IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Ceftriaxone 500 mg, 1g powder for solution for injection smpc taj pharmaceut...Taj Pharma
Ceftriaxone Taj Pharma : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Ceftriaxone Dosage & Rx Info | Ceftriaxone Uses, Side Effects -: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Ceftriaxone - Drug Information - Taj Pharma, Ceftriaxone dose Taj pharmaceuticals Ceftriaxone interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Ceftriaxone contraindications, Ceftriaxone price, Ceftriaxone Taj Pharma Ceftriaxone 500 mg,1g Powder for solution for injection SMPC- Taj Pharma . Stay connected to all updated on Ceftriaxone Taj Pharmaceuticals Taj pharmaceuticals Hyderabad.
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Ceftriaxone Taj Pharma : Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Ceftriaxone Dosage & Rx Info | Ceftriaxone Uses, Side Effects -: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Ceftriaxone - Drug Information - Taj Pharma, Ceftriaxone dose Taj pharmaceuticals Ceftriaxone interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Ceftriaxone contraindications, Ceftriaxone price, Ceftriaxone Taj Pharma Ceftriaxone 500 mg,1g Powder for solution for injection SMPC- Taj Pharma . Stay connected to all updated on Ceftriaxone Taj Pharmaceuticals Taj pharmaceuticals Hyderabad.
• Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).
• Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body.
• Most infections do not have symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis. About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills about half of those infected.
• The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
• The historical term "consumption" came about due to the weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.
• Tuberculosis is spread through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze. People with latent TB do not spread the disease. Active infection occurs more often in people with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke.
Bacteriological profile of childhood sepsis at a tertiary health centre in so...QUESTJOURNAL
Introduction: Sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide, even more so in developing countries. Knowledge of common pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern is useful for guiding initial treatment while awaiting blood culture results. Objective:To determine the major causative organisms and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern of childhood sepsis at the Niger Delta University TeachingHospital (NDUTH), with the aim of revising existing treatment protocols. Methods: Within a 2 year period (1st January 2014 to 31st December 2015) blood culture results of children with clinical suspicion of sepsis were retrospectively studied. Results:During the study period, 116 (12.11%) of the 958 children admitted into the Children Emergency Ward had blood culture tests. Thirty one (26.72%) had positive blood cultures.Eighteen (58.06%) of the organisms were gram positive while thirteen (41.93%) were gram negative. The predominant organism was Staphylococcus aureus in 16 (51.61%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae in 5 (16.13%) patients. The bacterial isolates demonstrated the highest sensitivity to the quinolones. Conclusion:There is need for periodic surveillance of the causative organisms and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of childhood sepsis to guide effective management of patients.
SPORADIC OUTBREAK CASES OF DIPHTHERIA: A THREE YEARS’ STUDY IN A TERTIARY CAR...Earthjournal Publisher
SPORADIC OUTBREAK CASES OF DIPHTHERIA: A THREE YEARS’ STUDY IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE OF NORTHEAST INDIA.
Daiji Gogoi Mohan, Mayuri Gogoi,Naba Kumar Hazarika
IRO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2018, 1(1):1-5.
• Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).
• Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body.
• Most infections do not have symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis. About 10% of latent infections progress to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills about half of those infected.
• The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
• The historical term "consumption" came about due to the weight loss. Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.
• Tuberculosis is spread through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze. People with latent TB do not spread the disease. Active infection occurs more often in people with HIV/AIDS and in those who smoke.
Bacteriological profile of childhood sepsis at a tertiary health centre in so...QUESTJOURNAL
Introduction: Sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide, even more so in developing countries. Knowledge of common pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern is useful for guiding initial treatment while awaiting blood culture results. Objective:To determine the major causative organisms and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern of childhood sepsis at the Niger Delta University TeachingHospital (NDUTH), with the aim of revising existing treatment protocols. Methods: Within a 2 year period (1st January 2014 to 31st December 2015) blood culture results of children with clinical suspicion of sepsis were retrospectively studied. Results:During the study period, 116 (12.11%) of the 958 children admitted into the Children Emergency Ward had blood culture tests. Thirty one (26.72%) had positive blood cultures.Eighteen (58.06%) of the organisms were gram positive while thirteen (41.93%) were gram negative. The predominant organism was Staphylococcus aureus in 16 (51.61%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae in 5 (16.13%) patients. The bacterial isolates demonstrated the highest sensitivity to the quinolones. Conclusion:There is need for periodic surveillance of the causative organisms and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of childhood sepsis to guide effective management of patients.
SPORADIC OUTBREAK CASES OF DIPHTHERIA: A THREE YEARS’ STUDY IN A TERTIARY CAR...Earthjournal Publisher
SPORADIC OUTBREAK CASES OF DIPHTHERIA: A THREE YEARS’ STUDY IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE OF NORTHEAST INDIA.
Daiji Gogoi Mohan, Mayuri Gogoi,Naba Kumar Hazarika
IRO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2018, 1(1):1-5.
Penicillin is drug of Choice for Syphilis- Still it holds good?inventionjournals
Syphilis resistant to Tetracyclins and macrolids had well documented. Penicillin is still considered as drug of choice in the treatment of Syphilis. Treponemes resistant to Penicillin are yet to be documented. In a private STD clinic of Tirunelveli, South India, during the period of January 2010 to June 2015, 68 cases reactive for syphilis were noted. 13.2 % of false positive were identified. Remaining 59 cases, 31 lost for follow up after treatment. Among whom 12 responded well to treatment following anti-syphilitic treatment with Penicillin whereas 16 (57.14%) remained reactive for more than a year or more. The titers either persist as same or even go up. Nobody in this group are reactive for HIV. All these patients remain in latent state in this series. Nobody progressed to neuro or cardiovascular syphilis. This warrants that it is high time to look for some other better alternative to treat Syphilis or otherwise increase in the dosage may have to be considered. Even though this study comprises of small number of patients, it has to be studied in detail for a longer period at multiple centers.
Penicillin is drug of Choice for Syphilis- Still it holds good?inventionjournals
Syphilis resistant to Tetracyclins and macrolids had well documented. Penicillin is still considered as drug of choice in the treatment of Syphilis. Treponemes resistant to Penicillin are yet to be documented. In a private STD clinic of Tirunelveli, South India, during the period of January 2010 to June 2015, 68 cases reactive for syphilis were noted. 13.2 % of false positive were identified. Remaining 59 cases, 31 lost for follow up after treatment. Among whom 12 responded well to treatment following anti-syphilitic treatment with Penicillin whereas 16 (57.14%) remained reactive for more than a year or more. The titers either persist as same or even go up. Nobody in this group are reactive for HIV. All these patients remain in latent state in this series. Nobody progressed to neuro or cardiovascular syphilis. This warrants that it is high time to look for some other better alternative to treat Syphilis or otherwise increase in the dosage may have to be considered. Even though this study comprises of small number of patients, it has to be studied in detail for a longer period at multiple centers.
Effects of moderate doses of vitamin A as an adjunct to the treatment of pneu...ISAMI1
Effects of moderate doses of vitamin A as an adjunct to the treatment of pneumonia in underweight and normal-weight children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Secretarial Performance and the Gender Question (A Study of Selected Tertiary...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Quality Management principles at Zimbabwe Open University (...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
How to Give Better Lectures: Some Tips for Doctors
A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of 5 Days and 14 Days Ceftriaxone Therapy in Typhoid Fever in Children
1. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 14, Issue 12 Ver. II (Dec. 2015), PP 20-25
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0853-141222025 www.iosrjournals.org 20 | Page
A Comparative Study of the Efficacy of 5 Days and 14 Days
Ceftriaxone Therapy in Typhoid Fever in Children
Dr. Shelley G L Nongpiur,1
Dr. Ch Shyamsunder Singh,2
Dr. T. Kambiakdik,3
Dr. Kh Sulochana Devi,4
Dr. L Ranbir Singh5
1
Junior Resident, 3
Senior Resident, Department of Pediatrics, RIMS, Imphal
2
Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, RIMS, Imphal
4
Professor, Department of Microbiology, RIMS, Imphal
5
Professor, Department of Pediatrics, RIMS, Imphal
Abstract:
Background: Typhoid fever is an acute multi-systemic infectious illness significantly contributing to
considerable morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing Asian countries where about 80% of cases and
deaths occur. In India also, it remains a serious health problem. A wide range of antibiotics ranging from
Ampicillin, Co-trimoxable to Fluoroquinolones and third generation Cephalosporins have been used in the
treatment of typhoid fever with variable success rates. In recent years, Ceftriaxone, a third generation
Cephalosporin, has been increasingly used though the exact dosage and duration remains vague.
Objectives: The present study was carried out to study the clinical profile of children with typhoid fever and to
compare the efficacy of 5 days with 14 days of Ceftriaxone therapy in children with typhoid fever.
Methods : This was an open randomized hospital based study, comparing Ceftriaxone given 100mg/kg/day IV
for 5 days and 75mg/kg/day IV for 14 days in the treatment of uncomplicated typhoid fever in children,
conducted in the Pediatric ward of Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) Hospital, Imphal, Manipur.
90 children with symptoms and signs of typhoid fever were enrolled in the study. The patients were randomly
divided into 2 groups of 45 each. Patients aged between 3 to 12 yrs, with fever >4 days, diarrhoea, positive
Typhidot test, a somatic O agglutinin of > 1:80 in Widal test, a positive blood culture for S.typhi were enrolled
for the study. Patients with jaundice, gastro-intestinal hemorrhage or perforation, shock, known allergy to
penicillin or cephalosporins & central nervous system involvement were excluded.
Results: The time to defervescence was comparable in both the groups. The outcome was classified as clinical
cure in 44 patients (97.8%) in the 14 days group and in 38 patients (84.5%) in the 5 days group. Relapse was
seen in 1 patient (2.2%) in the 14 days group and 7 patients (15.5%) relapsed in the 5 days group(p=0.026).
Conclusion: Long course treatment with Ceftriaxone is significantly better than that of short course treatment
with 5 days, although the latter is associated with short hospital stay, low cost and absence of side effects.
Key words: Typhoid fever, ceftriaxone, defervescence
I. Introduction
Typhoid fever is a potentially fatal multisystem illness primarily caused by Salmonella enterica
serovar typhi (S.typhi), a gram-negative bacterium and its classic presentation includes fever, malaise, diffuse
abdominal pain and constipation.1
The disease remains endemic in many areas of the developing world, causing
over 21.6 million infections and over 2,00,000 deaths annually. The incidence is highest in South East Asia
(over 100/100000 cases/year) with the highest burden of disease in children aged 2-15 yrs.2
The annual typhoid
rates (confirmed by blood culture) in recent studies from India, Pakistan and Indonesia range from 149 to as
high as 573 cases per 100000 children.3
Other regions contributing to global morbidity and mortality include
Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, and other parts of Asia.2
In the pre-antibiotic period, the disease burden was quite high with mortality reaching up to 15%, but
with the universal introduction of Chloramphenicol in 1948, the mortality rate decreased to <1% and duration
of fever also declined from 14-28 days to 3-5 days until the 1970’s particularly in developing countries, when
widespread resistance emerged.4
Ampicillin and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) then became the
treatments of choice. However, in the late 1980’s, some S.typhi and S.paratyphi strains [multidrug resistant
(MDR) S.typhi or S.paratyphi] developed simultaneous plasmid-mediated resistance to all these agents.5
Fluoroquinolones then began to be recommended by most authorities for the treatment of typhoid fever, despite
their potential toxicity and lack of data in children.6,7
Initially they were greatly effective against susceptible
organisms, yielding high cure rates. Unfortunately, resistance to first-generation fluoroquinolones developed
and became widespread in many parts of Asia.8,9,10
In recent years, third-generation cephalosporins (ceftriaxone, cefixime, cefotaxime, cefoperazone) have
been used in regions with high fluoroquinolone resistance rates, particularly in South Asia including India. They
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are very safe for paediatric use with fever clearing rates averaging one week and treatment failure rates were 5-
10 percent.11,12
But most of them are administered parenterally and costly. Still, cephalosporins have remained
an important therapeutic alternative for the therapy for typhoid fever, including multidrug resistant (MDR)
typhoid in children with excellent primary cure rates.
The efficacy of third generation cephalosporin – Ceftriaxone, in typhoid fever is well documented.13
But the precise duration of Ceftriaxone therapy in children with typhoid fever is not well established and varies
from 3 to 14 days.14,15
Typhoid fever is also fairly prevalent in Manipur though the exact disease burden is not known and the
present study was carried out to study the clinical profile of typhoid fever in children in a tertiary care centre in
Manipur and compare the efficacy of a short course (5 days) with a long course (14 days) of Ceftriaxone
therapy along with the determination of associated co-morbid conditions
II. Materials And Methods
The present study was conducted in 90 children with symptoms and signs of typhoid fever admitted in
Pediatric ward, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) Hospital, imphal, Manipur (India) during the
period from November 2010 to April 2012. The study was carried out after due approval by the Institutional
Ethics Committee, RIMS,Imphal
Inclusion criteria comprised of children aged 3 to 12 yrs, having - fever >4 days, positive antibody
IgM (Typhidot test), by a somatic O agglutinin of >1:80 in Widal test and a positive blood culture for S.typhi
Children with jaundice, gastro-intestinal(GI) hemorrhage or perforation, shock, known allergy to
penicillin or cephalosporins central nervous system (CNS) involvement and not receiving consent from
parents/legal guardians were excluded from the study.
The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups of 45 each.
A detailed history and clinical examination of all children were carried out after receiving informed
consent from parents/legal guardians. The febrile child was evaluated through a series of tests and recordings :
temperature from axilla for 3 minutes, complete hemogram (CHG), blood culture and sensitivity (C/S), blood
for malarial parasite (MP), Typhidot test & Widal test, urine and stool routine examination (RE) & C/S. Liver
function test (LFT), kidney function test (KFT), chest-X ray (CXR) and ultrasonography (USG) abdomen were
performed as indicated.
Diagnosis of typhoid fever was based on detailed history, physical examination, a positive
immunological test (Typhidot) or a somatic O agglutinin titer of > 1 : 80 in Widal test or a positive blood
culture for S.typhi
After diagnosis, supportive & specific therapy (parenteral Ceftriaxone) was given to all the affected children.
Specific therapy – Intravenous (IV) Ceftriaxone -
1st
group - 100mg/kg/day in two divided doses for 5 days
2nd
group - 75mg/kg/day in two divided doses for 14 days.
The outcome of Ceftriaxone therapy was divided into three categories : cure, relapse & death.
Cure - The patient was considered clinically cured if there was resolution of all clinical symptoms and signs
with negative blood culture for S.typhi or decreasing agglutination O titer at the end of treatment and if the
patient remained clinically well during the follow-up period.
Relapse - A diagnosis of relapse was made if the patient responded to treatment clinically and then a recurrence
of fever with blood culture positive for S.typhi or a rising somatic O agglutinin titer within 2 months following
completion of therapy and with no evidence of exposure to suggest a new infection.
III. Results
A total of 5615 patients who were admitted in the Pediatric ward, RIMS,Hospital, Imphal during the
study period of 18 months from November 2010 to April 2012. Out of the total admitted patients during the
study period, 600 patients were found to be suffering from typhoid fever giving an incidence of 1.06 per 1000
children.
The age of the patients ranged from 3-12 years and the mean age was 8.1±2.7 years. Maximum number
of cases belonged to the age group 6-12 years comprising of 74 (82.2%) cases. There were 58(64.4%) male
patients and 32(35.5%) female patients with male to female ratio of 1.8:1.
There were 17(18.8%) cases from lower socio-economic group; 36(40%), 34(37.8%) and 3(3.4%)
belonged to lower socio-economic, upper lower, lower middle and upper middle socio-economic groups
respectively.
There was variation in the number of cases in different months with the maximum numbers of cases
observed during May to September.
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
JanuaryFebruary
M
arch
April
M
ay
June
JulyAugust
Septem
berOctober
Novem
ber
Decem
ber
Seasonal trend of
Typhoid fever
Fig :- 1. Seasonal trend of Typhoid fever
There were 63(70%) cases belonging to Hindu religion; 18(20%) cases and 9(10%) cases belonged to
Muslim and Christian religions, respectively.
The mean duration of illness in children with typhoid fever who were treated with long course
Ceftriaxone therapy was 10.6±2.4 days and that in children treated with short course Ceftriaxone therapy was
10.2±2.6 days. There was no significant variation in duration of illness (P=0.44).
Blood culture was positive only in 2(4.4%) patients treated with the long course Ceftriaxone therapy
whereas 3(6.7%) children were positive by blood culture among those receiving short course.
Of the various clinical signs and symptoms, the most common presenting feature was fever (100%) in
each group followed by coated tongue (84.4% in children allotted to long course and 77.8% in children given
short course), hepatomegaly, pain abdomen, diarrhoea, constipation, cough, vomiting and rashes respectively
(Table - 1) with no statistically significant difference between the two groups ( P = 0.45).
Table :- 1. Clinical profile of children with typhoid fever with respect to course of Ceftriaxone therapy
Clinical feature
Long course
No.(%)
Short course
No.(%)
Fever 45 (100) 45 (100)
Cough 15 (33.3) 10 (22.2)
Rashes 3 (6.67) 2 (4.4)
Coated tongue 38 (84.4) 35 (77.8)
Pain abdomen 20 (44.4) 23 (51.1)
Vomiting 10 (22.2) 2 (4.4)
Constipation 15 (33.3) 12 (26.7)
Diarrhea 18 (40) 13 (28.9)
Hepatomegaly 20 (44.4) 28 (62.2)
Splenomegaly 15 (33.3) 15 (33.3)
[2
= 8.840; df = 9; P = 0.45]
The co-morbid conditions that were seen in the affected children were hepatitis, anemia, pneumonia,
cholecystitis, arthritis, encephalopathy and meningitis, respectively (Table - 2). Here also, there was no
significant variation between the two groups.
Table :- 2. Comparison of associated co-morbid conditions among children with typhoid fever on long
and short course Ceftriaxone therapy
Co-morbid conditions Long course
No. (%)
Short course
No.(%)
Pneumonia 8(17.8) 7(15.6)
Cholecystitis 8(17.8) 7(15.6)
Meningitis 1(2.2) 1(2.2)
Arthritis 4(8.8) 5(11.1)
Anemia 10(22.2) 12(26.7)
Hepatitis 14(31.1) 15(33.3)
Encephalopathy 2(4.4) 2(4.4)
[2
= 0.399; df = 5; P = 0.995]
In the present study, a total of 54.4 % of the patients were positive by Typhidot test, 44% by Widal test
and 5.5% were positive by blood culture (Table – 3)
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Table :- 3. Characteristics of specific investigations of children with typhoid fever
Investigation Long course
No.(%)
Short course
No.(%)
Total No.(%)
Typhidot (+) 25(55.6) 24(53.3) 49(54.4)
Widal test (+) 20(44.4) 20(44.4) 40(44.3)
Blood culture (+) 2(4.4) 3(6.7) 5.(5.6)
Other biochemical and laboratory work up of the patients in either group were found to be comparable
with no significant differences.
Table :- 4. Characteristics of treatment outcome of typhoid fever with respect to course
Characteristics Long course Short course X2
or
t-value
p-value
Time to defervescence
in days
(Mean±SD)
3.82 ± 0.86 3.93 ± 1.07 0.541
t-value
0.590
Outcome
3.873
X2
0.026
Cured(%) 44(97.8) 38(84.5)
Relapse(%) 1(2.2) 7(15.5)
*2
is applied in case of data expressed in %
**t-test is applied in case of data expressed in Mean±SD
The mean time to defervescence in children with typhoid fever who received long course Ceftriaxone
therapy was 3.82 ± 0.86 days and 3.93 ±1.07 days in those receiving short course Ceftriaxone therapy (P=0.59).
However, the cure rate among children who received long course therapy was 97.8% as compared to 84.5%
among children who received short course Ceftriaxone therapy (Table – 4). Only one patient who received long
course Ceftriaxone treatment relapsed whereas 7 patients in the short course Ceftriaxone therapy suffered
relapse, giving a relapse rate of 15.5% [as against 2.2% in the long course Ceftriaxone therapy group
(P=0.026)].
IV. Discussion
In the present study, it is observed that enteric fever is still quite prevalent throughout the year, but
maximal cases occurring between May to September (Fig-1) with an incidence of 1.06 per 1000 admissions.
The maximum number of cases were seen in the aged group of 6 – 12 years with male preponderance (M : F =
1.8:1) underlining the fact that it is a disease of school going children. This is comparable with Rajiv Kumar et
al16
who had also found a male to female ratio of 1.85:1, but he observed two peaks of incidence - highest
incidence of disease occurring in the 2-5 years age group and second highest peak in the 7-10 years age group.
Raman et al17
had also reported the average age of typhoid infection as 5.6 years and male to female ratio of
3:2. The majority of the cases in our study were from the indigenous Meitei Hindu community followed by
Muslims and Christians. This appeared to have no scientific significance and may be explained by the fact that
majority of the local population of Imphal Valley are Hindus. It was also found that maximum number of cases
were from upper lower and lower middle socio-economic groups18
emphasizing that typhoid fever is a disease
of poverty as it is often associated with inadequate sanitation facilities and unsafe water supplies. Interestingly
all the families of affected children in our study reported using either tap or potable water supply for domestic
consumption; also majority of the families had access to sanitary latrines.
Fever was the commonest presenting symptom and the mean duration of fever was 10 days (range 8 –
12 days) with no variation observed in fever duration in both groups (Table – 1). The two groups were also
comparable in their clinical characteristics, duration, severity of illness at admission and other co-morbid
conditions (Table-2). In the present study, 54% of patients were positive by Typhidot test, 44% positive by
Widal test and 5.5% positive by blood culture (Table – 3) which correlates with the study of
Narayanappa et al 19
who also found a higher sensitivity for Typhidot as compared to Widal test in the diagnosis
of enteric fever in children. The relatively low sensitivity of blood culture in diagnosing typhoid fever is
understandable in the wake of widespread antibiotic use in India and technical difficulties in obtaining large
volume of blood for blood culture in children. Although bone marrow cultures significantly increase the yield of
Salmonella, they are invasive, difficult to obtain and take at least 2-3 weeks for the results to come.
There were no substantial differences in clinical and laboratory parameters between the study groups.
Ceftriaxone used in our study was well tolerated without any untoward side effects observed among the study
subjects. But the relapse rate in the short course Ceftriaxone therapy was significant [15.5% as against 2.2% in
the long course group ( p=0.026)] (Table-4). This is slightly higher but comparable with Bhutta ZA et al 20
where the relapse rate was 14% in the short term Ceftriaxone therapy. The time to defervescence was
comparable in both groups - 3.82 ± 0.86 days in the long course as against - 3.93 ± 1.07 in the short course
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(Table-4). This was comparable with the study of Bhuta ZA et al20
where he observed that time to defervescence
was comparable between two groups of children with MDR typhoid (3.7 vs 4.1, though p-value was not
significant). Girgis et al21
had also reported a cure rate of 95% among children with MDR typhoid (who were
given a 5-day course of ceftriaxone) with time to defervescence of 3.9 days, But the present study’s
defervescence time is considerably shorter than the observed pattern of defervescence for typhoid in other
studies.20,22
Our data suggest that despite comparable bacteriological and clinical cure rates, a 5-day course with
Ceftriaxone was associated with relatively higher rate of relapse in children with typhoid fever, in comparison
with a 14-day course of treatment. This data is at variance with information from other studies of short course
therapy with Ceftriaxone for adults and children with typhoid.22,23
However despite adequate documentation of a
cure, few of the studies had inadequate follow-up periods and did not address the issue of relapse. In Vietnam,
where there was an overall 63% incidence of MDR typhoid, Smith et al24
observed a 28% primary treatment
failure for a 3-day course of Ceftriaxone therapy. It is thus possible that these differences in response to therapy
may represent differences in the virulence and antibiotic responsiveness of different strains of S.typhi. It is
therefore imperative that therapeutic strategies for treating typhoid in children must take local epidemiological
patterns and strain specifications into account.
V. Conclusion
The present study demonstrates comparable efficacy of Ceftriaxone 100mg/kg/day in a single or two
divided doses for 5 days to Ceftriaxone 75mg/kg/day in one or two divided doses for 14 days with no significant
side effects observed in either group during the course of therapy. Ceftriaxone administered over a period of 5
days had the advantage of short hospital stay, rapid response, low cost and absence of serious side effects.
However, a higher relapse rate was seen in the short course group as compared to the long course group,
suggesting that a short course therapy is inadequate in the treatment of typhoid fever. Although the clinical
response and bacteriological clearance rates during the period of hospitalization were comparable for both
groups, it is possible that a 5-day course may be insufficient in clearing S.typhi from the macrophages within the
reticuloendothelial system, thereby provoking a relapse. Therefore considerable caution should be emphasized
in treating typhoid fever with parenteral Ceftriaxone for 5 days. It is uncertain if an intermediate course of
therapy, one between 5 and 14 days, would be adequate for treating typhoid fever, and further studies are needed
to explore this issue.
However, it is also realized that though the current results are encouraging, the number of patients in
the present study was small and all the patients were uncomplicated cases of typhoid fever. Therefore, whether
Ceftriaxone 75mg/kg/day for 14 days is superior, equal or inferior to Ceftriaxone 100mg/kg/day for 5 days in
cure, relapse or carrier rates may be determined by future randomized comparative studies.
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