This document provides a guide for health researchers. It covers topics such as ethics in research, selecting research topics, research design, writing protocols, obtaining funding, implementing studies, analyzing and interpreting results, and communicating findings. The guide consists of 10 chapters that describe the various stages of the research process from planning to implementation to dissemination of results. It aims to provide practical guidance to researchers on conducting and communicating high-quality health research.
The American Legion Post 15 HR Employee Handbook includes policies such as an EEOC statement, anti-harassment policy and complaint procedure. It details the definition of harassment and individual, conduct covered and the complaint process. Additionally, the handbook includes Americans with Disabilities Act and ADA Amendments Act. Featured in the handbook also includes workplace safety policies, workplace expectations, compensation, time off and leaves of absence, and benefits provided by the American Legion Post 15.
The handbook is 35 pages, which meets not only Federal, but also State HR requirements.
The American Legion Post 15 HR Employee Handbook includes policies such as an EEOC statement, anti-harassment policy and complaint procedure. It details the definition of harassment and individual, conduct covered and the complaint process. Additionally, the handbook includes Americans with Disabilities Act and ADA Amendments Act. Featured in the handbook also includes workplace safety policies, workplace expectations, compensation, time off and leaves of absence, and benefits provided by the American Legion Post 15.
The handbook is 35 pages, which meets not only Federal, but also State HR requirements.
NTF is a digital asset that represents some real-world object like music, art, in-game items, or videos.
NFTs are bought and sold online, often with cryptocurrency, and are usually encoded with the same underlying software as many cryptos.
NFT stands for Non-fungible token. A fungible asset, like physical money and cryptocurrencies, can be traded or exchanged one for another.
Some experts feel they are “a bubble poised to pop,” while others believe NFTs are going to change investing forever.
In this special report, you will learn what NFTs are, how they can help your business and so much more.
Topics covered:
NFTs Explained
How NFTs Work
Risk Management
How to Get Started with NFTs
HSK 2 Chinese Intensive Reading H21003 汉语水平考试二级考试LEGOO MANDARIN
HSK 2 Chinese Intensive Reading H21003 汉语水平考试二级考试 - Exam-oriented Skills to Improve in Unique Smart Way! Version 2021 考题精讲及阅读技巧
The new HSK (Chinese Proficiency Test) is an international standardized exam that tests and rates Chinese language proficiency. It assesses non-native Chinese speakers’ abilities in using the Chinese language in their daily, academic and professional lives. HSK consists of six levels in version 2009.
The HSK 2 is intended for students who have mastered 300 commonly used words and related grammar patterns. We are expert in Chinese for foreigners, much earlier than the creation of HSK. We builds a huge database with 250,000 plus vocabulary with the best possible English translation to help foreigners understand Chinese better. We give the English Translation for main paragraph your better understanding. Meanwhile, we use footnotes to give vocabulary with the of HSK classification.
Combining our 27 years’ experience in Teaching and editing our own materials, here is the “LIFE SAVING” book called by many students for their exams. Grab this unique book!
Foreign Direct Investment and economic growth in small island developing stat...Jhary Yadav Nandishwar
Despite the worldwide record of FDI inflows experienced lately, inflows to SIDS were among the lowest, acquiring only 1.2% of the total share of developing countries. The role FDI has in SIDS is an issue hardly discussed in the economics literature given the low absolute amount of capital involved. The smallness and vulnerabilities of SIDS make it difficult for them to attract FDI even though FDI is a major driver of economic growth in these islands. This dissertation is aimed at analysing the effect foreign direct investment (FDI) has on economic growth of small island developing states (SIDS) and Mauritius. Taking a sample of 24 SIDS to econometrically assess the impact of FDI on economic growth, panel data regression is used with the random effect model for the period 1980-2010. The result indicates that FDI, GCF, trade openness, inflation and infrastructure are all statistically significant. Even though many SIDS were not taken into consideration due to data constraints, our results are consistent with the empirical finding available for SIDS such as Armstrong et al., (1998); Armstrong & Read, (1998a); Armstrong & Read, (2002); Read (2002).For Mauritius, the ARDL-ECM approach is used and it has been found that GCF only has short-run significance and not long-run. This dissertation also presents extensive examination of theoretical and empirical evidence on the factors influencing FDI and economic growth. Most studies conclude that FDI is conducive to growth.
KEYWORDS: Foreign Direct Investment, FDI, SIDS, Panel Data Regression, Random Effect Model, ARDL-ECM, Mauritius
This second Punjab Economic Report (PER) 2007 follows the pattern of the first PER published in March 2005. PER II aims to document the progress made in 12 key areas during the two years following the publication of PER I. The choice of sectors was based on the areas identified in the first report and the dominant policy framework in Punjab. Punjab’s policy framework is encapsulated in the Chief Minister’s Vision 2020, which highlights a comprehensive set of strategies to achieve socioeconomic development in the province.
This comprehensive document was created by Dr. Craig Brown. This document is a walking road map to what a single person could use to create, improve, rejuventate or otherwise lead a local BDPA chapter. Revised: March 2013
This handout is connected to the Mentoring Program Evaluation & Goals webinar from Monday, May 16, 2011, as part of the free monthly webinar series from Friends for Youth's Mentoring Institute.
Sentrifugo user guide provides information about configuration settings and each module usage.
Download the latest version of Sentrifugo at http://www.sentrifugo.com/download.
NTF is a digital asset that represents some real-world object like music, art, in-game items, or videos.
NFTs are bought and sold online, often with cryptocurrency, and are usually encoded with the same underlying software as many cryptos.
NFT stands for Non-fungible token. A fungible asset, like physical money and cryptocurrencies, can be traded or exchanged one for another.
Some experts feel they are “a bubble poised to pop,” while others believe NFTs are going to change investing forever.
In this special report, you will learn what NFTs are, how they can help your business and so much more.
Topics covered:
NFTs Explained
How NFTs Work
Risk Management
How to Get Started with NFTs
HSK 2 Chinese Intensive Reading H21003 汉语水平考试二级考试LEGOO MANDARIN
HSK 2 Chinese Intensive Reading H21003 汉语水平考试二级考试 - Exam-oriented Skills to Improve in Unique Smart Way! Version 2021 考题精讲及阅读技巧
The new HSK (Chinese Proficiency Test) is an international standardized exam that tests and rates Chinese language proficiency. It assesses non-native Chinese speakers’ abilities in using the Chinese language in their daily, academic and professional lives. HSK consists of six levels in version 2009.
The HSK 2 is intended for students who have mastered 300 commonly used words and related grammar patterns. We are expert in Chinese for foreigners, much earlier than the creation of HSK. We builds a huge database with 250,000 plus vocabulary with the best possible English translation to help foreigners understand Chinese better. We give the English Translation for main paragraph your better understanding. Meanwhile, we use footnotes to give vocabulary with the of HSK classification.
Combining our 27 years’ experience in Teaching and editing our own materials, here is the “LIFE SAVING” book called by many students for their exams. Grab this unique book!
Foreign Direct Investment and economic growth in small island developing stat...Jhary Yadav Nandishwar
Despite the worldwide record of FDI inflows experienced lately, inflows to SIDS were among the lowest, acquiring only 1.2% of the total share of developing countries. The role FDI has in SIDS is an issue hardly discussed in the economics literature given the low absolute amount of capital involved. The smallness and vulnerabilities of SIDS make it difficult for them to attract FDI even though FDI is a major driver of economic growth in these islands. This dissertation is aimed at analysing the effect foreign direct investment (FDI) has on economic growth of small island developing states (SIDS) and Mauritius. Taking a sample of 24 SIDS to econometrically assess the impact of FDI on economic growth, panel data regression is used with the random effect model for the period 1980-2010. The result indicates that FDI, GCF, trade openness, inflation and infrastructure are all statistically significant. Even though many SIDS were not taken into consideration due to data constraints, our results are consistent with the empirical finding available for SIDS such as Armstrong et al., (1998); Armstrong & Read, (1998a); Armstrong & Read, (2002); Read (2002).For Mauritius, the ARDL-ECM approach is used and it has been found that GCF only has short-run significance and not long-run. This dissertation also presents extensive examination of theoretical and empirical evidence on the factors influencing FDI and economic growth. Most studies conclude that FDI is conducive to growth.
KEYWORDS: Foreign Direct Investment, FDI, SIDS, Panel Data Regression, Random Effect Model, ARDL-ECM, Mauritius
This second Punjab Economic Report (PER) 2007 follows the pattern of the first PER published in March 2005. PER II aims to document the progress made in 12 key areas during the two years following the publication of PER I. The choice of sectors was based on the areas identified in the first report and the dominant policy framework in Punjab. Punjab’s policy framework is encapsulated in the Chief Minister’s Vision 2020, which highlights a comprehensive set of strategies to achieve socioeconomic development in the province.
This comprehensive document was created by Dr. Craig Brown. This document is a walking road map to what a single person could use to create, improve, rejuventate or otherwise lead a local BDPA chapter. Revised: March 2013
This handout is connected to the Mentoring Program Evaluation & Goals webinar from Monday, May 16, 2011, as part of the free monthly webinar series from Friends for Youth's Mentoring Institute.
Sentrifugo user guide provides information about configuration settings and each module usage.
Download the latest version of Sentrifugo at http://www.sentrifugo.com/download.
THE IMPACT OF SOCIALMEDIA ON ENTREPRENEURIAL NETWORKSDebashish Mandal
This is the actual Research Proposal runs in to 70 pages. The primary purpose of this research is to examine the process of adoption of social media in
small businesses and investigate the impact it has on the business network of the
owner/entrepreneur. The intended output of the investigation is to construct a robust social
media adoption model specifically designed for small business. The model will be designed
in a manner which will be helpful for practitioners and academics alike.
Comprehensive Multi-year Plan - Universal Immunization Program -
In India Universal Immunization Program - (UIP) is bring forward by the Government, UIP ( Universal Immunization Program) in India is among the most successful vaccination program and cost-effective public health interventions.
Routine Immunization Program in India, Immunization Technical Support, routine immunization services in India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Adverse Event Following Immunization Secretariat, Vaccine logistics and supply chain,Universal Immunization Program in India
The Perspectives of Agricultural Extension” aims at providing AICM students with an understanding of the perspectives of agricultural extension. Specifically, the module aims to:
Enable student understanding of agricultural extension perspectives in the current changing scenario of agriculture
Enhance students’ understanding of Information and Communication Technology and Management within the existing agricultural extension system and the changes that need to be considered
Produce graduates who understand the importance of agricultural information communication management and are self-sufficient in applying it in their agricultural extension practice
Produce graduates who will strengthen the capacity of the extension system in the area of Information and Communication Management (ICM)so as to provide services in technology diffusion and uptake
The course module is divided into thirteen topics in total.
Each topic in the module consists of an introduction, objectives, outcomes and summary.
Assessment activities in the form of assignments, field work, cases studies and reflections are also found under all the topics except topic five. These activities will help you in your attempt to learn, critically analyse and understand the contents of the topics.
Each topic in the module consists of an introduction, objectives, outcomes and summary. Assessment activities in the form of assignments, field work, cases studies and reflections are also found under all the topics except topic five. These activities will help you in your attempt to learn, critically analyse and understand the contents of the topics.
Acute heart failure: diagnosing and managing acute heart failure in adultsEmergency Live
The need for this guideline was identified as the NICE guidelines on chronic heart failure were being updated. We recognised at this time that there were important aspects of the diagnosis and management of acute heart failure that were not being addressed by the chronic heart failure guideline, which focussed on long term management rather than the immediate care of someone who is acutely unwell as a result of heart failure. The aim of this guideline is to provide guidance to the NHS on the diagnosis and management of acute heart failure.
Heart failure is a condition in which the heart does not pump enough blood to meet all the needs of the body. It is caused by heart muscle damage or dysfunction, valve problems, heart rhythm disturbances and other rarer causes. Acute heart failure can present as new-onset heart failure in people without known cardiac dysfunction, or as acute decompensation of chronic heart failure.
Acute heart failure is a common cause of admission to hospital (over 67,000 admissions in England and Wales per year) and is the leading cause of hospital admission in people 65 years or older in the UK.
This guideline includes important aspects of the diagnosis and management of acute heart failure that are not addressed by the NICE guideline on chronic heart failure (NICE clinical guideline 108). The guideline on chronic heart failure focused on long-term management rather than the immediate care of someone who is acutely unwell as a result of heart failure.
This guideline covers the care of adults (aged 18 years or older) who have a diagnosis of acute heart failure, have possible acute heart failure, or are being investigated for acute heart failure. It includes the following key clinical areas.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
How to Give Better Lectures: Some Tips for Doctors
A practical guide for health researchers
1.
2. WHO Regional Publications Eastern Mediterranean Series 30
A Practical Guide
for
Health Researchers
Mahmoud F. Fathalla
Mohamed M. F. Fathalla
World Health Organization
Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
Cairo, 2004
3.
4. Contents
Foreword ...........................................................................................................7
Preface .......................................................................................................................... 9
Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................... 10
Chapter 1. Introduction and overview.......................................................................... 11
References and additional sources of information ...................................................... 19
Chapter 2. Ethics in health research ........................................................................... 20
2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 20
2.2 General ethical principles................................................................................... 21
2.3 Responsibility for ethics in health research........................................................ 22
2.4 Ethics committees .............................................................................................. 22
2.5 Ethical considerations throughout the research process.................................... 23
References and additional sources of information ...................................................... 24
Chapter 3. What research to do? ................................................................................ 25
3.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 25
3.2 Selection of a field for research.......................................................................... 26
3.3 Drivers for health research ................................................................................. 29
3.4 Participation in collaborative international research........................................... 32
3.5 Participation in pharmaceutical company research............................................ 34
3.6 Where do research ideas come from? ............................................................... 36
3.7 Criteria for a good research topic....................................................................... 39
References and additional sources of information ...................................................... 41
Chapter 4. Planning the research................................................................................ 43
4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 43
4.2 Types of research design ................................................................................... 44
4.3 Selecting a research design............................................................................... 47
4.4 Defining and refining the research question....................................................... 49
4.5 Generating the research hypothesis .................................................................. 50
4.6 Study sample...................................................................................................... 50
4.7 Sample size........................................................................................................ 52
4.8 Measurement ..................................................................................................... 54
4.9 Planning qualitative research ............................................................................. 55
4.10 A note on questionnaire design.......................................................................... 57
4.11 A note on research in health economics ............................................................ 58
4.12 Ethics in research design ................................................................................... 59
References and additional sources of information ...................................................... 62
5. Chapter 5. Writing the research protocol..................................................................... 65
5.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 65
5.2 Format for the protocol ....................................................................................... 66
References and additional sources of information ...................................................... 71
Chapter 6. Submitting a research proposal ................................................................. 72
6.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 72
6.2 How to get your research project funded ........................................................... 72
6.3 Components of a research proposal .................................................................. 75
References and additional sources of information ...................................................... 78
Chapter 7. Implementing the research project ............................................................ 79
7.1 Introduction......................................................................................................... 79
7.2 Scientific rigour................................................................................................... 79
7.3 Pre-testing the protocol ...................................................................................... 80
7.4 Monitoring of the study....................................................................................... 80
7.5 Periodic tabulations and reports......................................................................... 82
7.6 Validation of results in qualitative research ........................................................ 82
7.7 Good clinical practice ......................................................................................... 82
7.8 Research on new pharmaceutical products ....................................................... 83
7.9 Termination of the study ..................................................................................... 84
7.10 Changes in the protocol ..................................................................................... 84
7.11 Ethical issues in the implementation of the study .............................................. 85
References and additional sources of information ...................................................... 86
Chapter 8. Describing and analysing research results ................................................ 87
8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 87
8.2 Descriptive statistics........................................................................................... 87
8.3 Tabulation........................................................................................................... 88
8.4 Calculations ....................................................................................................... 89
8.5 Graphs/figures.................................................................................................... 91
8.6 Correlation.......................................................................................................... 91
8.7 Inferential statistics ............................................................................................ 93
8.8 What statistical tests tell us ................................................................................ 95
8.9 Selection of statistical test ................................................................................. 98
8.10 Examples of some common statistical tests..................................................... 101
8.11 Description and analysis of results of qualitative research............................... 102
References and additional sources of information .................................................... 105
Chapter 9. Interpreting research results.................................................................... 106
9.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 106
9.2 Interpreting descriptive statistics...................................................................... 106
9.3 Interpreting “statistical significance” ................................................................. 107
9.4 Bias .................................................................................................................. 107
9.5 Confounding..................................................................................................... 109
6. 9.6 Making the case for causation......................................................................... 110
9.7 Interpreting end points to measure the outcome ........................................... 112
9.8 Interpreting studies of risk factors ................................................................... 112
9.9 Interpreting studies of diagnostic tests............................................................ 114
9.10 Interpreting studies that report the results of interventions............................. 116
9.11 Interpreting results of qualitative research ..................................................... 116
References and additional sources of information .................................................... 117
Chapter 10. Communicating research....................................................................... 119
10.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 119
10.2 Communicating to scientists ........................................................................... 120
10.3 Communicating to funding agencies ............................................................... 123
10.4 Communicating to health professionals .......................................................... 124
10.5 Communicating to policy-makers .................................................................... 125
10.6 Communicating to patients.............................................................................. 127
10.7 Communicating to the community................................................................... 127
10.8 Communicating to the public........................................................................... 127
10.9 Communicating to the public media ................................................................ 128
References and additional sources of information .................................................... 129
Chapter 11. Writing a scientific paper........................................................................ 130
11.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 130
11.2 Selecting a title for the paper........................................................................... 131
11.3 Writing the abstract and key words ................................................................. 131
11.4 Article structure ............................................................................................... 132
11.5 Writing the Introduction ................................................................................... 132
11.6 Writing the Methods section............................................................................ 132
11.7 Writing the Results .......................................................................................... 134
11.8 Writing the Discussion and Conclusions ......................................................... 137
11.9 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ 138
11.10 Citation of references ...................................................................................... 139
11.11 Steps in the process of writing a paper ........................................................... 140
11.12 Revision of the manuscript for scientific content ............................................. 141
11.13 Revision of the manuscript for style ................................................................ 142
11.14 Writing a case report ....................................................................................... 144
11.15 Writing a secondary scientific paper ............................................................... 145
11.16 Writing a paper on qualitative research........................................................... 147
11.17 The dissertation or thesis ................................................................................ 147
References and additional sources of information .................................................... 149
Chapter 12. Publishing a scientific paper .................................................................. 151
12.1 Introduction...................................................................................................... 151
12.2 How to get your paper published..................................................................... 151
12.3 Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals........ 153
12.4 Summary of technical instructions for submission of papers .......................... 154
7. 12.5 Sending the manuscript to the journal.............................................................. 155
12.6 After submitting the manuscript ....................................................................... 155
12.7 Authorship in scientific papers.......................................................................... 156
12.8 Patents and publication .................................................................................... 157
12.9 Ethics in scientific publication........................................................................... 157
References and additional sources of information .................................................... 161
Chapter 13. Making a scientific presentation............................................................. 162
13.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 162
13.2 Planning of the presentation ............................................................................ 162
13.3 Preparation....................................................................................................... 163
13.4 Presentation ..................................................................................................... 167
13.5 Guide to how to give a “bad” presentation........................................................ 169
References and additional sources of information .................................................... 170
Chapter 14. Assessment and evaluation of research ................................................ 172
14.1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 172
14.2 Assessment and evaluation by researchers..................................................... 173
14.3 Assessment and evaluation by health professionals........................................ 175
14.4 Assessment and evaluation by policy-makers.................................................. 177
14.5 Assessment and evaluation by investors in research....................................... 180
References and additional sources of information .................................................... 183
Annex 1. World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki Ethical
principles for medical research involving human subjects ...................... 185
Annex 2. International ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving
human subjects....................................................................................... 191
Annex 3. Searching the literature........................................................................... 201
Annex 4. Guidelines on how to write references for scientific papers .................... 210
Annex 5. Bangkok Declaration on Health Research for Development ................... 214
Glossary of terms in health research ........................................................................ 216
20. Introduction and overview 19
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30. What research to do? 29
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35. 34 A practical guide for health researchers
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36. What research to do? 35
3.5.2 Concerns about participation in industry-sponsored
research
37. 36 A practical guide for health researchers
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3.6.1 Searching the medical literature
38. What research to do? 37
3.6.2 New initiatives for expanding access to the scientific
literature
Open access
Health InterNetwork Access to Research Initiative (HINARI)
39. 38 A practical guide for health researchers
Eastern Mediterranean Region Virtual Health Sciences Library
PubMed Central
40. What research to do? 39
Eastern Mediterranean Region Index Medicus
3.7 Criteria for a good research topic
Feasibility
41. 40 A practical guide for health researchers
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42. What research to do? 41
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InternationalCommitteeofMedicalJournalEditors.Uniformrequirementsformanuscripts
submitted to biomedical journals: writing and editing for biomedical publication. Updated
November 2003. (http://www.icmje.org accessed 24/2/2004)
Malterad K. Qualitative research: standards, challenges, and guidelines. Lancet, 2001,
358: 483–88.
Lester JD, Lester JD, Jr. Writing research papers: a complete guide, 10th edition. New
York, Longman, 2002.
Pearce N. Style:What is it and does it matter? In: Hall GM, ed. How to write a paper, 2nd
edition. London, BMJ Books, 1998: 116–121.
Pipkin FB. How a thesis or dissertation is assessed or examined. In: O’Brien PMS, Pipkin
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Skelton JR, Edwards SJL. The function of the discussion section in academic medical
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Wildsmith JAW. How to write a case report. In: Hall GM, ed. How to write a paper. 2nd
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152. Chapter 12
Publishing a scientific paper
12.1 Introduction
12.2 How to get your paper published
The message
153. 152 A practical guide for health researchers
Matching the topic and the journal
Scientific validity
Quality of the manuscript
154. Publishing a scientific paper 153
12.3 Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to
biomedical journals
155. 154 A practical guide for health researchers
12.4 Summary of technical instructions for submission of
papers
156. Publishing a scientific paper 155
12.5 Sending the manuscript to the journal
12.6 After submitting the manuscript
157. 156 A practical guide for health researchers
12.7 Authorship in scientific papers
158. Publishing a scientific paper 157
12.8 Patents and publication
12.9 Ethics in scientific publication
12.9.1 Credit
12.9.2 Respect of copyright
159. 158 A practical guide for health researchers
12.9.3 Conflict of interest
12.9.4 Redundant or duplicate publication
160. Publishing a scientific paper 159
Acceptable secondary publication
12.9.5 Protection of patients’ rights to privacy
161. 160 A practical guide for health researchers
12.9.6 Release of results to public media
12.9.7 Scientific fraud
12.9.8 Ethical responsibility of journal editors
162. Publishing a scientific paper 161
References and additional sources of information
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Byrne DW. Publishing Your Medical Research Paper. What they don’t teach in medical
school. New York, London, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1998.
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163. Chapter 13
Making a scientific presentation
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Planning of the presentation
164. Making a scientific presentation 163
13.3 Preparation
13.3.1 Preparation of text
13.3.2 Preparation of visual aids: speaking visually
Objectives for using visual aids
166. Making a scientific presentation 165
Tips in slide preparation
Computer software
167. 166 A practical guide for health researchers
Overhead transparencies
168. Making a scientific presentation 167
Computer-assisted presentation
13.3.3 Rehearsal
13.4 Presentation
169. 168 A practical guide for health researchers
Getting ready
Speaking well
Managing slides
170. Making a scientific presentation 169
Keeping to time
Answering questions
13.5 Guide to how to give a “bad” presentation
171. 170 A practical guide for health researchers
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174. Assessment and evaluation of research 173
14.2 Assessment and evaluation by researchers
14.2.1 Reading a research paper
175. 174 A practical guide for health researchers
14.2.2 Peer review
176. Assessment and evaluation of research 175
14.3 Assessment and evaluation by health professionals
14.3.1 Levels of evidence
14.3.2 Systematic reviews and meta-analyses
177. 176 A practical guide for health researchers
14.3.3 Cochrane Collaboration
183. 182 A practical guide for health researchers
Impact on wealth creation
184. Assessment and evaluation of research 183
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186. Annex 1
World Medical Association
Declaration of Helsinki
Ethical principles for medical
research involving human subjects
A. Introduction
187. 186 A practical guide for health researchers
B. Basic principles for all medical research
192. Annex 2
International ethical guidelines for
biomedical research involving human
subjects
Guideline 1: Ethical justification and scientific validity of
biomedical research involving human beings
Guideline 2: Ethical review committees
193. 192 A practical guide for health researchers
Guideline 3: Ethical review of externally sponsored research
Guideline 4: Individual informed consent
Guideline 5: Obtaining informed consent: Essential
information for prospective research subjects
195. 194 A practical guide for health researchers
Guideline 6: Obtaining informed consent: Obligations of
sponsors and investigators
196. Biomedical research involving human subjects 195
Guideline 7: Inducement to participate
Guideline 8: Benefits and risks of study participation
197. 196 A practical guide for health researchers
Guideline 9: Special limitations on risk when research
involves individuals who are not capable of giving informed
consent
Guideline 10: Research in populations and communities with
limited resources
Guideline 11: Choice of control in clinical trials
198. Biomedical research involving human subjects 197
Guideline 12: Equitable distribution of burdens and benefits
in the selection of groups of subjects in research
Guideline 13: Research involving vulnerable persons
Guideline 14: Research involving children
Guideline 15: Research involving individuals who by reason
of mental or behavioural disorders are not capable of giving
adequately informed consent
199. 198 A practical guide for health researchers
Guideline 16: Women as research subjects
Guideline 17: Pregnant women as research participants
Guideline 18:Safeguarding confidentiality
200. Biomedical research involving human subjects 199
Guideline 19: Right of injured subjects to treatment and
compensation
Guideline 20: Strengthening capacity for ethical and scientific
review and biomedical research
Guideline 21: Ethical obligation of external sponsors to
provide health-care services
202. Annex 3
Searching the literature
1. The US National Library of Medicine
MEDLINE
PubMed
203. 202 A practical guide for health researchers
PubMed Central
MeSH (Medical Subject Headings)
MEDLINE search
204. Searching the literature 203
2. Searching the internet
The internet and the World Wide Web
Search engines
205. 204 A practical guide for health researchers
Search using subject directories
Using a keyword search
Boolean logic
206. Searching the literature 205
Health information on the web
3. Free access to medical journals on the internet
207. 206 A practical guide for health researchers
Open Access links
208. Searching the literature 207
4. Searching the Health InterNetwork Access to Research
Initiative (HINARI)
Using journals through HINARI
Finding journals
Finding articles
Indexes to regional journals
209. 208 A practical guide for health researchers
Reference sources full text
Links to other free collections
HINARI registration
5. Searching library resources of the WHO Regional Office
for the Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO)