927 day 5

1. SECONDAY EDUCATION IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE
SECONDARY EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN
Course Code: 827
(Secondary Education)
Rashida Sadiq
(Day-5)

2. Learning Objectives of the Session
• Comparative Education & its Purposes
• Analysis of Secondary Education System of different Countries
• Secondary Education in Pakistan

3. What do you know about
Comparative Education???

4. Comparative Education
Definitions
• A Study of two or more Education Systems.
• The Scholarly Study of Education of different
countries.
• The Study of Educational Systems to understand the
Similarities and Differences among them.

5. Purpose of Studying Secondary
Education in Comparative Perspective
1. Enhance one's own Understanding
2. To generalized Educational Concepts
3. To Know other People
4. To improve Education at home
5. To make People Practical
6. Contribute to International Understanding and goodwill
7. Humanitarian Reasons
8. Problem Solving
9. International Standards
10. Expose People to Innovations

6. Education System & Curriculum
of
UK, USA
JAPAN, GERMANY
INDONESIA, MALAYSIA
CHINA, SRI LANKA

7. Education System
UK
• Compulsory Education for 12 to16 Years (L.S)
• Vocational Training for Job where 16-Year-old
to 18-Year- go for University
• Assessment based on Written, Course and
Practical.
• Nationwide A Level: Results in August
USA
• Secondary Education (6 to 12 grades)
• After 12th grade are certified with High School
Diploma (before College/Uni)
• For International Students: An American
college or university must have completed
Coursework and Equivalent years of education
as taught at an American high school.

8. Curriculum
UK
• Comprehensive, Grammar, and Specialist
Schools
• Grammar Schools: Students learn at least one
Foreign Language, Citizenship, and attend
Personal, Social and Health Education.
• Specialist: Focus on specific one or two areas
• GCSEs and Diplomas: Focuses on practical
training, work experience, and vocational
USA • 60 to 75% for Passing Grades
• Taught Subjects are Science, Math,
English, Social Sciences, and American
History.

9. Education System
JAPAN
• Compulsory and Free for 1 to 9 grades.
• Five full weekdays and one-half day on
Saturdays.
• School Year. with minimum of 210 days
• Self discipline, Behavioral Habits are taught.
• All schools have Health Professionals.
• Classroom Organization based on Small work
Groups, and Teaching of acceptable behavior.
GERMANY • Multiple Programs at both the lower
secondary and upper secondary levels.
• Different Vocational Programs at upper
secondary level.
• “Sandwich Programs” in Vocational Schools

10. Curriculum
JAPAN • Curriculum Subjects: Japanese Language, Social
Studies, Mathematics, Science, Music, Fine arts,
Health, and Physical Education are included.
• Students also attend mandatory Club Meetings
• To Improve Instruction in Spoken English,
young native speakers of English are invited to
as assistants to school boards.
GERMANY • Emphasis on Vocational Skills.
• Prepares students for Vocational
Programs.
• Focus on Practical Training.
• More than 50 % of German vocational
students learn in a Work-based
Education.

11. Education System
INDONESIA
• Basic Education: Nine Years—six years
of Primary Education and three years of
Junior Secondary Education.
• Academic Year: 38 weeks School Year.
• Teaching Periods: 45 minutes in Junior
Secondary School.
MALAYSIA • Secondary Education (5 Years: 3 Years of
Lower Secondary and 2 Years of Upper
Secondary) make up 11 years of free
education.
• Private Education into 2 categories,
depending on the levels of education offered,
ranging from Pre-school to Tertiary Education.

12. Curriculum
INDONESIA
• Classroom Instruction is provided in the national
Bahasa Indonesian Language
• Curriculum: Pancasila Education and Citizenship,
religious education, Indonesian language and
Literature, National and General History, English
Language, Physical and Health Education,
Mathematics, Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, and
Arts Education.
• Students Preparation for Employment and
Professional Skills, Career choice, independence,
National workforce.
• Vocational Secondary School for Demands of
Employment.
MALAYSIA • The Vision of the Government: center of Educational
Excellence.
• Curriculum according to the demands of Modern Era.

13. Education System
CHINA • Every child receive a Basic Education.
• Mission “Modernize China through education"
• Attend School for a minimum of nine years is Law.
• Three Parts of Modern Education System: pre-
school education, basic education and higher
education. .
• Senior High School Education: age 16 to 18.
• School System is 13 years total and based on a
structure of: 5 + 4 + 2 + 2 (primary, junior
secondary, senior secondary, collegiate or pre-
university).
• The Department of Examinations: responsible for
administrating O-Level and A-Level examinations.
• Junior secondary schooling runs from Year 6 to
Year 9
• School-based Exams, Projects and Practical work
for Assessment.
SRI LANKA

14. Curriculum
CHINA • Curriculum of Junior High School: Chinese, Math,
English, Physics, Chemistry, History, Politics, Geography,
Biology, PE, IT (information technology), Music and
Drawing.
• Curriculum of Senior High School: Chinese, Math,
English (Russian or Japanese in some urban areas),
Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geography, History,
Morality and Ethics, PE, Health and IT.
• English: Compulsory Subject till 13 Years.
• Junior Secondary Curriculum : instructions in first
language, English, a second national language,
Mathematics, Religion, History, Science and Technology,
Health and Physical Education, Practical and Technical
skills, Social Studies, Life competencies and Aesthetic
studies.
• Senior Secondary Curriculum: Most of the same
subjects of Junior Secondary Level with Technical
Subjects like woodwork, agriculture and home
economics.
SRI LANKA

15. SECONDARY EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN
Unit 7

16. •Nature of Secondary Education
•NEP (1979): Aims, Features, Recommendations
•The Sixth Five Year Plan (1983–88)
•The Seventh Five Year Plan (1988–93)
•The Eighth Five Year Plan (1993–98)
•NEP (1998–2010): Conceptual framework, Aims, Objectives
Unit Objectives

17. Nature of Secondary Education
• Shift to Scientific, Technical and Vocational Education
• Science and Mathematics
• Equitable Development
• National Training Scheme
• Future Plan Targets

18. (National Education Policy 1979)
(National Aims Of Education)
• Quranic and Islamic Principles: Integral part of Curricula
• Universal Primary Education (UPE)
• Education according to basic learning needs of children
 Right of Education and availability of schools for boys and girls
 Diversification for supply oriented to demand oriented system
 Focus on Technical, Professional and Specialization Education
 Teacher Education Programs for pre service and in service teachers
 Use of Information Technology
 Encouragement of Private sector to enroll poor students
 Monitoring and Evaluation at the lower and higher levels
 Higher Education: Teaching, learning and Research according to
International Standards

19. (National Education Policy 1979)
(Features)
• Masjid Schools (5000)
• Mohallah Schools (5000 for girls)
• Women Education (Separate Women University)
• Establishment of Private Institutions
• Religious Education (Arabic compulsory till 8th)
• Special Education
• Village Workshop Schools
• Medium of Instruction

20. (National Education Policy 1979)
(Recommendations)
• Opening of High Schools
• 2000 New & 1000 Middle (upgradation) into Secondary
• Secondary Education for Productive activities
• Secondary Education (From Class Nine to Second Year)

21. The Sixth Five Year Plan (1983–1988)
(Major Components)
 Utilization of Mosques: (Classes I to III of new & overcrowded schools)
 Provision of School Buildings for Schools (Existing & Shelterless IV, V)
 Introduction of Mixed Enrolment in Classes I to III
 Provision of Separate Girls Schools (if mixed enrolment impossible)
 Provision of Two Teachers (Mosque School) including the Imam, and
one teacher each for class IV and V in all schools

22. Seventh Five Year Plan (1988–1993)
(Objectives)
• Resources for Education
• Universal access to Primary Education
• Improvement of Training and Vocational facilities
• Quality Education particularly at University Level

23. Eighth Five Year Plan (1993–1998)
(Major Aspects)
• Universal access Primary Education (boys and girls )
• Legislation for compulsory Primary Schooling
• Quality improvement: Technical and Vocational
Education
• Removing Gender and Rural-Urban imbalances
• Management and Financing of the Universities
• Quality improvement of Physical infrastructures,
curricula, textbook, teacher training programs and
examination system.

24. National Educational Policy 1998-2010
(Conceptual Framework)
• Importance of Students’ Personality Development
• Preparation for Higher Education
• Female access to Secondary Education
• Academic and Professional improvement of Teachers
• Balance between Science and Humanities Teachers
• Removing differences of Staff and Budget
• Integrating of Technical and Vocational Education

25. National Educational Policy 1998–2010
(Aims)
• Education: Powerful agent for mental, physical, ideological,
and moral training of individuals
• Compulsory Islamic Education, unity and Islamic moral
standards
• Basic Necessities of life, like food, clothing, housing,
education, and medical relief, for all such citizens
• Remove Illiteracy and provide free and compulsory
secondary education within minimum possible period.
• Education, training, agricultural, and industrial development
and other methods for all people.
• Discouragement of Racial, tribal, sectarian, and provincial
biases.
• Reduce Difference in the income and earnings

26. • Preparation for world through Professional and
Specialized Education
• Personality Development of student and Loyalty for
country
• Ensure Schooling for all boys and girls
• Quality Education
• Evaluation on Conceptual basis and discourage Rote
memorization
National Educational Policy 1998-2010
(Objectives)

27.  What is the difference of Secondary Education between these countries
and Pakistan?
• Which Education Policy or Plan you like for Promotion of Education
and Why?