This paper study the model reduction procedures used for the reduction of large-scale dynamic models into a smaller one through some sort of differential and algebraic equations. A confirmed relevance between these two models exists, and it shows same characteristics under study. These reduction procedures are generally utilized for mitigating computational complexity, facilitating system analysis, and thence reducing time and costs. This paper comes out with a study showing the impact of the consolidation between the Bacterial-Foraging (BF) and Modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) for the reduced order model (ROM). The proposed hybrid algorithm (BF-MPSO) is comprehensively compared with the BF and MPSO algorithms; a comparison is also made with selected existing techniques.
Model reduction of unstable systems based on balanced truncation algorithm IJECEIAES
Model reduction of a system is an approximation of a higher-order system to a lower-order system while the dynamic behavior of the system is almost unchanged. In this paper, we will discuss model order reduction (MOR) strategies for unstable systems, in which the method based on the balanced truncation algorithm will be focused on. Since each MOR algorithm has its strengths and weakness, practical applications should be suitable for each specific requirement. Simulation results will demonstrate the correctness of the algorithms.
Financial Time Series Analysis Based On Normalized Mutual Information FunctionsIJCI JOURNAL
A method of predictability analysis of future values of financial time series is described. The method is based on normalized mutual information functions. In the analysis, the use of these functions allowed to refuse any restrictions on the distributions of the parameters and on the correlations between parameters. A comparative analysis of the predictability of financial time series of Tel Aviv 25 stock exchange has been carried out.
Uncertain Systems Order Reduction by Aggregation Method Yayah Zakaria
In the field of control engineering, approximating the higher-order system with its reduced model copes with more intricateproblems. These complex problems are addressed due to the usage of computing technologies and advanced algorithms. Reduction techniques enable the system from higherorder to lower-order form retaining the properties of former even after reduction. This document renders a method for demotion of uncertain systems based on State Space Analysis. Numerical examples are illustrated to show the accuracy of the proposed method.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of low pdp using SPST in bilateral filterIJTET Journal
A FPGA Implementation of a bilateral filter for image processing is given which does spatial averaging without smoothing edges. Kernel based processing is possible, which means that processing of the entire filter window at one pixel clock cycle. It is also supported by the arrangement of the input data into groups and applied a single clock cycle for a group of pixels. Based on these features, a technique called Spurious Power Suppression Technique (SPST) is implemented in Bilateral Filter to minimize Power Delay Product (PDP). SPST can also dramatically reduce the power by turn off its MSP (Most significant bit) without compromising the computational results to achieve the target parameters. Furthermore, an Original Glitch Diminishing technique is proposed to filter out useless switching power by asserting signals after the data transient period. The SPST can be expanded to a Fine-grain scheme in which the combinational circuits are divided into more than two parts. In Bilateral Filter a kernel of different size can be implemented using SPST which achieve good performance.
Matlab Implementation of Baseline JPEG Image Compression Using Hardware Optim...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Model reduction of unstable systems based on balanced truncation algorithm IJECEIAES
Model reduction of a system is an approximation of a higher-order system to a lower-order system while the dynamic behavior of the system is almost unchanged. In this paper, we will discuss model order reduction (MOR) strategies for unstable systems, in which the method based on the balanced truncation algorithm will be focused on. Since each MOR algorithm has its strengths and weakness, practical applications should be suitable for each specific requirement. Simulation results will demonstrate the correctness of the algorithms.
Financial Time Series Analysis Based On Normalized Mutual Information FunctionsIJCI JOURNAL
A method of predictability analysis of future values of financial time series is described. The method is based on normalized mutual information functions. In the analysis, the use of these functions allowed to refuse any restrictions on the distributions of the parameters and on the correlations between parameters. A comparative analysis of the predictability of financial time series of Tel Aviv 25 stock exchange has been carried out.
Uncertain Systems Order Reduction by Aggregation Method Yayah Zakaria
In the field of control engineering, approximating the higher-order system with its reduced model copes with more intricateproblems. These complex problems are addressed due to the usage of computing technologies and advanced algorithms. Reduction techniques enable the system from higherorder to lower-order form retaining the properties of former even after reduction. This document renders a method for demotion of uncertain systems based on State Space Analysis. Numerical examples are illustrated to show the accuracy of the proposed method.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of low pdp using SPST in bilateral filterIJTET Journal
A FPGA Implementation of a bilateral filter for image processing is given which does spatial averaging without smoothing edges. Kernel based processing is possible, which means that processing of the entire filter window at one pixel clock cycle. It is also supported by the arrangement of the input data into groups and applied a single clock cycle for a group of pixels. Based on these features, a technique called Spurious Power Suppression Technique (SPST) is implemented in Bilateral Filter to minimize Power Delay Product (PDP). SPST can also dramatically reduce the power by turn off its MSP (Most significant bit) without compromising the computational results to achieve the target parameters. Furthermore, an Original Glitch Diminishing technique is proposed to filter out useless switching power by asserting signals after the data transient period. The SPST can be expanded to a Fine-grain scheme in which the combinational circuits are divided into more than two parts. In Bilateral Filter a kernel of different size can be implemented using SPST which achieve good performance.
Matlab Implementation of Baseline JPEG Image Compression Using Hardware Optim...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Solving Method of H-Infinity Model Matching Based on the Theory of the Model ...Radita Apriana
People used to solve high-order H model matching based on H control theory, it is too
difficult. In this paper, we use model reduction theory to solve high-order H model matching problem, A
new method to solve H model matching problem based on the theory of the model reduction is
proposed. The simulation results show that the method has better applicability and can get the expected
performance.
Single Machine Power Network Load Frequency Control Using T-S Fuzzy Based Rob...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
APPLICATION OF D-K ITERATION TECHNIQUE BASED ON H∞ ROBUST CONTROL THEORY FOR ...cscpconf
The D-K iteration method of controller design combines H∞ synthesis that ensure robustness
and µ-analysis that takes care of parametric uncertainties, and yields a good performance of
the robust controller. The idea is basically to find a controller that minimizes the peak value
over frequency of the upper bound on µ. This robust control technique is applied for the
Power System Stabilizer design for a Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system, which has
already proved to be a successful tool in mitigating low frequency oscillations caused by
small disturbances and for improving damping characteristic of a power system. Robust
control toolbox of MATLAB has been used for the design. The effectiveness of the proposed PSS for wide range of operating conditions has been shown for the SMIB system with the help of simulation with MATLAB.
On selection of periodic kernels parameters in time series predictioncsandit
In the paper the analysis of the periodic kernels parameters is described. Periodic kernels can
be used for the prediction task, performed as the typical regression problem. On the basis of the
Periodic Kernel Estimator (PerKE) the prediction of real time series is performed. As periodic
kernels require the setting of their parameters it is necessary to analyse their influence on the
prediction quality. This paper describes an easy methodology of finding values of parameters of
periodic kernels. It is based on grid search. Two different error measures are taken into
consideration as the prediction qualities but lead to comparable results. The methodology was
tested on benchmark and real datasets and proved to give satisfactory results.
Advanced Stability Analysis of Control Systems with Variable Parametersjournal ijrtem
The purpose of the current research is to advance further the D-Partitioning method and
emphasize on its practical application. It has the objective to clarify it in a user friendly manner in order to
simplify its implementation. By applying the basic initial ideas of the method, the main line of the research is the
development of a generalized stability analysis tool and demonstrating its application. With the aid of this tool,
proper parameter values can be chosen for a desirable performance and stability of a system. The analysis tool
can be practically used when one, two or more system’s parameters are varied independently or simultaneously.
Basically this tool defines regions of stability in the space of the system’s parameters.
Effect of stability indices on robustness and system response in coefficient ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In Control systems, designing a robust controller such that a desired system response is obtained despite plant parameter
variations is ubiquitous problem. In this context, Coefficient diagram method is an effective method and one of the recent design
methods based on the polynomial approach introduced by Shunji Manabe. In CDM, stability indices, stability limits and time
constant are the main design parameters. The stability indices and stability limits are indicative of stability and equivalent time
constant is indicative of speed of system response. A semi-log diagram known as coefficient diagram is the design tool using
which one can analyse the important features of a design such as stability, speed of response and robustness, all in one diagram.
The right choice of the stability indices is of paramount importance in the controller design. This paper deals with the effect of
variation in the stability indices upon the system response and robustness. A type 2 fourth order plant has been considered as an
example to analyse the effects of stability indices. The stability indices are varied one by one relative to the standard Manabe form
and in each case response is observed. The transient response of the system is sensitive to lower order indices. Also, robustness in
the design is analysed by coefficient diagrams of the perturbed plant.
Keywords: Coefficient Diagram Method (CDM), robustness; Stability Indices, Coefficient Diagram
In recent times, fractional order controllers are gaining more interest. There are several fractional order controllers are available in literature. Still, tuning of these controllers is one of the main issues which the control community is facing. In this paper, online tuning of five dierent fractional order controllers is discussed viz. tilted proportional-integral-derivative (T-PID) controller, fractional order proportional-integral (FO-PI) controller, fractional order proportional-derivative (FO-PD) controller, fractional order proportional-integral-derivative (FO-PID) controller. A reference tracking method is proposed for tuning of fractional order controllers. First order with dead time (FOWDT) system is used to check feasibility of the control strategy.
An Extended Approach for Online Testing of Reversible CircuitsIOSR Journals
: Reversible computing has tremendous benefits in terms of power consumption, less heat dissipation
and packaging density. Because its applications are found in diverse fields including quantum computing,
nanotechnology, low power CMOS designs and cryptography, Reversible computing has gained attraction of
many researchers recently. In order to incorporate fault testing capability in reversible circuits, a number of
offline and online approaches have been proposed. In order to extend online testability of reversible circuits, an
analysis followed by a Peres gate substitution is presented here. The proposed extension has identified online
testing capabilities of MCF gates and has made all available libraries including MCT+MCF, MCT+P online
testable. Furthermore a conversion for parity-preserving reversible circuits is presented. Finally the paper is
concluded by proposing a generic online testable substitution of n*n reversible gate
An Improved Adaptive Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization for Disassem...IJRESJOURNAL
With the development of productivity and the fast growth of the economy, environmental pollution, resource utilization and low product recovery rate have emerged subsequently, so more and more attention has been paid to the recycling and reuse of products. However, since the complexity of disassembly line balancing problem (DLBP) increases with the number of parts in the product, finding the optimal balance is computationally intensive. In order to improve the computational ability of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm in solving DLBP, this paper proposed an improved adaptive multi-objective particle swarm optimization (IAMOPSO) algorithm. Firstly, the evolution factor parameter is introduced to judge the state of evolution using the idea of fuzzy classification and then the feedback information from evolutionary environment is served in adjusting inertia weight, acceleration coefficients dynamically. Finally, a dimensional learning strategy based on information entropy is used in which each learning object is uncertain. The results from testing in using series of instances with different size verify the effect of proposed algorithm.
A new design of fuzzy logic controller optimized by PSO-SCSO applied to SFO-D...IJECEIAES
In this article, a new strategy for the design of fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) is proposed. This strategy is based on the optimization of the FLC, by the hybridization between the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) and the sine-cosine swarm optimization algorithm (SCSO), This new strategy is called FLC-PSCSO. The input-output gains and the geometric shapes of the triangular membership functions of the FLC are the objective functions to be optimized. The optimization of the latter is obtained by minimizing a cost function based on the combination of two criteria, the integral time absolute error (ITAE) and the integral absolute error (IAE). A comparison between the conventional FLC and the proposed FLC-PSCSO is made. The FLC optimized by PSCSO shows a remarkable improvement in the performance of the controlled induction motor.
In this paper, we propose and investigate the optimal tuning PID controller of unstable fractional order system by desired transient characteristics using the real interpolation method (RIM). The research shows that the main advantages of this method are drawn as the followings: 1) Carrying out an investigation of the stable region of coefficients of a PID controller using D-decomposition method; 2) Applying the method to investigate an unstable fractional order system.
Solving Method of H-Infinity Model Matching Based on the Theory of the Model ...Radita Apriana
People used to solve high-order H model matching based on H control theory, it is too
difficult. In this paper, we use model reduction theory to solve high-order H model matching problem, A
new method to solve H model matching problem based on the theory of the model reduction is
proposed. The simulation results show that the method has better applicability and can get the expected
performance.
Single Machine Power Network Load Frequency Control Using T-S Fuzzy Based Rob...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
APPLICATION OF D-K ITERATION TECHNIQUE BASED ON H∞ ROBUST CONTROL THEORY FOR ...cscpconf
The D-K iteration method of controller design combines H∞ synthesis that ensure robustness
and µ-analysis that takes care of parametric uncertainties, and yields a good performance of
the robust controller. The idea is basically to find a controller that minimizes the peak value
over frequency of the upper bound on µ. This robust control technique is applied for the
Power System Stabilizer design for a Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system, which has
already proved to be a successful tool in mitigating low frequency oscillations caused by
small disturbances and for improving damping characteristic of a power system. Robust
control toolbox of MATLAB has been used for the design. The effectiveness of the proposed PSS for wide range of operating conditions has been shown for the SMIB system with the help of simulation with MATLAB.
On selection of periodic kernels parameters in time series predictioncsandit
In the paper the analysis of the periodic kernels parameters is described. Periodic kernels can
be used for the prediction task, performed as the typical regression problem. On the basis of the
Periodic Kernel Estimator (PerKE) the prediction of real time series is performed. As periodic
kernels require the setting of their parameters it is necessary to analyse their influence on the
prediction quality. This paper describes an easy methodology of finding values of parameters of
periodic kernels. It is based on grid search. Two different error measures are taken into
consideration as the prediction qualities but lead to comparable results. The methodology was
tested on benchmark and real datasets and proved to give satisfactory results.
Advanced Stability Analysis of Control Systems with Variable Parametersjournal ijrtem
The purpose of the current research is to advance further the D-Partitioning method and
emphasize on its practical application. It has the objective to clarify it in a user friendly manner in order to
simplify its implementation. By applying the basic initial ideas of the method, the main line of the research is the
development of a generalized stability analysis tool and demonstrating its application. With the aid of this tool,
proper parameter values can be chosen for a desirable performance and stability of a system. The analysis tool
can be practically used when one, two or more system’s parameters are varied independently or simultaneously.
Basically this tool defines regions of stability in the space of the system’s parameters.
Effect of stability indices on robustness and system response in coefficient ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In Control systems, designing a robust controller such that a desired system response is obtained despite plant parameter
variations is ubiquitous problem. In this context, Coefficient diagram method is an effective method and one of the recent design
methods based on the polynomial approach introduced by Shunji Manabe. In CDM, stability indices, stability limits and time
constant are the main design parameters. The stability indices and stability limits are indicative of stability and equivalent time
constant is indicative of speed of system response. A semi-log diagram known as coefficient diagram is the design tool using
which one can analyse the important features of a design such as stability, speed of response and robustness, all in one diagram.
The right choice of the stability indices is of paramount importance in the controller design. This paper deals with the effect of
variation in the stability indices upon the system response and robustness. A type 2 fourth order plant has been considered as an
example to analyse the effects of stability indices. The stability indices are varied one by one relative to the standard Manabe form
and in each case response is observed. The transient response of the system is sensitive to lower order indices. Also, robustness in
the design is analysed by coefficient diagrams of the perturbed plant.
Keywords: Coefficient Diagram Method (CDM), robustness; Stability Indices, Coefficient Diagram
In recent times, fractional order controllers are gaining more interest. There are several fractional order controllers are available in literature. Still, tuning of these controllers is one of the main issues which the control community is facing. In this paper, online tuning of five dierent fractional order controllers is discussed viz. tilted proportional-integral-derivative (T-PID) controller, fractional order proportional-integral (FO-PI) controller, fractional order proportional-derivative (FO-PD) controller, fractional order proportional-integral-derivative (FO-PID) controller. A reference tracking method is proposed for tuning of fractional order controllers. First order with dead time (FOWDT) system is used to check feasibility of the control strategy.
An Extended Approach for Online Testing of Reversible CircuitsIOSR Journals
: Reversible computing has tremendous benefits in terms of power consumption, less heat dissipation
and packaging density. Because its applications are found in diverse fields including quantum computing,
nanotechnology, low power CMOS designs and cryptography, Reversible computing has gained attraction of
many researchers recently. In order to incorporate fault testing capability in reversible circuits, a number of
offline and online approaches have been proposed. In order to extend online testability of reversible circuits, an
analysis followed by a Peres gate substitution is presented here. The proposed extension has identified online
testing capabilities of MCF gates and has made all available libraries including MCT+MCF, MCT+P online
testable. Furthermore a conversion for parity-preserving reversible circuits is presented. Finally the paper is
concluded by proposing a generic online testable substitution of n*n reversible gate
An Improved Adaptive Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization for Disassem...IJRESJOURNAL
With the development of productivity and the fast growth of the economy, environmental pollution, resource utilization and low product recovery rate have emerged subsequently, so more and more attention has been paid to the recycling and reuse of products. However, since the complexity of disassembly line balancing problem (DLBP) increases with the number of parts in the product, finding the optimal balance is computationally intensive. In order to improve the computational ability of particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm in solving DLBP, this paper proposed an improved adaptive multi-objective particle swarm optimization (IAMOPSO) algorithm. Firstly, the evolution factor parameter is introduced to judge the state of evolution using the idea of fuzzy classification and then the feedback information from evolutionary environment is served in adjusting inertia weight, acceleration coefficients dynamically. Finally, a dimensional learning strategy based on information entropy is used in which each learning object is uncertain. The results from testing in using series of instances with different size verify the effect of proposed algorithm.
A new design of fuzzy logic controller optimized by PSO-SCSO applied to SFO-D...IJECEIAES
In this article, a new strategy for the design of fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) is proposed. This strategy is based on the optimization of the FLC, by the hybridization between the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) and the sine-cosine swarm optimization algorithm (SCSO), This new strategy is called FLC-PSCSO. The input-output gains and the geometric shapes of the triangular membership functions of the FLC are the objective functions to be optimized. The optimization of the latter is obtained by minimizing a cost function based on the combination of two criteria, the integral time absolute error (ITAE) and the integral absolute error (IAE). A comparison between the conventional FLC and the proposed FLC-PSCSO is made. The FLC optimized by PSCSO shows a remarkable improvement in the performance of the controlled induction motor.
In this paper, we propose and investigate the optimal tuning PID controller of unstable fractional order system by desired transient characteristics using the real interpolation method (RIM). The research shows that the main advantages of this method are drawn as the followings: 1) Carrying out an investigation of the stable region of coefficients of a PID controller using D-decomposition method; 2) Applying the method to investigate an unstable fractional order system.
A genetic algorithm for the optimal design of a multistage amplifier IJECEIAES
The optimal sizing of analog circuits is one of the most complicated processes, because of the number of variables taken into, to the number of required objectives to be optimized and to the constraint functions restrictions. The aim is to automate this activity in order to accelerate the circuits design and sizing. In this paper, we deal with the optimization of the three stage bipolar transistor amplifier performances namely the voltage gain (AV), the input impedance (ZIN), the output impedance (ZOUT), the power consumption (P) and the low and the high cutoff frequency (FL,FH), through the Genetic Algorithm (GA). The presented optimization problem is of multi-dimensional parameters, and the trade-off of all parameters. In fact, the passive components (Resistors and Capacitors) are selected from manufactured constant values (E12, E24, E48, E96, E192) for the purpose of reduce the cost of design; also, the intrinsic parameters of transistors (hybrid parameters and the junction capacitances) are considered variables in order not to be limited in design. SPICE simulation is used to validate the obtained result/performances.
Fractional order PID controller tuned by bat algorithm for robot trajectory c...nooriasukmaningtyas
This paper deals with implementing the tuning process of the gains of fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controller designed for trajectory tracking control for two-link robotic manipulators by using a Bat algorithm. Two objective functions with weight values assigned has been utilized for achieving the minimization operation of errors in joint positions and torque outputs values of robotic manipulators. To show the effectiveness of using a Bat algorithm in tuning FOPID parameters, a comparison has been made with particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO). The validity of the proposed controllers has been examined in case of presence of disturbance and friction. The results of simulations have clearly explained the efficiency of FOPID controller tuned by Bat algorithm as compared with FOPID controller tuned by PSO algorithm.
Operation cost reduction in unit commitment problem using improved quantum bi...IJECEIAES
Unit Commitment (UC) is a nonlinear mixed integer-programming problem. UC used to minimize the operational cost of the generation units in a power system by scheduling some of generators in ON state and the other generators in OFF state according to the total power outputs of generation units, load demand and the constraints of power system. This paper proposes an Improved Quantum Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (IQBPSO) algorithm. The tests have been made on a 10-units simulation system and the results show the improvement in an operation cost reduction after using the proposed algorithm compared with the ordinary Quantum Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (QBPSO) algorithm
Modified sub-gradient based combined objective technique and evolutionary pro...IJECEIAES
A security constrained non-convex power dispatch problem with prohibited operation zones and ramp rates is formulated and solved using an iterative solution method based on the feasible modified sub-gradient algorithm (FMSG). Since the cost function, all equality and inequality constraints in the nonlinear optimization model are written in terms of the bus voltage magnitudes, phase angles, off-nominal tap settings, and the Susceptance values of static VAR (SVAR) systems, they can be taken as independent variables. The actual power system loss is included in the current approach and the load flow equations are inserted into the model as the equality constraints. The proposed modified sub gradient based combined objective technique and evolutionary programming approach (MSGBCAEP) with 휆 as decision variable and cost function as fitness function is tested on the IEEE 30-bus 6 generator test case system. The absence of crossover operation and adoption of fast judicious modifications in initialization of parent population, offspring generation and normal distribution curve selection in EP enables the proposed MSGBCAEP approach to ascertain global optimal solution for cost of generation and emission level.
Particle Swarm Optimization in the fine-tuning of Fuzzy Software Cost Estimat...Waqas Tariq
Software cost estimation deals with the financial and strategic planning of software projects. Controlling the expensive investment of software development effectively is of paramount importance. The limitation of algorithmic effort prediction models is their inability to cope with uncertainties and imprecision surrounding software projects at the early development stage. More recently, attention has turned to a variety of machine learning methods, and soft computing in particular to predict software development effort. Fuzzy logic is one such technique which can cope with uncertainties. In the present paper, Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (PSOA) is presented to fine tune the fuzzy estimate for the development of software projects . The efficacy of the developed models is tested on 10 NASA software projects, 18 NASA projects and COCOMO 81 database on the basis of various criterion for assessment of software cost estimation models. Comparison of all the models is done and it is found that the developed models provide better estimation
Analytical Model of Cage Induction Machine Dedicated to the Study of the Inne...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a new analytical model for inner bearing raceway defect. The model is based on the presentation of different machine inductances as Fourier series without any kind of reference frame transformation. The proposed approach shows that this model is able to give important features on the state of the motor. Simulation based on spectral analysis of stator current signal using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and experimental results are given to shed light on the usefulness of the proposed model.
The window functions used for digital filter design are used to eliminate oscillations in
the FIR (Finite Impulse Response) filter design. In this work, the use of Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) algorithm is proposed in the design of cosh window function, in which has widely used in the
literature and has useful spectral parameters. The cosh window is a window function derived from the
Kaiser window. It is more advantageous than the Kaiser window because there is no power series
expansion in the time domain representation. The designed window function shows better ripple ratio
characteristics than other window functions commonly used in the literature. The results obtained
were presented in tables and figures and successful results were obtained
Dynamic Economic Dispatch Assessment Using Particle Swarm Optimization TechniquejournalBEEI
This paper presents the application of particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique for solving the dynamic economic dispatch (DED) problem. The DED is one of the main functions in power system planning in order to obtain optimum power system operation and control. It determines the optimal operation of generating units at every predicted load demands over a certain period of time. The optimum operation of generating units is obtained by referring to the minimum total generation cost while the system is operating within its limits. The DED based PSO technique is tested on a 9-bus system containing of three generator bus, six load bus and twelve transmission lines.
LOGNORMAL ORDINARY KRIGING METAMODEL IN SIMULATION OPTIMIZATIONorajjournal
This paper presents a lognormal ordinary kriging (LOK) metamodel algorithm and its application to
optimize a stochastic simulation problem. Kriging models have been developed as an interpolation method
in geology. They have been successfully used for the deterministic simulation optimization (SO) problem. In
recent years, kriging metamodeling has attracted a growing interest with stochastic problems. SO
researchers have begun using ordinary kriging through global optimization in stochastic systems. The
goals of this study are to present LOK metamodel algorithm and to analyze the result of the application
step-by-step. The results show that LOK is a powerful alternative metamodel in simulation optimization
when the data are too skewed.
Similar to A hybrid bacterial foraging and modified particle swarm optimization for model order reduction (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
A hybrid bacterial foraging and modified particle swarm optimization for model… (Hadeel N. Abdullah)
1101
2. PROBLEM FORMULATION
A straight time-invariant single-input single-output framework can be described by the following
function:
2 1
0 1 2 1
2
0 1 2
( ) ...
( )
( ) ...
n
n n
n n
n n
N s a a s a s a s
G s
D s b b s b s b s
(1)
Where
: 0 1
b : 0
i
i
a i n
i n
are known as scalar constants.
To get the ( )th
r r n ROM ( ( )rG s ) which is represented in the form:
2 1
0 1 2 1
2
0 1 2
...( )
( )
( ) ...
r
rr
r r
r r
e e s e s e sN s
G s
D s f f s f s b s
(2)
Where :0 1, :0i ie i r f i r .The integral-square-error (ISE) between ( )rG s and ( )nG s models is
calculated to gauge the quality of the ROM. ISE is known by:
2
0
( ) ( )
n
i r i
i
ISE y t y t
(3)
Where ( )iy t and ( )r iy t are the unit step responses of the original and ROM, correspondingly. The transfer
function matrix of the multi_input multi_output system can be symbolized in the formula:
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
( ) ( ) ... ( )
( ) ( ) ... ( )1
( )
... ... ... ...( )
( ) ( ) ... ( )
p
p
n
n
m m mp
a s a s a s
a s a s a s
G s
D s
a s a s a s
(4)
. . .where p no of input and m no of output
( )
( )
( )
ij
ij
n
a s
g s
D s
(5)
1, 2, ..., , 1, 2, ...,where i p j m
To get th
r n ROM represented in the form of:
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
( ) ( ) ... ( )
( ) ( ) ... ( )1
( )
... ... ... ...( )
( ) ( ) ... ( )
p
p
r
r
m m mp
e s e s e s
e s e s e s
G s
D s
e s e s e s
(6)
The overall form of ( )ijR s from ( )rG s is reserved as:
( )
( )
( )
ij
ij
r
e s
R s
D s
(7)
3. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 9, No. 2, April 2019 : 1100 - 1109
1102
To obtain the th
r order reduced transfer matrix ( )rG s , the factors of the communal denominator
( )rD s and the numerator ( )ije s of the ( )rG s are designed by decreasing the ISE between the ( )ijg s and ( )ijR s
order models.
2.1. BF algorithm
Recently, BF has become increasingly suitable as a global optimization technique in science and
engineering subjects [13], [14]. The basic structural details of the BF algorithm are depicted in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Basic structural of the BF algorithm
2.2. MPSO algorithm
PSO has seen many changes since it's introduced by Eberhart and Kennedy [15]. Whenever
researchers learn about this technology, new versions are discovered, incorporated into new applications.
PSO is a populace grounded streamlining tool in which the framework is set through various arbitrary-
possibility elements famous as particles. Every particle takes a position ( )iXt and speed(V )i
t , which are
refreshed by the accompanying equations:
1 1 1 2 2. ( ) ( )i i i i i i
t t Lbest t Gbest tv wv c r P x c r P x
(8)
1 1
i i i
t t tx x v (9)
Where _ ,w is the inertia weight factor
4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
A hybrid bacterial foraging and modified particle swarm optimization for model… (Hadeel N. Abdullah)
1103
1 2_ _ ,the cognitive social acceleration facc c tors 1 2 0, 1 ,_ r randomllyr
Pi
Lbest thebest result achieved by i par= ticle
result all=Pi
Gbest the best achieved by particle
Different approaches are beneficial in texts for adjusting [16]-[19]. The proposed MPSO described
as follows:
Step 1: Identify the factors of PSO.
Step 2: Create an initial populace with M particles.
Step 3: estimate the fitness of each particle.
Step 4: Update according to one of the strategies proposed by us in [19].
Step 5: Update
i
tX and
i
tV for each particle by using Equations (8) and (9).
Step 6: Check the termination conditions.
2.3. BF-MPSO algorithm
To improve the performance; recent methods combine the PSO and BF algorithms
together [20]-[22]. Here we propose a hybrid algorithm (combining the features of BF and the proposed
MPSO (BF-MPSO) to acquire a ROM as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Basic structural of the proposed BF-MPSO algorithm
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
In this segment, the proposed advancement strategies are attempting to limit the ISE as indicated
in (3). The proposed techniques were actualized on a Pentium IV 3-GHz PC in the MATLAB 2010
condition. The exhibitions of the BF, MPSO, and BF-MPSO calculations were assessed utilizing consistent
estimations of the underlying elements proclaimed in Table 1.
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Table 1. Factors Used for Modified PSO, BF and BF_MPSO Algorithms
Parameters Value
Swarm size 50
Maximum-number of generations 50
Cognitive-social acceleration factors 1 2( , )c c 1.2, 0.8
Inertia-weight min max( )w w 0.4–0.9
Number-of-bacteria ( )S 20
Chemotactic-steps ( )cN 200
Maximum swim length ( )sN 2
Dispersal-number-of-bacteria ( )Ned 2
Reproduction number (Nre) 2
Dispersal probability ( )Ped 0.05
Example 1: Consider the 4th order system given in [4]:
3 2
4 4 3 2
14 249 900 1200
( )
19 102 190 120
s s s
G s
s s s s
The step-responses of the full and ROMs are displayed in Figure 3(a). Likewise, to assess the
feature of the model in the frequency space Figure 3(b) shows the frequency-amplitude attributes of the full
and ROMs. Keeping in mind the ISE and mean square error were computed, to compare the proposed
method with different ROMs, as appeared in Table 2. A comparison for the conjunction of the fitness
function with the number of generations for the two MPSO schemes is presented in Figure 4. Likewise,
Figure 5 displays the variant of the minimum fitness with the number of chemotactic steps.
(a) (b)
Figure 3. Original and reduced models responses for example 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Time(sec)
Amplitude
Step Responce
Original
MPSO1
MPSO2
BFO
BF-MPSO
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
-90
-45
0
Phase(deg)
Bode Diagram
Frequency (rad/s)
-20
-10
0
10
20
Magnitude(dB)
Original
MPSO1
MPSO2
BFO
BF-MPSO
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Figure 4. Evolution processes of the MPSO strategies
for example 1
Figure 5. Evolution processes of BF and BF-MPSO
methods for example 1
Example 2: Consider the 8th
system model presented in [5]:
2 3 4 5 6 7
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
40320 185760 222088 122664 36380 5982 514 18
40320 109584 118124 67284 22449 4536 546 36
s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s
The step responses of the full and ROMs are presented in Figure 6(a). Also, Figure 6(b) displays the
frequency-amplitude attributes of the full and ROMs. Also, the ISE and mean square error were computed, to
compare the proposed method with different ROMs, as appeared in Table 3. A comparison for the
conjunction of the fitness function with the number of generations for the two MPSO schemes is presented in
Figure 7. Figure 8 displays a plot of the variation of the minimum fitness with the number of
chemotactic steps.
Table 2. Evaluation of Error Index Values for
Example 1
Table 3. Evaluation of Error Index Values for
Example 2
Method ROM
RMS-
Error
ISE
Proposed
MPSO1 2
154.6 46.31
12.82 18.74 4.66
s
s s
0.0631 0.4020
Proposed
MPSO2 2
836.5 399.1
69.39 112.9 40.03
s
s s
0.0615 0.3820
Proposed
BF 2
148.3 466.4
12.5 51.73 46.64
s
s s
0.0917 0.8504
Proposed
BFMPSO 2
53.46 25.5
4.421 7.196 2.55
s
s s
0.0677 0.4638
Ref. [4] 2
30 40
3 6 4
s
s s
0.1428 2.0609
Ref. [22] 2
12.0166 12.0226
1.016 2.1155 1.202
s
s s
0.0665 0.4472
Ref. [7] 2
2.8863 51.4892
4.15032 5.1489
s
s s
0.3146 9.9998
Ref. [8] 2
14 12.53
2.138 1.253
s
s s
0.3016 9.1872
Ref. [23] 2
70.588
5.2941 7.0588s s
0.3301 11.003
Method ROM
RMS
Error
ISE
Proposed
MPSO1
2
340.4 104.3
19.97 137.7 104.3
s
s s
0.0095 0.0092
Proposed
MPSO2
2
682 208.8
40.13 277.4 209.8
s
s s
0.0075 0.0057
Proposed
BF 2
40.89 14.96
1.908 17.15 14.65
s
s s
0.0569 0.3281
Proposed
BFMPSO 2
90.75 28.23
5.316 36.5 28.12
s
s s
0.0086 0.0076
Ref. [4] 2
1.99 0.43184
1.17368 0.43184
s
s s
0.4371 19.296
Ref. [5] 2
6.7786 2
3 2
s
s s
0.1651 2.7825
Ref. [22] 2
88.04 26.48
4.021 28.59 2.648
s
s s
4.6467
2.37
102
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Iteration Number
FitnessValue Convergence
Original PSO
MPSO2
MPSO1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Number of Chemotactic steps
MinimumcostfunctionforeachChemotactic
BF
BF-MPSO
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(a) (b)
Figure 6. Original and reduced model responses for example 2: (a) step responses; (b) frequency responses
Figure 7. Evolution processes of two MPSO methods
for Example 2
Figure 8. Evolution processes of BF and BF-MPSO
methods for example 2
Example 3: A system model specified in [9], which is 6th order 2-input 2-output:
6
2(5 ) (4 s)
(1 s)(10 s) (2 s)(5 s)
( )
(10 s) (6 s)
(1 s)(20 s) (2 s)(3 s)
s
G s
, 11 12
6
21 22
( ) ( )1
( )
( ) (s)( )
a s a s
G s
a s aD s
Where:
2 3 4 5 6
( ) (1 )(2 )(3 )(5 )(10 )(20 ) 6000 13100 10060 3491 571 41D s s s s s s s s s s s s s
2 3 4 5
11
2 3 4 5
12
2 3 4 5
21
2 3 4 5
22
( ) 6000 7700 3610 762 70 2
( ) 2400 4160 2182 459 38
( ) 3000 3700 1650 331 30
( ) 6000 7700 3610 601 42
a s s s s s s
a s s s s s s
a s s s s s s
a s s s s s s
By utilizing the second procedure of the MPSO calculation, the ROM system 2 ( )G s was:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Time(sec)
Amplitude
Original
MPSO1
MPSO2
BFO
BF-MPSO
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
Magnitude(dB)
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
-90
-45
0
45
Phase(deg)
Bode Diagram
Frequency (rad/s)
Original
MPSO1
MPSO2
BFO
BF-MPSO
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Iteration Number
FitnessValue
Convergence
Original PSO
MPSO2
MPSO1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Number of Chemotactic steps
MinimumcostfunctionforeachChemotactic
BF
BF-MPSO
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2
(1.317 2.998) (1.031s 1.202)
(0.5782 1.499) (1.781s 3.014)
( )
( 3)(s 1)
s
s
G s
s
The step responses of the full and ROMs are displayed in Figure 9(a). Likewise, Figure 9(b)
displays the frequency-amplitude features of the full and ROMs. To compare the proposed method with
different ROMs, the ISE and mean square error were computed, as shown in Table 4.
(a)
(b)
Figure 9. Original and reduced model responses for example 3
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
From: In(1)
To:Out(1)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0
0.5
1
1.5
To:Out(2)
From: In(2)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Step Responce
Time(sec) (seconds)
Amplitude
Original
Reduced
-100
-50
0
From: In(1)
To:Out(1)
-90
-45
0
To:Out(1)
-100
0
100
To:Out(2)
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
-135
-90
-45
0
To:Out(2)
From: In(2)
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
Bode Diagram
Frequency (rad/s)
Magnitude(dB);Phase(deg)
Original Model
Reduced Model
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Table 4. Evaluation of Error Index Values for Example
Method Reduced Model R11 R12 R21 R22
Proposed
MPSO2
11
12
21
22
2
1.317 2.998
1.031 1.202
0.5782 1.499
1.781 3.014
( 4 3)r
r s
r s
r s
r s
D s s
=
0.004504
ISE =
0.004077
r =
0.001927
ISE =
7.465 104
=
0.001475
ISE =
4. 104
=
0.017657
ISE =
0.062667
Ref. [9]
11
12
21
22
2
1.328 3.104
1.034 1.241
0.5818 1.552
1.824 3.104
( 4.109 3.104)r
r s
r s
r s
r s
D s s
=
0.004332
ISE =
0.003772
=
0.002527
ISE=
0.001283
=
0.001423
ISE =
4.068 104
=
0.018692
ISE =
0.070228
Ref. [23]
11
12
21
22
2
1.541 8.946
0.9941 3.579
0.994 4.473
0.5468 8.946
( 6.511 8.946)r
r s
r s
r s
r s
D s s
=
0.047831
ISE =
0.459849
RMS Error =
6.634 105
ISE =
8.845 107
RMS Error =
0.025207
ISE = 0.127719
RMS Error =
0.004436
ISE =
0.003955
Ref. [24]
11
12
21
22
2
1.079 0.7091
0.9031 0.2837
0.1955 0.3546
0.6895 80.7091
( 1.548 0.7091)r
r s
r s
r s
r s
D s s
RMS Error =
0.027311
ISE =
0.149925
RMS Error =
0.059892
ISE =
0.720996
RMS Error =
0.039632
ISE =
0.315713
RMS Error =
0.069859
ISE =
0.980948
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we presented a comparative study of three algorithms for ROM optimization
problems, namely: MPSO, BFO, and MPSO_BF. From Figures 3, 6, and 9, unmistakably observed that the
suggested techniques keep up steady state value and stability in the ROMs, while Figures 4 and 7 delineate
that the convergence speed of the second MPSO strategy is the fastest among the two strategies. Figures 5
and 8 illustrate that the speed of convergence and additionally the precision of the proposed BF-MPSO is
better than that of BF. In addition, these algorithms can use a smaller number of chemotactic steps, which
makes them faster. At long last, the information showed in Tables 2, 3, and 4 exhibits that the proposed
calculation performs well in contrast with other accessible procedures.
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