This document discusses a study on how tourists choose destinations and the role of online marketing. It provides background on travel decision making processes and information search behavior. The study aimed to understand how international tourists defined the destination they visited and perceived the role of marketing. Fifty-seven interviews were conducted with tourists in Finland's Savonlinna region. Most tourists initially considered 1-2 potential destinations and focused on Finland after some research. The internet, word-of-mouth, and guidebooks were most influential in the initial destination decision. After choosing Finland, tourists searched more in-depth online and through guidebooks for trip planning information.
This document summarizes research on determining individual satisfaction with group decisions in tourism settings. The researchers conducted an experiment with 200 participants deciding on travel destinations in 55 groups. They found that personality traits, travel personality types, and conflict resolution styles influenced individual satisfaction. Specifically, individuals who were reliable, agreeable, collaborative and scored high on social travel types reported higher satisfaction even when their preferences differed from the group choice. The results imply that group recommender systems could improve satisfaction by customizing decision aggregation based on individual characteristics.
The document presents the results of a bibliometric analysis of research publications focusing on the use of data analysis techniques such as data mining, big data, and structural equation modeling in tourism. The analysis found 785 relevant articles published until 2015. Exponential growth in publications fit Price's law of exponential scientific growth. Data mining was the most used technique initially but structural equation modeling and big data use has grown substantially in recent years. The analysis also identified the most prolific authors and journals in the field. The results indicate these data analysis techniques are becoming increasingly important in tourism research.
1) The study assessed how American travelers' information needs have changed over the past 25 years since a previous 1998 study.
2) It found travelers' functional needs have remained largely the same, but aesthetic, hedonic, and sign needs are now more important.
3) Information needs differ in the pre-trip versus during trip stages, with innovation and hedonic needs increasing in importance during the trip while functional needs decrease slightly.
A closer look at tourist information search behaviour when travelling abroad:...Juho Pesonen
Information search and the decision-making process of tourists have received great attention in tourism research literature and both are considered to be important theoretical and practical topics. This study contributes to these topics by studying international tourists during their trip in a destination using qualitative interviews and by focusing on the role of online marketing in tourists’ decision-making process. Altogether 57 international tourists in Savonlinna, Finland were interviewed during summer 2016 to find out the factors that affected their decision to come to Savonlinna. The results demonstrate how important it is for destinations to understand their international customers and understand what is the destination they should actually be promoting. Banners and social media do not seem to play an important role in new customer acquisition, but search engine optimisation and content marketing as well as product quality are at the top of the list.
Thank you for the presentation. Here are a few thoughts:
- Consider including proxies or indicators to directly measure the constructs in your framework (e.g. specific metrics for readiness, intensity, impact) rather than relying solely on perceptions. This will strengthen validity.
- For methodology, clearly defining your sample frame, sample size calculations, and data collection/analysis plans will help evaluate feasibility. Pilot testing your instruments is important.
- Refining your research questions to be more focused and testable may help drive a clearer methodology. Consider tying questions directly to your framework.
- Addressing challenges up front like access issues and generalizing frameworks is wise. Partnerships may help address some barriers.
Overall the topic
This document summarizes a presentation on exploring the use and impact of social media on consumer behavior related to holiday travel. It discusses how social media is used during all stages of the travel process and decision making process. A qualitative study utilizing focus groups was conducted with 51 participants to understand how social media is constructed and used during travel planning. The findings identified six major functions served by social media during travel - inspiration, collaboration, decision making, self-expression, communication, and entertainment. These functions were conceptualized as "social media functional spaces" that encompass how users interact and their cognitive processes within the travel experience. The study aims to provide a holistic understanding of social media's role and impact across the entire travel process.
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to understand the strategies travelers have developed in using the Internet for trip planning. The study analyzed survey data from 2007-2012 on how Internet usage impacted travel plans, information channels used, and likelihood of calling for reservations. Cluster analysis identified three main strategies: "super planners" who fully utilize online/offline resources, "efficient planners" who reduce channels once plans are set, and those for whom the Internet does not significantly impact plans. The findings provide insight into how technology can shape users' preferences and habits related to travel planning.
This document summarizes research on determining individual satisfaction with group decisions in tourism settings. The researchers conducted an experiment with 200 participants deciding on travel destinations in 55 groups. They found that personality traits, travel personality types, and conflict resolution styles influenced individual satisfaction. Specifically, individuals who were reliable, agreeable, collaborative and scored high on social travel types reported higher satisfaction even when their preferences differed from the group choice. The results imply that group recommender systems could improve satisfaction by customizing decision aggregation based on individual characteristics.
The document presents the results of a bibliometric analysis of research publications focusing on the use of data analysis techniques such as data mining, big data, and structural equation modeling in tourism. The analysis found 785 relevant articles published until 2015. Exponential growth in publications fit Price's law of exponential scientific growth. Data mining was the most used technique initially but structural equation modeling and big data use has grown substantially in recent years. The analysis also identified the most prolific authors and journals in the field. The results indicate these data analysis techniques are becoming increasingly important in tourism research.
1) The study assessed how American travelers' information needs have changed over the past 25 years since a previous 1998 study.
2) It found travelers' functional needs have remained largely the same, but aesthetic, hedonic, and sign needs are now more important.
3) Information needs differ in the pre-trip versus during trip stages, with innovation and hedonic needs increasing in importance during the trip while functional needs decrease slightly.
A closer look at tourist information search behaviour when travelling abroad:...Juho Pesonen
Information search and the decision-making process of tourists have received great attention in tourism research literature and both are considered to be important theoretical and practical topics. This study contributes to these topics by studying international tourists during their trip in a destination using qualitative interviews and by focusing on the role of online marketing in tourists’ decision-making process. Altogether 57 international tourists in Savonlinna, Finland were interviewed during summer 2016 to find out the factors that affected their decision to come to Savonlinna. The results demonstrate how important it is for destinations to understand their international customers and understand what is the destination they should actually be promoting. Banners and social media do not seem to play an important role in new customer acquisition, but search engine optimisation and content marketing as well as product quality are at the top of the list.
Thank you for the presentation. Here are a few thoughts:
- Consider including proxies or indicators to directly measure the constructs in your framework (e.g. specific metrics for readiness, intensity, impact) rather than relying solely on perceptions. This will strengthen validity.
- For methodology, clearly defining your sample frame, sample size calculations, and data collection/analysis plans will help evaluate feasibility. Pilot testing your instruments is important.
- Refining your research questions to be more focused and testable may help drive a clearer methodology. Consider tying questions directly to your framework.
- Addressing challenges up front like access issues and generalizing frameworks is wise. Partnerships may help address some barriers.
Overall the topic
This document summarizes a presentation on exploring the use and impact of social media on consumer behavior related to holiday travel. It discusses how social media is used during all stages of the travel process and decision making process. A qualitative study utilizing focus groups was conducted with 51 participants to understand how social media is constructed and used during travel planning. The findings identified six major functions served by social media during travel - inspiration, collaboration, decision making, self-expression, communication, and entertainment. These functions were conceptualized as "social media functional spaces" that encompass how users interact and their cognitive processes within the travel experience. The study aims to provide a holistic understanding of social media's role and impact across the entire travel process.
This document summarizes a research study that aimed to understand the strategies travelers have developed in using the Internet for trip planning. The study analyzed survey data from 2007-2012 on how Internet usage impacted travel plans, information channels used, and likelihood of calling for reservations. Cluster analysis identified three main strategies: "super planners" who fully utilize online/offline resources, "efficient planners" who reduce channels once plans are set, and those for whom the Internet does not significantly impact plans. The findings provide insight into how technology can shape users' preferences and habits related to travel planning.
This document summarizes a study investigating how social media source characteristics influence the usefulness of information for evaluating study destinations. The study conducted interviews with 110 Chinese students across Australia. Results found that trustworthiness was more influential than expertise. Credibility and authentic personal experiences were important. Appearance also mattered, with friendly-looking sources ranked higher. Similarity, such as shared interests, made information more useful. The study provided insights for improving social media marketing strategies to international students. Further research could examine preferences of student segments and importance of message attributes.
This document describes a system for generating personalized paths between two locations in a city that include suggested points-of-interest (POIs). It discovers and scores POIs using the Foursquare API, then generates paths using Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm to maximize entertainment value along the route. The system was implemented as a web application and evaluated in a user study, which found that routes generated by the improved system better matched users' preferences compared to an earlier baseline version. The study also showed promising results for satisfaction with the overall results and consideration of taking the suggested routes.
This document outlines the proposed methodology for a PhD study examining the use of gamification as a relationship marketing tool in 5-star hotels. The study aims to identify user motivations for playing games and understand what constitutes "fun" for different types of users. It will examine how these motivations relate to intentions to use hotel gamification applications and influence customer loyalty. A mixed methods approach is proposed using interviews to understand user perspectives, followed by a questionnaire to test relationships between variables. The implications include further defining fun and enjoyment in this context, understanding motivations for using hotel apps, and identifying how gamification can boost customer loyalty for hotel chains.
Este documento discute la innovación tecnológica en el eTurismo. Define la innovación tecnológica como una idea o concepto que resulta en un proyecto o resultado final que introduce algo mejor, más eficiente o útil. Explora cómo la tecnología puede empoderar a los consumidores y los intermediarios del turismo, así como mejorar el Business Intelligence. También considera si la tecnología siempre es la solución y cómo puede mejorar las experiencias de los turistas de una manera más responsable.
This document presents the slideshow for a PhD workshop presentation. The presentation evaluates how the availability of internet-connected devices affects the travel experience. It discusses how connectivity facilitates emotional connections and creates new imperatives during travel. It also examines how travelers use social media to transform experiences into digital content. The presenter proposes exploring these issues through an autoethnography involving critical reflection on their personal travel experiences and device usage, supported by an exegesis. Key concepts discussed include the tourist gaze, hermeneutic circle, panopticon, and performing self on social media.
This document summarizes a research study that examines how the psychological distance of tourists impacts the usefulness of online travel reviews. Specifically, it investigates whether concrete or abstract review information is more useful for near versus far future tourists based on Construal Level Theory. The study develops hypotheses about the relationships between review usefulness, expectation, and visit intention. It then outlines the research methodology, which involves an experimental survey that collects data from near and far future tourists to test the hypotheses.
This study examined gender differences in the use of hashtags when posting about Malaysian food on Instagram. The researchers analyzed over 600 Instagram posts with the hashtag #Malaysianfood from March 2015. They found that females were more likely to use emotional hashtags expressing feelings, while males used more informative hashtags about food categories and attributes. Females also tended to use more positive hashtags compared to males. The study contributes to understanding gender differences in hashtag use on social media and has implications for how companies can target different demographics through hashtags.
This document proposes a new tourism model for historic cities that focuses on valorizing their musical heritage through information and communication technologies (ICT). It suggests that music can play a key role in connecting the tangible and intangible heritage of a place. As a case study, it focuses on the Mediterranean island of Corfu and its old town, which currently relies on a tourism model centered around sun, sand and summer. The document outlines a methodology involving questionnaires, focus groups, and a pilot project to explore how emphasizing Corfu's musical heritage and using ICT/AR could help diversify its tourism industry and promote local community participation and sustainable, creative economic development. The goal is to determine if music can create a shared space between visitors
1) The document presents research on assessing perceived risk in mobile travel booking. It proposes that risk is multi-faceted and identifies financial, time, physical, psychological, privacy/security, performance, and device risk.
2) It explores antecedents like consumer innovativeness, trust, visibility, and personal information collection and consequences on perceived usefulness, attitudes, and intentions.
3) The study uses a survey to collect data on mobile travel booking experiences and measures risk dimensions. SEM and PLS are used to analyze relationships in the proposed model.
This document provides an overview of John Bustard's PhD research proposal examining how collaborative use of smart mobile platforms can develop better experiences for tourism events. The proposal includes background on the importance of events for driving tourism in Northern Ireland. It reviews literature on concepts like smart tourism destinations and digital ecosystems. The research aims to examine how smarter mobile applications impact stakeholders and "smart tourists" at tourism events. The methodology proposes a mixed methods approach including quantitative app usage data and qualitative netnography. The timeline spans 3 years of data collection, analysis, and writing up results. The summary reaffirms the goal of developing a framework for innovation engagement among all tourism event stakeholders.
This document summarizes a research study on how Chinese travelers adopt travel information from social media, and how self-disclosure impacts this process. The study examines whether argument quality or source credibility is more effective in influencing information adoption (RQ1). It also explores how self-disclosure biases the adoption process (RQ2). The study finds that source credibility, not argument quality, is more influential. Self-disclosure was found to negatively moderate the impact of source credibility on information usefulness. The study contributes to understanding how travelers process information on social media and how self-disclosure interacts with this process.
This document summarizes a study on the communication styles used by hotels when responding to online guest reviews. The study analyzed responses from 3 Best Western hotels in Rome to identify whether the responses used a company-focused or customer-focused style. A company-focused style prioritizes defending the hotel and minimizing issues, while a customer-focused style expresses empathy, apologizes for problems, and invites return visits. The study found most responses used a company-focused style that lacked personalization. The implications are that hotels should be trained to develop more customer-focused responses emphasizing elements like empathy, credibility and emotion to better address guest feedback.
This document discusses experiments in tourism research. It defines experiments as operations carried out under controlled conditions to test hypotheses or establish laws. Key aspects of experiments include manipulation of variables and control groups. The document notes that while experiments allow inference of causation, they are rarely used in tourism due to challenges such as lack of funding and difficulty generalizing results. However, information technologies are making it easier to conduct experiments with tourists by facilitating random assignment and measurement. The document argues experiments are important for rigorous methodology and encourages methodological diversity in tourism research.
This document proposes an eGovernment relationships framework for the tourism domain. It identifies the major relationships as: Government to Government (G2G), Government to Citizens (G2C), Government to Businesses (G2B), Government to Non-Profits (G2N), Government to Employees (G2E), and Government to Visitors (G2V). Each relationship is defined and tourism-related examples are provided. The framework is intended to help analyze, create, and utilize tourism-related eGovernment initiatives. Limitations include the conceptual nature rather than empirical study and limited case analysis depth. Future research directions include evaluating governance mechanisms/policy initiatives and measuring performance of egovernance structures.
This study examines factors that affect pilgrims' intentions to use a mobile app for the Camino de Santiago pilgrimage route. It uses the UTAUT2 model to analyze how performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, hedonic motivation, and habit influence behavioral intention to use a pilgrimage app. A survey of Portuguese pilgrims who have completed the Camino found that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions positively impact intentions to use an app, with performance expectancy being the strongest predictor. The findings suggest app designers focus on creating useful, easy to use, and entertaining apps to attract pilgrims.
The document provides an overview and agenda for a presentation by STR Global on 2015 hotel insights and performance, including a global hotel market update, Europe performance, the impact of mega events like the Olympics and World Cup, and case studies on how certain cities were affected around major events. STR Global is a hotel benchmarking company that provides data-driven solutions for strategic decision making regarding occupancy rates, room supply and demand, revenue figures, and market forecasts. The presentation examines trends in regions worldwide and drills down into country and city-level hotel performance for the past year.
BBVA Data & Analytics was established in 2014 as a new data science center to extract value from BBVA's data through developing data engines, data-based products and services, and data-based consulting projects. The team analyzes card payment data to describe socio-economic activity patterns and measure the permeability and attractiveness of cities. Their research has resulted in over 15 scientific papers and visualizations that provide insights into economic and mobility patterns. Current projects include analyzing tourism patterns in Mexico and developing predictive models of regional economic indices.
This document discusses Outernet technologies and their applications in tourism. It begins with defining the Outernet as the merging of online and offline worlds where data is accessible anywhere. It then outlines the research aim to develop a conceptual framework to understand the Outernet and its impacts on tourism. The findings are that the Outernet connects the digital and physical worlds through technologies like RFID, QR codes, augmented reality and smart wearables. It discusses how these technologies are used by both tourism suppliers and consumers for functions like information retrieval, booking, payment, navigation and feedback. It concludes by presenting a conceptual framework and discussing managerial implications like focusing on the site experience and connecting the digital and physical worlds through Outernet technologies.
1. The document presents four approaches for unsupervised topic detection in tourism reviews: (1) identifying frequent nouns and verbs, (2) keyword clustering, (3) latent semantic indexing, and (4) named entity recognition.
2. The approaches are evaluated based on their accuracy, recall, precision, and F1 scores in detecting topics in a test dataset of hotel reviews.
3. Keyword clustering using nouns in sentences with 80 clusters had the highest overall accuracy of 88.45% but lower topic recall of 62.84%, while named entity recognition using naïve bayes with a context of 2 words before and after achieved the best balance with a topic F1 score of 0.7583
This presentation summarizes a research study on user-generated video reviews by hotel guests. The study had two phases: first, collecting over 50 video interviews of guests' experiences at a Toronto hotel to understand preferences for online reviews; second, evaluating whether these video reviews are more authentic, believable and trustworthy than text reviews. Survey results from phase one found that most guests use reviews to select hotels but have not posted one before, and over half would consider posting a video review. Phase two will assess differences between text and video versions of the same feedback to build the case for incorporating video reviews into existing systems.
this is my most recent work. this slide was used in my proposal defence, the doctors need bullets on the slides, that's why there are too many words in it. however, i have use animation, color changing and underline to show the key point (you can see it only after you download it).
The document summarizes how travel and tourism has changed in the past five years. It discusses how people now book travel online through apps instead of travel agents, visit more unconventional places, use technology like GPS for navigation instead of guides, travel solo more frequently rather than annual family vacations, stay connected through social media while traveling, and have more accommodation options like couchsurfing and camping. It then provides an overview of what a PESTEL analysis is and how it can be applied to assess factors impacting the tourism industry, including political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental considerations. It gives examples of each factor and notes they were discussed in class in the context of analyzing Uzbekistan's tourism industry.
This document summarizes a study investigating how social media source characteristics influence the usefulness of information for evaluating study destinations. The study conducted interviews with 110 Chinese students across Australia. Results found that trustworthiness was more influential than expertise. Credibility and authentic personal experiences were important. Appearance also mattered, with friendly-looking sources ranked higher. Similarity, such as shared interests, made information more useful. The study provided insights for improving social media marketing strategies to international students. Further research could examine preferences of student segments and importance of message attributes.
This document describes a system for generating personalized paths between two locations in a city that include suggested points-of-interest (POIs). It discovers and scores POIs using the Foursquare API, then generates paths using Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm to maximize entertainment value along the route. The system was implemented as a web application and evaluated in a user study, which found that routes generated by the improved system better matched users' preferences compared to an earlier baseline version. The study also showed promising results for satisfaction with the overall results and consideration of taking the suggested routes.
This document outlines the proposed methodology for a PhD study examining the use of gamification as a relationship marketing tool in 5-star hotels. The study aims to identify user motivations for playing games and understand what constitutes "fun" for different types of users. It will examine how these motivations relate to intentions to use hotel gamification applications and influence customer loyalty. A mixed methods approach is proposed using interviews to understand user perspectives, followed by a questionnaire to test relationships between variables. The implications include further defining fun and enjoyment in this context, understanding motivations for using hotel apps, and identifying how gamification can boost customer loyalty for hotel chains.
Este documento discute la innovación tecnológica en el eTurismo. Define la innovación tecnológica como una idea o concepto que resulta en un proyecto o resultado final que introduce algo mejor, más eficiente o útil. Explora cómo la tecnología puede empoderar a los consumidores y los intermediarios del turismo, así como mejorar el Business Intelligence. También considera si la tecnología siempre es la solución y cómo puede mejorar las experiencias de los turistas de una manera más responsable.
This document presents the slideshow for a PhD workshop presentation. The presentation evaluates how the availability of internet-connected devices affects the travel experience. It discusses how connectivity facilitates emotional connections and creates new imperatives during travel. It also examines how travelers use social media to transform experiences into digital content. The presenter proposes exploring these issues through an autoethnography involving critical reflection on their personal travel experiences and device usage, supported by an exegesis. Key concepts discussed include the tourist gaze, hermeneutic circle, panopticon, and performing self on social media.
This document summarizes a research study that examines how the psychological distance of tourists impacts the usefulness of online travel reviews. Specifically, it investigates whether concrete or abstract review information is more useful for near versus far future tourists based on Construal Level Theory. The study develops hypotheses about the relationships between review usefulness, expectation, and visit intention. It then outlines the research methodology, which involves an experimental survey that collects data from near and far future tourists to test the hypotheses.
This study examined gender differences in the use of hashtags when posting about Malaysian food on Instagram. The researchers analyzed over 600 Instagram posts with the hashtag #Malaysianfood from March 2015. They found that females were more likely to use emotional hashtags expressing feelings, while males used more informative hashtags about food categories and attributes. Females also tended to use more positive hashtags compared to males. The study contributes to understanding gender differences in hashtag use on social media and has implications for how companies can target different demographics through hashtags.
This document proposes a new tourism model for historic cities that focuses on valorizing their musical heritage through information and communication technologies (ICT). It suggests that music can play a key role in connecting the tangible and intangible heritage of a place. As a case study, it focuses on the Mediterranean island of Corfu and its old town, which currently relies on a tourism model centered around sun, sand and summer. The document outlines a methodology involving questionnaires, focus groups, and a pilot project to explore how emphasizing Corfu's musical heritage and using ICT/AR could help diversify its tourism industry and promote local community participation and sustainable, creative economic development. The goal is to determine if music can create a shared space between visitors
1) The document presents research on assessing perceived risk in mobile travel booking. It proposes that risk is multi-faceted and identifies financial, time, physical, psychological, privacy/security, performance, and device risk.
2) It explores antecedents like consumer innovativeness, trust, visibility, and personal information collection and consequences on perceived usefulness, attitudes, and intentions.
3) The study uses a survey to collect data on mobile travel booking experiences and measures risk dimensions. SEM and PLS are used to analyze relationships in the proposed model.
This document provides an overview of John Bustard's PhD research proposal examining how collaborative use of smart mobile platforms can develop better experiences for tourism events. The proposal includes background on the importance of events for driving tourism in Northern Ireland. It reviews literature on concepts like smart tourism destinations and digital ecosystems. The research aims to examine how smarter mobile applications impact stakeholders and "smart tourists" at tourism events. The methodology proposes a mixed methods approach including quantitative app usage data and qualitative netnography. The timeline spans 3 years of data collection, analysis, and writing up results. The summary reaffirms the goal of developing a framework for innovation engagement among all tourism event stakeholders.
This document summarizes a research study on how Chinese travelers adopt travel information from social media, and how self-disclosure impacts this process. The study examines whether argument quality or source credibility is more effective in influencing information adoption (RQ1). It also explores how self-disclosure biases the adoption process (RQ2). The study finds that source credibility, not argument quality, is more influential. Self-disclosure was found to negatively moderate the impact of source credibility on information usefulness. The study contributes to understanding how travelers process information on social media and how self-disclosure interacts with this process.
This document summarizes a study on the communication styles used by hotels when responding to online guest reviews. The study analyzed responses from 3 Best Western hotels in Rome to identify whether the responses used a company-focused or customer-focused style. A company-focused style prioritizes defending the hotel and minimizing issues, while a customer-focused style expresses empathy, apologizes for problems, and invites return visits. The study found most responses used a company-focused style that lacked personalization. The implications are that hotels should be trained to develop more customer-focused responses emphasizing elements like empathy, credibility and emotion to better address guest feedback.
This document discusses experiments in tourism research. It defines experiments as operations carried out under controlled conditions to test hypotheses or establish laws. Key aspects of experiments include manipulation of variables and control groups. The document notes that while experiments allow inference of causation, they are rarely used in tourism due to challenges such as lack of funding and difficulty generalizing results. However, information technologies are making it easier to conduct experiments with tourists by facilitating random assignment and measurement. The document argues experiments are important for rigorous methodology and encourages methodological diversity in tourism research.
This document proposes an eGovernment relationships framework for the tourism domain. It identifies the major relationships as: Government to Government (G2G), Government to Citizens (G2C), Government to Businesses (G2B), Government to Non-Profits (G2N), Government to Employees (G2E), and Government to Visitors (G2V). Each relationship is defined and tourism-related examples are provided. The framework is intended to help analyze, create, and utilize tourism-related eGovernment initiatives. Limitations include the conceptual nature rather than empirical study and limited case analysis depth. Future research directions include evaluating governance mechanisms/policy initiatives and measuring performance of egovernance structures.
This study examines factors that affect pilgrims' intentions to use a mobile app for the Camino de Santiago pilgrimage route. It uses the UTAUT2 model to analyze how performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, hedonic motivation, and habit influence behavioral intention to use a pilgrimage app. A survey of Portuguese pilgrims who have completed the Camino found that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions positively impact intentions to use an app, with performance expectancy being the strongest predictor. The findings suggest app designers focus on creating useful, easy to use, and entertaining apps to attract pilgrims.
The document provides an overview and agenda for a presentation by STR Global on 2015 hotel insights and performance, including a global hotel market update, Europe performance, the impact of mega events like the Olympics and World Cup, and case studies on how certain cities were affected around major events. STR Global is a hotel benchmarking company that provides data-driven solutions for strategic decision making regarding occupancy rates, room supply and demand, revenue figures, and market forecasts. The presentation examines trends in regions worldwide and drills down into country and city-level hotel performance for the past year.
BBVA Data & Analytics was established in 2014 as a new data science center to extract value from BBVA's data through developing data engines, data-based products and services, and data-based consulting projects. The team analyzes card payment data to describe socio-economic activity patterns and measure the permeability and attractiveness of cities. Their research has resulted in over 15 scientific papers and visualizations that provide insights into economic and mobility patterns. Current projects include analyzing tourism patterns in Mexico and developing predictive models of regional economic indices.
This document discusses Outernet technologies and their applications in tourism. It begins with defining the Outernet as the merging of online and offline worlds where data is accessible anywhere. It then outlines the research aim to develop a conceptual framework to understand the Outernet and its impacts on tourism. The findings are that the Outernet connects the digital and physical worlds through technologies like RFID, QR codes, augmented reality and smart wearables. It discusses how these technologies are used by both tourism suppliers and consumers for functions like information retrieval, booking, payment, navigation and feedback. It concludes by presenting a conceptual framework and discussing managerial implications like focusing on the site experience and connecting the digital and physical worlds through Outernet technologies.
1. The document presents four approaches for unsupervised topic detection in tourism reviews: (1) identifying frequent nouns and verbs, (2) keyword clustering, (3) latent semantic indexing, and (4) named entity recognition.
2. The approaches are evaluated based on their accuracy, recall, precision, and F1 scores in detecting topics in a test dataset of hotel reviews.
3. Keyword clustering using nouns in sentences with 80 clusters had the highest overall accuracy of 88.45% but lower topic recall of 62.84%, while named entity recognition using naïve bayes with a context of 2 words before and after achieved the best balance with a topic F1 score of 0.7583
This presentation summarizes a research study on user-generated video reviews by hotel guests. The study had two phases: first, collecting over 50 video interviews of guests' experiences at a Toronto hotel to understand preferences for online reviews; second, evaluating whether these video reviews are more authentic, believable and trustworthy than text reviews. Survey results from phase one found that most guests use reviews to select hotels but have not posted one before, and over half would consider posting a video review. Phase two will assess differences between text and video versions of the same feedback to build the case for incorporating video reviews into existing systems.
this is my most recent work. this slide was used in my proposal defence, the doctors need bullets on the slides, that's why there are too many words in it. however, i have use animation, color changing and underline to show the key point (you can see it only after you download it).
The document summarizes how travel and tourism has changed in the past five years. It discusses how people now book travel online through apps instead of travel agents, visit more unconventional places, use technology like GPS for navigation instead of guides, travel solo more frequently rather than annual family vacations, stay connected through social media while traveling, and have more accommodation options like couchsurfing and camping. It then provides an overview of what a PESTEL analysis is and how it can be applied to assess factors impacting the tourism industry, including political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental considerations. It gives examples of each factor and notes they were discussed in class in the context of analyzing Uzbekistan's tourism industry.
The long-term sustainability of cultural and historical attractions requires targeted marketing based on an understanding of visitor characteristics and travel planning. This study describes the core group of cultural travelers coming to the Twin Cities Metro Area, as well as effective marketing and advertising to reach this audience.
This document summarizes a research study that aims to better understand why travelers change their trip plans after arriving at their destination. The study will examine how individual factors (like personality and decision-making style), context factors (physical environment and social settings), and information factors (message consistency and framing) influence travelers' decisions and behaviors. A theoretical model will be developed and tested through a series of online experiments and a field study using a mobile app. The results could help tourism companies and destinations better meet travelers' needs and improve recommendation systems.
This document summarizes a research study about how Generation Z in China conducts online travel planning for trips to Kenya. The study examined which online channels Generation Z prefers, the role of destination management organization websites, and the perceived importance of nine dimensions of destination information. The researchers conducted a survey of 153 Chinese students who had never visited Kenya. The results showed that Generation Z perceives natural resources and natural environment as the most important information when planning trips, while tourist leisure and recreation is least important. Business websites and search engines were most popular for information searching due to concerns over price. While destination websites provide comprehensive information, some participants felt the information was biased to attract tourists.
The document provides an agenda and overview for the 2011 Michigan Road Scholars Tour organized by the University of Michigan. The 3-day educational tour was designed to: 1) expose faculty participants to Michigan's economy, government, culture and issues; 2) encourage university service and research on state topics; and 3) foster interdisciplinary discussion among faculty from different areas. The itinerary included visits to educational institutions, businesses, and community organizations across northern and southeast Michigan, with presentations and discussions on regional issues. Participants were given information on travel arrangements, packing suggestions, and transportation by motor coach between locations.
This document summarizes a study on segmenting social media users among online tourists. It presents the research questions, which aim to identify social media user and non-user segments, compare how segments differ in online buying behavior and electronic word of mouth, and analyze socio-demographic profiles. The document then outlines the study's data collection and analysis methods. Key findings include identifying nine social media user segments and one non-user segment, with the "Enthusiasts" segment found to write more reviews and purchase more products online compared to other segments.
This document outlines a PhD research study exploring the motivations and barriers for Chinese tourists sharing their travel experiences on social media. The study will use a mixed methods approach, including online interviews and a questionnaire, to understand differences in motivations during versus after trips, across different Chinese social media platforms, and in comparison to Western tourists. The expected outcomes are insights into how these motivations and barriers differ in four key areas.
Special interest tourism involves tours focused on a specific subject or hobby. It provides a more meaningful experience for tourists by meeting their specific interests. Special interest tourism has grown due to factors like improved transportation, increased leisure time, and developments in equipment. The internet and social media have also influenced growth by promoting niche destinations and activities. Research helps the tourism industry understand travelers' motivations and behaviors to develop appealing products and experiences. Differentiation is important for competing in the tourism market by making offerings distinct from competitors.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in tourism. It discusses different types of tourism like leisure, business, and visiting friends and relatives. It also examines the integrated model of tourism which shows how travelers interact with tourism promoters, suppliers, and the external environment. Some factors that influence tourism development are discussed like social trends, political policies, the economy, culture/environment, and technology.
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A closer look at tourist information search behavior when travelling abroad: what is the role of online marketing in destination choice?
1. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
ENTER2017, Rome, 24.-26.1.2017
Katja Pasanen & Juho Pesonen
Katja.pasanen@uef.fi
A closer look at tourist information search
behaviour when travelling abroad: what is the
role of online marketing in destination choice?
2. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Aim of this presentation
•How tourists choose their destination and how can a destination
affect this choice with marketing?
Structure of presentation
•Theoretical background of the study
•Purpose of the study
•Methodology
•Results
•Managerial implications
2
3. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Theoretical background of the study
Traveller decision making process
•Traveller decision making is affected by multiple social, cultural and
geographical factors (e.g. Decrop & Snelders, 2005)
– Social/personal factors: age, education, occupation, personal history,
situation in life, travel experience, personal resources, motives, opinions
of family members, attitudes etc.
– Situational factors: emotions, available information, side projects, time
and money resources etc.
3
4. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Traveller decision making process – choice set model
7.2.2017 4
All existing
destinations
Awareness set
Evoked set
Dream set
Unavailable
set
Available set Action /
interaction set Final choice
Inaction set
Surrogate set
Exclusion set
Unawareness
set
MARKET Consideration Evaluation Constraints Contacting? Choice
Sources: Crompton, 1992; Decrop, 2010
5. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
More recent approaches in travel decision making
• Travelers make various choices regarding their trip (destinations within a country,
timing, trip type, activities, accommodation etc.) both off- and on-site in addition to
destination choice researchers should integrate these factors more into destination
choice research
5
Future Dependency of Destination Choices
in a Tour Trip (Fu, Zhang & Fujiwara, 2012).
Off-site – On-site desicion making
(Moore, Smallman, Wilson & Simmons, 2012 ).
6. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
• Information search is often closely linked to the
decision making process (Fodness & Murray, 1997)
• Travelers search for and use a lot of information
before destination decision
• Most of the information is for functional needs and
reduces the risk that is present in destination choice
(Jacobsen & Munar, 2012; Vogt & Fesenmaier, 1998)
• Different travelers have different types of
information needs
• There are differences between travelers in
information search behavior e.g. based on their
familiarity with the destination or cultural
background (Fodness & Murray, 1997; Money & Crotts, 2003)
6
Information search and destination decision making
7. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
•Searching has become an increasingly dominant mode in travelers' use
of the Internet (Xiang & Gretzel, 2010)
•Social media has changed the way people search for and use
information (Xiang & Gretzel, 2010; Öz, 2015)
•According to literature eWOM and UCG has impact on destination
choice (Castañeda et al., 2007; Jalilvand and Samiei, 2012)
– Even among national tourism organisations social media is still largely
experimental (Hays et al., 2013)
– We are still in an exploratory stage when it comes to investigating the
influence of social media on destination choice (Tham et al., 2013)
•There is lack of empirical studies that include tourist assessments of
possible impacts of social media on tourist information acquisition and
search (Jacobsen & Munar, 2012)
7
Information search and destination decision making
8. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
• Marketing has a potential to have an impact on intention to visit a
destination and destination choice (Woodside & Lysonski, 1989)
• It is important for destination marketers and managers to understand the
traveller behaviour and information needs since
– Increase in time cost to acquire information can cause tourists to look elsewhere
(Gursoy & McCleary, 2004)
– Marketers have the possibility to affect consumer choice of destination through
marketing and/or social environment
– Destinations have to balance their marketing resources to many different
channels and target groups
• Destinations need to know what is the role of marketing in different points
of the information search and decision making process
• We need more information in order to develop destination marketing and
communication strategies to influence tourists' behaviour in a more efficient
way
8
Information channels and destination decision making
9. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Purpose of the study
•Tourist point-of-view: how available information
affects their choice of international destination?
•1) How tourists define the international destination
they are visiting and
•2) How international tourists perceive the role of
destination marketing in their decision-making
process
9
10. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Study area
•Saimaa area, Savonlinna region
•Most important attractions:
– Olavinlinna castle
– Lake Saimaa and lake nature
– Linnansaari and Kolovesi national
parks
– Savonlinna Opera Festival
Map: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Map_of_Finland-en.svg
10
11. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Methodology
•Qualitative research
•Data collected in august 2016: 57 interviews
•Semi-stuctured recorded interviews
•3 interviewers: interviews conducted in
English, in Russia and in Japanese
11
12. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Methodology
12
•Semi-structured question form
– Efficient to collect comprehensive,
but comparable data
•No word-by-word transcribing
•Analysed by using Atlas.ti
•Coded based on themes and
structures that rose from the data
– quantification of the data
13. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Results
•Interviewed travellers
– 14 from German speaking Middle Europe, 12 from Mediterranean
Europe, 10 from France
– 7 from Russia
– 3 from Nordic countries, 3 from Great Britain, 3 from the USA
– 2 from Japan, 2 from Netherlands and 1 from Israel.
•26 - 40 years old (38 %), 41 - 55 years old (30 %)
•First visit to Finland (63 %), first visit to Eastern Finland (83 %),
Savonlinna region (85 %)
•Nearly all the travellers on a tour trip
– 35 in Finland
– 16 added also Scandinavia, Baltic countries or Russia
13
14. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
•Initially 1-2 potential destinations in
mind when starting the decision
making process: 20 mentioned only
Finland
•First some information about
competing destinations, but quickly
concentration on Finland
•Destination country chosen quite
intuitively
14
FINLAND?
NORWAY?
SWEDEN?
NORDIC COUNTRIES?
ICELAND?
Decision making process
15. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Information search before destination decision
•Internet, WOM and previous visit affects
most when deciding on the destination
– Family and friends mentioned often
– Most often mentioned websites: Google,
VisitFinland.com and Tripadvisor
– More often Internet mentioned on general
– SoMe mentioned only couple of times
•Information relating to general
information (nature, lakes etc.), possible
nature activities and ease of traveling
with kids
7.2.2017 15
16. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
– “We started to look for general information on internet, just to see what
places we could visit, our time, do we have time to visit this place. With in a
day we had a very good view on internet on the general website of Finland
www.VisitFinland.com. I think, with very amazing photographs, it was really
convincing.” Male, Italy, 22
– “We collected information from my friends, my network, and internet of
which country would be easier to travel with kids, and everything.” Male,
Spain, 26
– “We found a guide book that recommends a round trip in Finnish cities.
We've been revolving around this guidebook, and later we added Baltics to
complete our tour plan.” Male, France, 27
7.2.2017 16
Information search before destination decision
17. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Information search after destination decision
•Choosing the country is the starting point of more in-depth
information search in order to make other decisions concerning the
trip: destinations, things to do etc.
•Information channels and searches get more versatile
•Internet, guidebooks, OTA and SoMe after the destination
decision, when looking for deeper information
– Most often mentioned websites: Google, transportation websites,
VisitFinland.com
– SoMe: Tripadvisor, Booking.com, online diaries/reviews
– Maps and guidebooks also important
•Information relating to transportation, distances, routes, flights,
car rentals, accommodation, sights, canoeing, national parks
7.2.2017 17
18. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
– “Le Routard, the French guide book for travellers, was our most important
information source. Information for the accommodation I looked on
TripAdvisor, booking.com, hotels.com and Airbnb.” Female, France, 51
– “We searched our driving roads. We rented a car. We referred to Lonely
Planet (a guide book), and so many info on internet. Google and TripAdvisor
for example.” Male, USA, 68
– ”Then we decided what kind of trip we want to do, and we need a car in
Finland. We searched on internet if there is any similar route that has been
done by other tourists.” Male, Italy, 22
– “First it was about the visa (to Russia), and after we organized it we
organized the rest. We looked quite a lot information about Oravi and
Linnansaari area, about how to do this trip. Canoeing opportunities, tents,
about rental equipment, all that practical stuff.” Male, Switzerland, 35
7.2.2017 18
Information search before destination decision
19. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Information search concerning Savonlinna region
•Internet, guidebooks, WOM most often used when considering
destinations within a country
– Traditional WOM and guidebook/internet/WOM recommendations
gave the first push to consider Savonlinna
– After that concentration on other channels
– Internet: Google, VisitFinland.com, Tripadvisor, national park
webpages
– Only few mentioned destination web pages
– SoMe still not mentioned very often
•Information relating to things to do and see, canoieing, national
parks, Olavinlinna castle
7.2.2017 19
20. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
– ”I had been thinking about Finland as I heard some
travel experience from my friend (in his country.)
The friend said that Savonlinna is a good place with
beautiful scenery, and he explained about the historic
castle, and so decided to come.” Male, France, 27
– “During our travel planning this time, we already
knew about Savonlinna by Lonely Planet.” Male,
USA, 68
– “I saw it (the information) on TripAdvisor searching
keywords with "sightseeing Finland”.” Male, USA
– “We visited website of Savonlinna, tourist visit
www.savonlinna.fi and website of the national park
Linnansaari.” Male, Italy, 22
7.2.2017 20
Information search concerning Savonlinna region
21. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Before
destination
decision
Before
decision to
travel SLN
After
destination
decision
After deciding
to travel to
Savonlinna
At
destination
At
Savonlinna
e-mail 0 0 5 1 0 1
eWOM 4 2 9 2 0 1
Guidebook 8 10 12 13 2 0
Internet 24 21 30 18 1 1
Magazines, leaflets,
brochures 3 2 0 0 1 2
Map 1 0 4 2 1 1
OTA 2 2 12 2 0 0
Photos/pictures 2 2 2 2 0 0
Previous visit 13 6 0 0 0 0
SoMe 5 3 12 3 0 1
Some company webpage 1 5 2 2 0 0
Travel agency 0 0 2 2 0 0
TV/radio/video 2 1 0 0 0 0
VisitFinland.com 5 3 2 5 0 0
WOM 14 8 6 8 5 2
Tourist info 0 0 0 0 3 1
21
22. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Conclusions – managerial implications
•Marketers need to know their customers
and the destination they are visiting
– It was Finland, not Saimaa region or
Savonlinna
•Important to concentrate visibility on
search engines and collaboration with
national tourism organisation
– Key words
•Also need to acknowledge the importance
of travel guidebooks
22
“Actually I got the confidence
to come here since there was
the possibility to book online
and I could check the
availability every now and
then. We planned our own
routes by ourselves. For me it
is important that I can plan
and book everything by myself
without the necessity to contact
anyone.”
23. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Conclusions – managerial implications
•The importance of WOM and eWOM
– Social media presense of a destination
is taken for granted
•Need to take care of the quality
– of information
– of services
•No action set
– Important to get all the required
information from the internet and other
sources without contacting destination
23
“One argument was that
organizing this by using
internet was easier than
archipelago, Oravi (district
of Savonlinna) is well
organized compared to other
companies. I did not want to
contact ten different
destinations, so well
organized web pages seals
the deal.”
24. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
Theoretical contributions
•Understanding of how tourists choose the international destination
they are visiting.
– Internal information search seems to play a greater role when tourists
are placing destinations into their consideration set (Decrop, 2010) and
online marketing of destinations is crucial when tourists are choosing
the destination from an evaluation set.
– Functional information especially (Vogt & Fesenmaier, 2008) still
seems to be in the forefront of tourist information search.
•This study is one of the few studies that collect data on tourist
information search and decision-making using qualitative research
methods in the destination during the holiday of an international
tourist.
7.2.2017Esityksen nimi / Tekijä 24
25. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
References
Castañeda, J. A., Frías, D. M., & Rodríguez, M. A. (2007). The influence of the Internet on destination satisfaction.
Internet Research 17(4): 402-420.
Crompton, J. (1992). Structure of vacation destination choice sets. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(3): 420-434.
Decrop, A., & Snelders, D. (2005). A grounded typology of vacation decision-making. Tourism management, 26(2): 121-
132.
Decrop, A. (2010). Destination choice sets: An inductive longitudinal approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(1): 93-115.
Fodness, D., & Murray, B. (1997). Tourist information search. Annals of tourism research 24(3): 503-523.
Gursoy, D., & McCleary, K. W. (2004). An Integrative Model of Tourists' Information Search Behaviour. Annals of
tourism research, 31(2): 353-373.
Hays, S., Page, S. & Dimitrios Buhalis (2012). Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism
organisations. Current Issues in Tourism, 16(3): 211-239.
Jacobsen, J. K. S., & Munar, A. M. (2012). Tourist information search and destination choice in a digital age. Tourism
Management Perspectives 1(1): 39-47.
Jalilvand, M. R., & Samiei, N. (2012). The impact of electronic word of mouth on a tourism destination choice: Testing
the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy 22(5): 591-612.
Money, R. B., & Crotts, J. C. (2003). The effect of uncertainty avoidance on information search, planning, and purchases
of international travel vacations. Tourism Management, 24(2): 191-202.
Moore, K., Smallman, C., Wilson, J., & Simmons, D. (2012). Dynamic in-destination decision-making: An adjustment
model. Tourism Management, 33(3): 635-645.
7.2.2017 25
26. UEF // University of Eastern Finland
References
Pesonen, J. (2011). Tourism marketing in Facebook: Comparing rural tourism SME’s and larger tourism companies in
Finland. In ENTER 2011. pp. 537-546.
Pesonen, J. (2013). Information and communications technology and market segmentation in tourism: a review. Tourism
Review 68(2): 14-30.
Tham, A., Croy, G., & Mair, J. (2013). Social media in destination choice: Distinctive electronic word-of-mouth
dimensions. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 30(1-2): 144-155.
Vogt, C. & Fesenmaier, D. (1998). Expanding the Functional Tourism Information Search Model. Annals of Tourism
Research, 25(3): 551-578.
Wu, L., Zhang, J., & Fujiwara, A. (2012). A Tourist’s Multi-Destination Choice Model with Future Dependency. Asia
Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 17(2): 121-132.
Xiang, Z., & Gretzel, U. (2010). Role of social media in online travel information search. Tourism management 31(2): 179-
188.
Öz, M. (2015). Social media utilization of tourists for travel-related purposes. International Journal of Contemporary
Hospitality Management 27(5): 1003-1023.
7.2.2017 26
We know quite a lot about traveller decision making. There has been many models created to represent the destination decision making process.
Tourists typically have zero to four destinations in their evoked sets. Then a travel destination is selected from the evoked set as the travel destination based on comparison of destinations in the evoked set. There may be or may not be interaction between the traveler and the destination and it was though that if the traveler interacts with the destination on some way there is a bigger possibility for the destination to be selected. This was before an era of internet.
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tourism service offerings are often neglected in decision-making literature.
interplay between destination choice and information search is especially interesting as the literature suggests that online marketing affects information search and destination choice considerably, but we don't actually know how.
more detailed information on how people use the Internet for their travel decisions is required.
Interviews in Savonlinna region: Olavinlinna, regional museum, market place, Savonlinna travel office, Lusto the forest museum and Oravi – the port to Linnansaari national park
Program for qualitative data analysis.
Difficult for travellers to think back on the beginning of the process when they have already chosen the destination and are at the destination
Might have affected the results