what is the market
Solution
According to Britannica \"Market, a means by which the exchange of goods and services takes
place as a result of buyers and sellers being in contact with one another, either directly or through
mediating agents or institutions.\"
The basic principle of a market is a place of exchange. Early markets were held in the town
square where people brought excess goods and food to barter with others.
THE ORIGIN OF MARKETS
Markets as centres of commerce seem to have had three separate points of origin. The first was
in ruralfairs. A typical cultivator fed his family and paid the landlord and the moneylender from
his chief crop. He had sidelines that provided salable products, and he had needs that he could
not satisfy at home. It was then convenient for him to go to a market where many could meet to
sell and buy.
The second point was in service to the landlords. Rent, essentially, was paid in grain; even when
it was translated into money, sales of grain were necessary to supply the cultivator with funds to
meet his dues. Payment of rent was a one-way transaction, imposed by the landlord. In turn, the
landlord used the rents to maintain his warriors, clients, and artisans, and this led to the growth of
towns as centres of trade and production. An urban class developed with a standard of life
enabling its members to cater to each other as well as to the landlords and officials.
The third, and most influential, origin of markets was in international trade. From early times,
merchant adventurers (the Phoenicians, the Arabs) risked their lives and their capital in carrying
the products of one region to another.
Types of markets:
The basic principle of a market is a place of exchange. Early markets were held in the town
square where people brought excess goods and food to barter with others.
THE ORIGIN OF MARKETS
Markets as centres of commerce seem to have had three separate points of origin. The first was
in ruralfairs. A typical cultivator fed his family and paid the landlord and the moneylender from
his chief crop. He had sidelines that provided salable products, and he had needs that he could
not satisfy at home. It was then convenient for him to go to a market where many could meet to
sell and buy.
The second point was in service to the landlords. Rent, essentially, was paid in grain; even when
it was translated into money, sales of grain were necessary to supply the cultivator with funds to
meet his dues. Payment of rent was a one-way transaction, imposed by the landlord. In turn, the
landlord used the rents to maintain his warriors, clients, and artisans, and this led to the growth
of towns as centres of trade and production. An urban class developed with a standard of life
enabling its members to cater to each other as well as to the landlords and officials.
The third, and most influential, origin of markets was in international trade. From early times,
merchant adventurers (the Phoenicians, the Arabs) risked their lives a.
Dynamics of Trade and Market Management in Pre-Colonial West Africa: A Survey...AJHSSR Journal
This study examined the nature, form and methods of trade organization and market
management in West Africa in the pre-colonial era. It submits that though West African economies in the precolonial
period were largely driven by agricultural-related enterprises, their economic production, nonetheless,
grew beyond mere subsistence level. This necessitated an exchange of commodities with neighbouring and
some distant communities. This study identifies the different forms of markets among the peoples: local,
regional and external. It further examines the modes of exchange and currency management technique before
the coming of Europeans. The paper also highlights the role of the state in marketing and trade. It concludes that
trade was well organised among indigenous West Africans while markets were well structured for socioeconomic
advancement of the people.
Dynamics of Trade and Market Management in Pre-Colonial West Africa: A Survey...AJHSSR Journal
This study examined the nature, form and methods of trade organization and market
management in West Africa in the pre-colonial era. It submits that though West African economies in the precolonial
period were largely driven by agricultural-related enterprises, their economic production, nonetheless,
grew beyond mere subsistence level. This necessitated an exchange of commodities with neighbouring and
some distant communities. This study identifies the different forms of markets among the peoples: local,
regional and external. It further examines the modes of exchange and currency management technique before
the coming of Europeans. The paper also highlights the role of the state in marketing and trade. It concludes that
trade was well organised among indigenous West Africans while markets were well structured for socioeconomic
advancement of the people.
Capitalism
Pre capitalist
Mercantilism is economic nationalism for the purpose of building a wealthy and powerful state. Adam Smith coined the term “mercantile system” to describe the system of political economy that sought to enrich the country by restraining imports and encouraging exports. (Library of economics and liberty)
The goal of these policies was, supposedly, to achieve a “favourable” balance of trade that would bring gold and silver into the country and also to maintain domestic employment
the mercantile system served the interests of merchants and producers such as the British East India Company, whose activities were protected or encouraged by the state.
The most important economic rationale for mercantilism in the sixteenth century was the consolidation of the regional power centres of the feudal era by large, competitive nation-states.
Enclosure Acts (1604 – 1914)– land publicly used for grazing , crops became the property of landlords – who then increased rent – pushing people toward the cities to earn a living
Other contributing factors were the establishment of colonies outside Europe;
the growth of European commerce and industry relative to agriculture;
the increase in the volume and breadth of trade; and the increase in the use of metallic monetary systems, particularly gold and silver, relative to barter transactions.
Growth of empire building (and military)
During the mercantilist period, military conflict between nation-states was both more frequent and more extensive than at any other time in history. The armies and navies of the main protagonists were no longer temporary forces raised to address a specific threat or objective, but were full-time professional forces.
Each government’s primary economic objective was to command a sufficient quantity of hard currency to support a military that would deter attacks by other countries and aid its own territorial expansion.
In exchange for paying levies and taxes to support the armies of the nation-states, the mercantile classes induced governments to enact policies that would protect their business interests against foreign competition.
For example; In France, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the minister of finance under Louis XIV from 1661 to 1683, increased port duties on foreign vessels entering French ports and provided bounties to French shipbuilders.
In Britain - the Navigation Act of 1651 prohibited foreign vessels from engaging in coastal trade in England and required that all goods imported from the continent of Europe be carried on either an English vessel or a vessel registered in the country of origin of the goods. Finally, all trade between England and its colonies had to be carried in either English or colonial vessels
But then
The innovation and invention thoprugh science and reasoning led to the
Eric Hobsbawm did not exaggerate when he opined that “the Industrial Revolution marks the most fundamental transformation of human lif ...
As the world has evolved from the age of industrialization to the Networked Society, the nature of consumption has also changed.
The evolution of consumers’ consumption patterns is intertwined with the disruptions that have transformed industries, cities and society alike. Businesses that grasp the new reality will be the ones that survive transformation to grow and flourish.
Furthermore, the evolving nature of consumption means that growth no longer has to be at the expense of the global environment.
http://www.ericsson.com/thinkingahead/networked_society/commerce_reports
Eco 223 Economic History of the Western Community ChapterEvonCanales257
Eco 223 Economic History of the Western Community: Chapter 3 – Feudalism
TOWNS IN THE FEUDAL PERIOD - the analysis of urban life in the feudal period is crucial to understand the long period of transition from feudalism to capitalism
TOWNS IN THE EARLY PERIOD (8th - 11th centuries)
PRECONDITIONS FOR THE REVIVAL OF TOWN LIFE
DEVELOPMENT OF MARITIME AND INLAND CITIES (12th – 13th centuries)
CITY REGULATION
THE URBAN ECONOMY
FOOD AND FOOD SALES
URBAN INDUSTRY
*
Eco 223 Economic History of the Western Community: Chapter 3 – Feudalism
TOWNS IN THE FEUDAL PERIOD
TOWNS IN THE EARLY PERIOD (8th - 11th centuries) – the urban centers of the Roma Empire were practically empty during these period due to a large extent to the Moslem invasions during the 7th and 8th centuries. At the beginning of feudalism, towns became less important as centers of economic life, and their populations fell as European countries turned increasingly to an inward looking, self-sufficient agricultural life style.
Functions of towns during this period
Towns as ecclesiastical centers
Towns as military centers.
*
Eco 223 Economic History of the Western Community: Chapter 3 – Feudalism
TOWNS IN THE FEUDAL PERIOD
Towns as Ecclesiastical Centers
As the Roma Empire disappeared, the Christian Church survived in the old Roman cities. The fact that feudal princess moved back to their country estates meant that the Church’s authority and power in cities increased without any physical presence to provide a counter-influence. Cities were populated by clerics, monks, teachers and students of the Church-run schools, household servants and artisans. Market activity in these towns was limited to the local markets where peasants from the surrounding areas sold agricultural produce to the town dwellers.
*
Eco 223 Economic History of the Western Community: Chapter 3 – Feudalism
TOWNS IN THE FEUDAL PERIOD
Towns as Military Centers
Roman cities were always fortified against invaders and during the insecurities of the feudal period they served as secure refuges of the neighborhood population. In addition, as feudal nobles were now in charge of defending and protecting their land and population, a new military element to the old town was now added.Burgs – were strategically located fortresses built with the purpose of serving as military bases. Over time burgs became administrative centers as the nobles’ agents acquired more authority over the area. Military and ecclesiastical cities became the locations were the expansion of trade and commerce, and thus the expansion of towns, was located.
*
Eco 223 Economic History of the Western Community: Chapter 3 – Feudalism
TOWNS IN THE FEUDAL PERIOD
PRECONDITIONS FOR THE REVIVAL OF TOWN LIFE – two conditions are crucial for towns to become permanent establishments:
There must be a need for a town
There must be a surplus food supply in the countryside
*
E ...
for the normal distrbution, the proportion in the tail beyond z= 1.5.pdfarihantelehyb
for the normal distrbution, the proportion in the tail beyond z= 1.50 is p=0.0668. Based on this
information,what is the proportion in the tail beyond z=-1.50? Please show detailed work on how
the answer was found.
Solution
Since z-distribution is symmetric so the proportion in the tail beyond z=-1.50 is also p=0.0668..
For a square matrix A, which vectors are orthogonal to the vectors i.pdfarihantelehyb
For a square matrix A, which vectors are orthogonal to the vectors in the null space, the vectors
in Col(A) or the vectors in Row(A)?
Solution
Let null space vector of A be x
And Ri be ith row of A
So ith row element of Ax is Ri*x
Since , x is in null space so Ax=0
HEnce, Rix=0
HEnce, vectors in Row(A) are orthogonal to vectors in null space of A.
More Related Content
Similar to what is the marketSolutionAccording to Britannica Market, a .pdf
Capitalism
Pre capitalist
Mercantilism is economic nationalism for the purpose of building a wealthy and powerful state. Adam Smith coined the term “mercantile system” to describe the system of political economy that sought to enrich the country by restraining imports and encouraging exports. (Library of economics and liberty)
The goal of these policies was, supposedly, to achieve a “favourable” balance of trade that would bring gold and silver into the country and also to maintain domestic employment
the mercantile system served the interests of merchants and producers such as the British East India Company, whose activities were protected or encouraged by the state.
The most important economic rationale for mercantilism in the sixteenth century was the consolidation of the regional power centres of the feudal era by large, competitive nation-states.
Enclosure Acts (1604 – 1914)– land publicly used for grazing , crops became the property of landlords – who then increased rent – pushing people toward the cities to earn a living
Other contributing factors were the establishment of colonies outside Europe;
the growth of European commerce and industry relative to agriculture;
the increase in the volume and breadth of trade; and the increase in the use of metallic monetary systems, particularly gold and silver, relative to barter transactions.
Growth of empire building (and military)
During the mercantilist period, military conflict between nation-states was both more frequent and more extensive than at any other time in history. The armies and navies of the main protagonists were no longer temporary forces raised to address a specific threat or objective, but were full-time professional forces.
Each government’s primary economic objective was to command a sufficient quantity of hard currency to support a military that would deter attacks by other countries and aid its own territorial expansion.
In exchange for paying levies and taxes to support the armies of the nation-states, the mercantile classes induced governments to enact policies that would protect their business interests against foreign competition.
For example; In France, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, the minister of finance under Louis XIV from 1661 to 1683, increased port duties on foreign vessels entering French ports and provided bounties to French shipbuilders.
In Britain - the Navigation Act of 1651 prohibited foreign vessels from engaging in coastal trade in England and required that all goods imported from the continent of Europe be carried on either an English vessel or a vessel registered in the country of origin of the goods. Finally, all trade between England and its colonies had to be carried in either English or colonial vessels
But then
The innovation and invention thoprugh science and reasoning led to the
Eric Hobsbawm did not exaggerate when he opined that “the Industrial Revolution marks the most fundamental transformation of human lif ...
As the world has evolved from the age of industrialization to the Networked Society, the nature of consumption has also changed.
The evolution of consumers’ consumption patterns is intertwined with the disruptions that have transformed industries, cities and society alike. Businesses that grasp the new reality will be the ones that survive transformation to grow and flourish.
Furthermore, the evolving nature of consumption means that growth no longer has to be at the expense of the global environment.
http://www.ericsson.com/thinkingahead/networked_society/commerce_reports
Eco 223 Economic History of the Western Community ChapterEvonCanales257
Eco 223 Economic History of the Western Community: Chapter 3 – Feudalism
TOWNS IN THE FEUDAL PERIOD - the analysis of urban life in the feudal period is crucial to understand the long period of transition from feudalism to capitalism
TOWNS IN THE EARLY PERIOD (8th - 11th centuries)
PRECONDITIONS FOR THE REVIVAL OF TOWN LIFE
DEVELOPMENT OF MARITIME AND INLAND CITIES (12th – 13th centuries)
CITY REGULATION
THE URBAN ECONOMY
FOOD AND FOOD SALES
URBAN INDUSTRY
*
Eco 223 Economic History of the Western Community: Chapter 3 – Feudalism
TOWNS IN THE FEUDAL PERIOD
TOWNS IN THE EARLY PERIOD (8th - 11th centuries) – the urban centers of the Roma Empire were practically empty during these period due to a large extent to the Moslem invasions during the 7th and 8th centuries. At the beginning of feudalism, towns became less important as centers of economic life, and their populations fell as European countries turned increasingly to an inward looking, self-sufficient agricultural life style.
Functions of towns during this period
Towns as ecclesiastical centers
Towns as military centers.
*
Eco 223 Economic History of the Western Community: Chapter 3 – Feudalism
TOWNS IN THE FEUDAL PERIOD
Towns as Ecclesiastical Centers
As the Roma Empire disappeared, the Christian Church survived in the old Roman cities. The fact that feudal princess moved back to their country estates meant that the Church’s authority and power in cities increased without any physical presence to provide a counter-influence. Cities were populated by clerics, monks, teachers and students of the Church-run schools, household servants and artisans. Market activity in these towns was limited to the local markets where peasants from the surrounding areas sold agricultural produce to the town dwellers.
*
Eco 223 Economic History of the Western Community: Chapter 3 – Feudalism
TOWNS IN THE FEUDAL PERIOD
Towns as Military Centers
Roman cities were always fortified against invaders and during the insecurities of the feudal period they served as secure refuges of the neighborhood population. In addition, as feudal nobles were now in charge of defending and protecting their land and population, a new military element to the old town was now added.Burgs – were strategically located fortresses built with the purpose of serving as military bases. Over time burgs became administrative centers as the nobles’ agents acquired more authority over the area. Military and ecclesiastical cities became the locations were the expansion of trade and commerce, and thus the expansion of towns, was located.
*
Eco 223 Economic History of the Western Community: Chapter 3 – Feudalism
TOWNS IN THE FEUDAL PERIOD
PRECONDITIONS FOR THE REVIVAL OF TOWN LIFE – two conditions are crucial for towns to become permanent establishments:
There must be a need for a town
There must be a surplus food supply in the countryside
*
E ...
for the normal distrbution, the proportion in the tail beyond z= 1.5.pdfarihantelehyb
for the normal distrbution, the proportion in the tail beyond z= 1.50 is p=0.0668. Based on this
information,what is the proportion in the tail beyond z=-1.50? Please show detailed work on how
the answer was found.
Solution
Since z-distribution is symmetric so the proportion in the tail beyond z=-1.50 is also p=0.0668..
For a square matrix A, which vectors are orthogonal to the vectors i.pdfarihantelehyb
For a square matrix A, which vectors are orthogonal to the vectors in the null space, the vectors
in Col(A) or the vectors in Row(A)?
Solution
Let null space vector of A be x
And Ri be ith row of A
So ith row element of Ax is Ri*x
Since , x is in null space so Ax=0
HEnce, Rix=0
HEnce, vectors in Row(A) are orthogonal to vectors in null space of A.
Five individuals, including A and B, take seats around a circular ta.pdfarihantelehyb
Five individuals, including A and B, take seats around a circular table in a completely random
fashion. Suppose the seats are numbered 1, . . . , 5. Let X = A\'s seat number and Y = B\'s seat
number. If A sends a written message around the table to B in the direction in which they are
closest, how many individuals (including A and B) would you expect to handle the message?
Solution.
Explain the experiments of Griffiths (1928) and Hershey Chase (1952).pdfarihantelehyb
Explain the experiments of Griffiths (1928) and Hershey Chase (1952) and discuss the evidence
that these experiments provided indicating that DNA is the genetic material in bacteria and
viruses.
Solution
Hershey and chase conducted a series of experiments that confirmed DNA as a genetic material.
They inserted radioactive elements in the bacteriophage , now when these bacteriophage infected
bacteria , the radioactive element was seen in their progeny. Experiment was performed twice
once with phosphorus labeled phage and the other with sulfur labeled phage.
Phage coats remained outside the cell whereas the genetic material entered inside. The
phosphorus labeled bacteria became radioactive but the other sulfur labeled bacteria was not.
Hence this proved that the genetic materia is DNA and not protein because phosphorus is a
component of DNA and sulfur is a component of protein..
Energy doing work Fuel of the cell Working part of an enzyme (2 w.pdfarihantelehyb
Energy doing work Fuel of the cell Working part of an enzyme (2 words) Active transport
that takes in materials Measurement of energy Movement of water in response to diffusion
Stored energy A reaction that gives off heat Enzymes make this Explains the use of energy in
nature Process that makes ADP into ATP Equal concentration of material on inside and outside
of a cell Assist with enzyme function Movement of particles
Solution
1) Process: series of reactions that leads to transformation.
2) Catabolic: it is an exergonic reaction that releases energy during breakdown of complex
molecules into simpler ones.
3)ATP: Adenosine triphosphate is the \"molecular unit of currency\" since the energy released
from ATP is used to perform any biological work.
4) Product: ENZYMES ACT AS CATALYST AND CONVERTS SUBSTRATES INTO
PRODUCTS
5)Thermodynamics: It is the study of the energy transductions that occur within and between
living organisms.
6) Active site: It is the region in the enzyme where substrates bind and undergo changes to form
products.
7) Phosphorylation: It is the addition of a phosphate group (PO4)3 to an ADP molecule which
results in the formation of an ATP molecule.
8) ISOTONIC:- When two solutions have equal solute concentration or osmotic pressures,they
are said to be isotonic.
9) Endocytosis: Endocytosis is a type of active transport in which molecules are transported into
the cell by using energy.
10) Co-enzyme;on-proteinacious molecules which aids enzymes in catalysis.
11) diffusion:molecules move from an area of high concentration to lower concentration
12) calorie; unit of energy
13)osmosis:molecules of a solvent pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less
concentrated solution to more concentrated solution
14) potential:energy that is stored in an object.
• Define transcription• Define translation• What are the 3 steps.pdfarihantelehyb
• Define transcription
• Define translation
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
• Define the “genetic dogma”
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
• What is the function of RNA polymerase?
• What is the function of DNA polymerase?
• Define “splicing of RNA”
• What is an exon?
• What component of the cell does the translation?
• What molecule in the cell does transcription?
• What are the functions of: operon, promotor?
• What is the difference between inducible operon and repressible operon?
Solution
• Define transcription
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Here is a more complete definition of
transcription.
• Define translation
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to
a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship
between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it
encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three
bases to assemble the protein. Here is a more complete definition of translation:
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
Step # 1. Initiation:
Initiation of translation in E .coli involves the small ribosome subunit, a mRNA molecule, a
specific charge initiator tRNA, GTP, Mg++ and number of proteinaceous initiation factors (IFs).
These are initially part of the small subunit and are required to enhance binding affinity of the
various translational components (Table 8.1). Unlike ribosomal proteins, IFs are released from
the ribosome once initiation is completed.
Step # 2. Elongation:
Once both subunits of the ribosome are assembled with the mRNA, binding site for two charged
tRNA molecules are formed. These are designated as the ‘P’ or peptidyl and the ‘A’ or
aminoacyl sites. The charged initiator tRNA binds to the P site, provided that the AUG triplet of
mRNA is in the corresponding position of the small subunit. The increase of the growing
polypeptide chain by one amino acid is called elongation.
Step # 3. Termination:
Termination of protein synthesis is carried out by triplet codes (UAG, UAA, UGA; stop codons)
present at site A. These codons do not specify an amino acid, nor do they call for a tRNA in the
A site. These codons are called stop codons, termination codons or nonsense codons. The
finished polypeptide is still attached to the terminal tRNA at the P site, and the A site is empty.
• Define the “genetic dogma”
A theory in genetics and molecular biology subject to several exceptions that genetic information
is coded in self-replicating DNA and undergoes unidirectional transfer to messenger RNAs in
transcription which act as templates for protein synthesis in translation
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
The tRNA molecule, or tr.
Which of the following represents the internal environment of the bod.pdfarihantelehyb
Which of the following represents the internal environment of the body? Choose all that apply.
Blood plasma Extracellular fluid Area within the cell membrane of cells Intracellular fluid
Solution
Answera,b,c,d .All comes inside internal environment. Blood plasma, intracellular fluid .Internal
environment refers to media surrounding the cell.
why does venus experience so little temperature changes compared to .pdfarihantelehyb
why does venus experience so little temperature changes compared to Mercury? which of these
two planets is hotter and I?
Solution
Venus has a very thick atmosphere predominantly consisting of CO2. Tje pressure on its surface
is 91 times the pressure on Earth\'s surface. CO2 is a greenhouse gas which allows incoming
radiation but prevents outgoing radiation. The atmosphere retains the sun\'s heat, which boosts
the temperature, and then evenly distributes it planet-wide, making the poles about as hot as the
equator.
Mercury, while closer, has such a thin atmosphere,which is barely present; Like the moon, in
sunlight, the surface heats up rapidly, but in shadow, it cools down rapidly. The night side of
Mercury is *very* cold, while the daylight side is very hot.
Overall, Venus is hotter than Mercury, but the hottest points of Mercury are hotter than Venus..
Who is considered the author of The Way of Life, which is Daoisms .pdfarihantelehyb
Who is considered the author of The Way of Life, which is Daoism\'s primary philosophical
treatise?
Solution
Taoism also called as Daoism is a philosophical ethicaln or religious tradition that has shaped
chinese life for more than 2000 years.The word Tao means \"Way\", \"Path\" or principle. Hence
originated the principle of the \"Way of Life\"
Daoism is a philosophical system developed by Lao - tzu and Chuang - tzu advocating a simple
honest life and non interference with the course of natural events.Behind all forms of Daoism
stands the figure of Laozi, traditionally regarded as the author of the classical text known as the
Laozi or the Daodejing (Classical Way of Power).
A Daoist atttitude towards life can be seen in the accepting and yielding of the joyful and
carefree sides of the Chinese character.Daoism is also characterised by a posituve attitude
towards the occult and metaphysical..
Which of the following is not a function of proteinsa. .pdfarihantelehyb
Which of the following is not a function of proteins?
a. Provide structure.
b. Enzymes and hormones.
c. Antibodies.
d. Transfer and storage.
e. All of the above are functions of proteins.
Solution
e. All of the above are functions of proteins.
becausea protein provided structure to body\'s tissued.They work as enzymes to improve
chemical reaction.They work as antibodies to fight infection and it helps to transfer oxygen in the
body.So all of them are functions of proteins..
What happens when two shock waves collide What happens specifically.pdfarihantelehyb
What happens when two shock waves collide? What happens specifically to the gas that is in
between both shocks both initially and after?
Solution
The separate shock waves would mostly pass through each other unaffected this is a common
property of wave is called superposition. For example two bombs are placed on earth each side
of the earth were to be detonated at the same time .creating extremely powerful shock waves hit
each other would they just keep on going. Would they collided creating third shock wave.
Instead of two bombs on each side of earth there is only one.and is buried about a mile deep.it
denotes making a shock wave through the crust.much like an earthquake and mdash strong
enough to make it all the way to the other side of the earth..
What is input A. Any data or information that is processed and pres.pdfarihantelehyb
What is input? A. Any data or information that is processed and presented to the user B. Any
data or instructions entered into the memory of a computer C. Data or instructions that have
been processed into a useful form D. All processed data
Solution
Question 14
What is input ?
(B.) Any data or instructions entered into the memory of a computer.
Question 15
Which of the following statements best describes cloud storage?
(B) Data resides on a website that you access via the internet..
What are the main components of the chemiosmotic mechanism in mitoch.pdfarihantelehyb
What are the main components of the chemiosmotic mechanism in mitochondria?
Solution
Main components of mitochondrial chemiismotic
1. NADH - it is produced in Krebs cycle and passes electron for further oxidation.
2. some iron containing haem group , sulphur atoms etc
3. Enzyme ATP synthase
4. Oxygen
5. Glucose
6. FADH2
7. ATP.
Description of programYou are to write a program name InfixToPost.pdfarihantelehyb
Description of program:
You are to write a program name InfixToPostfix.java that converts an infix expression entered
by the user to a postfix expression. The expression may contain the following tokens:
(1) Integer constants (a series of decimal digits).
(2) x (representing a value to be supplied later).
(3) Binary operators (+, -, *, / and %).
(4) Parentheses
Spaces between tokens are allowed but not required. The program will convert the expression to
postfix form and display the converted expression. Upload the file into A7 folder of icollege.
Sample Output:
Enter infix expression: (x + 1) * (x – 2) / 4
Converted expression: x 1 + x 2 - * 4 /
Enter infix expression: 1 2 +
Error in expression!! No operator between operands. Also last token must be an operand.
Enter infix expression: 10.4
Error in expression!! Cannot accept floating point numbers.
Enter infix expression: 1 ( + 2)
Error in expression!! No operator between operand and left parentheses.
Enter infix expression: 5 – (x – 2))
Error in expression!! No matching left parentheses for a right parentheses.
Enter infix expression: 1 ** 2
Error in expression!! The * operator cannot be preceded by a * operator.
Solution
//program for infix to posrtfix convertion
import java.io.*;
class stack
{
char stack1[]=new char[20];
int top;
void push(char ch)
{
top++;
stack1[top]=ch;
}
char pop()
{
char ch;
ch=stack1[top];
top--;
return ch;
}
int pre(char ch)
{
switch(ch)
{
case \'-\':return 1;
case \'+\':return 1;
case \'*\':return 2;
case \'/\':return 2;
}
retrun 0;
}
boolean operator(char ch)
{
if(ch==\'/\'||ch==\'*\'||ch==\'+\'||ch==\'-\')
return true;
else
return false;
}
boolean isAlpha(char ch)
{
if(ch>=\'a\'&&ch<=\'z\'||ch>=\'0\'&&ch==\'9\')
return true;
else
return false;
}
void postfix(String str)
{
char output[]=new char[str.length()];
char ch;
int p=0,i;
for(i=0;ipre(stack1[top])) || stack1[top]==\'(\')
{
push(ch);
}
}
else if(pre(ch)<=pre(stack1[top]))
{
output[p++]=pop();
push(ch);
}
else if(ch==\'(\')
{
while((ch=po())!=\'(\')
{
output[p++]=ch;
}
}
}
while(top!=0)
{
output[p++]=pop();
}
for(int j=0;j.
Customers arrive at bakery at an average of 10 customers per hour. W.pdfarihantelehyb
Customers arrive at bakery at an average of 10 customers per hour. What is the probability that
less than 5 customers will arrive in the next hour? Assume Poisson arrivals. a. .0378 b. .0293 c.
.2500 d .1126
Solution
Possion Distribution
PMF of P.D is = f ( k ) = e- x / x!
Where
= parameter of the distribution.
x = is the number of independent trials
P( X < 5) = P(X=4) + P(X=3) + P(X=2) + P(X=1) + P(X=0)
= e^-10 * 0 ^ 4 / 4! + e^-10 * ^ 3 / 3! + e^-10 * ^ 2 / 2! + e^-10 * ^ 1 / 1! + e^-10 * ^ 0 / 0!
= 0.0293
P(less than 5 customers will arrive in the next hour) = 0.0293.
Two different strains of a mutant phage infect a single bacterium. O.pdfarihantelehyb
Two different strains of a mutant phage infect a single bacterium. One phage strain is d–e+ and
the other is d+e–. The coinfected phages produce the wild-type phenotype in the bacterium: one
phage supplies the wild-type gene product from a d+ allele, and the other supplies the wild-type
gene product from the e+ allele. What genetic phenomenon does this demonstrate?
a.
complementation
b.
specialized transduction
c.
recombination
d.
generalized transduction
e.
both a and b are correct
f.
both a and c are correct
g.
both b and c are correct
h.
both a and d are correct
Solution
Answer: (a) Complementation.
The phenotype indicates that the two mutations complement each other, i.e, one phage supplies
the d+ while the other supplies the e+ gene product.
Its not recombination (which includes transduction) because recombination would have produced
the auxotrophs, i.e, d+e- and d-e+ as well along with the wild type (d+e+)..
Consider this you have two cell lines, a macrophage cell line and a.pdfarihantelehyb
Consider this: you have two cell lines, a macrophage cell line and a CD4 T-cell line. The
macrophage cell line is resistant to infection by HIV, whereas the T-cell line is fully susceptible
and fully permissive. A heterokaryon cell made from the fusion of these two cells is able to be
infected by HIV.
Explain why? Please explain in detail.
Solution
HIV entry into target host cells involves virus ligand (virus surface glycoprotein gp120) and its
interaction with CD4 receptor which is present in both T cells as well as in macrophages. Later
on the fusion of viral envelope with host cell membrane is governed by the engagement of the
co-receptors (CCR5 or CXCR4).
Whether HIV enters via CXCR4 or CCR5 coreceptor, in both cases the viral ribonucleoprotein
complex is released into the cytoplasm where virus encoded reverse transcriptase using viral
genomic RNA as template, generates single stranded cDNA followed by double stranded
(ds)DNA.
However, the rate of reverse transcription is slower in macrophages than what is observed in T
cells and the reason for this is explained below:
In case of CD4 T-cell line, there are many reports till date stating that the dNTP levels are very
high which is very favouirng factor for proviral DNA production and so is the infection by HIV.
When a heterokaryon cell is exposed to the virus, regardless of the inhibitory factors associated
with the macrophages, the high dNTP levels contributed by CD4 T-cell results in infection by
HIV..
RNA splicing activities can be regulated in cells by various activat.pdfarihantelehyb
RNA splicing activities can be regulated in cells by various activator and repressor proteins.
Which of the following proteins is a pair of different splicing activators?SC35 protein and
hnRNP proteinHalf-pint protein and SF2/ASF proteinhnRNP protein and SF2/ASF proteinHalf-
pint protein and hnRNP protein
Solution
Half-pint protein and SF2/ASF protein is a pair of different splicing activators.
As both Half pint protein and SF2/ASF protein are involved in enhancing the splicing.
Whereas the hnRNP proteins will repress splicing, thus all the other 3 combinations are various
activator and repressor proteins..
Required Summarize why revenue is such a critical account in most c.pdfarihantelehyb
Required: Summarize why revenue is such a critical account in most companies and the
auditor\'s challenge in auditing this area. Then address the following questions regarding the
Miniscribe audit which is described below. a) Summarize the business and financial reporting
risks that increased the risk of material misstatement at Miniscribe. b) Summarize the techniques
used by Miniscribe to inflate their financial statements. For each technique, describe the audit
procedure(s) the auditors should/could have used to detect these misstatements? c) Identify any
red flags that the auditors should have noticed during the audit. MiniScribe Corporation Read the
summary below of the MiniScribe Corporation and answer the questions that follow. \"In
October 1988, MiniScribe, a computer disk drive manufacturer, announced its thirteenth
consecutive record-breaking quarter, while its competitors were laying off hundreds of
employees. MiniScribe\'s receivables had increased significantly, and inventories had increased
to a dangerous level because disk drives can become obsolete from one quarter to the next. The
company\'s stock price had quintupled in just two years. It had apparently risen from the dead
under the leadership of Q.T. Wiles, who had resurrected other companies and was known as
\"Dr. Fix-It.\" It looked as if he had done it again. Seven months later, it was announced that
MiniScribe\'s sales gains had been fabricated. What was supposed to be the crowning
achievement of Wiles\' career became an epitaph; he resigned and is living in near seclusion. An
internal investigation concluded that senior management apparently perpetrated a massive fraud
on the company, its directors, its outside auditors, and the investing public. Most of MiniScribe\'s
top management was dismissed, and layoffs shrank its employment by more than 30% in one
year. MiniScribe might have to write off as much as $200 million in bad inventory and
uncollectable receivables. Wiles\' unrealistic sales targets and abusive management style created
a pressure cooker that drove managers to cook the books or perish. And cook they did - booking
sales prematurely, manipulating reserves, and simply fabricating figures - to maintain the illusion
of unbounded growth even after the industry was hit by a severe slump. When Wiles arrived at
MiniScribe in mid-1985, it had just lost its biggest customer, IBM, which decided to make its
own drives. With the personal computer industry then slumping, MiniScribe was drowning in red
ink. Dr. Fix-It\'s prescription was to cut 20% of the workforce and overhaul the company from
top to bottom. As part of the overhaul, several semi-autonomous divisions were created. Each
division manager set the division\'s own budget, sales quotas, incentives, and work rules. The
company became a chaotic Babel of at least 20 mini-companies that were constantly being
changed and reorganized. One employee held 20 different positions in less than seven years.
Wiles turned up.
quizlet com ezto.mheducation.com nline Store Apple Apple Disney Disne.pdfarihantelehyb
quizlet com ezto.mheducation.com nline Store Apple Apple Disney Disney ESPN ESPN Feet to
Inches conversion The Angry, D. Unit 5 1606216959606780 terior thigh. Aorta common iliac a
External iliac a. Internal iliac a. Medial circumflex femoral a. Lateral circumflex femoral a Deep
artery of Femoral a. thigh Perforating a obturator a. Reset zoom
Solution
Please find the description of the labels in the images as below:
Image 1: This image describes the major arteries of the pectoral girdle which can be explained as
below:
Image 2: This image outlines the major veins of the pectoral girdle whose descriptions can be
found as below:.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptx
what is the marketSolutionAccording to Britannica Market, a .pdf
1. what is the market
Solution
According to Britannica "Market, a means by which the exchange of goods and services takes
place as a result of buyers and sellers being in contact with one another, either directly or through
mediating agents or institutions."
The basic principle of a market is a place of exchange. Early markets were held in the town
square where people brought excess goods and food to barter with others.
THE ORIGIN OF MARKETS
Markets as centres of commerce seem to have had three separate points of origin. The first was
in ruralfairs. A typical cultivator fed his family and paid the landlord and the moneylender from
his chief crop. He had sidelines that provided salable products, and he had needs that he could
not satisfy at home. It was then convenient for him to go to a market where many could meet to
sell and buy.
The second point was in service to the landlords. Rent, essentially, was paid in grain; even when
it was translated into money, sales of grain were necessary to supply the cultivator with funds to
meet his dues. Payment of rent was a one-way transaction, imposed by the landlord. In turn, the
landlord used the rents to maintain his warriors, clients, and artisans, and this led to the growth of
towns as centres of trade and production. An urban class developed with a standard of life
enabling its members to cater to each other as well as to the landlords and officials.
The third, and most influential, origin of markets was in international trade. From early times,
merchant adventurers (the Phoenicians, the Arabs) risked their lives and their capital in carrying
the products of one region to another.
Types of markets:
The basic principle of a market is a place of exchange. Early markets were held in the town
square where people brought excess goods and food to barter with others.
THE ORIGIN OF MARKETS
Markets as centres of commerce seem to have had three separate points of origin. The first was
in ruralfairs. A typical cultivator fed his family and paid the landlord and the moneylender from
his chief crop. He had sidelines that provided salable products, and he had needs that he could
not satisfy at home. It was then convenient for him to go to a market where many could meet to
sell and buy.
The second point was in service to the landlords. Rent, essentially, was paid in grain; even when
it was translated into money, sales of grain were necessary to supply the cultivator with funds to
2. meet his dues. Payment of rent was a one-way transaction, imposed by the landlord. In turn, the
landlord used the rents to maintain his warriors, clients, and artisans, and this led to the growth
of towns as centres of trade and production. An urban class developed with a standard of life
enabling its members to cater to each other as well as to the landlords and officials.
The third, and most influential, origin of markets was in international trade. From early times,
merchant adventurers (the Phoenicians, the Arabs) risked their lives and their capital in carrying
the products of one region to another.
Types of markets:Consumer Intend to consume or benefit, but not to make a
profit.Organizational/Business For: ResaleDirect use in productionor general daily operations.
