This document describes a preparation and process for permanently changing the shape of hair, such as imparting a permanent wave, using a reducing solution containing a mercaptan (such as thioglycollic acid), a sulphite, and formamide or a substituted formamide (such as urea). Applying the solution to hair wrapped in curlers and heating it to 40-60°C (tepid waving) allows the concentration of mercaptan to be substantially reduced compared to conventional preparations while still effectively changing the hair shape. The preferred pH range is 9-10.
This patent document describes a combustion process for internal combustion engines that features:
1) A subdivided combustion chamber, such as a pre-combustion chamber or turbulence chamber.
2) Combustion air is caused to rotate in the chamber and fuel is injected into the rotating air.
3) The temperature of the chamber wall is automatically controlled based on engine operating conditions to optimize combustion.
This document describes a novel looped pile fabric and method of making it. A flat fabric is first woven with heat-shrinkable strands running in one direction and other strands crossing in the other direction. Float yarns that are non-shrinkable are interwoven to form loops on one surface after shrinking. The flat fabric is treated to shrink the heat-shrinkable strands, drawing the float yarns closer together and causing them to buckle and form loops. This produces a looped pile fabric suitable for upholstery at low cost using simple looms and processing. Various designs and effects can be achieved by varying the weave pattern and floats.
The document describes a patent for a device that seals fluid lubricant in the hub of a rotating wheel. The device consists of three parts: a metallic spacing ring, a resilient sealing ring, and a rigid spreading ring. The spacing ring spaces the wheel outward on the axle spindle. The resilient sealing ring has ridges and fins to seal against leakage. The rigid spreading ring holds the sealing ring tightly against the inside of the wheel hub as it rotates.
This document summarizes a patent for an apparatus that stores digital data on a moving magnetic medium. It allows for simultaneously reading stored data from a cell on the medium and overriding it by writing new data to the same cell. This is accomplished by using timing impulses to select cells for reading and writing, with the reading gate occurring slightly before the writing gate. This allows time to determine if the cell contents need to be changed based on the read data and other inputs, before overriding the data during the writing gate. The document describes the technical details and diagrams of how this works.
This document describes improvements to valve guides for internal combustion engines made through powder metallurgy processes. Specifically, it describes coating the surfaces of the powder metallurgy-produced valve guides with corrosion-resistant metallic coatings to protect them from oxidation caused by exposure to hot exhaust gases. The coating can be applied through electrodeposition, spraying, or impregnation by dipping the guide in molten metal. This protects the guide from disintegrating due to internal oxidation.
This document describes a patent filing for an improved clamping device. The clamping device comprises two bifurcated members that can be secured together in different relative positions using a connecting screw. One member has a strip or rail that extends beyond its face to prevent any relative rotation between the members when secured. The arrangement allows the two members to be applied to each other or to a flat surface in multiple positions while ensuring the screw holes align for tightening. This provides a clamp that can firmly support a shelf or panel in various selected positions relative to a support.
This document describes a patent for an electric starting switch for internal combustion engines. The starting switch uses a rotor mounted in a housing connected to the throttle shaft. A suction-responsive ball is moved into position by engine vacuum to prevent the rotor from closing the electrical contacts and energizing the starting motor after the engine starts. The relatively compact design uses a minimum number of parts and a self-cleaning ball to remain unaffected by dirt or impurities.
This patent document describes improvements to a refrigerant compressor. It provides a compressor with a crankcase that communicates with a cylinder and piston. It includes a check valve to allow gas to flow from the crankcase to an inlet, and an orifice to allow lubricant to return from the inlet to the crankcase when there is a pressure differential. The orifice is located such that the piston passes it on the compression stroke, creating lower pressure to draw oil back into the crankcase from a sump in the inlet settling chamber. This provides a simple way to return oil entrained in the refrigerant gas back to the compressor crankcase.
This patent document describes a combustion process for internal combustion engines that features:
1) A subdivided combustion chamber, such as a pre-combustion chamber or turbulence chamber.
2) Combustion air is caused to rotate in the chamber and fuel is injected into the rotating air.
3) The temperature of the chamber wall is automatically controlled based on engine operating conditions to optimize combustion.
This document describes a novel looped pile fabric and method of making it. A flat fabric is first woven with heat-shrinkable strands running in one direction and other strands crossing in the other direction. Float yarns that are non-shrinkable are interwoven to form loops on one surface after shrinking. The flat fabric is treated to shrink the heat-shrinkable strands, drawing the float yarns closer together and causing them to buckle and form loops. This produces a looped pile fabric suitable for upholstery at low cost using simple looms and processing. Various designs and effects can be achieved by varying the weave pattern and floats.
The document describes a patent for a device that seals fluid lubricant in the hub of a rotating wheel. The device consists of three parts: a metallic spacing ring, a resilient sealing ring, and a rigid spreading ring. The spacing ring spaces the wheel outward on the axle spindle. The resilient sealing ring has ridges and fins to seal against leakage. The rigid spreading ring holds the sealing ring tightly against the inside of the wheel hub as it rotates.
This document summarizes a patent for an apparatus that stores digital data on a moving magnetic medium. It allows for simultaneously reading stored data from a cell on the medium and overriding it by writing new data to the same cell. This is accomplished by using timing impulses to select cells for reading and writing, with the reading gate occurring slightly before the writing gate. This allows time to determine if the cell contents need to be changed based on the read data and other inputs, before overriding the data during the writing gate. The document describes the technical details and diagrams of how this works.
This document describes improvements to valve guides for internal combustion engines made through powder metallurgy processes. Specifically, it describes coating the surfaces of the powder metallurgy-produced valve guides with corrosion-resistant metallic coatings to protect them from oxidation caused by exposure to hot exhaust gases. The coating can be applied through electrodeposition, spraying, or impregnation by dipping the guide in molten metal. This protects the guide from disintegrating due to internal oxidation.
This document describes a patent filing for an improved clamping device. The clamping device comprises two bifurcated members that can be secured together in different relative positions using a connecting screw. One member has a strip or rail that extends beyond its face to prevent any relative rotation between the members when secured. The arrangement allows the two members to be applied to each other or to a flat surface in multiple positions while ensuring the screw holes align for tightening. This provides a clamp that can firmly support a shelf or panel in various selected positions relative to a support.
This document describes a patent for an electric starting switch for internal combustion engines. The starting switch uses a rotor mounted in a housing connected to the throttle shaft. A suction-responsive ball is moved into position by engine vacuum to prevent the rotor from closing the electrical contacts and energizing the starting motor after the engine starts. The relatively compact design uses a minimum number of parts and a self-cleaning ball to remain unaffected by dirt or impurities.
This patent document describes improvements to a refrigerant compressor. It provides a compressor with a crankcase that communicates with a cylinder and piston. It includes a check valve to allow gas to flow from the crankcase to an inlet, and an orifice to allow lubricant to return from the inlet to the crankcase when there is a pressure differential. The orifice is located such that the piston passes it on the compression stroke, creating lower pressure to draw oil back into the crankcase from a sump in the inlet settling chamber. This provides a simple way to return oil entrained in the refrigerant gas back to the compressor crankcase.
This patent document describes a method and apparatus for vacuum die casting. It involves using a two-part hood or enclosure that surrounds the die members. The hood is evacuated prior to each casting operation to produce smooth, non-porous castings. The hood sections separate along the parting line between the die members. Passages allow coolant to circulate through the die members, and a manifold in the hood accommodates different inlet/outlet connections needed for different die member configurations.
This document describes a 1957 patent for an electron tube with a ceramic envelope. It details improvements to the joint structure connecting the ceramic and metal parts, allowing for differences in thermal expansion without compromising the vacuum seal. Thin metal sealing flanges are used at the grid terminal and anode, with inturned lips brazed to the ceramic. This allows the flanges to flex with thermal changes while the ceramic is rigidly supported by abutting the metal parts.
This document describes a patent application filed in 1957 relating to improvements in axial-flow compressors. Specifically, it describes using softer aluminum alloy sealing rings between compressor stages to prevent damage to steel rotor rims from interference during operation. The soft rings are installed at a small initial clearance so that they deform away from the rotor to maintain a minimum gap without scoring the thin rim. Tests showed aluminum rings could satisfactorily wear away under high rim velocities over 800 feet per second due to their higher hardness and melting point compared to steel.
This document describes an invention for an apparatus used in radio navigation systems. The apparatus indicates the position of a vehicle on a chart based on received radio signals. It includes a storage device that can maintain the rate of movement of an index on the chart over short periods where the radio signals may be interrupted. This prevents errors in the index position when signals resume. The storage device works by storing the rate and direction of index movement steps during the previous period, and can control the index accordingly during a signal failure. It utilizes a rotating carrier with operating elements that can be moved to produce output pulses corresponding to input pulses, maintaining the rate over the brief interruption period.
This document describes patent GB780026 (A) filed in 1957 regarding improvements to rotary pumps, compressors, and engines. It includes a rotor with blades that form conveyor chambers and an abutment slide that separates the suction and pressure sides. The blades curve forward in the direction of rotation to fully fill the chambers and prevent ejection of the medium. The abutment slide has a cylindrical packing part that follows the sharp blade tips for improved efficiency. The abutment slide is controlled via a crank to match the rotor profile and eliminate pulsations in output.
This document describes a patent for an atomizing or spray container with a flexible side wall. It contains a tube with an adjustable air intake orifice that allows air to mix with liquid inside the tube and be ejected through a spray outlet. Adjusting the air orifice controls whether a coarse spray, fine spray or liquid jet is produced. The tube can be installed in a cap or stopper closure in various adjustable or fixed configurations to allow for directional spraying and easy removal of the tube.
This document describes a work-jogging attachment for a sewing machine with an improved operating mechanism. It includes a pattern cam with a cam groove that is tracked by a follower roller. An anchor link controls the path of the follower roller to an arc, limiting its movement. This arrangement favors the smoother outer wall of the cam groove, reducing effort on the abrupt inner wall and preventing binding of parts. Adjusting the anchor link position can control the symmetry of jogging motion applied to the work.
This document describes an apparatus for measuring high rotational speeds ranging from 2500 to 30000 RPM. The apparatus uses a cathode ray oscilloscope connected to an electromagnetic impulse generator attached to the rotating member. This causes the spot on the oscilloscope to move in a circular pattern proportional to the rotational speed. Timing circuits switch the spot on to create a short spiral trace indicating the broad speed range, then off. After a delay, the spot is switched on briefly to create a dot, indicating the precise speed within the range.
The document describes British patent GB780070 from 1957 relating to vehicle couplings. It details improvements to couplings that connect trailer vehicles to towing vehicles, specifically ones where the trailer coupling includes a brake actuating element. The invention aims to reduce maintenance needs and improve operation of the manually operated brake by enclosing retention means in an inverted box-like housing to protect it from weather and debris.
This document describes improvements to measuring instruments and gauges patented by Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company in 1957. Specifically, it details an instrument that uses at least one semiconductor photojunction to measure the thickness of a wafer or sheet by projecting a light pattern and measuring changes in current flow through the junction as the distance between the light and junction interface is varied by inserting a sample. The instrument is capable of measuring thicknesses up to 0.020 inches with high sensitivity in the 0.0002 to 0.0005 inch range.
1. This document describes a method for insulating individual sector-shaped conductors using an extrusion process to form multi-core cables.
2. The key steps of the method include twisting the conductor, feeding it non-rotatably through a rotatable guide with a matching outlet shape, which causes the guide to rotate in sync with the conductor lay, and finally feeding the conductor through a coupled die head where plastic insulation is applied.
3. The guide and die are driven together in rotation to maintain the proper orientation between the conductor's cross-sectional shape and the guide outlet as the conductor passes through.
Lecture 4 (H2SO4), it is manufacturing and descriptionnewarqadir51
This document discusses the production of sulfuric acid through the contact process. It begins by describing the properties of sulfuric acid and how it is sold. It then discusses how earlier plants were simpler but modern plants recover energy through cogeneration. The contact process is described, including the exothermic reaction of SO2 to SO3, how temperature and equilibrium affect conversion, and the multi-pass converter design. Catalyst materials and converter design are also covered. Finally, it briefly discusses how SO3 is absorbed into sulfuric acid in the absorption tower to form oleum.
Lecture 4 (H2SO4), it is manufacturing and descriptionnewarqadir51
This document discusses the production of sulfuric acid through the contact process. It begins by describing the properties of sulfuric acid and how it is sold. It then discusses how earlier plants were simpler but modern plants recover energy through cogeneration. The contact process is described, including the exothermic reaction of SO2 to SO3, how temperature and equilibrium affect conversion, and the multi-pass converter design. Catalyst materials and converter design are also covered. Finally, it briefly discusses how SO3 is absorbed into sulfuric acid in the absorption tower to form oleum.
This document describes improvements to Werner type chromium complexes used to treat glass fibers. Specifically, it details treating unpolymerized Werner complexes with nitrogen bases to adjust the pH to 4-7, which leads to the formation of water-soluble polymerized complexes. Acceptable nitrogen bases are listed. The modified complexes are similar to those previously described but are more stable and can be used to make aqueous solutions containing up to 10% of the polymerized complex. The treatment of fibers, especially glass fibers, with these complexes renders the fibers abrasion resistant and promotes strong bonding to resins.
This document describes a method of applying a protective resinous coating to heat-sensitive electrical elements by polymerizing polymerizable organic compounds using high energy electrons or cathode rays. Specifically, it involves surrounding the electrical element with a monomeric compound and irradiating it with high energy electrons to polymerize the monomer into a solid polymer coating without damaging the heat-sensitive component inside. This allows for rapid encapsulation of elements like resistors, capacitors, transistors, and diodes without impairing their properties through the application of heat.
The document describes a patent for a method of preparing hydrofining catalysts. The method involves reacting sodium aluminate, aluminum sulfate, and sodium silicate in an aqueous solution at pH 9-10 to form an alumina-silica precipitate. This precipitate is then dried, heated, and impregnated with an active hydrofining catalyst like cobalt molybdate. Experiments show this catalyst is very effective at hydrofining heating oil fractions, significantly reducing carbon residue and sulfur levels. It performs particularly well by further reducing carbon residue levels when the hydrofined oils are blended with untreated oils.
The document discusses hydrogen production via steam reforming of natural gas. Steam reforming involves four steps: reforming, shift conversion, gas purification, and methanation. It produces hydrogen at high efficiency and is the lowest cost production method currently available. However, it also produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Newer steam reforming plants use pressure swing absorption to produce 99.99% pure hydrogen. While steam reforming is an efficient process, it contributes to carbon dioxide emissions, so methods to capture and store the CO2 are being investigated.
This document describes an improved extreme pressure lubricant composition containing a di-ester of a β-halo substituted alkane dicarboxylic acid. The di-ester imparts extreme pressure properties to lubricating oil compositions. Two examples are provided to illustrate the preparation of such di-esters and their use in lubricating oil blends and greases to provide improved load carrying capacity and reduced wear compared to conventional lubricants. The composition can also contain other common lubricant additives.
This document provides details on patent GB780046 (A) which relates to a process for preparing lubricating compounds of the formal type. Specifically, it involves first forming a mixture of Oxo alcohols via an Oxo synthesis reaction using a mixture of polymeric olefinic hydrocarbons containing mostly C12 to C18 olefins. This is then contacted with excess formaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a residue with lubricating oil characteristics after removing more volatile components.
This document provides details on patent GB780046 (A) which relates to a process for preparing lubricating compounds of the formal type. Specifically, it involves first forming a mixture of Oxo alcohols via an Oxo synthesis reaction using a mixture of polymeric olefinic hydrocarbons containing mostly C12 to C18 olefins. This is then contacted with excess formaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a residue with lubricating oil characteristics after removing more volatile components.
This document provides details on patent GB780046 (A) which relates to a process for preparing lubricating compounds of the formal type. Specifically, it involves first forming a mixture of Oxo alcohols via an Oxo synthesis reaction using a mixture of polymeric olefinic hydrocarbons containing mostly C12 to C18 olefins. This is then contacted with excess formaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a residue with lubricating oil characteristics after removing more volatile components.
This document provides details on patent GB780046 (A) which relates to a process for preparing lubricating compounds of the formal type. Specifically, it involves first forming a mixture of Oxo alcohols via an Oxo synthesis reaction using a mixture of polymeric olefinic hydrocarbons containing mostly C12 to C18 olefins. This is then contacted with excess formaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a residue with lubricating oil characteristics after removing more volatile components.
This patent document describes a method and apparatus for vacuum die casting. It involves using a two-part hood or enclosure that surrounds the die members. The hood is evacuated prior to each casting operation to produce smooth, non-porous castings. The hood sections separate along the parting line between the die members. Passages allow coolant to circulate through the die members, and a manifold in the hood accommodates different inlet/outlet connections needed for different die member configurations.
This document describes a 1957 patent for an electron tube with a ceramic envelope. It details improvements to the joint structure connecting the ceramic and metal parts, allowing for differences in thermal expansion without compromising the vacuum seal. Thin metal sealing flanges are used at the grid terminal and anode, with inturned lips brazed to the ceramic. This allows the flanges to flex with thermal changes while the ceramic is rigidly supported by abutting the metal parts.
This document describes a patent application filed in 1957 relating to improvements in axial-flow compressors. Specifically, it describes using softer aluminum alloy sealing rings between compressor stages to prevent damage to steel rotor rims from interference during operation. The soft rings are installed at a small initial clearance so that they deform away from the rotor to maintain a minimum gap without scoring the thin rim. Tests showed aluminum rings could satisfactorily wear away under high rim velocities over 800 feet per second due to their higher hardness and melting point compared to steel.
This document describes an invention for an apparatus used in radio navigation systems. The apparatus indicates the position of a vehicle on a chart based on received radio signals. It includes a storage device that can maintain the rate of movement of an index on the chart over short periods where the radio signals may be interrupted. This prevents errors in the index position when signals resume. The storage device works by storing the rate and direction of index movement steps during the previous period, and can control the index accordingly during a signal failure. It utilizes a rotating carrier with operating elements that can be moved to produce output pulses corresponding to input pulses, maintaining the rate over the brief interruption period.
This document describes patent GB780026 (A) filed in 1957 regarding improvements to rotary pumps, compressors, and engines. It includes a rotor with blades that form conveyor chambers and an abutment slide that separates the suction and pressure sides. The blades curve forward in the direction of rotation to fully fill the chambers and prevent ejection of the medium. The abutment slide has a cylindrical packing part that follows the sharp blade tips for improved efficiency. The abutment slide is controlled via a crank to match the rotor profile and eliminate pulsations in output.
This document describes a patent for an atomizing or spray container with a flexible side wall. It contains a tube with an adjustable air intake orifice that allows air to mix with liquid inside the tube and be ejected through a spray outlet. Adjusting the air orifice controls whether a coarse spray, fine spray or liquid jet is produced. The tube can be installed in a cap or stopper closure in various adjustable or fixed configurations to allow for directional spraying and easy removal of the tube.
This document describes a work-jogging attachment for a sewing machine with an improved operating mechanism. It includes a pattern cam with a cam groove that is tracked by a follower roller. An anchor link controls the path of the follower roller to an arc, limiting its movement. This arrangement favors the smoother outer wall of the cam groove, reducing effort on the abrupt inner wall and preventing binding of parts. Adjusting the anchor link position can control the symmetry of jogging motion applied to the work.
This document describes an apparatus for measuring high rotational speeds ranging from 2500 to 30000 RPM. The apparatus uses a cathode ray oscilloscope connected to an electromagnetic impulse generator attached to the rotating member. This causes the spot on the oscilloscope to move in a circular pattern proportional to the rotational speed. Timing circuits switch the spot on to create a short spiral trace indicating the broad speed range, then off. After a delay, the spot is switched on briefly to create a dot, indicating the precise speed within the range.
The document describes British patent GB780070 from 1957 relating to vehicle couplings. It details improvements to couplings that connect trailer vehicles to towing vehicles, specifically ones where the trailer coupling includes a brake actuating element. The invention aims to reduce maintenance needs and improve operation of the manually operated brake by enclosing retention means in an inverted box-like housing to protect it from weather and debris.
This document describes improvements to measuring instruments and gauges patented by Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company in 1957. Specifically, it details an instrument that uses at least one semiconductor photojunction to measure the thickness of a wafer or sheet by projecting a light pattern and measuring changes in current flow through the junction as the distance between the light and junction interface is varied by inserting a sample. The instrument is capable of measuring thicknesses up to 0.020 inches with high sensitivity in the 0.0002 to 0.0005 inch range.
1. This document describes a method for insulating individual sector-shaped conductors using an extrusion process to form multi-core cables.
2. The key steps of the method include twisting the conductor, feeding it non-rotatably through a rotatable guide with a matching outlet shape, which causes the guide to rotate in sync with the conductor lay, and finally feeding the conductor through a coupled die head where plastic insulation is applied.
3. The guide and die are driven together in rotation to maintain the proper orientation between the conductor's cross-sectional shape and the guide outlet as the conductor passes through.
Lecture 4 (H2SO4), it is manufacturing and descriptionnewarqadir51
This document discusses the production of sulfuric acid through the contact process. It begins by describing the properties of sulfuric acid and how it is sold. It then discusses how earlier plants were simpler but modern plants recover energy through cogeneration. The contact process is described, including the exothermic reaction of SO2 to SO3, how temperature and equilibrium affect conversion, and the multi-pass converter design. Catalyst materials and converter design are also covered. Finally, it briefly discusses how SO3 is absorbed into sulfuric acid in the absorption tower to form oleum.
Lecture 4 (H2SO4), it is manufacturing and descriptionnewarqadir51
This document discusses the production of sulfuric acid through the contact process. It begins by describing the properties of sulfuric acid and how it is sold. It then discusses how earlier plants were simpler but modern plants recover energy through cogeneration. The contact process is described, including the exothermic reaction of SO2 to SO3, how temperature and equilibrium affect conversion, and the multi-pass converter design. Catalyst materials and converter design are also covered. Finally, it briefly discusses how SO3 is absorbed into sulfuric acid in the absorption tower to form oleum.
This document describes improvements to Werner type chromium complexes used to treat glass fibers. Specifically, it details treating unpolymerized Werner complexes with nitrogen bases to adjust the pH to 4-7, which leads to the formation of water-soluble polymerized complexes. Acceptable nitrogen bases are listed. The modified complexes are similar to those previously described but are more stable and can be used to make aqueous solutions containing up to 10% of the polymerized complex. The treatment of fibers, especially glass fibers, with these complexes renders the fibers abrasion resistant and promotes strong bonding to resins.
This document describes a method of applying a protective resinous coating to heat-sensitive electrical elements by polymerizing polymerizable organic compounds using high energy electrons or cathode rays. Specifically, it involves surrounding the electrical element with a monomeric compound and irradiating it with high energy electrons to polymerize the monomer into a solid polymer coating without damaging the heat-sensitive component inside. This allows for rapid encapsulation of elements like resistors, capacitors, transistors, and diodes without impairing their properties through the application of heat.
The document describes a patent for a method of preparing hydrofining catalysts. The method involves reacting sodium aluminate, aluminum sulfate, and sodium silicate in an aqueous solution at pH 9-10 to form an alumina-silica precipitate. This precipitate is then dried, heated, and impregnated with an active hydrofining catalyst like cobalt molybdate. Experiments show this catalyst is very effective at hydrofining heating oil fractions, significantly reducing carbon residue and sulfur levels. It performs particularly well by further reducing carbon residue levels when the hydrofined oils are blended with untreated oils.
The document discusses hydrogen production via steam reforming of natural gas. Steam reforming involves four steps: reforming, shift conversion, gas purification, and methanation. It produces hydrogen at high efficiency and is the lowest cost production method currently available. However, it also produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Newer steam reforming plants use pressure swing absorption to produce 99.99% pure hydrogen. While steam reforming is an efficient process, it contributes to carbon dioxide emissions, so methods to capture and store the CO2 are being investigated.
This document describes an improved extreme pressure lubricant composition containing a di-ester of a β-halo substituted alkane dicarboxylic acid. The di-ester imparts extreme pressure properties to lubricating oil compositions. Two examples are provided to illustrate the preparation of such di-esters and their use in lubricating oil blends and greases to provide improved load carrying capacity and reduced wear compared to conventional lubricants. The composition can also contain other common lubricant additives.
This document provides details on patent GB780046 (A) which relates to a process for preparing lubricating compounds of the formal type. Specifically, it involves first forming a mixture of Oxo alcohols via an Oxo synthesis reaction using a mixture of polymeric olefinic hydrocarbons containing mostly C12 to C18 olefins. This is then contacted with excess formaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a residue with lubricating oil characteristics after removing more volatile components.
This document provides details on patent GB780046 (A) which relates to a process for preparing lubricating compounds of the formal type. Specifically, it involves first forming a mixture of Oxo alcohols via an Oxo synthesis reaction using a mixture of polymeric olefinic hydrocarbons containing mostly C12 to C18 olefins. This is then contacted with excess formaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a residue with lubricating oil characteristics after removing more volatile components.
This document provides details on patent GB780046 (A) which relates to a process for preparing lubricating compounds of the formal type. Specifically, it involves first forming a mixture of Oxo alcohols via an Oxo synthesis reaction using a mixture of polymeric olefinic hydrocarbons containing mostly C12 to C18 olefins. This is then contacted with excess formaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a residue with lubricating oil characteristics after removing more volatile components.
This document provides details on patent GB780046 (A) which relates to a process for preparing lubricating compounds of the formal type. Specifically, it involves first forming a mixture of Oxo alcohols via an Oxo synthesis reaction using a mixture of polymeric olefinic hydrocarbons containing mostly C12 to C18 olefins. This is then contacted with excess formaldehyde in the presence of an acid catalyst to form a residue with lubricating oil characteristics after removing more volatile components.
1) The document describes improvements to packaging containers that provide reinforcement and strength.
2) The containers have a non-metallic shell and bottom each with a corrosion-resistant thin inner lining that is partly inside and partly outside the container.
3) The shell has an outer reinforcing metal covering that is folded together with the outer parts of the linings to seal the container while keeping the bottom and shell unfolded.
This document provides a 3-sentence summary of GB784603 (A) which describes a fuel feeding apparatus for pressure burners. The apparatus includes a valve body with passages that selectively connect a mixture tube, air passage, and fuel passages. A stationary rubber disk member and rotatable disk valve member control the connections between passages for starting, running, and shutting off the burner. The valve members and passages allow the burner to be supplied with an air-fuel mixture for starting and then operated with vaporized liquid fuel from the fuel tank.
This document summarizes a patent for manufacturing oximes of cycloaliphatic ketones. It describes a process where salts of thiosulphuric acid or polythionic acids are used as reducing agents in aqueous solution to produce oximes from water-soluble salts of secondary nitro-compounds in the cycloaliphatic series. The ratio used is 1 mole of nitro-compound to 1-1.5 moles of reducing agent salt. Examples provided demonstrate producing cyclohexanone oxime from nitrocyclohexane using sodium thiosulphate or sodium trithionate as the reducing agent. Yields of up to 92% of the oxime product are achieved.
This document describes glyoxalidine corrosion inhibitors for use in hydrocarbon liquids like gasoline and diesel fuel. Specifically, it describes new chemical compounds that are salts of a glyoxalidine and an organic aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with at least 10 carbon atoms. These compounds are effective corrosion inhibitors for ferrous metals in contact with hydrocarbon liquids that contain small amounts of water. Test results show that reactions products of sebacic acid and certain glyoxalidines can inhibit corrosion in gasoline-water systems at low concentrations.
This document describes a patent for improvements in the production of the antibiotic griseofulvin under deep culture conditions. It finds that griseofulvin can be produced on a large scale through submerged aerobic culture of suitable organisms, such as Penicillium patulum, if the available nitrogen level in the culture medium is carefully controlled between 0.04-0.3% nitrogen. Optimum yields are obtained at nitrogen levels of 0.075-0.25%, with the specific optimum depending on factors like inoculum type and fermenter size.
The document describes new disazo dyes and copper complexes of those dyes. The dyes correspond to general formula 1, where R1 is the residue of an oxybenzene-ortho-carboxylic acid, R2 and R3 are benzene residues with the carbon atoms bound to the azo linkage and carboxamide group separated by at least one carbon atom, and R4 is a benzene residue containing a sulphonic acid, carboxylic acid, or carboxymethoxy group. The dyes can be prepared by coupling a diazo compound of an aminoazo dye with a phenylamino-8-oxynaphthalene compound. The resulting dyes and their copper complexes are
This document describes improvements to self-supporting containers made of carbon or graphite. It discusses how prior containers used ceramic linings that had poor thermal conductivity. The new containers described are built from interlocking carbon or graphite plates that form a self-supporting inner structure. This allows the container to be spaced within an outer metal or concrete vessel, improving heat transfer and accommodating different expansion rates of the materials. Diagrams show how the plates interlock at joints and are held together with cement.
The document describes improvements to the "oxo process" for producing oxygenated organic compounds from olefins using carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and a carbonylation catalyst. Specifically, it involves using a catalyst combination that is particularly effective for catalyzing the reaction. The oxo process typically involves three stages - an initial reaction of the olefin with carbon monoxide and hydrogen over a cobalt catalyst to produce aldehydes, removal of soluble metal compounds from the product, and then hydrogenation of the aldehydes to alcohols. The invention relates to improving the catalyst used in the first stage of the reaction.
This document summarizes a patent for recovering cooking liquor from spent soda pulping liquors. It describes how traditional soda pulping processes are expensive and wasteful due to the loss of sodium hydroxide in washings and stack gases. The invention provides a practical method for regenerating the soda with minimal loss, eliminating hazards and allowing recovery of soda cooking liquor from waste liquors containing it.
This document describes a multi-tray clarifier system for clarifying liquids containing suspended solids. The system uses multiple compartments and a central feedwell system to evenly distribute incoming feed between compartments. This even distribution allows for simplification of the clarifier design by reducing the number of intermediate compartments needed compared to previous clarifier designs.
This document describes improvements to control means for electric current converters. It discusses providing control of discharge paths through respective control electrodes over a wide range, from rectifier to inverter operation. Each control electrode is connected to two inductive members (transformers or chokes) supplied with phase-displaced operating currents/voltages from AC busbars. There are means for imparting a commonly variable direct current premagnetization and means for imparting independently pre-settable direct current premagnetizations, allowing control of each electrode's feed to provide a control voltage during a portion of the converter's total control range.
The document describes improvements to a storage device for cylindrical objects like barrels. The storage device features an inclined rack with a gate at the lower end that retains the cylindrical objects. The gate has two angular portions - a first portion with an upstanding stop member, and a second portion that acts as a positive stop as long as an object is resting on the first portion. This allows objects to be released individually from the storage device when the gate is opened.
This document summarizes an invention for improvements in single-sideband radio transmission systems. It describes a system that uses band compression at the transmitter and band expansion at the receiver to transmit a single-sideband signal while reducing the required bandwidth. The system detects the signal envelope and uses it to amplitude modulate the compressed single-sideband signal before transmission. At the receiver, the system uses the detected envelope to reconstruct the original single-sideband signal from the received compressed signal. The document provides detailed descriptions and diagrams of transmitter and receiver embodiments.
This document summarizes a patent for an improved paper pattern that can be temporarily bonded to fabric. The pattern is made of thin, flexible paper with markings on top. The underside has a heat-sealable, lubricous resin that is non-adhesive at room temperature but becomes adhesive when heated. This allows the pattern to be temporarily bonded to fabric to facilitate needlework while maintaining lubricity for easy needle passage. The resin may be an ethylene polymer, vinyl chloride polymer, or other specified thermoplastic. Figures show applying multiple patterns to fabric with an iron, an enlarged cross-section, and joining cut fabric pieces with attached patterns.
This document describes improvements to gyroscope apparatus. It summarizes two different gyroscope designs that use air bearings to support a rotating gyroscope rotor. In the first design, the rotor is supported within a concentric casing on a spherical air bearing. The casing is driven by a tubular drive shaft connected to conventional bearings. In the second design, a wheel-shaped rotor is supported within a spherical casing on an air bearing. The casing is driven by electric motor integrated with the lower casing portion and supported by ball bearings. Both designs use pickoffs and electromagnetic means to apply torques to the rotor and counteract precession forces to keep the rotor axis aligned with the casing rotation axis.
This document describes improvements to telephone systems, specifically regarding private automatic branch exchanges (PABX) serving large numbers of subscribers across multiple locations. It details a system with a parent PABX connected via two-wire tie-lines to satellite automatic exchanges. The parent PABX operator can set up calls to subscribers on satellite exchanges and receive visual supervisory indications of call progress over the tie-lines. This is achieved through signals sent on a non-speaking conductor and distinctive signals involving potential reversals at the tie-line conductors.
This document describes a patent for improvements in reciprocating motors that are actuated by a fluid supplied at constant pressure. It involves a piston valve that moves alternately into two positions, connecting one side of the piston to the pressure fluid supply and the other side to exhaust. Plungers on each side of the piston can enter cylindrical spaces at the end of the piston's working stroke to build up pressure and cause the valve to switch positions for the return stroke. Optional features include non-return valves in ducts connecting the valve cavities to the spaces to control fluid flow. The invention is intended for hydraulic motors but not limited to that application or liquid as the working fluid.
This document provides details of GB784673 (A) and GB784674 (A), which are patent specifications for two inventions. GB784673 (A) describes a method of producing printed circuit master drawings by removing portions of a black layer on a board to define a circuit pattern. GB784674 (A) describes a mending plug for tubeless tires, specifically a hollow rubber cylindrical plug inserted into punctures using an insertion tool. The document outlines the techniques and provides figures to illustrate the methods.
This document summarizes a patent for a machine that applies rubber caps to containers. It describes a machine with fingers arranged in an annular form that can place a cap, and pistons that impart radial movement to the fingers. It also includes a rotary table to carry containers, a head carrying the fingers that can slide, and a piston to actuate the head. The machine applies caps by extending the fingers to stretch the cap over the container, then retracting the fingers to leave the cap in place.
This document describes a process for dyeing or printing textiles or foils made of cellulose esters or linear aromatic polyesters. Specifically, it involves using acid dyestuffs from the anthraquinone series that have a sulphonic acid group that can be split off by a reducing agent. This causes the dyestuff to become insoluble and bond to the textile or foil substrate. Examples are provided of dyeing various materials like polyester fibers, acetate rayon and cellulose triacetate fibers using different dyestuffs and reducing agents. The dyed materials exhibit good light and wash fastness according to the document.
The document describes two embodiments of a mechanical gland seal for preventing liquid leakage along rotor shafts of rotary pumps. The first embodiment uses a spring bellows to apply pressure to a carbon ring, sealing it against the shaft flange. An O-ring additionally seals the interior from the exterior of the housing. The second embodiment uses a spring-loaded header ring compressing an H-section seal between the header and a carrier holding the carbon ring, sealing both the interior and along the shaft flange.
1. * GB780037 (A)
Description: GB780037 (A) ? 1957-07-31
Improvements in or relating to the treatment of hair
Description of GB780037 (A)
Translate this text into Tooltip
[75][(1)__Select language]
Translate this text into
The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to the Treatment of Hair
We, UNILEVER LIMITED, a company registered under the laws of Great
Britain, of Port
Sunlight, in the County of Chester, England, do hereby declare the
invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us and the
method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in
and by the following statement:
This invention relates to the treatment of hair and more particularly
to permanently changing the shape of hair, such as by imparting a
permanent wave to the hair or straightening the hair.
Nowadays the shape of hair is generally changed permanently at room
temperature by employing, as a reducing agent, an alkaline preparation
of a mercaptan, such as thioglycollic acid, followed by a neutralizing
or oxi- dizing agent, such as potassium bromate. It has been
postulated that large amounts of a swelling agent, such as urea or
formamide, may be beneficial in the operation of permanendy changing
the shape of hair when added to the reducing agent. Other reducing
agents. such as a substantially neutral solution cf alkali metal
bisulphites, have also been proposed to change permanently the shape
of hair without the use of heat, but in the absence of heat large
amounts of a swelling agent have to be incorporated with these other
2. reducing agents so that a satisfactory permanent change of the shape
of the hair may be obained. Usually, he process for permanently waving
hair consists in applying to the hair the reducing agent before or
after the hair has been wrapped in curlers, and allowing the reducing
agent to act on the keratin of the hair. The hair is then treated with
the neutralizing or oxidizing agent beware or after rinsing it with
water.
Surprisingly5 it has now been found that improved results in
permanentty changing the shape of hair may be obtained by employing as
a reducing solution a preparation including a mercaptan, a sulphite
and formamide, or a substituted formamide as defined herein, such as
urea. ldercaptans which may be used in place of or in addition to
thioglycollic acid are, for example, beta-mercapto-ethane-sulphonic
acid or glyceryl mono-mercaptan. The mercaptans are preferably used as
alkali metal, ammonium or amine salts although they may oe salts of
other alkalis, such as alkaline earth metal hydroxides.
Tue term " sulphite" whenever usad hereafter is intended to extend to
the sulphites, bisulphites and meta-bisuiphites, and in particular to
the sulphites, bisulphites and metabisulphites of the alkali metals
and ammonia.
Accordinglv, the present invention provides a preparation for
permanently changing the shape of hair which includes a mercaptan, a
sulphite and formamide or a substituted formamide as hereinbefore
defined.
The invention also provides a process for permanently changing the
shape of hair which mciudes applying to the hair a preparation
including a mercaptan, a sulphite and formamide or a substituted
formamide as hereinafter defined.
Of the substituted formamides according to the present invention, the
preferred compound is urea. Other substituted formamides are acetamide
or the ethanol formamide. For the purpose of the present specification
the term
substituted formamide " also includes thiourea, but apart from
thiourea does not include compounds derived from formamide other than
by simple substitution of the carben-hydrogen atom in the parent
molecule.
Conventional preparations for permanently changing the shape of hair
generally have the mercaptan at relatively high concentrations, and
therefore require skilful application to the hair so as to obtain the
most favourable results. in formulating such a preparation it is
generally desirable to keep the concentration of mercaptan to the
minimum with which effective hair shaping can be performed. According
to the present invention, the concentration of the mercaptan may be
substantially reduced over the concentrations found in conventional
3. preparations.
The hair shaping preparations according to the present invention may
be applied to a head of hair under temperature conditions normally
prevailing close to the human skin, that is, from 30 to 35 C. At
elevated temperatures of from about 40 to about 60 C. the activity of
the hair shaping preparation according to the present invention is
apparently increased, so that the concentration of the mercaptan
and/or the sulphide may be further reduced without affecting the steed
of operation, intensity or permanency of the shape to be imparted to
the hair. Alternatively, the time required for permanently changing
the shape of the hair may be reduced. Elevated temperatures of from
about 40 to about 60 C. are generally obtained under a hair drier, and
for the purposes of this specification temperatures from about 40" to
about 60 C. will hereinafter be referred to as tepid", and the process
of changing the shape of hair at these elevated temperatures as
"tepid-waving". For maximum efficiency of the preparations according
to the present invention, it is therefore preferred to use these
preparations under tepidwaving conditions. The invention will be
further illustrated with reference to these tepid-waving conditions,
it being understood that a person skilled in the art is able to adjust
the conditions in such a way as to adapt the invention, for example,
to cold-waving.
In another aspect the present invention provides, therefore a process
for tepid-waving which includes applying to the hair a preparation
including a mercaptan, a sulphite and formamide or a substituted
formamide as herein defined.
Under tepid-waving conditions, that is, at temperatures of from about
40 to about 60 C. the concentration of mercaptan employed according to
the present invention is usually less than 10%, and may be as low as
1.5%.
Generally, the mercaptan is present at a concentration of from 4 to
8.5%, the range of from 4 to 6.5)0, being preferred. The sulphite
concentration will generally be within the range of from 2.5 to 6%,
from 3.0 to 4.5% being preferred. Concentrations up to 10% and as low
as 1.5% may, however, be used with advantage under certain
circumstances.
The above percentages and those given hereinafter are all percentages
by weight.
Formamide or substituted formamides, and in particular urea, promote
the swelling of the hair but it has been found that proportions of any
of these compounds substantially in excess of 10S: will sometimes give
unfavourable results in tepid-waving. These unfavourable results, such
as a harsh appearance of the hair after waving, may in some instances
be counteracted bv adding to the preparation from about 1 to about 2
4. ,O of a vegetable or mineral oil, or alternately from about 0.1 to
about 0.3 of a cationic surface-active agent, such as lauryl dimethyl
benzyl ammonium chloride.
Generally, however, concentrations of from 3 to 6'., of formamide or a
substituted formamide are preferred, in which case the addition of oil
or cationic agent will not be required.
Concentrations of 2.5,0, and as low as 1.5%, of formamide or a
substituted formamide may be used under certain circumstances.
The pH of the preparations according to the invention may be critical
for achieving besr results. For the purpose of the present invention
the pH must always be at least 7. Most favourable conditions for
changing the shape of hair appear to exist when the preparations have
a pH of from 9 to 10. The pH of the preparations is advantageously
adjusted by means of ammonia, but other alkaline sus stances such as
sodium hydroxide may also be used for this purpose.
In giving a tepid-wave, procedures similar to the following, which may
be suitably modified, may be used. The hair is moistened with the
preparation according to the invention, and wound on a curler. After
applying a further amount of the preparation according to the
invention to the hair thus wound on curlers, the head of hair is
covered with a plastic cap. The hood of a pre-heated electric drier is
then placed over the head of hair, so as ro raise the temperature of
the preparation to from about 40c to about 60 C., and maintained in
position for a period of from 5 to 30 minutes, according to the
strength of curl required. The head of hair is then rinsed for
approximately three minutes with water, and is thereafter exposed to
the atmosphere for some time to facilitate aerial oxidation.
Alternatively, the rinsing step may be followed by applying to the
hair a neutralising agent, such as sodiurl perborate or hydrogen
peroxide.
Finally, the hair is set and dried in the usual manner.
Other ingredients, such as perfumes and colouring material normally
present in preparations for changing the shape of hair, may also be
added. In particular, some of the water in the preparations may be
replaced by alcohol.
The following examples illustrate the invention:
EXAMPLE 1
Switches of identical hair were prepared, wound on curler and each
treated with an excess of one of the following preparations.
After shaking off excess moisture, the switches were processed in a
thermostatically controlled oven at 37 C. for 15 and 30 minutes.
Preparation 1 2 3
Ammonium thioglycollate (100%) 5.33 4.15 1.78 Ammonium sulphite - 3.45
-
5. Sodium metabisulphite - - - - 1.5 1.5
Urea - - - - - - - 6.0 6.0 6.0
Free ammonia (100%) - - - 1.56 0.78 0.33
Water - - - - - - - q.s.100 q.s.100 q.s.100 pH - - - - - - - - 9.70
9.40 8.84
Strength of curl - - - - - tight tight slack
Following the heat treatment the switches of hair were rinsed with
water and then neutralised with 0.6% hydrogen peroxide solution.
The curlers were removed from the switches, which were rinsed again
with water and allowed to dry in a vertical position.
Nodifferences were observed in the strength of curl produced on
switches of hair treated for 15 or 30 minutes respectively with the
same preparation.
When the switches of hair were not processed under " tepid-waving "
conditions but were allowed to undergo a so-called "cold- wave"
treatment with any one of the above preparations, the time required
for obtaining a good strength of curl varied from 45 to GO minutes.
EXAMPLE 2
The following are examples of preparations which may be used for
permanently changing the shape of hair.
Solution 1
Ammonium thioglycollate
(100%) - - - - - 5.33
Ammonium sulphite - - 3.45
Urea - - - - - - 6.0
Free ammonia (100%) - - 1.56
Perfume - - - - - 2.00
Lauryl dimethyl benzyl
ammonium choride - - 0.20
Water q.s. - - - - - 100.00
Solution 2 %
Ammonium thioglycollate 4.15
Sodium metabisulphite - - 1.50
Urea - - - - - - 6.00
Free ammonia (100%) - - 0.78
Perfume - - - - - 2.00
Emulsified mineral oil - - 6.0fl
Water - - - - - q.s. 100.00
What we claim is: -
1. A preparation for permanently changing the shape of hair which
includes a mercaptan, a sulphite and formamide or a substituted
formamide as herein defined
2. A preparation according to Claim 1, in which the mercaptan and the
sulphite have concentrations of from about 1.5 to about 100/o by
6. weight.
3. A preparation according to Claim @ or
Claim 2, in which the mercaptan has a concentration of from 4 to 8.5 %
by weight.
4. A preparation according to any one of the preceding claims, in
which the mercaptan has a concentration of from 4 to 6.5% by weight.
5. A preparation according to any one of the preceding claims, in
which the sulphite has a concentration of from 2.5 to 6% by weight.
6. A preparation according to any one of the preceding claims, in
which the sulphite has a concentration of from 3 to 4.5 o,/o by weight
7. A preparation according to any one of the preceding claims, in
which the formamide curl substituted formamide as herein defined, has
R concentration nf from 1.5 to 10% by weight
8. A preparation according to any one of the preceding claims in which
the formamide or substituted formamide as herein defined, has a
concentration of from 3 to 6% by weight.
9. A preparation according to any one of the preceding claims in which
the mercaptan is ammonium thioglycollate.
10. A preparation according to any one of the preceding claims in
which the sulphite is ammonium sulphite or sodium metabisulphite.
11. A preparation according to any one of the preceding claims in
which the zubstituted formamide is urea.
12. A preparation according to any one of the preceding claims which
has a pH of from 9 to 10.
13. A "tepid-waving" preparation substanrally as herein described.
14. A process for permanently changing the shape of hair which
includes applying to the hair a preparation including a mercaptan, a
sulphite and formamide, or a substituted l mamide as herein defined.
15. A process for tepid-waving as herein defined which includes
applying to the hair a preparation including a thioglycollate, a
sulphite and formamide or a substituted formamide as herein defined,
and thereafter raising the temperature of the preparation so applied
to the hair to from about 40 to about 60 C.