A NEWVIEW OF GRAVITY
Entropy and Gravity may be crucial concepts for explaining roots of familiar force.
Gravity may be defined as masses attract each other. To scholars you could explain that space-
time is warped by mass Or that without gravity, the laws of physics would differ for people
moving at changing velocities.
Such a simple question, has defied a direct answer for centuries. A flurry of recent papers have
examined this new idea, which mixes principles from string theory and black hole physics with
basic old-fashioned thermodynamics.
Nobody has expressed the gravity-as-entropy except theorist Erik Verlinde of the University of
Amsterdam in an online paper(arXiv.org/abs/1001.0785v1). His recipe replicates Newton\'s law
of gravitational attraction, and then with some additional mathematical seasoning he arrives at
Einstein\'s general relativity, the modern and undefeated champion of gravity theories.
Verlinde\'s analysis indicates that gravity emerges from physical dynamics analogous to basic
thermodynamic processes. \"Using only … concepts like energy, entropy and temperature,\" he
writes, \"Newton\'s laws appear naturally and practically unavoidably.\"
some extending Verlinde\'s idea to encompass the history of the universe. Rapid expansion just
after the Big Bang and the more recent accelerating expansion of the universe might all fit into
the entropic-gravity picture of reality.
Entropy means \"disorder,\" with a tendency for higher entropy taken to mean that things like to
get messier any system not resupplied with useful energy reaches equilibrium, and entropy is
maximized. More technically, it is a measure of how likely a system is to be in its particular
configuration. Low entropy describes systems with a very improbable arrangement of their parts.
Curiously, the equations relating entropy to probability are precisely the same as the math used
by computer scientists to quantify information. As the molecules spread out, information about
their location diminishes and entropy rises.
Such loss of information--or increasing entropy--drives many natural processes, such as osmosis,
the mysterious migration of water across a membrane.
In 1995, Ted Jacobson of the University of Maryland demonstrated that the equations of
Einstein\'s general theory of relativity could be derived from basic thermodynamic principles,
who discovered parallels between ordinary thermodynamics and the physics of black holes.
Bekenstein showed that a black hole has entropy, determined by all the matter and energy it has
swallowed. Hawking demonstrated that black holes have a temperature. Since black holes are
basically nothing more than pure gravity.
In 1993 Dutch Nobel physics laureate Gerard \'t Hooft. proposed that reality shares common
features with holograms, like the flashy images embedded in credit cards that store apparently
three-dimensional information on a flat surface. In a similar way, \'t Hooft asserted, information
about the contents in three-d.
The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitwor.docxssusera34210
The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitworth
2
The Physical World as a Virtual Reality
Brian Whitworth
Massey University, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand
E-mail: [email protected]
Not only is the universe stranger than we imagine, it is stranger than we can imagine
Sir Arthur Eddington
Abstract
This paper explores the idea that the universe is a virtual reality created by information
processing, and relates this strange idea to the findings of modern physics about the physical
world. The virtual reality concept is familiar to us from online worlds, but our world as a virtual
reality is usually a subject for science fiction rather than science. Yet logically the world could be
an information simulation running on a multi-dimensional space-time screen. Indeed, if the
essence of the universe is information, matter, charge, energy and movement could be aspects of
information, and the many conservation laws could be a single law of information conservation.
If the universe were a virtual reality, its creation at the big bang would no longer be paradoxical,
as every virtual system must be booted up. It is suggested that whether the world is an objective
reality or a virtual reality is a matter for science to resolve. Modern information science can
suggest how core physical properties like space, time, light, matter and movement could derive
from information processing. Such an approach could reconcile relativity and quantum theories,
with the former being how information processing creates space-time, and the latter how it
creates energy and matter.
Key words: Digital physics, virtual reality, information theory
Modern online games show that information processing can create virtual “worlds”, with their
own time, space, entities and objects, e.g. “The Sims”. However that our physical world is a
virtual reality (VR) is normally considered a topic of science fiction, religion or philosophy, not a
theory of physics. Yet the reader is asked to keep an open mind, as one should at least consider a
theory before rejecting it. This paper asks if a world that behaves just like the world we live in
could arise from a VR simulation. It first defines what VR theory entails, asks if it is logically
possible, then considers if it explains known facts better than other theories.
Strange Physics
While virtual reality theory seems strange, so do other current theories of physics, e.g. the many-
worlds view of quantum physics proposes that each quantum choice divides the universe into
parallel universes [1], so everything that can happen does in fact happen somewhere, in an
inconceivable “multi-verse’ of parallel universes. This is a minority view but surprisingly
popular. Even relatively main-stream physics theories are quite strange. Guth’s inflationary model
suggests that our universe is just one of many “bubble universes” produced by the big bang [2].
String theory suggests the physical world could have 9 s ...
WAVE-VISUALIZATION
1. Information gleaned from various sources. -“A BRIEF DESCRIPTION” - -Quantum physics is the physical theory that describes the behavior of matter, radiation and all their interactions views as both wave phenomena as either particle phenomena (wave-particle duality), unlike the classical Newtonian physics based on Isaac Newton's theories or, which sees for example the light just like wave and the electron just as a particle. ***In May 1926, Schrödinger proved that Heisenberg's matrix mechanics and his own wave mechanics made the same predictions about the properties and behaviour of the electron; mathematically, the two theories had an underlying common form. Yet the two men disagreed on the interpretation of their mutual theory. For instance, Heisenberg accepted the theoretical prediction of jumps of electrons between orbitals in an atom, but Schrödinger hoped that a theory based on continuous wave-like properties could avoid what he called (as paraphrased by Wilhelm Wien) "this nonsense about quantum jumps." The reconceived theory is formulated in various specially developed mathematical formalisms. In one of them, a mathematical function, the wave function, provides information about the probability amplitude of position, momentum, and other physical properties of a particle. Important applications of quantum mechanical theory include uperconducting magnets, light-emitting diodes and the laser, the transistor and semicoductors such as the microprocessor, medical and research imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging magnetic resonance and electron microscopy, and explanations for many biological and physical phenomena. Wave–particle duality is the fact that every elementary particle or quantic entity exhibits the properties of not only particles, but also waves. It addresses the inability of the classical concepts "particle" or "wave" to fully describe the behavior of quantum-scale objects. As Einstein wrote: "It seems as though we must use sometimes the one theory and sometimes the other, while at times we may use either. We are faced with a new kind of difficulty. We have two contradictory pictures of reality; separately neither of them fully explains the phenomena of light, but together they do". The wave view did not immediately displace the ray and particle view, but began to dominate scientific thinking about light in the mid 19th century, since it could explain polarization phenomena that the alternatives could not
The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitwor.docxssusera34210
The physical world as a virtual reality, Brian Whitworth
2
The Physical World as a Virtual Reality
Brian Whitworth
Massey University, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand
E-mail: [email protected]
Not only is the universe stranger than we imagine, it is stranger than we can imagine
Sir Arthur Eddington
Abstract
This paper explores the idea that the universe is a virtual reality created by information
processing, and relates this strange idea to the findings of modern physics about the physical
world. The virtual reality concept is familiar to us from online worlds, but our world as a virtual
reality is usually a subject for science fiction rather than science. Yet logically the world could be
an information simulation running on a multi-dimensional space-time screen. Indeed, if the
essence of the universe is information, matter, charge, energy and movement could be aspects of
information, and the many conservation laws could be a single law of information conservation.
If the universe were a virtual reality, its creation at the big bang would no longer be paradoxical,
as every virtual system must be booted up. It is suggested that whether the world is an objective
reality or a virtual reality is a matter for science to resolve. Modern information science can
suggest how core physical properties like space, time, light, matter and movement could derive
from information processing. Such an approach could reconcile relativity and quantum theories,
with the former being how information processing creates space-time, and the latter how it
creates energy and matter.
Key words: Digital physics, virtual reality, information theory
Modern online games show that information processing can create virtual “worlds”, with their
own time, space, entities and objects, e.g. “The Sims”. However that our physical world is a
virtual reality (VR) is normally considered a topic of science fiction, religion or philosophy, not a
theory of physics. Yet the reader is asked to keep an open mind, as one should at least consider a
theory before rejecting it. This paper asks if a world that behaves just like the world we live in
could arise from a VR simulation. It first defines what VR theory entails, asks if it is logically
possible, then considers if it explains known facts better than other theories.
Strange Physics
While virtual reality theory seems strange, so do other current theories of physics, e.g. the many-
worlds view of quantum physics proposes that each quantum choice divides the universe into
parallel universes [1], so everything that can happen does in fact happen somewhere, in an
inconceivable “multi-verse’ of parallel universes. This is a minority view but surprisingly
popular. Even relatively main-stream physics theories are quite strange. Guth’s inflationary model
suggests that our universe is just one of many “bubble universes” produced by the big bang [2].
String theory suggests the physical world could have 9 s ...
WAVE-VISUALIZATION
1. Information gleaned from various sources. -“A BRIEF DESCRIPTION” - -Quantum physics is the physical theory that describes the behavior of matter, radiation and all their interactions views as both wave phenomena as either particle phenomena (wave-particle duality), unlike the classical Newtonian physics based on Isaac Newton's theories or, which sees for example the light just like wave and the electron just as a particle. ***In May 1926, Schrödinger proved that Heisenberg's matrix mechanics and his own wave mechanics made the same predictions about the properties and behaviour of the electron; mathematically, the two theories had an underlying common form. Yet the two men disagreed on the interpretation of their mutual theory. For instance, Heisenberg accepted the theoretical prediction of jumps of electrons between orbitals in an atom, but Schrödinger hoped that a theory based on continuous wave-like properties could avoid what he called (as paraphrased by Wilhelm Wien) "this nonsense about quantum jumps." The reconceived theory is formulated in various specially developed mathematical formalisms. In one of them, a mathematical function, the wave function, provides information about the probability amplitude of position, momentum, and other physical properties of a particle. Important applications of quantum mechanical theory include uperconducting magnets, light-emitting diodes and the laser, the transistor and semicoductors such as the microprocessor, medical and research imaging such as magnetic resonance imaging magnetic resonance and electron microscopy, and explanations for many biological and physical phenomena. Wave–particle duality is the fact that every elementary particle or quantic entity exhibits the properties of not only particles, but also waves. It addresses the inability of the classical concepts "particle" or "wave" to fully describe the behavior of quantum-scale objects. As Einstein wrote: "It seems as though we must use sometimes the one theory and sometimes the other, while at times we may use either. We are faced with a new kind of difficulty. We have two contradictory pictures of reality; separately neither of them fully explains the phenomena of light, but together they do". The wave view did not immediately displace the ray and particle view, but began to dominate scientific thinking about light in the mid 19th century, since it could explain polarization phenomena that the alternatives could not
On request from a friend - a journey that starts from Young's double split experiment and ends up with fundamental questions about the nature of reality and the essence of science...
The Entropy of the Entangled Hawking RadiationOlivier Denis
Entropic information theory, as a unified informational theory, presents a new informational theoretical framework capable of fully describing the evaporation of the black holes phenomenon while resolving the information paradox, reconciling quantum formalism and relativistic formalism in a single approach. With a set of five new equivalent equations expressing entropy, and by introducing the Hawking temperature into one of them, it is possible to solve the black holes information paradox by being able to calculate the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation, entangled with the fields inside black holes, allowing us to extract information from inside black holes. The proposed model solves the information paradox of black holes by calculating a new entropy formula for the entropy of black holes as equal to the entropy of the pure state of entangled Hawking radiation, itself equal to the fine-grained entropy or von Neumann entropy, itself according to the work of Casini and Bousso equal to the Bekenstein bound which is itself equal, being saturated by Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, at this same entropy. Moreover, since the law of the entropy horizon of black holes turns out to be a special case of the Ryu-Takayanagi conjecture, this general formula for the fine-grained entropy of quantum systems coupled to gravity, equalizes the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation with the gravitational fine-grained entropy of black holes, and makes it possible to relate this resolution of the information paradox of black holes based on the concept of mass of the information bit to quantum gravity explaining the emergence of the quantum gravity process through the fundamentality of entangled quantum information.
The entropy of the entangled Hawking radiationOlivierDenis15
Entropic information theory, as a unified informational theory, presents a new informational theoretical framework
capable of fully describing the evaporation of the black holes phenomenon while resolving the information paradox, reconciling
quantum formalism and relativistic formalism in a single approach. With a set of five new equivalent equations expressing
entropy, and by introducing the Hawking temperature into one of them, it is possible to solve the black holes information paradox
by being able to calculate the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation, entangled with the fields inside black holes, allowing us
to extract information from inside black holes. The proposed model solves the information paradox of black holes by calculating
a new entropy formula for the entropy of black holes as equal to the entropy of the pure state of entangled Hawking radiation,
itself equal to the fine-grained entropy or von Neumann entropy, itself according to the work of Casini and Bousso equal to the
Bekenstein bound which is itself equal, being saturated by Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, at this same entropy. Moreover, since
the law of the entropy horizon of black holes turns out to be a special case of the Ryu-Takayanagi conjecture, this general formula
for the fine-grained entropy of quantum systems coupled to gravity, equalizes the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation with
the gravitational fine-grained entropy of black holes, and makes it possible to relate this resolution of the information paradox
of black holes based on the concept of mass of the information bit to quantum gravity explaining the emergence of the quantum
gravity process through the fundamentality of entangled quantum information
The Hidden Secrets of General Relativity RevealedJohn47Wind
It has been more than 100 years since Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity was published. It is one of the most successful theories created by the human brain, surviving every test that attempted to falsify it. However, the implications of general relativity are incredibly deep and go far beyond the humdrum analyses found in most physics textbooks. Recent discoveries have shown that general relativity and quantum mechanics are based on the common principle that our universe isn’t just relativistic but is radically so, and objective reality is a mirage generated in the mind of the observer. Temporal asymmetry, or the curvature of time, is the key to understanding this. This essay reveals a few of the hidden secrets of general relativity, which I expect will offend materialists but am hopeful will delight idealists.
El Británico Roger Penrose por sus desarrollos teóricos sobre agujeros negros. La Estadounidense Andrea Ghez y el Alemán Reinhald Genzel por el hallazgo de un objeto súper masivo y compacto en el centro de nuestra galaxia.
Por:
Herman J. Mosquera Cuesta
Ingeniero Mecánico UdeA.
PhD en Astrofísica.
Tres investigadores han sido galardonados con el premio Nobel de Física de este año por sus descubrimientos sobre estos fenómenos supermasivos. Roger Penrose por demostrar su existencia según la teoría de la relatividad general y Reinhard Genzel y Andrea Ghez por demostrar que los agujeros negros son capaces de interferir en las órbitas de estrellas cercanas.
Los astrónomos Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel y Andrea Ghez se han hecho con el premio Nobel de Física de 2020. El primero de los científicos ha obtenido la mitad del galardón por la demostración fáctica de la existencia de los agujeros negros, siguiendo los preceptos de la teoría de la relatividad de Einstein. Los otros dos investigadores han sido distinguidos por el descubrimiento de un objeto supermasivo en el centro de la Vía Láctea, a unos 26.000 años luz de nuestro planeta.
Reinhard Genzel y Andrea Ghez descubrieron un agujero negro en el centro de la Vía Láctea comprobando la velocidad de las órbitas de sus estrellas circundantes.
“Los descubrimientos de los galardonados de este año han abierto nuevos caminos en el estudio de objetos compactos y supermasivos. Pero estos objetos exóticos todavía plantean muchas preguntas que piden respuestas y plantean nuevos retos de investigación en el futuro, no solo sobre la estructura interna de estos objetos masivos, sino también sobre cómo usar la teoría de la relatividad general en condiciones extremas”, ha declarado David Haviland, presidente del Comité Nobel de Física.
Physics Learned In Physics
The History of Physics Essay
Physics of a Car Essay
Quantum Mechanics Essay
Essay on A Century of Physics
Reflection On Physics
Becoming a Physicist
Essay on Physics in Everyday Life
Essay on Physics of Soccer
Essay On New Physics
Physics Of Light And Light
Essay about The Physics of Car Collisions
Abstract: Dr. David Joseph Bohm an American scientist who theorized quantum mechanics in the most ordinary and understandable way, which is somewhat referred to as the “Pilot Wave-model”. Also he prophesized in neuropsychology, and gave the Holonomic model of brain affecting our view of the quantum mechanics. His theories suggest that the phenomenon of “NON LOCALITY” or quantum entanglement is due to the famous “frame dragging” phenomenon predicted by Sir. Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity.
Bohm’s theory also suggests that time doesn’t exist in the way we think it does as stated by “THE BIG CRUNCH” theory. According to it time exists due to the interacting frequencies of the waves due to particle vibrations in space and that the universe never began.
In this paper existence of quantum entanglement is used to question the degree of correctness of the Space-time fabric theory.
This article aims to present possible strategies for humanity to seek its survival with the end of the Universe in which we live. Research on the fate of our Universe, on the existence or not of multiverse or parallel universes and on the development of the final theory or theory of everything, that is, of the theory of the unified field, are important questions to elucidate in order to point out possible strategies for humanity seeks its survival with the end of the Universe in which we live.
The side facing the SUN will absorb Infra-red rad.pdfsinghanubhav1234
The side facing the SUN will absorb Infra-red radiation from the sun and thus heat
up. If the asteroid is made of heat conductive material, then the heat will transfer through the
asteroid to the other side
Solution
The side facing the SUN will absorb Infra-red radiation from the sun and thus heat
up. If the asteroid is made of heat conductive material, then the heat will transfer through the
asteroid to the other side.
More Related Content
Similar to A NEWVIEW OF GRAVITYEntropy and Gravity may be crucial concepts fo.pdf
On request from a friend - a journey that starts from Young's double split experiment and ends up with fundamental questions about the nature of reality and the essence of science...
The Entropy of the Entangled Hawking RadiationOlivier Denis
Entropic information theory, as a unified informational theory, presents a new informational theoretical framework capable of fully describing the evaporation of the black holes phenomenon while resolving the information paradox, reconciling quantum formalism and relativistic formalism in a single approach. With a set of five new equivalent equations expressing entropy, and by introducing the Hawking temperature into one of them, it is possible to solve the black holes information paradox by being able to calculate the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation, entangled with the fields inside black holes, allowing us to extract information from inside black holes. The proposed model solves the information paradox of black holes by calculating a new entropy formula for the entropy of black holes as equal to the entropy of the pure state of entangled Hawking radiation, itself equal to the fine-grained entropy or von Neumann entropy, itself according to the work of Casini and Bousso equal to the Bekenstein bound which is itself equal, being saturated by Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, at this same entropy. Moreover, since the law of the entropy horizon of black holes turns out to be a special case of the Ryu-Takayanagi conjecture, this general formula for the fine-grained entropy of quantum systems coupled to gravity, equalizes the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation with the gravitational fine-grained entropy of black holes, and makes it possible to relate this resolution of the information paradox of black holes based on the concept of mass of the information bit to quantum gravity explaining the emergence of the quantum gravity process through the fundamentality of entangled quantum information.
The entropy of the entangled Hawking radiationOlivierDenis15
Entropic information theory, as a unified informational theory, presents a new informational theoretical framework
capable of fully describing the evaporation of the black holes phenomenon while resolving the information paradox, reconciling
quantum formalism and relativistic formalism in a single approach. With a set of five new equivalent equations expressing
entropy, and by introducing the Hawking temperature into one of them, it is possible to solve the black holes information paradox
by being able to calculate the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation, entangled with the fields inside black holes, allowing us
to extract information from inside black holes. The proposed model solves the information paradox of black holes by calculating
a new entropy formula for the entropy of black holes as equal to the entropy of the pure state of entangled Hawking radiation,
itself equal to the fine-grained entropy or von Neumann entropy, itself according to the work of Casini and Bousso equal to the
Bekenstein bound which is itself equal, being saturated by Bekenstein-Hawking entropy, at this same entropy. Moreover, since
the law of the entropy horizon of black holes turns out to be a special case of the Ryu-Takayanagi conjecture, this general formula
for the fine-grained entropy of quantum systems coupled to gravity, equalizes the entropy of entangled Hawking radiation with
the gravitational fine-grained entropy of black holes, and makes it possible to relate this resolution of the information paradox
of black holes based on the concept of mass of the information bit to quantum gravity explaining the emergence of the quantum
gravity process through the fundamentality of entangled quantum information
The Hidden Secrets of General Relativity RevealedJohn47Wind
It has been more than 100 years since Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity was published. It is one of the most successful theories created by the human brain, surviving every test that attempted to falsify it. However, the implications of general relativity are incredibly deep and go far beyond the humdrum analyses found in most physics textbooks. Recent discoveries have shown that general relativity and quantum mechanics are based on the common principle that our universe isn’t just relativistic but is radically so, and objective reality is a mirage generated in the mind of the observer. Temporal asymmetry, or the curvature of time, is the key to understanding this. This essay reveals a few of the hidden secrets of general relativity, which I expect will offend materialists but am hopeful will delight idealists.
El Británico Roger Penrose por sus desarrollos teóricos sobre agujeros negros. La Estadounidense Andrea Ghez y el Alemán Reinhald Genzel por el hallazgo de un objeto súper masivo y compacto en el centro de nuestra galaxia.
Por:
Herman J. Mosquera Cuesta
Ingeniero Mecánico UdeA.
PhD en Astrofísica.
Tres investigadores han sido galardonados con el premio Nobel de Física de este año por sus descubrimientos sobre estos fenómenos supermasivos. Roger Penrose por demostrar su existencia según la teoría de la relatividad general y Reinhard Genzel y Andrea Ghez por demostrar que los agujeros negros son capaces de interferir en las órbitas de estrellas cercanas.
Los astrónomos Roger Penrose, Reinhard Genzel y Andrea Ghez se han hecho con el premio Nobel de Física de 2020. El primero de los científicos ha obtenido la mitad del galardón por la demostración fáctica de la existencia de los agujeros negros, siguiendo los preceptos de la teoría de la relatividad de Einstein. Los otros dos investigadores han sido distinguidos por el descubrimiento de un objeto supermasivo en el centro de la Vía Láctea, a unos 26.000 años luz de nuestro planeta.
Reinhard Genzel y Andrea Ghez descubrieron un agujero negro en el centro de la Vía Láctea comprobando la velocidad de las órbitas de sus estrellas circundantes.
“Los descubrimientos de los galardonados de este año han abierto nuevos caminos en el estudio de objetos compactos y supermasivos. Pero estos objetos exóticos todavía plantean muchas preguntas que piden respuestas y plantean nuevos retos de investigación en el futuro, no solo sobre la estructura interna de estos objetos masivos, sino también sobre cómo usar la teoría de la relatividad general en condiciones extremas”, ha declarado David Haviland, presidente del Comité Nobel de Física.
Physics Learned In Physics
The History of Physics Essay
Physics of a Car Essay
Quantum Mechanics Essay
Essay on A Century of Physics
Reflection On Physics
Becoming a Physicist
Essay on Physics in Everyday Life
Essay on Physics of Soccer
Essay On New Physics
Physics Of Light And Light
Essay about The Physics of Car Collisions
Abstract: Dr. David Joseph Bohm an American scientist who theorized quantum mechanics in the most ordinary and understandable way, which is somewhat referred to as the “Pilot Wave-model”. Also he prophesized in neuropsychology, and gave the Holonomic model of brain affecting our view of the quantum mechanics. His theories suggest that the phenomenon of “NON LOCALITY” or quantum entanglement is due to the famous “frame dragging” phenomenon predicted by Sir. Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity.
Bohm’s theory also suggests that time doesn’t exist in the way we think it does as stated by “THE BIG CRUNCH” theory. According to it time exists due to the interacting frequencies of the waves due to particle vibrations in space and that the universe never began.
In this paper existence of quantum entanglement is used to question the degree of correctness of the Space-time fabric theory.
This article aims to present possible strategies for humanity to seek its survival with the end of the Universe in which we live. Research on the fate of our Universe, on the existence or not of multiverse or parallel universes and on the development of the final theory or theory of everything, that is, of the theory of the unified field, are important questions to elucidate in order to point out possible strategies for humanity seeks its survival with the end of the Universe in which we live.
Similar to A NEWVIEW OF GRAVITYEntropy and Gravity may be crucial concepts fo.pdf (20)
The side facing the SUN will absorb Infra-red rad.pdfsinghanubhav1234
The side facing the SUN will absorb Infra-red radiation from the sun and thus heat
up. If the asteroid is made of heat conductive material, then the heat will transfer through the
asteroid to the other side
Solution
The side facing the SUN will absorb Infra-red radiation from the sun and thus heat
up. If the asteroid is made of heat conductive material, then the heat will transfer through the
asteroid to the other side.
Stereoisomers are isomeric molecules that have th.pdfsinghanubhav1234
Stereoisomers are isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and
sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but that differ only in the three-dimensional
orientations of their atoms in space. This contrasts with structural isomers, which share the same
molecular formula, but the bond connections and/or their order differ(s) between different
atoms/groups. In stereoisomers, the order and bond connections of the constituent atoms remain
the same, but their orientation in space differ. stereo isomers are classifides in to two types
(1)enantiomers (2)diastereomers Enantiomers are two stereoisomers that are related to each other
by a reflection: They are mirror images of each other, which are non-superimposable. Human
hands are a macroscopic example of stereoisomerism. Every stereogenic center in one has the
opposite configuration in the other. Two compounds that are enantiomers of each other have the
same physical properties, except for the direction in which they rotate polarized light and how
they interact with different optical isomers of other compounds. As a result, different
enantiomers of a compound may have substantially different biological effects. Pure enantiomers
also exhibit the phenomenon of optical activity and can be separated only with the use of a chiral
agent. In nature, only one enantiomer of most chiral biological compounds, such as amino acids
(except glycine, which is achiral), is present. Diastereomers are stereoisomers not related through
a reflection operation. They are not mirror images of each other. These include meso
compounds, cis-trans (E-Z) isomers, and non-enantiomeric optical isomers. Diastereomers
seldom have the same physical properties. In the example shown below, the meso form of
tartaric acid forms a diastereomeric pair with both levo and dextro tartaric acids, which form an
enantiomeric pair.
Solution
Stereoisomers are isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and
sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but that differ only in the three-dimensional
orientations of their atoms in space. This contrasts with structural isomers, which share the same
molecular formula, but the bond connections and/or their order differ(s) between different
atoms/groups. In stereoisomers, the order and bond connections of the constituent atoms remain
the same, but their orientation in space differ. stereo isomers are classifides in to two types
(1)enantiomers (2)diastereomers Enantiomers are two stereoisomers that are related to each other
by a reflection: They are mirror images of each other, which are non-superimposable. Human
hands are a macroscopic example of stereoisomerism. Every stereogenic center in one has the
opposite configuration in the other. Two compounds that are enantiomers of each other have the
same physical properties, except for the direction in which they rotate polarized light and how
they interact with different optical isomers of other compounds. As a result, different
enantiomer.
Salt dissolving in water physical or chemical Def.pdfsinghanubhav1234
Salt dissolving in water physical or chemical Definition Salt water - Salt water or
saltwater may refer to: Saline water, water containing dissolved salts; Brine, water saturated or
nearly saturated with salt; Brackish water, water that is saltier ..... Solubility equilibrium -
Solubility equilibrium is any type of chemical equilibrium relationship between solid and
dissolved states of a compound at saturation. Solubility equilibria involve application of
chemical principles and constants to predict solubility of substances under specific conditions
(because solubility is sensitive to the conditions, while the constants are less so). The substance
that is dissolved can be an organic solid such as sugar or an ionic solid such as table salt. The
main difference is that ionic solids dissociate into constituent ions when they dissolve in water.
Most commonly water is the solvent of interest, although the same basic principles apply with
any solvent. In the case of environmental science studies of water quality, the total concentration
of dissolved solids (not necessarily at saturation) is referred to as total dissolved solids.
Dissolution of an organic solid can be described as an equilibrium between the substance in its
solid and dissolved forms:.... Salt water - Saline water, water containing dissolved salts; Brine,
water saturated or nearly saturated with salt; Brackish water, water that is saltier than fresh
water, but not as salty as ..... Ammonium hydrosulfide - Ammonium hydrosulfide is the
chemical compound with the formula (NH 4)SH. It is the salt derived from the ammonium cation
and the hydrosulfide anion. By passing hydrogen sulfide mixed with a slight excess of ammonia
gives the colourless, micaceous crystals. It dissolves readily in water.. Why is the Ocean Salty?
Geography II series, from TMW Media. All water, even rainwater contains dissolved chemicals
which scientists call \'Salts.\' These salts eventually wash down into rivers and streams and
eventually find their way into oceans and seas.Subjects covered include: The origin of the sea.
The sources of salt. The components of sea water. The salinity of the sea and its variability. How
sea life affects sea waters composition. ... Geography Oceans Water Salt Sediments physical
science TMW Media trailer ... Purifying Salt Peter Procedures for purifying chemicals are being
invented and re-invented all the time. Purification depends very much on the chemicals that are
considered the contamination, and their properties compare to the chemical you are trying to
purify. The mixture that you are trying to purify will dictate how easy the purification process
will be. There are no \'one fit all solutions\', and indeed, some chemicals are so hard to purify that
the finished purified product fetch amazing prices. Purifying Potassium Nitrate (KNO3)
Recrystallization is a physical method targeting the purification of compounds. The procedure
involves dissolving a compound in a hot solvent to for.
Not really. Strontium carbonate can only dissolve.pdfsinghanubhav1234
Not really. Strontium carbonate can only dissolve in water at the rate of about
0.1g/L. However, it dissolves more readily in dilute acids (causing a reaction--strontium
carbonate is a base) and in fully-carbonated wate
Solution
Not really. Strontium carbonate can only dissolve in water at the rate of about
0.1g/L. However, it dissolves more readily in dilute acids (causing a reaction--strontium
carbonate is a base) and in fully-carbonated wate.
Lattice energy increases with charge multiplicity.pdfsinghanubhav1234
Lattice energy increases with charge multiplicity and relative size of ions involved.
For those listed, CaO has 2+/- ions and will therefore have the highest lattice energy. LiI, LiF,
and RbI all have 1+/- ions. The combination of ions that have the smallest separation (assuming
the ions touch, we just add ionic radii for this) will have the highest lattice energy in this
group.....this would be LiF; the combination of ions that have the largest separation will have the
smallest lattice energy ..... this would be RbI. Least negative ...........---> most negative RbI, LiI,
LiF, CaO Ions that exist in ionic solids are surrounded by oppositely charged ions in an orderly
way. Metallic ions by themselves would have have such order to them. Atoms are held together
in different types of solids by different types of bonding forces. For example a network solid like
diamond involves localized covalent bonds between the C atoms where as an ionic solid such as
NaClinvolves the attraction of oppositely charged ions , or Coulombic forces of attraction. (This
answer is not meant to be exhaustive my any means.)
Solution
Lattice energy increases with charge multiplicity and relative size of ions involved.
For those listed, CaO has 2+/- ions and will therefore have the highest lattice energy. LiI, LiF,
and RbI all have 1+/- ions. The combination of ions that have the smallest separation (assuming
the ions touch, we just add ionic radii for this) will have the highest lattice energy in this
group.....this would be LiF; the combination of ions that have the largest separation will have the
smallest lattice energy ..... this would be RbI. Least negative ...........---> most negative RbI, LiI,
LiF, CaO Ions that exist in ionic solids are surrounded by oppositely charged ions in an orderly
way. Metallic ions by themselves would have have such order to them. Atoms are held together
in different types of solids by different types of bonding forces. For example a network solid like
diamond involves localized covalent bonds between the C atoms where as an ionic solid such as
NaClinvolves the attraction of oppositely charged ions , or Coulombic forces of attraction. (This
answer is not meant to be exhaustive my any means.).
Lucas Test uses HCl and ZnCl2, it proceeds via Sn.pdfsinghanubhav1234
Lucas Test uses HCl and ZnCl2, it proceeds via Sn1 mechanism tertiary alcohols
will be the most reactive followed by secondary alcohols. Primary alcohols will not be reactive.
Solution
Lucas Test uses HCl and ZnCl2, it proceeds via Sn1 mechanism tertiary alcohols
will be the most reactive followed by secondary alcohols. Primary alcohols will not be reactive..
The answer isD. they are significantly higher than the boiling po.pdfsinghanubhav1234
The answer is:
D. they are significantly higher than the boiling points of other compounds
This is due to the stronger hydrogen bonding present
Solution
The answer is:
D. they are significantly higher than the boiling points of other compounds
This is due to the stronger hydrogen bonding present.
Silica Fume is a very reactive pozzolana because of its chemical and.pdfsinghanubhav1234
Silica Fume is a very reactive pozzolana because of its chemical and physical properties.
Pozzolona reacts with the Calcium Hydroxide which is by product of the hydration reaction to
form compounds having cementitious properties. Hence when silica fume is not used, the
calcium hydroxide (Formed after hydration reaction) remains as it is which does not have any
cementitious properties. By adding Silica fume, calcium hydorxide is converted to cementitious
products.
Solution
Silica Fume is a very reactive pozzolana because of its chemical and physical properties.
Pozzolona reacts with the Calcium Hydroxide which is by product of the hydration reaction to
form compounds having cementitious properties. Hence when silica fume is not used, the
calcium hydroxide (Formed after hydration reaction) remains as it is which does not have any
cementitious properties. By adding Silica fume, calcium hydorxide is converted to cementitious
products..
enzymes active site does not have the exact sha.pdfsinghanubhav1234
enzyme\'s active site does not have the exact shape of substrate, but the substrate
brings about or induces a change in the shape of the active site
Solution
enzyme\'s active site does not have the exact shape of substrate, but the substrate
brings about or induces a change in the shape of the active site.
MulticastingIt is the communication between a single sender and m.pdfsinghanubhav1234
Multicasting:
It is the communication between a single sender and multiple receivers on a network. Typical
uses include the updating of mobile workers from a home office and the episodic issuance of
online newsletters
IGMP works as:
Internet Group Management Protocol is allows a host to promote its multicast group membership
to adjacent switches and routers. IGMP is used by the TCP/IP protocol set to achieve dynamic
multicasting
When a multicast transmission initiates the software creates a multicast group. This multicast
group address consists of an IP address by the first octet in the range 224 – 239 and is particular
in the IP packet as the end address for this traffic. The host initiate the transmission send a
message to the 224.0.0.2 address specify the multicast group address. And the switch receives
this message and adds the multicast group to its table and adds the receiving port as a member of
the group.
PIM works as:
The PIM protocol can be configured to work on IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
Multicast protocols are used to carry multicast packets from one source to multiple receivers.
They ease better bandwidth use and use less host and router processing and ideal for usage in
applications such as video and audio. PIM is a usually used multicast routing protocol.
SDN:
Software Defined Networking is an upcoming architecture that is dynamic, manageable and
adaptable of making it perfect for the dynamic nature of today\'s applications.
Open Flow:
Open Flow is enable for researchers to run experimental protocols in the campus networks we
use every day. Open Flow is added as a feature to saleable Ethernet switches, routers and
wireless access points and provide a regular hook to allow researchers to run experiments
without require vendors to expose the inner workings of their network devices.
Solution
Multicasting:
It is the communication between a single sender and multiple receivers on a network. Typical
uses include the updating of mobile workers from a home office and the episodic issuance of
online newsletters
IGMP works as:
Internet Group Management Protocol is allows a host to promote its multicast group membership
to adjacent switches and routers. IGMP is used by the TCP/IP protocol set to achieve dynamic
multicasting
When a multicast transmission initiates the software creates a multicast group. This multicast
group address consists of an IP address by the first octet in the range 224 – 239 and is particular
in the IP packet as the end address for this traffic. The host initiate the transmission send a
message to the 224.0.0.2 address specify the multicast group address. And the switch receives
this message and adds the multicast group to its table and adds the receiving port as a member of
the group.
PIM works as:
The PIM protocol can be configured to work on IPv4 and IPv6 networks.
Multicast protocols are used to carry multicast packets from one source to multiple receivers.
They ease better bandwidth use and use less host and route.
just moved a new USB 2.0 device from a new system to an older system.pdfsinghanubhav1234
just moved a new USB 2.0 device from a new system to an older system. The new device
worked properly on the new system but doesn’t install properly on the older system. All other
USB devices work properly on the older system.
C. The old system’s BIOS is out-of-date and needs to be upgraded.
Solution
just moved a new USB 2.0 device from a new system to an older system. The new device
worked properly on the new system but doesn’t install properly on the older system. All other
USB devices work properly on the older system.
C. The old system’s BIOS is out-of-date and needs to be upgraded..
IntroductionFew things are more aggravating to produce on a worksi.pdfsinghanubhav1234
Introduction
Few things are more aggravating to produce on a worksite than concrete. Bags of cement, sand,
aggregate (gravel) and possibly other additives must be delivered to the construction area. A
supply of clean water is also necessary, along with a rented concrete mixing hopper. Even after
all the dusty and heavy ingredients have been loaded into the hopper, one small error in the
wet/dry ratio can render an entire batch of concrete unusable. One common solution to this
messy and time-consuming problem is “READY MIX CONCRETE”.
Ready-mix concrete (RMC) is a ready-to-use material, with predetermined mixture of cement,
sand, aggregates and water. RMC is a type of concrete manufactured in a factory according to a
set recipe or as per specifications of the customer, at a centrally located batching plant.
It is delivered to a worksite, often in truck mixers capable of mixing the ingredients of the
concrete en route or just before delivery of the batch. This results in a precise mixture, allowing
specialty concrete mixtures to be developed and implemented on construction sites. The second
option available is to mix the concrete at the batching plant and deliver the mixed concrete to the
site in an agitator truck, which keeps the mixed concrete in correct form.
In the case of the centrally mixed type, the drum carrying the concrete revolves slowly so as to
prevent the mixed concrete from \"segregation\" and prevent its stiffening due to initial set.
However, in the case of the truck-mixed concrete, the batched materials (sand, gravel and
cement) are carried and water is added just at the time of mixing. In this case the cement remains
in contact with the wet or moist material and this phase cannot exceed the permissible period,
which is normally 90 minutes.
The use of the RMC is facilitated through a truck-mounted \'boom placer\' that can pump the
product for ready use at multi-storied construction sites. A boom placer can pump the concrete
up 80 meters.
Objective -
Manufacturing process of ready mix concrete.
Procedure –
Materials required for RMC –
Admixture: A substance added to the basic concrete mixture to alter one or more properties of
the concrete; i.e. fibrous materials for reinforcing, water repellent treatments, and coloring
compounds.
Aggregate: Inert particles (i.e. gravel, sand, and stone) added to cement and water to form
concrete.
Cement: Dry powder that reacts chemically with water to bind the particles of aggregate,
forming concrete. Portland cement is typically used in concrete production.
Fly ash: Fly ash is a by-product from coal-fired electricity generating power plants. The coal
used in these power plants is mainly composed of combustible elements such as carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen (nitrogen and sulfur being minor elements), and non-combustible
impurities (10 to 40%) usually present in the form of clay, shale, quartz, feldspar and limestone.
As the coal travels through the high-temperature zone in the furnace, the combus.
function [M]=trajectory3(x,y,z,pitcher,roll,yaw,scale_factor,step,se.pdfsinghanubhav1234
function [M]=trajectory3(x,y,z,pitcher,roll,yaw,scale_factor,step,selector,varargin);
% operate trajectory2(x,y,z,pitcher,roll,yaw,scale_factor,step,[selector,SoR])
%
%
% x,y,z center mechanical phenomenon (vector) [m]
%
% pitcher,roll,yaw euler\'s angles [rad]
%
% issue|multiplier|multiplier factor} standardisation factor [scalar]
% (related to body craft dimension)
%
% step angle sampling issue [scalar]
% (the points variety between 2 body models)
%
% chooseor select the body model [string]
%
% gripen JAS thirty-nine Gripen heli chopper
% mig Mig ah64 Apache chopper
% Felis catus Tomcat(Default) a10
% jet Generic jet cessna Cessna
% 747 Boeing 747 airplane Generic airplane
% md90 MD90 jet shuttle space vehicle
% dc10 DC-10 jet
%
% elective INPUT:
%
%
% read sets the camera read. Use Matlab\'s \"viewer\" as argument to reprocess this
read.
%
% Note:
%
% Refernce System:
% X body- The axial force on the X body axis is
% positive on forward; the momentum around X body
% is positive roll clockwise as viewered from behind;
% Y body- The facet force on the Y body axis is
% positive on the correct wing; the instant around Y
% body is positive in pitcher up;
% Z body- the conventional force on the Z body axis is
% positive down; the instant around Z body is positive
% roll clockwise as viewered from higher than.
%
% *******************************
% operate Version three.0
% 7/08/2004 (dd/mm/yyyy)
% Valerio Scordamaglia
% v.scordamaglia@tiscali.it
% *******************************
if nargin<9
disp(\' Wrong:\');
disp(\' Wrong: Invalid variety Inputs!\');
M=0;
return;
end
if (len(x)~=len(y))|(len(x)~=len(z))|(len(y)~=len(z))
disp(\' Wrong:\');
disp(\' Uncorrect Dimension of the middle mechanical phenomenon Vectors. Please Check
the size\');
M=0;
return;
end
if ((len(pitcher)~=len(roll))||(len(pitcher)~=len(yaw))||(len(roll)~=len(yaw)))
disp(\' Wrong:\');
disp(\' Uncorrect Dimension of the euler\'\'s angle Vectors. Please Check the size\');
M=0;
return;
end
if len(pitcher)~=len(x)
disp(\' Wrong:\');
disp(\' Size match between euler\'\'s angle vectors and center mechanical phenomenon
vectors\');
M=0;
return
end
if step>=len(x)
disp(\' Wrong:\');
disp(\' angle samplig reckon of vary. scale back step\');
M=0;
return
end
if step<1
step=1;
end
if nargin==10
theViewer=cell2mat(varargin(1));
end
if nargin>10
disp(\'Too several inputs arguments\');
M=0;
return
end
if nargin<10
theViewer=[82.50 2];
end
mov=nargout;
cur_dir=pwd;
if strcmp(selector,\'shuttle\')
load shuttle;
V=[-V(:,2) V(:,1) V(:,3)];
V(:,1)=V(:,1)-round(sum(V(:,1))/size(V,1));
V(:,2)=V(:,2)-round(sum(V(:,2))/size(V,1));
V(:,3)=V(:,3)-round(sum(V(:,3))/size(V,1));
elseif strcmp(selector,\'helicopter\')
load helicopter;
V=[-V(:,2) V(:,1) V(:,3)];
V(:,1)=V(:,1)-round(sum(V(:,1))/size(V,1));
V(:,2)=V(:,2)-round(sum(V(:,2))/size(V,1));
V(:,3)=V(:,3)-round(sum(V(:,3))/size(V,1));
elseif strcmp(selector,\'747\')
load boeing_747;
V=[V(:,2) V(:,1) V(:,3)];
V(:,1)=V(:,1)-round(sum(V(:,1))/size(V,1));
V(:.
Evolution of mitochondria.Mitochondria are believed to have arisen.pdfsinghanubhav1234
Evolution of mitochondria.
Mitochondria are believed to have arisen as prokaryotic cells that got entrapped within a
eukaryotic cell. This event is believed to have occurred 1.4 billion years ago. This theory is the
Endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria. It states that mitochondria were probably
evolved from specialized bacteria which through the phenomenon of endocytosis were
incorporated in to the cytoplasm of an eukaryote. There is no experimental evidence for the
above theory but circumstantial evidence has been put forward by researchers. They are.,
Solution
Evolution of mitochondria.
Mitochondria are believed to have arisen as prokaryotic cells that got entrapped within a
eukaryotic cell. This event is believed to have occurred 1.4 billion years ago. This theory is the
Endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria. It states that mitochondria were probably
evolved from specialized bacteria which through the phenomenon of endocytosis were
incorporated in to the cytoplasm of an eukaryote. There is no experimental evidence for the
above theory but circumstantial evidence has been put forward by researchers. They are.,.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
A NEWVIEW OF GRAVITYEntropy and Gravity may be crucial concepts fo.pdf
1. A NEWVIEW OF GRAVITY
Entropy and Gravity may be crucial concepts for explaining roots of familiar force.
Gravity may be defined as masses attract each other. To scholars you could explain that space-
time is warped by mass Or that without gravity, the laws of physics would differ for people
moving at changing velocities.
Such a simple question, has defied a direct answer for centuries. A flurry of recent papers have
examined this new idea, which mixes principles from string theory and black hole physics with
basic old-fashioned thermodynamics.
Nobody has expressed the gravity-as-entropy except theorist Erik Verlinde of the University of
Amsterdam in an online paper(arXiv.org/abs/1001.0785v1). His recipe replicates Newton's law
of gravitational attraction, and then with some additional mathematical seasoning he arrives at
Einstein's general relativity, the modern and undefeated champion of gravity theories.
Verlinde's analysis indicates that gravity emerges from physical dynamics analogous to basic
thermodynamic processes. "Using only … concepts like energy, entropy and temperature," he
writes, "Newton's laws appear naturally and practically unavoidably."
some extending Verlinde's idea to encompass the history of the universe. Rapid expansion just
after the Big Bang and the more recent accelerating expansion of the universe might all fit into
the entropic-gravity picture of reality.
Entropy means "disorder," with a tendency for higher entropy taken to mean that things like to
get messier any system not resupplied with useful energy reaches equilibrium, and entropy is
maximized. More technically, it is a measure of how likely a system is to be in its particular
configuration. Low entropy describes systems with a very improbable arrangement of their parts.
Curiously, the equations relating entropy to probability are precisely the same as the math used
by computer scientists to quantify information. As the molecules spread out, information about
their location diminishes and entropy rises.
Such loss of information--or increasing entropy--drives many natural processes, such as osmosis,
the mysterious migration of water across a membrane.
In 1995, Ted Jacobson of the University of Maryland demonstrated that the equations of
Einstein's general theory of relativity could be derived from basic thermodynamic principles,
who discovered parallels between ordinary thermodynamics and the physics of black holes.
Bekenstein showed that a black hole has entropy, determined by all the matter and energy it has
swallowed. Hawking demonstrated that black holes have a temperature. Since black holes are
basically nothing more than pure gravity.
In 1993 Dutch Nobel physics laureate Gerard 't Hooft. proposed that reality shares common
features with holograms, like the flashy images embedded in credit cards that store apparently
2. three-dimensional information on a flat surface. In a similar way, 't Hooft asserted, information
about the contents in three-dimensional space might be stored on two dimensions, sort of the way
2-D mirrors covering the walls of a room record information about all the objects within the
room's 3-D space.
't Hooft's conjecture, known as the holographic principle, and its later elaboration by Stanford
physicist Leonard Susskind built on Bekenstein's work on black hole entropy. Bekenstein had
found that a black hole's entropy is proportional to the surface area of its outer boundary, known
technically as the event horizon. Rather than a mysterious attraction at a distance, gravity simply
expresses the tendency of masses to move under the impetus of a gradient driving them to a state
of higher entropy.
"By making natural identifications for the temperature and the information density on the
holographic screens,… the laws of gravity come out in a straightforward fashion," Verlinde
writes.
Entropy in action
Verlinde takes a first step toward further development in his paper by extending his analysis to
general relativity, which depends on the equality of inertia and the gravitational mass.
Applying the entropic gravity idea to general relativity puts it to a severe test. Physicists Damien
Easson, Paul Frampton and Nobel laureate George Smoot, for instance, suggest that entropic
gravity would remove the need for the unidentified "dark energy" in space that most
cosmologists believe to be responsible for the cosmic acceleration. If gravity is entropy in action,
then acceleration would occur with no need for dark energy, Easson, Frampton and Smoot
calculate in a paper posted online in March (arXiv.org/abs/1002.4278). They simply assume that
the holographic principle is at work on the two-dimensional surface encompassing the entire
visible 3-D universe. If all the information about the universe is encoded on a holographic screen
coinciding with the horizon of the visible universe, the temperature on the screen would create an
entropy gradient driving accelerated expansion. Their calculated acceleration matches the
observed acceleration as inferred by its effects on the relative brightness of distant supernova
explosions.
Entropy can explain the current acceleration of cosmic expansion, it also explain the rapid burst
of expansion, termed inflation that occurred in a flash just after the Big Bang. In a paper posted
in March (arXiv.org/abs/1003.4526), physicists at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing--
Yi-Fu Cai, Jie Liu and Hong Li--suggest the need for two holographic screens: an outer screen at
the universe's horizon and an inner screen, something like the horizon of a black hole. In the
early universe, entropies of the two screens generate the expansion of the universe. Further
calculations involving quantum effects explain the universe's early burst of inflation.
Acceleration of the expansion, later in the life of the universe, would occur after the inner
3. horizon evaporates away--just as blackholes do by Hawking radiation.
The encoded universe
In Verlinde's proposal, information stored on holographic screens is the prime source of the
entropy underlying gravity. Similarly, in the cosmological scenario described by Easson and
colleagues, information density on such screens drives accelerated cosmic expansion.
In yet another paper, Jae-Weon Lee of Jungwon University in South Korea and collaborators
Jungjai Lee and Hyeong-Chan Kim develop this information-based reasoning more deeply,
applying a famous principle from computer science formulated by the late IBM computer
physicist Rolf Landauer. Landauer's principle requires energy to be consumed--and therefore
entropy to be increased--when a bit of information is erased.
Lee, Kim and Lee apply Landauer's principle to the more complex "quantum" information
possessed by a subatomic particle. In a different twist on Verlinde's idea, they propose
(arXiv.org/abs/1001.5445v2) that it is the erasure of quantum information when particles pass
through a holographic screen that increases cosmic entropy. It's just like what happens, they say,
when a particle passing though a black hole's event horizon is erased from the rest of the
universe, increasing the black hole's entropy in the process. Equations describing all this once
again connect the thermodynamics of information erasure with gravity. "Putting it all together,"
Lee, Kim and Lee write, "it is natural to imagine that gravity itself has a quantum informational
origin."
Thermodynamics and information will serve as the bridge for bringing gravity and quantum
physics together. As Lee, Kim and Lee write, Einstein's equations link energy to matter and
matter to gravity, and the new work connects matter and energy to information and entropy.
Putting information theory and thermodynamics together in this way might very well have
pleased Einstein, who failed to find the theory unifying gravity with the rest of physics despite
three decades of effort. In his autobiographical notes, " he wrote, "Thermodynamics is the only
physical theory of universal content concerning which I am convinced that, within the
framework of the applicability of its basic concepts, … will never be overthrown.
Solution
A NEWVIEW OF GRAVITY
Entropy and Gravity may be crucial concepts for explaining roots of familiar force.
Gravity may be defined as masses attract each other. To scholars you could explain that space-
time is warped by mass Or that without gravity, the laws of physics would differ for people
moving at changing velocities.
Such a simple question, has defied a direct answer for centuries. A flurry of recent papers have
4. examined this new idea, which mixes principles from string theory and black hole physics with
basic old-fashioned thermodynamics.
Nobody has expressed the gravity-as-entropy except theorist Erik Verlinde of the University of
Amsterdam in an online paper(arXiv.org/abs/1001.0785v1). His recipe replicates Newton's law
of gravitational attraction, and then with some additional mathematical seasoning he arrives at
Einstein's general relativity, the modern and undefeated champion of gravity theories.
Verlinde's analysis indicates that gravity emerges from physical dynamics analogous to basic
thermodynamic processes. "Using only … concepts like energy, entropy and temperature," he
writes, "Newton's laws appear naturally and practically unavoidably."
some extending Verlinde's idea to encompass the history of the universe. Rapid expansion just
after the Big Bang and the more recent accelerating expansion of the universe might all fit into
the entropic-gravity picture of reality.
Entropy means "disorder," with a tendency for higher entropy taken to mean that things like to
get messier any system not resupplied with useful energy reaches equilibrium, and entropy is
maximized. More technically, it is a measure of how likely a system is to be in its particular
configuration. Low entropy describes systems with a very improbable arrangement of their parts.
Curiously, the equations relating entropy to probability are precisely the same as the math used
by computer scientists to quantify information. As the molecules spread out, information about
their location diminishes and entropy rises.
Such loss of information--or increasing entropy--drives many natural processes, such as osmosis,
the mysterious migration of water across a membrane.
In 1995, Ted Jacobson of the University of Maryland demonstrated that the equations of
Einstein's general theory of relativity could be derived from basic thermodynamic principles,
who discovered parallels between ordinary thermodynamics and the physics of black holes.
Bekenstein showed that a black hole has entropy, determined by all the matter and energy it has
swallowed. Hawking demonstrated that black holes have a temperature. Since black holes are
basically nothing more than pure gravity.
In 1993 Dutch Nobel physics laureate Gerard 't Hooft. proposed that reality shares common
features with holograms, like the flashy images embedded in credit cards that store apparently
three-dimensional information on a flat surface. In a similar way, 't Hooft asserted, information
about the contents in three-dimensional space might be stored on two dimensions, sort of the way
2-D mirrors covering the walls of a room record information about all the objects within the
room's 3-D space.
't Hooft's conjecture, known as the holographic principle, and its later elaboration by Stanford
physicist Leonard Susskind built on Bekenstein's work on black hole entropy. Bekenstein had
found that a black hole's entropy is proportional to the surface area of its outer boundary, known
5. technically as the event horizon. Rather than a mysterious attraction at a distance, gravity simply
expresses the tendency of masses to move under the impetus of a gradient driving them to a state
of higher entropy.
"By making natural identifications for the temperature and the information density on the
holographic screens,… the laws of gravity come out in a straightforward fashion," Verlinde
writes.
Entropy in action
Verlinde takes a first step toward further development in his paper by extending his analysis to
general relativity, which depends on the equality of inertia and the gravitational mass.
Applying the entropic gravity idea to general relativity puts it to a severe test. Physicists Damien
Easson, Paul Frampton and Nobel laureate George Smoot, for instance, suggest that entropic
gravity would remove the need for the unidentified "dark energy" in space that most
cosmologists believe to be responsible for the cosmic acceleration. If gravity is entropy in action,
then acceleration would occur with no need for dark energy, Easson, Frampton and Smoot
calculate in a paper posted online in March (arXiv.org/abs/1002.4278). They simply assume that
the holographic principle is at work on the two-dimensional surface encompassing the entire
visible 3-D universe. If all the information about the universe is encoded on a holographic screen
coinciding with the horizon of the visible universe, the temperature on the screen would create an
entropy gradient driving accelerated expansion. Their calculated acceleration matches the
observed acceleration as inferred by its effects on the relative brightness of distant supernova
explosions.
Entropy can explain the current acceleration of cosmic expansion, it also explain the rapid burst
of expansion, termed inflation that occurred in a flash just after the Big Bang. In a paper posted
in March (arXiv.org/abs/1003.4526), physicists at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing--
Yi-Fu Cai, Jie Liu and Hong Li--suggest the need for two holographic screens: an outer screen at
the universe's horizon and an inner screen, something like the horizon of a black hole. In the
early universe, entropies of the two screens generate the expansion of the universe. Further
calculations involving quantum effects explain the universe's early burst of inflation.
Acceleration of the expansion, later in the life of the universe, would occur after the inner
horizon evaporates away--just as blackholes do by Hawking radiation.
The encoded universe
In Verlinde's proposal, information stored on holographic screens is the prime source of the
entropy underlying gravity. Similarly, in the cosmological scenario described by Easson and
colleagues, information density on such screens drives accelerated cosmic expansion.
In yet another paper, Jae-Weon Lee of Jungwon University in South Korea and collaborators
Jungjai Lee and Hyeong-Chan Kim develop this information-based reasoning more deeply,
6. applying a famous principle from computer science formulated by the late IBM computer
physicist Rolf Landauer. Landauer's principle requires energy to be consumed--and therefore
entropy to be increased--when a bit of information is erased.
Lee, Kim and Lee apply Landauer's principle to the more complex "quantum" information
possessed by a subatomic particle. In a different twist on Verlinde's idea, they propose
(arXiv.org/abs/1001.5445v2) that it is the erasure of quantum information when particles pass
through a holographic screen that increases cosmic entropy. It's just like what happens, they say,
when a particle passing though a black hole's event horizon is erased from the rest of the
universe, increasing the black hole's entropy in the process. Equations describing all this once
again connect the thermodynamics of information erasure with gravity. "Putting it all together,"
Lee, Kim and Lee write, "it is natural to imagine that gravity itself has a quantum informational
origin."
Thermodynamics and information will serve as the bridge for bringing gravity and quantum
physics together. As Lee, Kim and Lee write, Einstein's equations link energy to matter and
matter to gravity, and the new work connects matter and energy to information and entropy.
Putting information theory and thermodynamics together in this way might very well have
pleased Einstein, who failed to find the theory unifying gravity with the rest of physics despite
three decades of effort. In his autobiographical notes, " he wrote, "Thermodynamics is the only
physical theory of universal content concerning which I am convinced that, within the
framework of the applicability of its basic concepts, … will never be overthrown.