more being added every year.
Utilization of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among children fr...home
A homeopathy user utilized on average homeopathic remedies worth EUR 15.28. The corresponding figure for herbal
drug users was EUR 16.02, and EUR 18.72 for overall medicinal CAM users.
CAM use among 15-year-old children in the GINIplus cohort is popular, but decreased noticeably compared
with children from the same cohort at the age of 10 years. This is possibly mainly because German health legislation
normally covers CAM for children younger than 12 years only.
Complementary medical health services: a cross sectional descriptive analysis...home
The clinic attracts people from a wide area in the metropolitan Toronto and surrounding region with
health concerns and diagnoses that are consistent with primary care, providing health education and addressing
acute and chronic health conditions. Further explorations into health services delivery from the broader
naturopathic or other complementary/alternative medical professions would provide greater context to these
findings and expand understanding of the patients and type of care being provided by these health professionals.
Prayer-for-health and complementary alternative medicine use among Malaysian ...home
CAM use was prevalent among breast cancer patients. Excluding PFH from the definition of CAM
reduced the prevalence of overall CAM use. Overall, CAM use was associated with higher education levels and
household incomes, advanced cancer and lower chemotherapy schedule compliance. Many patients perceived
MBP to be beneficial for improving overall well-being during chemotherapy. These findings, while preliminary,
clearly indicate the differences in CAM use when PFH is included in, and excluded from, the definition of CAM
Extreme sensitivity of gene expression in human SH-SY5Y neurocytes to ultra-l...home
The study shows that Gelsemium s., a medicinal plant used in traditional remedies and
homeopathy, modulates a series of genes involved in neuronal function. A small, but statistically significant,
response was detected even to very low doses/high dilutions (up to 30c), indicating that the human neurocyte
genome is extremely sensitive to this regulation.
Calcarea carbonica induces apoptosis in cancer cells in p53-dependent manner ...home
These observations delineate the significance of immuno-modulatory circuit during calcarea carbonicamediated
tumor apoptosis. The molecular mechanism identified may serve as a platform for involving calcarea
carbonica into immunotherapeutic strategies for effective tumor regression
P05.39. Clinical experiences of homeopaths participating in a study of the ho...home
Homeopathic medications and dietary protocols were
found to be easily adapted for use in a clinical trial. These
observations provide insights for future research in the
area of homeopathic treatment (for ADHD in particular
and of homeopathy in general) and provide insights for
the potential integration of homeopathic practice into conventional
settings.
P04.71. Acupuncture, self-care homeopathy, and practitioner-based homeopathy:...home
The relationship between acupuncture use and depression
deserves further investigation. Given high levels of
concern about overuse of antibiotics in respiratory infections,
further research into the efficacy and cost-effectiveness
of homeopathy for these conditions is
warranted. Hopefully, future versions of NHIS-CAM
will provide more realistic estimates of expenditures.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journey
A quantum-like model of homeopathy clinical trials: importance of in situ randomization and unblinding
1. ORIGINAL PAPER
A quantum-like model of homeopathy clinical
trials: importance of in situ randomization
and unblinding
Francis Beauvais*
91, Grande Rue, 92310 Sevres, France
Background: The randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the ‘gold standard’ of modern
clinical pharmacology. However, for many practitioners of homeopathy, blind RCTs
are an inadequate research tool for testing complex therapies such as homeopathy.
Methods: Classical probabilities used in biological sciences and in medicine are only a
special case of the generalized theory of probability used in quantum physics. I describe
homeopathy trials using a quantum-like statistical model, a model inspired by quantum
physics and taking into consideration superposition of states, non-commuting observ-
ables, probability interferences, contextuality, etc.
Results: The negative effect of blinding on success of homeopathy trials and the
‘smearing effect’ (‘specific’ effects of homeopathy medicine occurring in the placebo
group) are described by quantum-like probabilities without supplementary ad hoc hy-
potheses. The difference of positive outcome rates between placebo and homeopathy
groups frequently vanish in centralized blind trials. The model proposed here suggests
a way to circumvent such problems in masked homeopathy trials by incorporating
in situ randomization/unblinding.
Conclusion: In this quantum-like model of homeopathy clinical trials, success in open-
label setting and failure with centralized blind RCTs emerge logically from the formalism.
This model suggests that significant differences between placebo and homeopathy in
blind RCTs would be found more frequently if in situ randomization/unblinding was
used. Homeopathy (2013) 102, 106e113.
Keywords: Quantum probabilities; Entanglement; Contextuality; Non-local
interactions
“Inexplicable observations are not always signs of the
supernatural”
John Maddox1
Introduction
Homeopathic remedies are considered by many scien-
tists and physicians as implausible and ineffective. At best
they consider that homeopathy works, but only because of
the consultation.2,3
For many detractors of homeopathy,
the final word has been spoken with the study of Shang
et al.4e6
The authors of this study reported a comparison
of randomized placebo-controlled trials of homeopathy
and allopathy; they concluded that e despite comparable
quality of homeopathy and allopathy trials e the clinical ef-
fects ofhomeopathic medicines were not different from pla-
cebo effects. In contrast with allopathy, blinding of trials of
homeopathic drugs strongly decreased the probability of
success compared to open-label setting.
Although this study was heavily criticized,7e9
its
conclusions were not completely unexpected since the
main reason for rejection of homeopathy is the difficulty
for homeopathic remedies to pass successfully the test of
blind randomized controlled trials (RCTs), which is the
‘gold standard’ of modern clinical pharmacology. Some
supporters of homeopathy argue that blind RCTs are an
inadequate research tool for testing complex therapies
*Correspondence: Francis Beauvais, 91, Grande Rue, 92310
Sevres, France.
E-mail: beauvais@netcourrier.com
Received 16 November 2012; revised 28 January 2013; accepted
20 February 2013
Homeopathy (2013) 102, 106e113
Ó 2013 The Faculty of Homeopathy
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.homp.2013.02.006, available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com
2. such as homeopathy.10,11
In the present article, I propose a
possible way to increase the chance of demonstrating a
difference between homeopathy and control in blind RCTs.
Homeopathyandnon-localtheories
Homeopaths are convinced that homeopathy is effective,
but there is a debate among them about the way in which it
works.12
For many homeopaths, there is ‘something’ in the
homeopathic medicine, which explains the patient’s
response. In other words, there is a specific factor or cause
located in the water or in the granules that acts locally as
does a pharmacological compound. The ‘local’ explana-
tion e frequently referred as ‘Memory of Water’since Ben-
veniste’s experiments e is supported by some laboratory
investigations.13e17
In these experiments, the states of
biological systems were significantly different in the
presence of highly diluted pharmacological compounds
or corresponding controls. Shaking between each dilution
appeared to be necessary for ‘memory’ while some
physico-chemical treatments such as heating were reported
to erase it. However modification of water structure or local
information storage in high dilutions remains to be
convincingly demonstrated by physical methods.17
Besides the ‘classical’ hypothesis of local causality,
other authors have more recently proposed that the cause
of homeopathy effectiveness is not specifically located in
water samples or remedy. Instead they used concepts
derived from quantum physics, such as non-locality and
entanglement.18e21
Entanglement is a central concept of
quantum theory: two quantum systems isolated from
environment become entangled after interaction and as a
consequence they share a single quantum state. This
means that when a measurement occurs, the respective
outcomes of the two quantum systems are correlated.
Entanglement is also expected in systems that need both
local and global descriptions; if these descriptions are
complementary, then theoretical models predict non-local
correlations between the elements of the system.22,23
The authors who apply quantum concepts to homeopa-
thy differ in what is entangled among practitioner, patient
and medicine.12
Moreover, quantum physics describes
particles and atoms and quantum phenomena are supposed
to vanish in macroscopic world due to the decoherence
mechanism, which is related to the numerous interactions
of any macroscopic object with its environment. To over-
come this obstacle, Walach proposed applying a ‘general-
ized’ version of quantum theory to homeopathy, which
makes the theory applicable in more general contexts
than the original quantum physics.22,24
In the present article, I present a simple model for global
description of homeopathy trials. This model describes the
cognitive states of practitioner and patient using notions
from quantum physics such as superposition and non-
commuting observables. Operations are non-commutative
if changing the order of operations does not change the
result. For instance washing and drying clothes are not
commutative, the order in which the operations are carried
out makes a big difference to the outcome. Putting on socks
is commutative, the order in which they are put on makes
no difference to the outcome.
This modeling is in the spirit of an emerging discipline
named ‘quantum cognition’ at the frontiers of artificial in-
telligence, psychology and social sciences. Indeed, in some
research areas, which have in common the description of
cognition mechanisms and information processing in the
brain, quantum probabilities have been proposed to address
problems that were unresolved in a classical frame.25
A
quantum-like formalism has thus been applied to human
memory, information retrieval, decision making, opinion
forming, personality psychology, etc.26e30
This new
approach does not rest on the hypothesis that there is
something quantum mechanical about the physical brain.
The quantum formalism is simply used as a source of
alternative new tools such as contextuality or
entanglement. In these studies, the mental states of
agents were characterized by state vectors in Hilbert
space and, in several experimental models, quantum
probabilities had better predictive power than classical
probabilities. Some ‘paradoxical’ statistical data,
particularly in psychology and cognitive sciences, can be
modeled by this method.26,27,31e33
In order to make the notions of quantum physics more
easily understandable, I will draw a formal comparison be-
tween homeopathy trials and single-particle interference in
quantum physics. In both cases, contextuality has been
shown to play a chief role.
Fromsingle-particleinterferenceto
trialsofhomeopathy
Single-particle quantum interference illustrates the su-
perposition principle and some characteristics of quantum
probabilities. The classical two-slit interferometer of
Young is usually used for such a description, but the
MacheZehnder device has the advantage of including
only two detectors (D1 and D2) as depicted in
Figure 1.34
Light is emitted from a monochromatic light
source: 50% of light is transmitted by beam splitter
(BS1) in path T and 50% is reflected in path R. In BS2,
the two beams are combined and 50% of light is trans-
mitted by beam splitter in detector D1 and 50% in detector
D2. If light is considered as a wave, it can be calculated that
waves from the two paths are constructive when they arrive
in D1 and destructive in D2. Therefore, clicks after light
detection are heard only in D1. This is indeed what exper-
iment shows and it is an argument for the wave-like nature
of light.
On the contrary, if we consider light as a collection of
small balls (photons), they should randomly go into path
T or R (with a probability of 0.5 for each path) and then
in BS2 they go into D1 or D2 randomly (again with a prob-
ability of 0.5 for D1 or D2). As a consequence D1 should
click in 50% of cases and D2 in 50% of cases. However,
even if photons are emitted one by one (by decreasing light
intensity), the interference pattern persists (100% of clicks
in D1). This is a quite counterintuitive result. Even more
Quantum probabilities and homeopathy
F Beauvais
107
Homeopathy
3. astonishingly, this unexpected (non-classical) behavior dis-
appears if the initial path (Tor R) is detected by any means:
then either D1 or D2 clicks, each in 50% of cases (classical
probabilities apply) (Figure 1; lower drawing).
I draw an analogy between the one-particle interference
experiment and homeopathic trials, which appear to have
comparable mathematical structures. Indeed, according
to the context of the clinical trial (both observables e labels
and pair concordance e measured by patient/practitioner
vs. ‘external’ measure of labels), either only concordant
pairs (CP) (equivalent to detection in D1) or both CP/
discordant pairs (DP) (i.e., equivalent to random detection
by D1 and D2) are obtained (Figure 1 and Table 1). This
suggested that a quantum (or more precisely quantum-
like) model could be built to describe homeopathy trials,
including the ‘paradoxical’ failure of homeopathy blind
RCT.
Quantumprobability
In classical probability theory, probabilities add; if P1
and P2 are the probabilities for two events E1 and E2
(for example head or tail in a coin toss), the probability
for either event to occur is Prob(E1 or E2) = P1 + P2.
With quantum probabilities, there is a key difference. First,
we must write P1 = a2
and P2 = b2
; the letters a and b are
two (complex) numbers, named probability amplitudes and
their squares allow calculation of the corresponding prob-
abilities. The second key point is that for quantum proba-
bilities, probability amplitudes, not probabilities add:
Prob
À
E1 or E2
Á
¼ ða þ bÞ2
¼ P1 þ P2 þ interference term:
The interference term is thus added to or subtracted to the
classical probabilities to give quantum probabilities.
The objective of my study was to describe the possible
outcomes of the cognitive states of patient/practitioner in
different contexts. Mathematically, a state is represented
by a vector in a Hilbert space. Using the quantum
formalism, the cognitive state A of an agent (observer,
experimenter, practitioner or patient) is represented by a
state vector jjAi, which summarizes all the information
on the quantum system. The linear combination of any
states is itself a possible state (superposition principle).
Thus, if jA1i and jA2i are two possible states of the system,
then jjAi ¼ l1jA1i þ l2jA1i is also a possible state of A
(with l1 and l2 real or complex numbers). Therefore, a
quantum system exists in all its particular and theoretically
possible states. When the system is ‘measured’, only one
state among the possible states is observed. In the quantum
formalism, the probability to observejA1i is the square of
the probability amplitude l1 associated with this state.
An example of superposition that is directly observable
is the interference pattern observed in the two-slit experi-
ment. Interferences are the hallmark of superposed states
Figure 1 Interpretation of the outcomes of homeopathy trials as a
consequence of quantum-like interferences (for an experiment
with optimal interference term). A. In an open-label trial or with
in situ randomization and unblinding, the cognitive state of pa-
tient/practitioner (described by the state vector jPPi) is able to
interfere with itself (as a single-particle interferes with itself) and
the rate of correlated pairs is high. B. In a centralized blind RCT,
the cognitive state of PP cannot interfere with itself (there is no su-
perposition) and the rate of correlated pairs is not better than
random; ‘specific’ effects from homeopathy group are described
in placebo group (‘smearing effect’).
Table 1 Parallelism between single-photon interference
experiment with interferometer and randomized placebo-controlled
homeopathy trials
Interferometer
experiment
Randomized
placebo-controlled
homeopathy trials*
First path Path T PPPLA
l1
2
Prob(path T) Prob(PPPLA)
Second path Path R PPHOM
l2
2
Prob(path R) Prob(PPHOM)
Superposition
(quantum probabilities)
Path T and path R PPPLA and PPHOM
Outcome 1 100% Detector D1 100% ‘CP’
Outcome 2 0% Detector D2 0% ‘DP’
No superposition
(classical probabilities)
Path T or path R PPPLA or PPHOM
Outcome 1 50% Detector D1 50% ‘CP’y
Outcome 2 50% Detector D2 50% ‘DP’z
PP, cognitive state of the couple practitionerepatient; PLA, placebo
label; HOM, homeopathy label; Y, negative outcome; [, positive
outcome; T, transmission; R, reflection; CP, concordant pairs; DP,
discordant pairs.
* For an experiment with optimal correlations between labels and
outcome (and with l1
2
= l2
2
).
y
PPPLA with PPY or PPHOM with PP[.
z
PPPLA with PP[ or PPHOM with PPY.
Quantum probabilities and homeopathy
F Beauvais
108
Homeopathy
4. and are the heart of quantum physics. In a single-photon
interference experiment, if one can (even in principle)
distinguish the path each photon has taken, then interfer-
ences vanish and classical probabilities apply. In
Figure 1, the initial path (R or T) cannot be distinguished
in upper drawing, and interferences occur; in lower draw-
ing, paths are distinguished by measurement and conse-
quently classical probabilities apply (without interference
term).
The notion of ‘non-commuting observables’ is a key
concept of quantum probabilities. Technically speaking,
physical observables are mathematical ‘operators’ and
for each operator there is a spectrum of possible results,
which are named the ‘eigenvectors’ of the operator (they
constitute an orthogonal basis in the vector space). When
an operator is applied to a random state vector, the vector
is split into different components, which are the eigenvec-
tors of the operator. If the original state vector to be
observed is an eigenvector of the operator, then it is not
affected (this means that the value of the parameter to be
measured was already fixed before measurement). Two ob-
servables are said to commute with each other when they
share eigenvectors (the shared eigenvectors are not affected
by the measure of the other observable). As a consequence,
the outcomes will not differ according to the order of the
measurements.
When two observables are non-commuting, the set of ei-
genvectors of one observable (orthogonal basis) can be ex-
pressed as a linear combination of the set of eigenvectors of
the other observable; as a consequence, there are two
different bases for the same vector space and the outcomes
will be different according to the order of the measure-
ments.
Put more simply, different results according to experi-
mental devices (e.g., presence or absence of interference
pattern in Young’s experiment) are the consequence of
non-commuting observables. The different experimental
outcomes are said to be complementary, since both as-
pects (wave and photon) are necessary to describe the
system in terms of classical physics. Another conse-
quence is the establishment of non-local correlations be-
tween the different parts of the system, which are thus
entangled.
Quantum-likeformalismappliedtotrials
ofhomeopathy
Definitions
The purpose of a randomized controlled clinical trial is
to assess whether a therapy is associated more frequently
with a positive outcome than a placebo or a reference treat-
ment. No change or a worse outcome is referred as negative
outcome. For example, in a randomized placebo-controlled
homeopathy trial, one calculates whether the homeopathy
therapy (labelled HOM) is more frequently associated
with positive outcome denoted ‘[’ than placebo (PLA).
A negative outcome is denoted ‘Y’.
The aim of this formal description is to calculate the
probabilities of the possible cognitive states of the pa-
tient/practitioner before and after the trial. We define the
cognitive states of practitioner and patient by using a single
state vector: jjPrijjPai ¼ jjPrPai ¼ jPPi with eigenvectors
(i.e., state vectors of possible outcomes) written with in-
dexes corresponding to cognitive state. For example,
jPP[i summarizes the cognitive states of the couple pa-
tient/practitioner that are associated with positive outcome.
We define ‘CP’ as the association of the label PLA with
outcome ‘Y’ or the association of label HOM with outcome
‘[’ (i.e., CP are PPPLAPPY and PPHOMPP[); DP are defined
as the association of PLA label with outcome ‘[’ or the as-
sociation of HOM label with outcome ‘Y’ (i.e., DP are
PPPLAPP[ and PPHOMPPY).
Using this notation, Probclass(PPCP) is defined as the
classical probability for the cognitive states of patient/
practitioner associated with CP; Probquant(PPCP) is the
quantum probability of the cognitive states of patient/
practitioner associated with CP. Probclass(PPDP) and
Probquant(PPDP) are the respective classical and quantum
probabilities for DP.
It is important to note that we adopt the point of view of
an observer who describes the system formed by the cogni-
tive states of patient/practitioner, using concepts of quan-
tum mechanics. The observer knows the initial state of
the system and does not perform any measurement on
this system during its evolution (from randomization to
assessment of the CP).
First case: patient/practitioner measure both
observables
In this situation, we consider that patient/practitioner
‘measure’ both labels and pair concordance (Figure 1A).
The state vector of the cognitive state of patient/practi-
tioner is described in terms of the eigenvectors of the first
observable (PP indexed with labels PLA or HOM). From
the point of view of the observer defined above, for each
treatment chosen for a given patient by a given physician:
jjPrPai ¼ l1jPPPLAi þ l2jPPHOMi; (1)
l1
2
and l2
2
are the probabilities associated with label PLA or
label HOM after randomization, respectively.
The eigenvectors of the first observable (labels) are
developed on the eigenvectors of the second observable
(concordance of pairs). It is postulated that PP indexed
with ‘labels’ and PP indexed with ‘concordance of pairs’
are non-commuting observables:
jPPPLAi ¼ m11jPPCPi þ m12jPPDPi; (2)
jPPHOMi ¼ m21jPPCPi þ m22jPPDPi: (3)
Therefore, jjPrPai can be expressed as a superposed state
of jPPCPi and jPPDPi:
jjPrPai ¼ ðl1m11 þ l2m21ÞjPPCPi þ ðl1m12 þ l2m22ÞjPPDPi:
The probability of PPCP is the square of the probability
amplitude associated with its state:
Quantum probabilities and homeopathy
F Beauvais
109
Homeopathy
5. ProbquantðPPCPÞ ¼ jl1m11 þ l2m21j
2
:
Similarly, Probquant(PPDP) is calculated:
ProbquantðPPDPÞ ¼ jl1m12 þ l2m22j
2
:
Since m11
2
+ m12
2
= 1, m21
2
+ m22
2
= 1 and
Probquant(PPCP) + Probquant(PPDP) = 1, we can easily calculate
that m11m21 = Àm22m12, m11
2
= m22
2
and m12
2
= m21
2
. This means
that the matrix for change of basis is a rotation matrix (rotation
sense has beenchosenforproper association oflabels withpair
concordance):
m11 m12
m21 m22
¼
m11 Àm21
m21 m11
¼
cos q Àsin q
sin q cos q
:
Therefore, we can replace the probability amplitudes in
the equations calculated above:
jPPPLAi ¼ cos qjPPCPi À sin qjPPDPi; (4)
jPPHOMi ¼ sin qjPPCPi þ cos qjPPDPi; (5)
jjPrPai ¼ ðl1cos q þ l2sin qÞjPPCPi
þ ðl2cos q À l1sin qÞjPPDPi;
ProbquantðPPCPÞ ¼ jl1cos q þ l2sin qj
2
;
ProbquantðPPDPÞ ¼ jl2cos q À l1sin qj
2
:
Second case: one observable is measured by ‘outside’
supervisor (centralized blind RCT)
In a centralized blind RCT, the context changes; labels
are now measured/observed by a statistician or by the
main investigator who supervises the trial (Figure 1B).
This experimental situation is formally equivalent to a
which-path measurement in single-particle interference
experiment. Indeed, the information on the path must be
taken into account; therefore, conditional classical proba-
bilities, which include path data, must be used for calcula-
tion of the probability for the cognitive states of patient/
practitioner to be associated with CP:
ProbclassðPPCPÞ ¼ ProbðPPPLAÞ Â ProbðPPCPjPPPLAÞ
þ ProbðPPHOMÞ Â ProbðPPCPjPPHOMÞ:
With ProbðPPCPjPPPLAÞ ¼ cos2
q and ProbðPPCPj
PPHOMÞ ¼ sin2
q (see Eqs. (4) and (5)), we calculate:
ProbclassðPPCPÞ ¼ l2
1cos2
q þ l2
2sin2
q:
And similarly:
ProbclassðPPDPÞ ¼ l2
2cos2
q þ l2
1sin2
q:
We conclude that ProbquantðPPCPÞsProbclassðPPCPÞ in
the general case. In the squaring of the sum, we have ob-
tained an additional term 2l1l2cos qsin q, which is typical
of quantum probability interferences:
ProbquantðPPCPÞ À ProbclassðPPCPÞ ¼ 2l1l2sin qcos q:
Therefore, we dispose now of a simple description of
clinical trials for homeopathy (Table 2). Assuming non-
commuting observables and superposition of cognitive
states, this model describes 1) the establishment of corre-
lations when patient/practitioner measure both observ-
ables and 2) correlations not better than random in
trials with labels blinded by external supervisor. The
higher probability of CP in the first experimental situation
compared to the second one is due to the interference
term.
This formal description supports Walach’s suggestion
that if homeopathy effects are based on some form of
entanglement, then these effects cannot be treated caus-
ally.35
As a consequence, he predicted that placebo-
controlled trials and experiments that force the non-local
effect into a causal framework are not adequate.
Table 2 Summary of the quantum-like model describing open-label vs. double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trials of homeopathy
Non-commuting observables (q s 0) Commuting observables (q = 0)
With interference term
(superposition)
Without interference
term (no superposition)
Positive outcomes Yes* Yesy
Noz
Concordance of labels
and outcomesx
Highjj
Low NA
Probability of CP: Prob(PPCP) jl1cos q + l2sin qj2
l1
2
cos2
q + l2
2
sin2
q l1
2
Probability of DP: Prob(PPDP) jl2cos q À l1sin qj2
l2
2
cos2
q + l1
2
sin2
q l2
2
Corresponding
experimental situations
Open-label trial or in
situ randomization and
unblinding
Centralized blind RCT Only negative outcomes
NA: not applicable; RCT: randomized clinical trial.
* Probquant(PP[) = l1
2
 Probquant(PPDP) + l2
2
 Probquant(PPCP).
y
Probclass(PP[) = l1
2
 Prob(PP[jPPPLA) + l2
2
 Prob(PP[jPPHOM) = l1
2
sin2
q + l2
2
sin2
q = sin2
q.
z
Observables commute with cos q = 1 and sin q = 0; then Prob(PP[) = 0 and Prob(PPY) = 1 (only negative outcome is observed by practitioner
and patient; there is no positive outcome).
x
CP: PPPLA associated with PPY or PPHOM associated with PP[.
jj
For sin q = l2 (and consequently cos q = l1), the quantum interference term is maximal with Probquant(ACP) = 1 and Probquant(ADP) = 0.
Quantum probabilities and homeopathy
F Beauvais
110
Homeopathy
6. Whatdoesqstandfor?
In the proposed model, q is the only parameter to be
adjusted. This parameter allows the passage from classical
to quantum probabilities. When q = 0, the observables
commute:
jPPPLAi ¼ 1 Â jPPCPi À 0 Â jPPDPi ¼ jPPCPi;
jPPHOMi ¼ 0 Â jPPCPi þ 1 Â jPPDPi ¼ jPPDPi:
In this case, the two observables share their eigenvec-
tors: jPPPLAi ¼ jPPCPi and jPPHOMi ¼ jPPDPi. Thus, if
q = 0, PLA label is always associated with CP and HOM
label is always associated with DP; no positive outcome
is observed. This indicates that q s 0 (non-commuting ob-
servables) is necessary not only for high rate of CP, but also
for high rate of positive outcome. Note also that positive
outcome should be present in the experimental back-
ground: before the trial, the probability of positive outcome
to be spontaneously observed is low but not equal to zero
and thanks to entanglement, the rate of positive outcomes
increases.
The only postulates of the model are 1) non-commuting
observables (q s 0) and 2) superposition of the states of
PP. We simply enlarge the description of clinical trials
from classical probabilities to quantum probabilities;
indeed, classical probabilities are only a special case of
quantum probabilities (with q = 0).
I did not hypothesise what q stands for; this parameter
connects together expected effects (symbolized by labels)
and observed success/failure (concordance of pairs)
without making hypotheses on the underlying mecha-
nisms. Thus, q could summarize cognitive and mental phe-
nomena as different as empathy, physician’s experience,
expectation of patient and/or practitioner related to beliefs
about treatment effectiveness and other cultural beliefs,
Pavlovian conditioning, implicit learning, unconscious
mechanisms and unknown mechanisms.
This model does not rule out an entanglement of homeo-
pathic medicine with patient and/or practitioner as pro-
posed by some authors, but it does not support either
assumption.18,19,21,24
The homeopathic medicine appears
in the equations of the formalism through its label, i.e.,
its meaning or, in other words, the expected effect. The
only hypothesis that appears to be excluded is a strict
causal/local explanation, such as an ordinary
pharmacological effect. In this case, label blinding by
external supervisor would be without consequence on the
result of the RCT.
Smearingincontrolledtrialsof
homeopathy
Non-local correlations cannot be used to transmit infor-
mation; it has been pointed out that one consequence of
non-local theories was that e if the effects are treated caus-
ally e “they go away, change channel or do something
crazy”.35
Indeed, with entangled quantum objects, the
same randomness is observed at two distant locations,
but cannot be controlled and used to send useful informa-
tion.
Pilot studies of blind homeopathic pathogenetic trials
(HPTs, provings) suggest that such ‘channel change’
does indeed occur. In these HPTs, symptoms typical of
one remedy were found in another study group.36,37
One
of the reasons for the difficulties in obtaining significant
differences between placebo and homeopathy remedy in
blind trials could be related to ‘smearing’ between
placebo and homeopathy groups since the difference
between groups is then erased.6
‘Channel change’ between treatment groups emerges
from the formalism without additional hypotheses. For
example, we can calculate the probability of positive
outcome. For simplicity, we suppose that the probabilities
for a given patient to be randomized in homeopathy group
or in placebo group are equal (l1
2
= l2
2
= 0.5) and that the
concordance of pairs is optimal (cos q = l1 and sin q = l2).
In open-label setting, we calculate that as expected
Probquant(PPCP) = jl1cos q + l2sin qj2
= 1: all patients
who receive homeopathy have positive outcome and all pa-
tients who receive placebo have a negative outcome. In
blind setting, we calculate:
ProbclassðPPCPÞ ¼ l2
1cos2
q þ l2
2sin2
q ¼ 0:5;
ProbclassðPPDPÞ ¼ l2
2cos2
q þ l2
1sin2
q ¼ 0:5:
In other words, the proportion of patients in homeopathy
group associated with positive outcome is decreased to 0.5
in blind setting and half of patients in placebo group are
associated with positive outcome. The ‘smearing’ of posi-
tive outcomes from ‘active’ group to placebo group is thus
a direct consequence of the proposed formalism.
‘Channel changes’ have also been described during Ben-
veniste’s experiments. They were particularly obvious
when Benveniste’s team used the Langendorff system in
experimental protocols that were similar to blind RCTs;
these experiments and their ‘anomalies’ have been exten-
sively described elsewhere.38e42
Because Benveniste
searched for a local explanation to explain his results on
high dilutions and ‘digital biology’, the ‘channel
changes’ were considered as failures due to molecular
contamination, electromagnetic interferences, ‘jumps’ of
activity from sample to sample, errors of manipulation,
etc. Benveniste’s later work, based on ‘digital biology’
concepts and using an automated analyzer could not be
replicated by an independent team despite promising
initial results.43
Therefore, although the successive experi-
mental systems of Benveniste’s team benefited from
important methodological improvements, the weirdness
persisted and has been an obstacle to convincing other sci-
entists of the validity of the results.
The experiments with high dilutions in the basophil sys-
tem also exhibited comparable spreading of activity be-
tween samples in large-scale blind experiments. Both
Benveniste’s team15,44
and Sainte-Laudy and Belon (see
Quantum probabilities and homeopathy
F Beauvais
111
Homeopathy
7. Figure 2 in Ref. 45) have reported numerous experiments
with regular ‘waves’ of basophil degranulation (or inhibi-
tion of degranulation). In large-scale blind experiments
from the same authors, the mean difference between highly
diluted control and ‘active’ samples strongly decreased
and the usual regular patterns of degranulation according
to dilution titer vanished.13,15
Despite the small mean
difference between control and ‘active’ samples,
statistical significance was nevertheless achieved thanks
to the high statistical power of the experiments. The
detrimental consequences of blinding in these in vitro
experiments also suggest nonlocal correlations.40,46
Isan‘Aspectexperiment’possible?
The ‘successes’ or ‘failures’ of homeopathy trials appear
to be dependent on experimental context: as for a quantum
object, we can decide to observe either ‘waves’ (open-label
trial) or ‘particles’ (centralized blind trials). In the single-
particle interference experiment, there is no ‘failure’
when particles are observed and there is no ‘success’
when waves are observed. Waves and particles are two
complementary aspects of the same quantum object. Due
to these complementary aspects, if homeopathy trials
follow quantum logic, we are then faced with the impossi-
bility of getting significant correlations if we want to
‘prove’ the efficacy of homeopathy by blind RCTs, the cur-
rent ‘gold standard’ for evaluating treatments.
A recent double-blind study in patients with rheumatoid
arthritis concluded that homeopathic consultations, but not
homeopathic remedies, were associated with clinical
improvement.2
As pointed out by Milgrom, although these
results did not prove entanglement during homeopathy
therapy, they nevertheless reveal the efficacy of the homeo-
pathic consultation.3
This comment is valuable because it
means that homeopathic consultation could be a starting
point to study which parameters influence clinical
outcome.
Our quantum-like model suggests that the correlations
between positive outcomes and homeopathy treatment
observed in open-label conditions vanish in conditions
comparable to blind RCT. The crucial point is the measure-
ment/observation of the two observables: labels of treat-
ments and clinical outcomes. If both observables are
assessed by patient/practitioner, then non-local correla-
tions of cognitive states are possible (with the hypothesis
of noncommuting observables).
This suggests a method to overcome the ‘glass ceiling’
of blind RCTs in homeopathy. In this method, each practi-
tioner would receive two sets of treatment units (homeop-
athy medicine and placebo) under code names. After a
random choice of treatment by the physician, the patient
would receive the chosen treatment (A or B). After assess-
ment of clinical outcome, the result of each individual trial
would be recorded in an electronic device with no possibil-
ity of erasing or modifying it. Then, the treatment name
(stored in the memory of the device) e placebo or verum
e administered to patient would be unblinded to the pa-
tient/practitioner. By this method, the two observables
(treatment label and concordance of pairs) would be
‘measured’ locally. Therefore, all operations from random-
ization to unblinding would be performed in situ in doctor’s
office in a defined order without need of centralized super-
vision.
In an editorial in Homeopathy, Fisher noted that the hy-
potheses for nonlocal effects in homeopathy were not
proven and added: “A decisive ‘Aspect’ experiment has
not even been proposed, much less conducted”.12
Indeed,
the experiment performed by Aspect et al. in 1982 was a
convincing proof that the microscopic world was nonlocal
as predicted by quantum physics.47
Comparing in situ
randomization/unblinding vs. centralized supervision of
clinical trials could be the equivalent of the Aspect’s exper-
iment for quantum theories of homeopathy. Thus, positive
results in homeopathy blind RCT using the in situ method-
ology would be not only a means to circumvent the gold
standard, but also a very strong argument in favor of
nonlocal theories for homeopathy. Nor can we exclude
the possibility that non-local effects also occur in allopathy
trials and add to the causal/local pharmacological effect;
comparing in situ and centralized randomization/unblind-
ing in the same trial would give evidence of such effects.
Conclusion
Success in open-label setting and failure with centralized
blind RCTs emerge logically from the formalism in this
quantum-like model of homeopathy clinical trials. This
model suggests that the probability of observing significant
differences between placebo and homeopathy therapy in
blind RCTs would be increased by using in situ randomiza-
tion/unblinding.
Conflictofinterest
The author has no conflict of interest.
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