A geneticist discovers an obese mouse in his laboratory colony. He br.pdf
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A geneticist discovers an obese mouse in his laboratory colony. He breeds this obese mouse with a normal mouse. All the F1 mice from this cross are normal in size. When he interbreeds two F1 mice, eight of the F2 mice are normal in size and two are obese. The geneticist then intercrosses two of his obese mice, and he finds that all of the progeny from this cross are obese. These results lead the geneticist to conclude that obesity in mice results from a recessive allele. A second geneticist at a different university also discovers an obese mouse in her laboratory colony. She carries out the same crosses as the first geneticist and obtains the same results. She also concludes that obesity in mice results from a recessive allele. One day, the two geneticists meet at a genetics conference, learn of each other\'s experiments, and decide to exchange mice. They both find that, when they cross two obese mice from the different laboratories, all the offspring are normal. However, when they cross two obese mice from the same laboratory all the offspring are obese. Explain their results by drawing crossing diagrams and assigning genotypes and phenotypes to each parent and offspring. Solution The first scientist has detected an obese allele ---> recessive His identified alleles ---> o1 (recessive) & the normal allele ---> O1 The series crosses; the obese allele has produce recessive Cross-1: possible genotype Phenotypes Obese recessive (o1o1) × Normal (O1O1) --->All normal (O1o1) (F1-generation) Cross-2: possible genotypes: The following cross is between F1 offspring Normal (Oo1) × normal (O1o1) ---> total eight normal genotypes includes O1O1 and O1o1 & two obese with genotypes o1o1 Cross 3: genotypes: Homozygous recessive obese (o1o1) × Obese (o1o1) ---> all are obese with genotypes “o1o1” The second geneticist has depicted that the obese mouse in colony --> obese allele as o2 (recessive) and the normal allele as O2 (dominant). It has found that the cross between mice in different laboratories generated normal mice even though gene loci different alleles are both recessive therefore, it can be concluded that the obese mice of different laboratories associated with “obese genes” mainly independent of each other The prospective genotypes of the obese mice are: Parents crosses: phenotype Obese mouse -1 (o1o1O2O2) × phenotype Obese mouse 2 (O1O1o2o2) --> All are normal mice with genotypes O1o1O2o2 in F1 generation.
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Edited by Jessica E. Fultz for the Department of Biology.U.docx
Edited by Jessica E. Fultz for the Department of Biology.
Updated January 10, 2014
Concepts in Biology
Laboratory
Biol 1100L
Spring 2014
Please note that this manual is a work in progress and was compiled specifically for the ISU Biology
department. It changes each semester/session depending on the interests of the instructors. It is
a free and unpublished manual that has not seen reviewers or editors; there are errors.
The first step in the acquisition of wisdom is silence,
the second listening, the third memory, the fourth practice,
the fifth teaching others.
~Solomon ibn Gabirol (1021 -1058 AD)
1-1
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More Terminology
Allele – alternate versions of the same gene (example: an allele that codes for blue eye color vs. an allele that codes for brown eye color)
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Edited by Jessica E. Fultz for the Department of Biology.U.docx
Edited by Jessica E. Fultz for the Department of Biology.
Updated January 10, 2014
Concepts in Biology
Laboratory
Biol 1100L
Spring 2014
Please note that this manual is a work in progress and was compiled specifically for the ISU Biology
department. It changes each semester/session depending on the interests of the instructors. It is
a free and unpublished manual that has not seen reviewers or editors; there are errors.
The first step in the acquisition of wisdom is silence,
the second listening, the third memory, the fourth practice,
the fifth teaching others.
~Solomon ibn Gabirol (1021 -1058 AD)
1-1
Biol 1100L Ecology1 Lab 1
1. Define hypothesis using your textbook.
Name:_______________________________ Section:____
In lab this week you will gather observational data about arthropod distributions and ecol-
ogy, describe their niches in terrariums, construct a hypothesis, make a prediction, and
calculate the diversity (Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index) for each niche type.
Arthropods are a major component of all terrestrial ecosystems and their behavior has been
the object of many famous ecological studies. All arthropod species are in the Kingdom
Animalia and Phylum Arthropoda but they are in many different classes, orders, and
families. A large proportion of arthropods are plant detritivores, i.e. organisms that feed on
dead and decaying plant material. These organisms hasten the conversion of biomass to
soil, speed up rates of nutrient cycling, and as a result, increase the productivity of ecosys-
tems.
In this lab you will learn about three very important ecological concepts: diversity, niche and
the competitive exclusion principle. Diversity can be measured in a number of different
ways, and you will use the Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index. The niche is a set of environ-
mental factors necessary to the continued existence of a species. The niche describes
anything you might be able to think of that an organism requires. This includes what it eats,
where it eats, when it eats, when it sleeps etc. The competitive exclusion principle states
that two species with identical niches cannot coexist indefinitely (Gausse 1934). It makes
sense that species that coexist will have different niches. If they didn’t they would either be
in the process of going extinct or driving their competitor into extinction. The way species
subdivide niche space has been called niche partitioning.
Figure 1-1. Diagram of an arthropod terrarium.
Part 1. Defining Niches
One of the members of your group will obtain
a terrarium and poking / digging tools from the
west end of the lab. Do not do anything to the
terrarium yet. Note the overall structure of the
terrarium ecosystem (Fig. 1-1).
As a group talk about the different ...
Genetic fine str. analysis & complementation
This presentation explains all the basic concepts of the genetic fine structure and analysis of genes and its allelic complementation studies.
Similar to A geneticist discovers an obese mouse in his laboratory colony. He br.pdf (20)
CJ 317 CJ StatisticsChapter 5 – NIBRS ExercisesLet’s work wi.docx
CJ 317 CJ StatisticsChapter 5 – NIBRS ExercisesLet’s work wi.docx
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a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship
between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it
encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three
bases to assemble the protein. Here is a more complete definition of translation:
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
Step # 1. Initiation:
Initiation of translation in E .coli involves the small ribosome subunit, a mRNA molecule, a
specific charge initiator tRNA, GTP, Mg++ and number of proteinaceous initiation factors (IFs).
These are initially part of the small subunit and are required to enhance binding affinity of the
various translational components (Table 8.1). Unlike ribosomal proteins, IFs are released from
the ribosome once initiation is completed.
Step # 2. Elongation:
Once both subunits of the ribosome are assembled with the mRNA, binding site for two charged
tRNA molecules are formed. These are designated as the ‘P’ or peptidyl and the ‘A’ or
aminoacyl sites. The charged initiator tRNA binds to the P site, provided that the AUG triplet of
mRNA is in the corresponding position of the small subunit. The increase of the growing
polypeptide chain by one amino acid is called elongation.
Step # 3. Termination:
Termination of protein synthesis is carried out by triplet codes (UAG, UAA, UGA; stop codons)
present at site A. These codons do not specify an amino acid, nor do they call for a tRNA in the
A site. These codons are called stop codons, termination codons or nonsense codons. The
finished polypeptide is still attached to the terminal tRNA at the P site, and the A site is empty.
• Define the “genetic dogma”
A theory in genetics and molecular biology subject to several exceptions that genetic information
is coded in self-replicating DNA and undergoes unidirectional transfer to messenger RNAs in
transcription which act as templates for protein synthesis in translation
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
The tRNA molecule, or tr.
Which of the following represents the internal environment of the bod.pdf
Which of the following represents the internal environment of the body? Choose all that apply.
Blood plasma Extracellular fluid Area within the cell membrane of cells Intracellular fluid
Solution
Answera,b,c,d .All comes inside internal environment. Blood plasma, intracellular fluid .Internal
environment refers to media surrounding the cell.
why does venus experience so little temperature changes compared to .pdf
why does venus experience so little temperature changes compared to Mercury? which of these
two planets is hotter and I?
Solution
Venus has a very thick atmosphere predominantly consisting of CO2. Tje pressure on its surface
is 91 times the pressure on Earth\'s surface. CO2 is a greenhouse gas which allows incoming
radiation but prevents outgoing radiation. The atmosphere retains the sun\'s heat, which boosts
the temperature, and then evenly distributes it planet-wide, making the poles about as hot as the
equator.
Mercury, while closer, has such a thin atmosphere,which is barely present; Like the moon, in
sunlight, the surface heats up rapidly, but in shadow, it cools down rapidly. The night side of
Mercury is *very* cold, while the daylight side is very hot.
Overall, Venus is hotter than Mercury, but the hottest points of Mercury are hotter than Venus..
Who is considered the author of The Way of Life, which is Daoisms .pdf
Who is considered the author of The Way of Life, which is Daoism\'s primary philosophical
treatise?
Solution
Taoism also called as Daoism is a philosophical ethicaln or religious tradition that has shaped
chinese life for more than 2000 years.The word Tao means \"Way\", \"Path\" or principle. Hence
originated the principle of the \"Way of Life\"
Daoism is a philosophical system developed by Lao - tzu and Chuang - tzu advocating a simple
honest life and non interference with the course of natural events.Behind all forms of Daoism
stands the figure of Laozi, traditionally regarded as the author of the classical text known as the
Laozi or the Daodejing (Classical Way of Power).
A Daoist atttitude towards life can be seen in the accepting and yielding of the joyful and
carefree sides of the Chinese character.Daoism is also characterised by a posituve attitude
towards the occult and metaphysical..
Which of the following is not a function of proteinsa. .pdf
Which of the following is not a function of proteins?
a. Provide structure.
b. Enzymes and hormones.
c. Antibodies.
d. Transfer and storage.
e. All of the above are functions of proteins.
Solution
e. All of the above are functions of proteins.
becausea protein provided structure to body\'s tissued.They work as enzymes to improve
chemical reaction.They work as antibodies to fight infection and it helps to transfer oxygen in the
body.So all of them are functions of proteins..
what is the marketSolutionAccording to Britannica Market, a .pdf
what is the market
Solution
According to Britannica \"Market, a means by which the exchange of goods and services takes
place as a result of buyers and sellers being in contact with one another, either directly or through
mediating agents or institutions.\"
The basic principle of a market is a place of exchange. Early markets were held in the town
square where people brought excess goods and food to barter with others.
THE ORIGIN OF MARKETS
Markets as centres of commerce seem to have had three separate points of origin. The first was
in ruralfairs. A typical cultivator fed his family and paid the landlord and the moneylender from
his chief crop. He had sidelines that provided salable products, and he had needs that he could
not satisfy at home. It was then convenient for him to go to a market where many could meet to
sell and buy.
The second point was in service to the landlords. Rent, essentially, was paid in grain; even when
it was translated into money, sales of grain were necessary to supply the cultivator with funds to
meet his dues. Payment of rent was a one-way transaction, imposed by the landlord. In turn, the
landlord used the rents to maintain his warriors, clients, and artisans, and this led to the growth of
towns as centres of trade and production. An urban class developed with a standard of life
enabling its members to cater to each other as well as to the landlords and officials.
The third, and most influential, origin of markets was in international trade. From early times,
merchant adventurers (the Phoenicians, the Arabs) risked their lives and their capital in carrying
the products of one region to another.
Types of markets:
The basic principle of a market is a place of exchange. Early markets were held in the town
square where people brought excess goods and food to barter with others.
THE ORIGIN OF MARKETS
Markets as centres of commerce seem to have had three separate points of origin. The first was
in ruralfairs. A typical cultivator fed his family and paid the landlord and the moneylender from
his chief crop. He had sidelines that provided salable products, and he had needs that he could
not satisfy at home. It was then convenient for him to go to a market where many could meet to
sell and buy.
The second point was in service to the landlords. Rent, essentially, was paid in grain; even when
it was translated into money, sales of grain were necessary to supply the cultivator with funds to
meet his dues. Payment of rent was a one-way transaction, imposed by the landlord. In turn, the
landlord used the rents to maintain his warriors, clients, and artisans, and this led to the growth
of towns as centres of trade and production. An urban class developed with a standard of life
enabling its members to cater to each other as well as to the landlords and officials.
The third, and most influential, origin of markets was in international trade. From early times,
merchant adventurers (the Phoenicians, the Arabs) risked their lives a.
What happens when two shock waves collide What happens specifically.pdf
What happens when two shock waves collide? What happens specifically to the gas that is in
between both shocks both initially and after?
Solution
The separate shock waves would mostly pass through each other unaffected this is a common
property of wave is called superposition. For example two bombs are placed on earth each side
of the earth were to be detonated at the same time .creating extremely powerful shock waves hit
each other would they just keep on going. Would they collided creating third shock wave.
Instead of two bombs on each side of earth there is only one.and is buried about a mile deep.it
denotes making a shock wave through the crust.much like an earthquake and mdash strong
enough to make it all the way to the other side of the earth..
What is input A. Any data or information that is processed and pres.pdf
What is input? A. Any data or information that is processed and presented to the user B. Any
data or instructions entered into the memory of a computer C. Data or instructions that have
been processed into a useful form D. All processed data
Solution
Question 14
What is input ?
(B.) Any data or instructions entered into the memory of a computer.
Question 15
Which of the following statements best describes cloud storage?
(B) Data resides on a website that you access via the internet..
What are the main components of the chemiosmotic mechanism in mitoch.pdf
What are the main components of the chemiosmotic mechanism in mitochondria?
Solution
Main components of mitochondrial chemiismotic
1. NADH - it is produced in Krebs cycle and passes electron for further oxidation.
2. some iron containing haem group , sulphur atoms etc
3. Enzyme ATP synthase
4. Oxygen
5. Glucose
6. FADH2
7. ATP.
Description of programYou are to write a program name InfixToPost.pdf
Description of program:
You are to write a program name InfixToPostfix.java that converts an infix expression entered
by the user to a postfix expression. The expression may contain the following tokens:
(1) Integer constants (a series of decimal digits).
(2) x (representing a value to be supplied later).
(3) Binary operators (+, -, *, / and %).
(4) Parentheses
Spaces between tokens are allowed but not required. The program will convert the expression to
postfix form and display the converted expression. Upload the file into A7 folder of icollege.
Sample Output:
Enter infix expression: (x + 1) * (x – 2) / 4
Converted expression: x 1 + x 2 - * 4 /
Enter infix expression: 1 2 +
Error in expression!! No operator between operands. Also last token must be an operand.
Enter infix expression: 10.4
Error in expression!! Cannot accept floating point numbers.
Enter infix expression: 1 ( + 2)
Error in expression!! No operator between operand and left parentheses.
Enter infix expression: 5 – (x – 2))
Error in expression!! No matching left parentheses for a right parentheses.
Enter infix expression: 1 ** 2
Error in expression!! The * operator cannot be preceded by a * operator.
Solution
//program for infix to posrtfix convertion
import java.io.*;
class stack
{
char stack1[]=new char[20];
int top;
void push(char ch)
{
top++;
stack1[top]=ch;
}
char pop()
{
char ch;
ch=stack1[top];
top--;
return ch;
}
int pre(char ch)
{
switch(ch)
{
case \'-\':return 1;
case \'+\':return 1;
case \'*\':return 2;
case \'/\':return 2;
}
retrun 0;
}
boolean operator(char ch)
{
if(ch==\'/\'||ch==\'*\'||ch==\'+\'||ch==\'-\')
return true;
else
return false;
}
boolean isAlpha(char ch)
{
if(ch>=\'a\'&&ch<=\'z\'||ch>=\'0\'&&ch==\'9\')
return true;
else
return false;
}
void postfix(String str)
{
char output[]=new char[str.length()];
char ch;
int p=0,i;
for(i=0;ipre(stack1[top])) || stack1[top]==\'(\')
{
push(ch);
}
}
else if(pre(ch)<=pre(stack1[top]))
{
output[p++]=pop();
push(ch);
}
else if(ch==\'(\')
{
while((ch=po())!=\'(\')
{
output[p++]=ch;
}
}
}
while(top!=0)
{
output[p++]=pop();
}
for(int j=0;j.
Customers arrive at bakery at an average of 10 customers per hour. W.pdf
Customers arrive at bakery at an average of 10 customers per hour. What is the probability that
less than 5 customers will arrive in the next hour? Assume Poisson arrivals. a. .0378 b. .0293 c.
.2500 d .1126
Solution
Possion Distribution
PMF of P.D is = f ( k ) = e- x / x!
Where
= parameter of the distribution.
x = is the number of independent trials
P( X < 5) = P(X=4) + P(X=3) + P(X=2) + P(X=1) + P(X=0)
= e^-10 * 0 ^ 4 / 4! + e^-10 * ^ 3 / 3! + e^-10 * ^ 2 / 2! + e^-10 * ^ 1 / 1! + e^-10 * ^ 0 / 0!
= 0.0293
P(less than 5 customers will arrive in the next hour) = 0.0293.
Two different strains of a mutant phage infect a single bacterium. O.pdf
Two different strains of a mutant phage infect a single bacterium. One phage strain is d–e+ and
the other is d+e–. The coinfected phages produce the wild-type phenotype in the bacterium: one
phage supplies the wild-type gene product from a d+ allele, and the other supplies the wild-type
gene product from the e+ allele. What genetic phenomenon does this demonstrate?
a.
complementation
b.
specialized transduction
c.
recombination
d.
generalized transduction
e.
both a and b are correct
f.
both a and c are correct
g.
both b and c are correct
h.
both a and d are correct
Solution
Answer: (a) Complementation.
The phenotype indicates that the two mutations complement each other, i.e, one phage supplies
the d+ while the other supplies the e+ gene product.
Its not recombination (which includes transduction) because recombination would have produced
the auxotrophs, i.e, d+e- and d-e+ as well along with the wild type (d+e+)..
Consider this you have two cell lines, a macrophage cell line and a.pdf
Consider this: you have two cell lines, a macrophage cell line and a CD4 T-cell line. The
macrophage cell line is resistant to infection by HIV, whereas the T-cell line is fully susceptible
and fully permissive. A heterokaryon cell made from the fusion of these two cells is able to be
infected by HIV.
Explain why? Please explain in detail.
Solution
HIV entry into target host cells involves virus ligand (virus surface glycoprotein gp120) and its
interaction with CD4 receptor which is present in both T cells as well as in macrophages. Later
on the fusion of viral envelope with host cell membrane is governed by the engagement of the
co-receptors (CCR5 or CXCR4).
Whether HIV enters via CXCR4 or CCR5 coreceptor, in both cases the viral ribonucleoprotein
complex is released into the cytoplasm where virus encoded reverse transcriptase using viral
genomic RNA as template, generates single stranded cDNA followed by double stranded
(ds)DNA.
However, the rate of reverse transcription is slower in macrophages than what is observed in T
cells and the reason for this is explained below:
In case of CD4 T-cell line, there are many reports till date stating that the dNTP levels are very
high which is very favouirng factor for proviral DNA production and so is the infection by HIV.
When a heterokaryon cell is exposed to the virus, regardless of the inhibitory factors associated
with the macrophages, the high dNTP levels contributed by CD4 T-cell results in infection by
HIV..
RNA splicing activities can be regulated in cells by various activat.pdf
RNA splicing activities can be regulated in cells by various activator and repressor proteins.
Which of the following proteins is a pair of different splicing activators?SC35 protein and
hnRNP proteinHalf-pint protein and SF2/ASF proteinhnRNP protein and SF2/ASF proteinHalf-
pint protein and hnRNP protein
Solution
Half-pint protein and SF2/ASF protein is a pair of different splicing activators.
As both Half pint protein and SF2/ASF protein are involved in enhancing the splicing.
Whereas the hnRNP proteins will repress splicing, thus all the other 3 combinations are various
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Required Summarize why revenue is such a critical account in most c.pdf
Required: Summarize why revenue is such a critical account in most companies and the
auditor\'s challenge in auditing this area. Then address the following questions regarding the
Miniscribe audit which is described below. a) Summarize the business and financial reporting
risks that increased the risk of material misstatement at Miniscribe. b) Summarize the techniques
used by Miniscribe to inflate their financial statements. For each technique, describe the audit
procedure(s) the auditors should/could have used to detect these misstatements? c) Identify any
red flags that the auditors should have noticed during the audit. MiniScribe Corporation Read the
summary below of the MiniScribe Corporation and answer the questions that follow. \"In
October 1988, MiniScribe, a computer disk drive manufacturer, announced its thirteenth
consecutive record-breaking quarter, while its competitors were laying off hundreds of
employees. MiniScribe\'s receivables had increased significantly, and inventories had increased
to a dangerous level because disk drives can become obsolete from one quarter to the next. The
company\'s stock price had quintupled in just two years. It had apparently risen from the dead
under the leadership of Q.T. Wiles, who had resurrected other companies and was known as
\"Dr. Fix-It.\" It looked as if he had done it again. Seven months later, it was announced that
MiniScribe\'s sales gains had been fabricated. What was supposed to be the crowning
achievement of Wiles\' career became an epitaph; he resigned and is living in near seclusion. An
internal investigation concluded that senior management apparently perpetrated a massive fraud
on the company, its directors, its outside auditors, and the investing public. Most of MiniScribe\'s
top management was dismissed, and layoffs shrank its employment by more than 30% in one
year. MiniScribe might have to write off as much as $200 million in bad inventory and
uncollectable receivables. Wiles\' unrealistic sales targets and abusive management style created
a pressure cooker that drove managers to cook the books or perish. And cook they did - booking
sales prematurely, manipulating reserves, and simply fabricating figures - to maintain the illusion
of unbounded growth even after the industry was hit by a severe slump. When Wiles arrived at
MiniScribe in mid-1985, it had just lost its biggest customer, IBM, which decided to make its
own drives. With the personal computer industry then slumping, MiniScribe was drowning in red
ink. Dr. Fix-It\'s prescription was to cut 20% of the workforce and overhaul the company from
top to bottom. As part of the overhaul, several semi-autonomous divisions were created. Each
division manager set the division\'s own budget, sales quotas, incentives, and work rules. The
company became a chaotic Babel of at least 20 mini-companies that were constantly being
changed and reorganized. One employee held 20 different positions in less than seven years.
Wiles turned up.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
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Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptx
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Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdf
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How libraries can support authors with open access requirements for UKRI fund...
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Chapter 3 - Islamic Banking Products and Services.pptx
A geneticist discovers an obese mouse in his laboratory colony. He br.pdf
- 1. A geneticist discovers an obese mouse in his laboratory colony. He breeds this obese mouse with a normal mouse. All the F1 mice from this cross are normal in size. When he interbreeds two F1 mice, eight of the F2 mice are normal in size and two are obese. The geneticist then intercrosses two of his obese mice, and he finds that all of the progeny from this cross are obese. These results lead the geneticist to conclude that obesity in mice results from a recessive allele. A second geneticist at a different university also discovers an obese mouse in her laboratory colony. She carries out the same crosses as the first geneticist and obtains the same results. She also concludes that obesity in mice results from a recessive allele. One day, the two geneticists meet at a genetics conference, learn of each other's experiments, and decide to exchange mice. They both find that, when they cross two obese mice from the different laboratories, all the offspring are normal. However, when they cross two obese mice from the same laboratory all the offspring are obese. Explain their results by drawing crossing diagrams and assigning genotypes and phenotypes to each parent and offspring. Solution The first scientist has detected an obese allele ---> recessive His identified alleles ---> o1 (recessive) & the normal allele ---> O1 The series crosses; the obese allele has produce recessive Cross-1: possible genotype Phenotypes Obese recessive (o1o1) × Normal (O1O1) --->All normal (O1o1) (F1-generation) Cross-2: possible genotypes: The following cross is between F1 offspring Normal (Oo1) × normal (O1o1) ---> total eight normal genotypes includes O1O1 and O1o1 & two obese with genotypes o1o1 Cross 3: genotypes: Homozygous recessive obese (o1o1) × Obese (o1o1) ---> all are obese with genotypes “o1o1” The second geneticist has depicted that the obese mouse in colony --> obese allele as o2 (recessive) and the normal allele as O2 (dominant). It has found that the cross between mice in different laboratories generated normal mice even though gene loci different alleles are both recessive therefore, it can be concluded that the obese mice of different laboratories associated with “obese genes” mainly independent of each other The prospective genotypes of the obese mice are: Parents crosses: phenotype Obese mouse -1 (o1o1O2O2) × phenotype Obese mouse 2 (O1O1o2o2) --> All are normal mice with genotypes O1o1O2o2 in F1 generation