Dr. Jamil Day 4 Higher Education AIOU

1. • Higher Education in Developing Countries
• Economics of Higher Education
Day-4
Unit 5 & 6
Dr. Muhammad Jamil
03004255912

2. Higher Education System of
India, Egypt, Thailand and Malaysia
With following aspects
• Higher Education Institutions
• Focus of HE
• HE for development
• Challenges

3. HOW HE CAN PLAY ROLE IN
INNOVATION AND CHANGE ?????
PROVIDE EXAMPLES

4. Higher Education Institutions
India
• 1947: 20 Universities & 500 Colleges
• HE system having 42000 HEI
• UGC Main governing body
• HE provided by 5 Groups of Institutions,
Central state, Private, Deemed
Universities and Institutions of National
importance
Egypt
• 17 Public Universities, 51 non-public
universities, 16 private universities
and 89 private higher education
institutions
• 3 bodies for control of HE
• The Ministry of HIGHER Education
• The Supreme Council of Education
• Central Administration oF Al Azhar
Institutes
Malaysia
• Independence time, No University
• Uni in Singapore was set up in 1949
• Now 20 Public, 32 Private, and 6 Foreign
university branch campuses; 485 private
colleges, 24 technical and 37 public
community colleges
• There are also Various Higher
Educational Institutions from different
Thailand
• History of HE is One hundred years old
• HE philosophy adopted from West
• King Vajivauvt
• Set up 1st Uni of Thailand Chalalongkorn
University, in 1917
• Thammast University Estd. in 1933
• Three more founded in 1943
• All these five Universities were

5. REFLECTION
Higher Education Institutions
Comparison(India, Malaysia, Egypt,Thailand)
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5 Minutes

6. Focus of HE Institutions
India
• Legal, medical, agricultural, arts, science
and commerce education are preferred
• Emphasis on Science andTechnology in
teaching at higher education level
• Distance and open learning is feature
of Indian higher educational system.
• India Gandhi National Open University
is the largest university in the world
Egypt
• HE mainly public, enrolling nearly
79.9% of enrollment.
• Ministry of HE control through
coordinating and supervising
• Manage Teacher training for basic
education
• The Supreme council of Universities
established in 1950, formulates the
overall policy of universitie
Malaysia
• Provision of certificate, diploma and
pre-university programs by teachers
colleges.
• Still relies heavily on Foreign Universities
• Many Private Colleges offer programs
whereby the student does part of the
degree course, and the other part of it in
the foreign institution.
Thailand
• The commission on Higher
Education is responsible for higher
education
• It sets Standards for allocation of
resources by monitoring and evaluation
of HE, technical colleges, teacher
training colleges and nursing institutes.
• These institutes played a strong role
for economic development

7. REFLECTION
Focus of Higher Education Institutions
Comparison(India, Malaysia, Egypt,Thailand)
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5 Minutes

8. HE for Development
India
• Need for Labour market
• Preference of Legal, medical agricultural,
arts, science and commerce education
• Lack of balance with labor market led
to unemployment.
• Tendency towards arts
• Students’ Shifting from engineering to
medicines and from science to arts and
commerce.
Egypt
• Secondary Education is not
according to Market Demand for
skills development
• The graduates of HE earn higher
income
• Facing Crises of Globalization
Malaysia
• Focus to fulfill the Economic Needs
• Ministry of HE encourage to Establish
Private Colleges and universities
• Government has realized the
Importance of Autonomy of higher
institution
Thailand
• Emphasis on Human Capacity and
Resource Development
• Internationalization of higher
education
• Focus on the development human
potential, creativity for capacity
building of individuals and the whole
nation

9. REFLECTION
Higher Education for Development
Comparison(India, Malaysia, Egypt,Thailand)
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5 Minutes

10. Challenges
India
• 600 Million of people under 25 years old
• By2020, India will the largest territory
• Low quality teaching, Shortage of
faculty, No employer engagement, very
few opportunities for inter-disciplinary
learning, rote learning, separation of
research and teaching are also
challenges
Egypt
• Curricula: Rigid, out-dated, narrow and
not suitable for market demand,
• Assessment in HEI based on
memorization and traditional methods
• Lack of quality
• Lack of funds
Malaysia
• Need to improve the Efficiency and
Accessibility of higher education
institutions.
• Production of Skilled,Technical
hands and professionals
• Need to invest on Technical
Education
Thailand
• Facing Internal and External
Challenges
• Internationalizing higher education
• Emphasized on Memorization
• Insufficient Resources and Allocations
• Access of students
• Mismatching with market demands
• No effective mechanism for Evaluation

11. REFLECTION
Challenges of Higher Education
Comparison(India, Malaysia, Egypt,Thailand)
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5 Minutes

12. WHICH COUNTRY HAS BEST HIGHER
EDUCATION SYSTEM AND WHY?

13. Economics of Higher Education
Course Code: 8625 (Higher Education)
Unit 6

14. WHY FINANCING IN EDUCATION IS
IMPORTANT?

15. • Investment in Education at University
• Wastage in Higher Education
• Cost effective Analysis and its Educational Implications
• Financing in Higher Education

16. ECONOMICS OF
EDUCATION
• Economics of Education is the application of
Economics principles, concepts, laws to the process
of Education
• Study how Educational Managers make official or
approved choices from available resources
• Aims at Ensuring Efficiency in the allocation and
utilization of resources in education

17. INVESTMENT IN UNIVERSITY (BENEFITS)
• Investment of university is investment in the future
• Better Jobs
• Rewarding work
• Higher Income
• Understanding
• Intellectual Engagement
• Benefits of Higher Education
• Human Capital Building
• Skills Development

18. REFLECTION
Why Investment at University is important?
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5 Minutes

19. Wastage in Higher Education
• Wastage in Education occurs when students leave
the educational system prior to the termination of
an educational cycle (drop out).
• Repetition of a student in the same class or grade
• Wastage in Higher Education is considered in terms
of the amount of expenditure on education, which
remains ill spent due to non-utilization, or improper
utilization of education.
Two kinds of Wastages
First:Wastage for the course due to dropout
Second: Wastage due to the non utilization of

20. REFLECTION
HowWastage can be avoided?
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5 Minutes

21. FORMS OF WASTAGE
• Failure of the system to provide a universal
education
• Failure to recruit children into the system
• Failure to hold children within the system
• Failure of the system to set appropriate objectives
• Inefficiency in the achievement of such objectives

22. REFLECTION
Which form is the most important and
how?
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5 Minutes

23. • An EvaluationTool designed to assist in choosing
among alternative courses of action or policies when
resources are limited
• In Education implications schools, districts, and higher
education institutions can improve educational
outcomes
Cost Effectiveness Analysis

24. EDUCATIONAL
IMPLICATIONS
1. TeacherTraining
2. Teacher Selection
3. EducationalTelevision & Radio
4. Curriculum
5. Computer Assisted Instructions

25. REFLECTION
In which way implications can be made and
how?
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5 Minutes

26. FINANCING IN HE
▪ Institution based Funding
▪ Loans

27. REFLECTION
How financing can be made effective?
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5 Minutes

28. How Financing can improve Higher
Education System of Pakistan?

29. 29
ThankYou for Listening and Participating
in the Session
See you tomorrow Insha Allah
Allah Hafiz