Discourse Analysis

1. Discourse Analysis by Iwan, S.Pd.
A Discourse Analysis of Intonation in Social and Psychology context
of “Paloponess” Transcript Conversation
1. Background
People converse to others as the way they get in touch with them. In delivering their
speech people are usually influenced by situation which play important role in conversation
in order to be understood easily by the next speakers. While the speakers are uttering
something, however, they send their message not only by using verbal language but also
show their emotion within the utterances. Speaker‟s emotions as noun-verbal language can
be seen from their use of intonation during uttering their speech. As soon as the writer who
looks closely at conversation in general, the writer sees that conversation involves much
more than using language to state propositions or convey facts. Through conversation, the
writer establishes relationship with others, achieve a measure of cooperation (or fail to do
so), keeps channels open for further relationship and so on (Wardhaugh 1998:280).
Intonation is part of discourse analysis. Discourse analysis is sometimes contracted with
the analysis, which focuses on the format properties of language (Renkema 1993:34).
Discourse is language about the sentences that may begin to expect discourse exhibit a
structure on the sentence, which is compression of expectation that may unwarranted
(Stubbs, 1983:5).
Studying intonation needs intelligible listening. The hearer must be listened carefully to
know the meaning of the speakers‟ said. If the hearer changes the intonation of a sentence,
the hearer changes its mean. (Halliday 1970). This intonation discourse used discursive
psychology approach as we know that discursive psychology approach draws on a wide
range of intellectual sources, including conversational analysis, ethnomethodology,
Wittgenstein‟s later philosophy, psychoanalysis, and ideology critique. Developed in the
1990s, it put into question conventional psychological and social psychological thinking by
eschewing talk about „inner‟ processes, whether these inner processes are conceived in terms
of beliefs, memories, attitudes, cognitive features, predispositions (Schiffrin, et.al. 2007).
2. Discourse Analysis of Intonation in “Paloponess” Transcript Conversation.
According to Kusumaningrum (2009) stated that there are many variations of intonations
used in spoken communication. These enable the hearer to identify what the speaker wants the

2. interlocutors to do and to be. So that misunderstandings and misperceptions can be avoided.
Besides, the conversation is able to flow smoothly and comfortably in line with this case, the aim
of analyzing intonation is not upon building structural models but on the close observation of the
behavior of participants in talk and on patterns that recur over a wide range of natural data.
a. “Paloponess” Transcript Conversation:
Speakers
(Initial)
Paloponess English (Subtitution)
K
Assalamu Alaikum
(Low intonation: Greeting)
Grammatical meaning
Assalamu Alaikum
I
Waalaikumsalam
(Low intonation: Greeting)
Grammatical meaning
Waalaikumsalam
K
Apa dik?
(High intonation: Asking about the
information)
Grammatical meaning
Whats up?
I
Tae’
(Low intonation: Answer the question)
Grammatical meaning
There is nothing
K
Apa kareba?
(High intonation: Asking the current
condition)
(Grammatical meaning)
How are you?
I
Apa?
(High intonation: Asking “K” to repeat
the question)
Grammatical meaning
Pardon me?
K
Sehat-sehat siakumi?
(High intonation: asking about the
How are you?

3. health with a worried stress intonation)
Grammatical meaning
I
Alhamdulillah
(Low intonation: answering the
question, expressing everything is
good)
Grammatical meaning
I am fine
K
Anu bangki Waspada waspada
bangki
(Low intonation: A worried stress
intonation)
Pragmatic Meaning: A sentence that
emphasizes concern about something.
Just be careful (of Covid-19)
I
La suleki mati kampong nabudah
tugas
(Low intonation: expressing a reason,
to ensure everything is good)
Grammatical meaning
I want to go back to village, but I
have a lot of assignments.
K
Maapai?
(High intonation: asking to repeat the
statement with highly stress
intonation, indicated a serious
question)
Grammatical meaning
Excuse me?
I
La suleki mati kampong nabudah
tugas
(Low intonation: repeat the statement,
try to ensure everything is good)
Grammatical meaning
I said, I want to go back to village,
but I have a lot of assignments.
K Wee dai bang mo dikarantina komu Please don‟t do that, you will be

4. kesulekomu
(High intonation: high stress
intonation with advice statement )
Pragmatic Meaning: A sentence that
emphasizes meaningful advice.
quarantined if you go back to
village.
I
Ha?
(High intonation: express of
surprising)
Pragmatic meaning: Surprising
about new information.
Really?
K
Anggun inde’ la dikarantina Bidan
appa ku kua masaimo ratunna,
la’bimo sang Minggu. la
dikarantinamo kedeen i to mane
rampo diluar dari Palopo. la
dikarantina komu 14 hari
kerampokomi. apalagi torampo
lujiongmai (Morowali) saba mati
Bupatinna jiong (Saba’ Virus Covid-
19)
(Low intonation: expressing of
worried condition)
Pragmatic Meaning: A sentence that
expressing and stressing about the
spread of viruses (Covid-19) and its
prevention.
Anggun is almost quarantined by
the Midwife but I say that she has
been here more than 1 week ago.
The midwife said that migrants
from outside Palopo would be
quarantined for 14 days.
Especially migrants who came
from Morowali because the
Regent of Moroawai died of the
Covid-19 Virus.
I
Inde Enrekang taemo bisa tau tassu
(Low intonation: Giving an
information to support the statement
before)
Pragmatic Meaning: A sentence that
Nowdays here, people are
forbidden to leave Enrekang.

5. expressing a serious prevention.
K
Iyo dik, eee berdoa bang mokomu,
daibangmo tassu-tassu bah, iya pissa
to ria kewa’tang. iya too, tae’mo mila
sule mai (Palopo) tae dukamo mi
lako Mangkasa (Makassar)
(High intonation: A seriously stress
advice)
Pragmatic Meaning: A sentence that
stressing a meaningful advice and very
worried of the current situation.
Yes Bro, always pray to the God,
Allah SWT, don‟t go anywhere,
just stay at home. Moreover, Ria is
preagnant. You cannot go back to
Palopo and Makassar.
I
Deen pissa tu solana Ria dikarantina
(Low intonation: stressing of worried
information and condition)
Pragmatic Meaning: A sentence that
inform a very worried of the current
situation.
Moreover, one of Ria‟s office
mate is quarantined as ODP
(Covid-19 suspect)
K
mmm, iya duka misule mai
dikarantina komu inde, saba ratu tu
bidan inde nakua ladikkarantina
minto to rampo diluar dari palopo, ia
ammi mai ladi passi duka komu to’o.
(Low intonation: Giving an advice and
serious information)
Pragmatic Meaning: A sentence that
stressing a serious prevention and a
very worried of the current situation.
Oh my God. By the way, you will
be quarantined if you come here
(Village), because the Midwife has
ordered quarantine for any
migrants come from outside
Palopo.
I
Tae duka paki bisa mati saba budapa
jamaan.
(Low intonation: Trying to make a
reason n ensure that everything is
we also haven't been able to go
back to Village because there are
still a lot of work to do.

6. good)
Grammatical meaning
K
Iye dik, iti bang moko solanni
bainemu.
(Low intonation: Giving an advise)
Grammatical meaning
Yes, Of course Bro, Just
accompany you wife.
I
Tae bang na tenang kehidupan
(Low intonation: Giving a statement
that indicated of worried of the current
condition)
Pragmatic Meaning: A sentence that
stressing a very worried of the current
situation.
Our daily live is not calm because
of viruses (Covid-19)
K
Maapai?
(High intonation: Asking to ensure the
information)
Grammatical meaning
Sorry? Pardon me
I
Dikua tae na tenang kehidupan
(Low intonation: Repeat the statement)
Grammatical meaning
I said, our daily live is not calm
because of viruses (Covid-19)
K
Nala bua, berdoa bang moki supaya
na benganki puang lata’ala
kesehatan, apalagi kamu iti madappi
naanggeinna to positive korona, wee,
dai macapa, dai bangmo lumai, iti
bangmo komu laan banua
(Low intonation: Giving an advice,
stressing to keep health)
Pragmatic Meaning: A sentence that
stressing a meaningful advice and very
worried of the current situation
Just keep calm, keep pray to Allah
SWT for our health and safety.
Moreover, especially in your place
(Sidrap) there are people
diagnosed positive covid-19.
Please, be careful, do not come
here, just stay at home

7. especially in Sidrap.
I
Iye’
(Low intonation: Answering the
advice)
Grammatical meaning
Yes, thank you for your advise
b. Discourse Analysis of Intonation.
There are many variations of intonations used in spoken communication. These
enable the hearer to identify what the speaker wants the interlocutors to do and to be. So
that misunderstandings and misperceptions can be avoided. Besides, the conversation is
able to flow smoothly and comfortably in line with this case, the aim of analyzing
intonation is not upon building structural models but on the close observation of the
behavior of participants in talk and on patterns that recur over a wide range of natural
data.
Based on the discourse analysis of transcript conversation above, most of the
function of intonations (underlined sentences) are Pragmatic meaning (attitudinal
function) showing impressed (expressive of impression), regretful (expressive of regret),
surprised (expressive of surprise), grammatical function (noun phrase and verb phrase,
independent clause), accentuation function and discourse function (indicating new
information and giving turn to the next speaker).
3. Conclusion
By analyzing conversation transcript above, it can be concluded that based on the social and
psychological context, most of function have pragmatic meaning intonation (attitudinal function).
It is so, because the speakers employ their speech in various kinds of intonation to show their
feelings, stressing a meaningful advice and very worried of the current situation, and they are
afraid of health and infections Covid-19. In other side, the speaker wanted to go back to his
village but it is difficult because the migrants in his village must be quarantined 14 days.

8. References:
Halliday, M. A. K. (1970). Explorations in the Functions of Language. London: Edward Arnold.
Kusumaningrum, Ani Eka. (2009). A Discourse Analysis of Intonation in“The Lion King” Movie
Manuscript. Thesis, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
http://files.eprints.ums.ac.id/etd/2009/A320/A320050129.pdf
Schiffrin, Deborah, Tannen, Deborah Hamilton & Heidi E (2007) The Handbook of Discourse
Analysis. Oxford: Blackwel Publisher DOI: 10.1111/b.9780631205968.2003
Wardhaugh, R. (1998). Proper English: Myths and Misunderstandings about Language. Oxford:
Blackwell.