8. experimenting - Bahasa Inggris Untuk Fisika UNNES Nurul Faela Shufa

1. EXPERIMENTING

2. INTRODUCTION
If experiments do not support a hypothesis, the hypothesis
must be rejected or modified.
Sometimes an experiment proves something other than what
the researcher intended. Many great discoveries were
accidents of an experiment.

3. INTRODUCTION
• Example :
1. Scottish biologist Alexander Fleming took an August
vacation from his day-to-day work in the lab
investigating staphylococci, known commonly as staph.
Upon his return on Sept. 3, 1928, the perceptive
scientist found a strange fungus on a culture he had left
in his lab—a fungus that had killed off all surrounding
bacteria in the culture. This penicillin, the first antibiotic
widely used. Picture of Alexander Fleming
2. In 1895, the German scientist Wilhelm Roentgen
noticed that cathode rays penetrated black paper.
Thus, x-rays were discovered.

4. INTRODUCTION
3. Percy Spencer was an American engineer who, while working for
Raytheon, walked in front of a magnetron, a vacuum tube used to
generate microwaves, and noticed that the chocolate bar in his
pocket melted. In 1945 after a few more experiments (one involving
an exploding egg), Spencer successfully invented the first
microwave oven. The first models were a lot like the early
computers: bulky and unrealistic. In 1967, compact microwaves
would begin filling American homes.
Picture of
microwaves

5. INTRODUCTION
Experimenting is conducted experiments that applying
and planning (to prove the truth of a theory, and so
on).
Key :
While experimenting, the scientist needs to keep a
sharp eye and an open mind.

6. USING ENGLISH TO GIVE DIRECTIONS
• An experiment is a kind of proces. We analyze a subtance
and identifying components. We analyze a process by
breaking it down into steps or procedures and arranging them
in chronological order (the order in which things happen).

7. USING ENGLISH TO GIVE DIRECTIONS
A. Giving Directions to Perform a Process
It is usually preferable towrite directions as a list of steps rather than a
paragraph. The imperative form of the verb is used. The subject (you) is
implied, never stated:
Example:
1. Arrange tiny pleces of paper on table.
2. Rub a plastic comb with some woolen fabric.
3. Hold the comb over the pleces of paper and observe what happens.
The paper should be attracted to the comb.
Notice that verb may give directions for both mental and physical
activities. Notice also the parallel form of the above list. Every clause begins
with an imperative verb. One sentence (The paper should be...) does not
have an imperative verb because it does not give a direction.

8. USING ENGLISH TO GIVE DIRECTIONS
B. Imperative Verbs
• Imperative Verbs: Mathematical
Pendulum
1. Give a command or
direction.
2. Appear at the beginning of a
clause
3. Have a subject that is
implied, not stated (you)
4. Are formed from the present
tense of the verb.
Examples: MATHEMATICAL PENDULUM
Experimental Methods :
1. Prepare materials and appliance to be
used
2. String up materials and appliance like
[at] picture
3. Measure string length equal to 30cm
4.Divert string which have been given by
pendulum as far as 100
5. Calculate time required to do 10 times
oscillation
6. Note result of attempt into tables of
perception
7. Repeat step 3-6 with different string
length

9. USING ENGLISH TO GIVE DIRECTIONS
C. Verb Forms : Infinitives and Gerunds
In an English sentence, when one verb follows another, the second verb can
take one of three forms :
1. An infinitive (to advance, to detect) ,
2. An infinitive without to (advance, detect), or
3. A gerund (advancing, detecting).
Below is a list of some verbs that are useful in scientific writing :
1. Verb followed by infinitives :
-learn -manage -expect -appear
-prepare -arrange -fail -encourage
-plan -agree -neglect -inspire
-decide -offer -refuse -tend
-determine -hope -seem -help

10. USING ENGLISH TO GIVE DIRECTIONS
2. Verbs followed by infinitve without to:
Modals Verbs of the Senses* Other Verbs
- can - will - see - watch - let
- could - would - hear - observe - make
- may - shall - feel - notice - help
- might - should
- must
3. Verbs followed by gerunds:
- Stop - avoid - postpone - delay - risk
- Finish - resist - anticipate - consider -keep
- Admit - deny - suggest - involve - prevent

11. USING ENGLISH TO GIVE DIRECTIONS
4. Verbs followed by either infinitives with to or
gerunds:
- Begin - attempt - forget
- Start - permit -
regret
- Continue - allow - choose
- Try - remember - prefer
- Intend - like - propose

12. WRITING SKILLS
The following are guidelines for writing direction:
1. List all the steps in the process.
2. Begin each step with an imperative verb.
3. Arrange the steps in strict chronological order.
4. Keep the sentences fairly short. (Do not put more than one step
together).
5. Include all necessary details, such as specific quantities,
measurements, and dates.
6. Check to see that you have not omitted anything or included any
unnecessary steps.