773 gcsr - group - 4

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THE
GLOBAL report field STUDY
ON
“Overview of Social & Educational activity of
Chile & Himachal Pradesh”
SUBMITTED TO:
Gujarat Technological University
Sunshine Group of Institutions, Rajkot
MBA Semester III
Faculty of Management
Batch: 2013-15
GUIDED BY:
Asst. prof. Alpesh Gajera

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PREPARED BY:
NAME ENROLLMENT NO.
Hirapara Priyanka 137730592023
Jadeja Ajaysinh 137730592024
Patel Jalpa 137730592025
Javiya Hirva 137730592026
Jithara Dharmesh 137730592028
Jivani Krunal 137730592029

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DECLARATION
We undersigned Hirapara Priyanka, Jade ja Ajaysinh, Patel Jalpa, Javiya Hirva, Jithara
Dharmesh, and Jivani Krunal the students of management, 3rdsemester hereby declare that
the report for “Global Country Study Report” entitled “Overvie w of Social &
Educational Activity of Chile” is our own work and has been carried out under the guidance
of Assit. Prof. Alpesh Gajera of Department of Management Shri Sunshine Group of
Institutions, Rajkot.
This has been not submitted to any other University for securing in any examination.
ENROLLMENT NO. NAME SIGNATURE
137730592023 Hirapara Priyanka
137730592024 Jadeja Ajaysinh
137730592025 Patel Jalpa
137730592026 Javiya Hirva
137730592028 Jithara Dharmesh
137730592029 Jivani Krunal
DATE:
PLACE:

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PREFACE
Only theoretical knowledge is not enough, practical knowledge is also essential. Practical
training helps us as a student of management to know practicability of the theories that we
learn inside the lecture room
As a student of MBA syllabus we have to make a research study on any country and we got
golden opportunity to get practical knowledge of Seychelles the main object of arranging
such research is for giving practical knowledge and experience at global in the various filed
of management to the student
Though we tried our level best to collect information and valuable suggestion would be
gratefully acknowledged.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We thankfully acknowledge to all those people who helped us in preparation of this report
because it is impossible to mention all those who helped us in our perspiration work in giving
shape to our ideal and thinking.
It is an occasion of great pleasure and matter of keep felt personal satisfaction to present this
complied statement of the project this complied statement of the research study undergone on
economical and sports activity of Seychelles.
We would like to thank all those who directly or indirectly were involved in the completion
of our research study.

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INDEX
SR.
NO.
PARTICULAR PAGE
NO.
1. SUMMARY 8
2 INTRODUCTION OF CHILE 17
3 INTRODUCTION OF HIMACHAL PRADESH 20
4 SOCIAL ACTIVITY OF CHILE 23
 Religion 24
 Demographic profile 26
 Language in chile 29
 Food 32
 Festival of chile 35
 Music & dance 42
 Etiquettes & customs in chile 44
 Relationship of chile with india 46
5 SOCIAL ACTIVITY OF HIMACHAL PRADESH 47
 History of himachal pradesh 48
 Food 49
 Religion 50
 People & Lifestyle 52
 Languages 54
 Music & Dance 55
 Fairs & Festivals 56

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6 EDUCATION ACTIVITY OF CHILE 57
 Overview 58
 Levels of education 62
 Education system overview about chile 63
 Reason to study in chile 66
 Educational opportunities 69
 Awards 86
7 EDUCATION ACTIVITY OF HIMACHAL PRADESH 89
 Overview 90
 Universities of himachal pradesh 93
 Education 94
8 FINDING & SUGGESION OF CHILE AND
HIMACHAL PRADESH
97
9 CONCLUSION OF HIMACHAL PRADESH AND
CHILE
99
10 BIBLIOGRAPHY 100

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GCSR – Part – I SUMMARY
 CHILE:
The territory of Chile has been populated since at least 12,000 B.C. By the 16th
century, Spanish conquistadors began to subdue and colonize the region of present-day Chile,
and the territory became a colony between 1540 and 1818, when it gained independence from
Spain. The country's economic development was successively marked by the export of first
agricultural produce, then saltpeter and latercopper. The wealth of raw materials led to an
economic upturn, but also led to dependency, and even wars with neighboring states. Chile
was governed during most of its first 150 years of independence by different forms of
restricted government, where the electorate was carefully vetted and controlled by an elite.
Most Chileans are Roman Catholics. The religion has played a large role in defining social
and political life. Religious instruction in public schools is almost exclusively Roman
Catholic.
Abortion is actually illegal due to the influence of the Church. Divorce was illegal until
2004.
Most national holidays are religious in nature. Chileans of more mature generations still
celebrate their saint's day as much as they do their own birthday.
Major religions in Chile are as follows:
• Roman Catholic 70%,
• Evangelical 15.1%,
• Jehovah’s Witnesses 1.1%,
• Other Christian 1%,
• Other 4.6%.

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 Chile is in the advanced stages of the demographic transition and is becoming an
aging society - with fertility below replacement level, low mortality rates and life
expectancy on par with developed countries. However, with its dependency ratio is
approaching its lowest point, Chile could benefit from favorable age structure.
 They have to keep their large population -age work productively employed, as he
prepares to meet the needs of its growing proportion of older people, especially
women - the traditional caregivers - are increasingly coming workforce. In the last
two decades, Chile has made great strides in reducing its poverty rate, which is now
lower than most Latin American countries.
 Spaniards in the official language of Chile.
 The food has a very special place in Chilean culture. Chilean normally eat four times
a day. The first meal of the day is breakfast, which consists mainly of dishes instead
of light including buttered toast and instant coffee. Lunch (served 1: 00-14: 00) is the
big meal of the day. Traditionally two main dishes. The first course can be a salad of
some sort. A common salad is the Chilean salad, including sliced onions, chopped
tomatoes and peeled an oil and vinegar dressing and fresh coriander (cilantro).
 The main course usually includes beef or chicken, served with vegetables. Around
17:00 Chilean taken once, an afternoon tea with bread and jam, often also includes
cheese and avocado (avocado).
 Every year during the last week of February, Viña del Mar, an exclusive resort town
about two hours from Santiago, Viña del Mar holds Festival.The Music
CarnavalAndino With the Force of the Sun, or "Andino Festival with the Force of
sun, "is one of the most influential and entertaining a number of festivals that take
place in February in northern Chile region.Fiestas Patrias, or" Independence Day,
"refer to the related celebrations Independence Day Chile, which is celebrated on
September 18.
 Before independence, the Christian religious orders mainly influenced Chilean
education. In fact, the Jesuits founded the first educational institutions in the country.

Since the First Government Junta (First Government Junta) in 1810 there was interest
in the development of education systems in the new country that is manifested by
members of the independence movement. This desire was completed by an approved
decree expressly waived taxes for a year and a half books, maps, printers, physics
instruments and machinery that contributed to the social and educational
advancement. Based on this predisposition to facilitate education, during 1813 the
National Library was created, freedom of the press was established, and the first
official government newspaper, El Monitor Araucano, was established.
 The cost of education differs depending on the type of school. Schools with voluntary
enrollment may charge a fixed fee income, while subsidized private schools can
charge tuition mandatory enrollment, tuition, and other services. Moreover, private
schools are free to decide their own fee structure. In 2011, the country was
widespread and violent student protests, demanding reforms in the education system.
Students said they wanted more direct state participation in secondary education as
well as to obtain benefits blatant happening in higher education. The movement
gained strong support across the country, as the students refused to attend classes and
took to the streets. Education in Chile is divided into
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 Chile is divided into following part;
 Preschool,
 Primary school,
 Secondary school,
 & technical or higher education (university).
The levels of education in Chile are:
Pre-school: For children up to 5 years old.
 Primary school: (Enseñanzabásica) for children aged 6–13 years old, divided into
8 grades.

 Secondary school: (Enseñanza media) for teenagers aged 14–17 years old,
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divided into 4 grades.
 Higher education:
 University (Universidad): These are divided between "traditional"
universities (public and private universities created (mostly) before the
1981 reform) and private institutions.
 Professional Institute (Institute Professional, IP): Private institutions
offering professional degrees, except for those given exclusively by
universities. They were created in 1981.
 Technical Schooling Center (Centro de FormaciónTécnica, CFT): Also
created in 1981, they are private institutions offering technical degrees
only.
The Ministry of Education is responsible for pre-primary, primary, and secondary
schooling in Chile. The pre-primary level is two years of non-compulsory education for
children four to five years of age. Primary and secondary educations are compulsory.
Primary education is from ages 6 to 13, and secondary education is from ages 14 to 17. In
2000, 99 percent of school -age children was studying at primary schools, and 90 at
secondary schools.
 School categories.
In terms of financing, there are the following kinds of schools:
1. Municipal: State-subsidized schools run by municipalities, which may also contribute
monetarily to the schools. The majority of the population studies at these schools (64% at the
primary level).
2. Particular Subvencionado: Private with a government subsidy. At the primary level, 29%
of the population attends this kind of school.

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3. Particular: Private. At the primary level, 7% of the population attends this kind of school.
4. Corporate schools are schools run by corporations and which receive the same state
subsidy that the municipal schools receive.
REASONS TO STUDY IN CHILE:
1. Educational alternatives
2. Great connectivity
3. Economic and political stability
4. Friendly people
5. Great tourist attractions
6. Top-quality education
7. Affordable living costs
8. Safety
9. Active social and cultural life
10. Warm weather
EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
1. Learning Spanish
2. Studying and travelling
3. University exchange programs
4. Post-graduates studies
5. Secondary school exchange
6. Scholarship and lodging

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7. Research center
8. International conferences
RELATIONSHIP OF CHILE WITH INDIA
INDIANS IN CHILE:
The Indian community in Chile numbers around 1100, mostly residing in Santiago, Iquique,
and Punta Arenas. Largely engaged in small business and trade, the community is gradually
being assimilated into the normal through naturalisation. An average of 1000 Chileans visit
India annually, mainly for tourism.
CULTURAL TIES:
Indian culture is highly regarded and appreciated in Chile. Chile‘s cultural openness and
receptivity is also remarkable. Yoga is widely practised there. Santiago hosts 16 yoga training
centres. Four monuments have been raised to honour Mahatma Gandhi: one in Santiago,
erected in 1968, one in Curico, erected in 1999, one in SagradaFamilia in May, 2002, and one
in Rancagua in April, 2003. A fifth monument of Mahatma Gandhi is expected to be erected
shortly in Valparaiso, a port city recently declared by UNESCO as a World Heritage
Property. To give effect to a Bilateral Cultural Agreement signed in 1993, a Cultural
Exchange Programme for the years 2003-2005 was signed in New Delhi in April, 2003. The
CEP is now under implementation.

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 HIMACHAL PRADESH:
The region of Himachal Pradesh was called 'Deva Bhoomi ' (the land of the gods). From the
early period of its history it was inhabited by tribes like the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris,
Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars and Kirats. The Aryan influence in this area of India dates to the
period before the Rigveda.
The day to day diet of Himachalis is though similar to the rest of north India but is unique for
its taste and ingredients used. They havelentil, rice, and vegetables. The rotis (breads) are
made of flours like wheat and maize. Some of the specialties of the Himachali cuisine include
Mandra, Maahni, Batt, MithaSaloona, Bhujju, Saag, Palda, Redhu, chouck, bhagjery, jhoul,
siddu/batooru, beduan, chutney, khattidal, etc.
The day to day dishes of the people of Himachal Pradesh is very similar to the rest of north
India in the sense that they too have dal-chawal-subzi-roti (lentil broth, rice, dish of
vegetables and bread). However, one difference is that non vegetarian items are more in
famous here than other north Indian states. Till recently, all that Himachal knew of vegetables
were potatoes and turnips. However, now gradually, green vegetables are making their
importance felt more and more. Some of the dishes that are unique to Himachal include
Pateer, Chouck, Bhagjery and chutney of Til. Apart from these Nasasta is a sweetmeat of the
Kangra region, Indra is dish prepared of Urad dal and Bada/Poldu is cooked in the Shimla
region.
The people are deeply religious and god fearing. The grandeur of the natural features, the
Himalayas and the magnitude of physical forces, has led the inhabitants to assign
supernatural powers to natural environments. To the children of the mountains, the'
Himalayas are the Gods'. Along with the Gods represented in the 'Thakardwara's' and the
'Shivalas', people worship the village deities, the Deotas, the Rishis, the Munis, the Siddhas,
the Pandavas, the hill tops, the trees, the joginis or wood fairies, the Kali, the Shakti, the
Nagas (snakes) and even a host of devils and deities of the aborigines.

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RELIGION IN HIMACHAL PRADESH
RELIGIONPERCENT
Hinduism 98.14%
Christianity 0.35%
Buddhism 0.26%
Sikhism 0.20%
Islam 0.01%
Others 1.15%
Traditional dress of the Brahmin male includes dhoti, kurta, coat, waistcoat, turban and a
hand towel while that of the Raj put male consists of tight fitting churidarpyjamas, a long
coat and a starched turban. The female of these two caste have kurtas, salwars, long skirts
(ghaghri), embroidered tops (choli) and red head scarves (rahide) as their traditional attire.
The dress up of the people has now become a mixed one with traditional blending gracefully
with the modern.
Though Hindi is the state language, many people speak Pahari. Pahari itself has many dialects
and all of them trace their origin to the Sanskrit language.
Himachal Pradesh was under the direct control of the British colonial rule in the mid-19th
century. Also, the state was the seasonal capital of India during the British colonial rule.
Hence, the standard of education provided in the state has reached to a considerably high
level. The state has several highly reputed educational organizations for higher studies.
Himachal Pradesh is home to many educational institutions offering a wide variety of
courses. There are five universities, two medical colleges, four dental colleges and two

engineering colleges in the state. There are over 10,000 primary schools, 1,000 secondary
schools and more than 1,300 high schools in Himachal. In meeting the constitutional
obligation to make primary education compulsory, Himachal has now became the
first state in India to make elementary education accessible to every child in the
state.Himachal Pradesh government is also very keen to transform this state into an education
hub. In March 2008, Government of India made an announcement stating that as part of the
11th five year plan, an Indian Institute of Technology will be established in this state. Further,
AtalBihari Vajpayee Government Engineering and Technology Institute has been started at
Pragatinagar, in shimla distt. This college will have engineering related courses such as ITI,
Diploma and Degree all in same campus.
Hamirpur District is among the top districts in the country for literacy. Education rates among
women are quite encouraging in the state the standard of education in the state has reached a
considerably high level as compared to other states in India with several reputed educational
institutes for higher studies.
The state government is working constantly to prepare plans and projects to strengthen the
education system. The state government decided to start three nursing colleges to develop the
health system.
There are over 10,000 primary schools, 1,000 secondary schools and more than 1,300 high
schools in Himachal. The state government has decided to start three major nursing colleges
to develop the health system in the state. In meeting the constitutional obligation to make
primary education compulsory, Himachal has become the first state in India to make
elementary education accessible to every child.
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INTRODUCTION OF CHILE
Official Name: Republic Of Chile
Country Location:
Geography: Southern South America bordering
South Argentina and Pacific Ocean
Between Peru.
Nationality: Chilean
Border Country: Argentina, Bolivia, Peru
Type of Government: Republic
Head of Government: President Ricardo Lagos
Independence: 18 Sept 1810 (From Spain)
Capital City: Santiago
Official Language: Spanish
Area: 756,950 Sq. Km/292,135 Sq. Mi
Population: 15 Million
Religion: Roman Catholic (80%)
Currency: Peso (Ch$

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NATIONAL FLOWER: COPIHUE
NATIONAL BIRD: ANDEN CONDOR

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NATIONAL ANIMAL: HUEMUL
NATIONAL TREE: ARAUCARIA ARAUCANA

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INTRODUCTION OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
Official Name: Himachal Pradesh
Location:
Date of Formation: Jan 25, 1971
Geography: Himachal is situated in the western Himalayas.
Covering an area of 55,673 kilometers (34,594 mi),
It is a mountainous state.
Nationality: Indian
Size: 55,673 sq km
Population (Census 2011): 6,864,602
No. of District: 12
Capital: Shimla
Languages: Hindi, Punjabi, Kinnauri, Pahari
Neighbors State: Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Uttrakhand

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STATE FLOWER: PINK RHODODENDRON
STATE BIRD: WESTERN TRAGOPAN

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MGFNSFLG STATE ANIMAL: SNOW LEOPARD
STATE TREE: DEVDAR

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RELIGION
Most Chileans are Roman Catholics. The religion has played a large role in defining social
and political life. Religious instruction in public schools is almost exclusively Roman
Catholic.
Abortion is actually illegal due to the influence of the Church. Divorce was illegal until
2004.
Most national holidays are religious in nature. Chileans of more mature generations still
celebrate their saint's day as much as they do their own birthday.
Major religions in Chile are as follows:
• Roman Catholic 70%,
• Evangelical 15.1%,
• Jehovah’s Witnesses 1.1%,
• Other Christian 1%,
• Other 4.6%

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 Religious Beliefs:
 A large majority of Chileans (73 percent) are affiliated with the Roman Catholic
Church.
 Some 15 percent of the population identifies itself with several Protestant groups.
 Another 4 percent of the population belongs to other religious groups (Jews, Muslims,
and Greek Orthodox).
 While 8 percent claim not to profess any religion.
Chileans profoundly respect the religious beliefs of others, and religion rarely seldom
constitutes a source for conflicts or disagreement.
 Religious Practitioners:
The national authorities of the Roman Catholic Church have historically exerted a
high degree of influence in Chile. For instance, during the Pinochet regime the chief of the
Chilean Catholic Church, Cardinal Raúl Silva Henriquez, took a firm stand against the
government's human rights exploitation. The Church also offered legal support and
institutional protection to many persecuted people. Following democratic restoration, Chilean
bishops have actively participated in national debates about divorce, abortion, and the role of
the family in modern society.

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DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
Chile is in the advanced stages of demographic transition and is becoming an aging
society - with fertility below replacement level, low mortality rates, and life expectancy on
par with developed countries. Nevertheless, with its dependency ratio nearing its low point,
Chile could benefit from its favorable age structure.
It will need to keep its large working -age population productively employed, while
preparing to provide for the needs of its growing proportion of elderly people, especially as
women - the traditional caregivers - increasingly enter the workforce. Over the last two
decades, Chile has made great strides in reducing its poverty rate, which is now lower
than most Latin American countries.
However, its severe income inequality ranks as the worst among members of the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Unequal access to quality
Education perpetuates this uneven income distribution.
Chile has historically been a country of emigration but has slowly become more attractive to
immigrants since transitioning to democracy in 1990 and improving its economic
stability (other regional destinations have concurrently experienced deteriorating economic
and political conditions). Most of Chile's small but growing foreign -born population consists
of transplants from other Latin American countries, especially Peru.

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THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY
 The family occupies a central role in Chilean life.
 Extended families are very close and will frequently congregate for major occasions
and celebrations.
 Family and business are intertwined to the extent that nepotism is seen as a positive
concept.
 Many small firms will be 100% family run.
 Mainly nuclear families are residing over there.
 Domestic Unit:
The nuclear family is by far the dominant household unit in Chile. Ninety percent of the
population lives with their family while only 8.1 percent live alone. Family size has
strongly decreased inrecent decades. The average family consists of four persons ,
and the average number of children is 2.5 per woman. Chile is among the
countries with the lowest fertility rate in Latin America, and with the most rapid
rate of decrease. In most households (79 percent) authority is held by men. Female- led
households can mainly be found among low- income sectors. Particularly among the
middle and upper classes, housewives possess a large degree of discretional power
in decisions concerning the ruling of their homes (including acquisition of furniture
and financial matter s) and the children's education.

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 Kin Groups:
Although the nuclear family constitutes the basis of Chilean households, grandparents
continue to exert considerable authority in family affairs. Moreover, and either by necessity
or by choice, grandparents (especially widowed grandparents) frequently live with the
family of one of their daughters or sons. Married children normally visit their parent’s over
15the weekend and it is not uncommon for them to talk with their parents by phone almost
daily. Aunts, uncles, and cousins are also considered to be close relatives and they
frequently meet at family and social gatherings. Particularly in the lower classes, the
extended family represents an indispensable source of support for coping with difficulties in
hard times.
CLASS STRUCTURE
Chilean history has had a large influence on modern day class lines. Generally speaking, class
in drawn along financial lines. Today‘s wealthiest class are more or less the same Land
owning families of before. A middle class has developed of late and now accounts for nearly
a half of the population. Classes are fluid and it is possible to move either upwards or
downwards depending on your salary.
SOCIAL PROFILING
 Due to class structures it is commonplace for people to try and deduce
another's position in the social rank.
 This is primarily done through external appearances, i.e. dress, etc.
 As a result they present themselves in the best possible way.

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LANGUAGE IN CHILE
Spanish in the official language of Chile. There are also quite a few indigenous languages
such as Mapudungun (spoken between the Itata and Tolten rivers) and Aymara (spoken in the
mountains of the north). In short there are mainly five languages used in Chile:
 Spanish (official)
 Mapudungun
 German
 English
 Aymara
RITUAL & HOLY PLACES
Many popular religious celebrations and processions take place in Chile. One of the most
colorful is the Festival of La Tirana. This festival is celebrated for three days in July in the
village of La Tirana, some 40 miles (64 kilometers) from the interior or the port of Iquique
spine, near the Atacama Desert. This celebration is strongly influenced by the carnival of
Oruro, Bolivia. During the celebrations, some 150,000 people dance in the streets in colorful
costumes and masks of the devil. The Festival of La Tira na is an expression of religious mix
of Catholicism and ancient indigenous practices.
On December 8, Chileans celebrate the Immaculate Conception (the Virgin Mary). During
this day, many people make a pilgrimage to Santiago in the Sanctuary of the Virgin of Lo
Vasquez (a shrine some 50 miles [80 km] of Santiago) to show their religious devotion. Some
people walk many miles on their knees to show their respect to the virgin and as a reward for
the favors she has granted.

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CUSTOMS IN CHILE
1. INHERITANCE
according to the law and the Chilean customs, when the father dies half of the estate goes to
his wife. The other half is divided by the number of children and both parties to the mother.
So in a family with two children, the mother inherits three quarters of the estate. Age or
gender differences between the children do not affect their rights to equal shares of
inheritance. Until very recently, however, Chilean law made a distinction between
"legitimate" (born in wedlock) and "illegitimate" children. Depending on the specific
situation, he had little or no rights to obtain a portion of the estate. In early 2000, this
discriminatory law was abolished.
2. MARRIAGE
Marriage is one of the most important rites of passage between the Chileans. Although
registration of marriage in the civil register is sufficient for it to be officially recognized
under Chilean law, most Chileans find that marriage is not really complete without a church
ceremony. Everyone is free to marry whomever he or she wants, but because Chile is class
consciousness of society, people generally marry people of similar social and educational
backgrounds
. Weddings are normally ostentatious and wedding parties are often organized at home or in a
small room near the church. Commonly, Chileans marry young (in their early to mid
twenties) and tend to have children relatively soon after the wedding. Only 12 percent of
Chilean women are still single at the age of forty five. People have very conservative views
on sex before marriage and living together before marriage is still relatively rare (only 3
percent of women aged twenty-five and forty-four). Because of religious and political
influence of the Roman Catholic Church, Chile is the only Latin American country without
divorce law. Instead, couples who want to end their marriage application for cancellation of
civil marriage, on the pretext that a procedural error was made at the civil marriage
ceremony. As this involves a costly legal proceedings, many Chileans just informal end a
marriage, but it prevents them from marrying again under Chilean law.

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3. DEATH AND THE AFTERLIFE
Chileans pay great tribute to loved ones who have passed away. After the death of a wake and
a funeral are held at a church where close friends and extended family to help religious
service. Chile's most prefer tombs, but in recent years an increasing number of people choose
to be cremated. It is common practice that every year on the anniversary of the death, a
Catholic Mass is offered in memory of the deceased. On November 1, All Saints Day, many
Chileans to visit the cemetery to bring flowers to the grave of family members and friends.
Most Chileans believe there is an afterlife.

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FOOD
 Food in Daily Life:
Power occupies a very special place in Chilean culture. Chilean normally eat four times daily.
The first meal of the day is breakfast, which consists mainly of rather light fare, including
toast with butter and instant coffee with milk. Lunch (served 1: 00-14: 00) is the big meal of
the day. Traditionally two main courses are served. The first course is perhaps a salad of
some sort. A common salad is the Chilean ensalada, including chopped onions, chopped and
peeled tomatoes, salad dressing with oil and vinegar, and fresh cilantro (coriander). The
second dish usually includes beef or chicken with vegetables. Around 17:00 Chileans take
time, a cup of tea with bread and jam, which also includes cheese and often palta (lawyers).
Once, which means "eleven" is obviously named after the British tea time 11: Around 0:00
21:00 most families serve dinner, which is usually a single but important dish, often with
wine grown in the many vineyards in the Central Valley. Chilean cuisine has both Indian and
European influences. The national dish, Porotos Granados, for example, the characteristic
ingredients of Indian cuisine (corn, squash and beans), with significantly Spanish
contributions (onion and garlic). As might be expected in a country with a long coastline,
seafood has a leading role in local culinary preferences. Traditional Chilean seafood includes
locos (abalone), machas (razor clams), hedgehogs (large sea urchins) and cochayuyo (algae).
Another national dish is caldillo of congrio, eel soup, tomatoes, potatoes, onions, herbs and
spices.
 Food Customs at Ceremonial Occasions:
During the celebrations of Independence Day (18 September) Chileans eat a wide variety of
traditional dishes. As a snack or first course of a big meal, Chileans eat normally empanadas.
This Spanish-born pastry is stuffed with meat, cheese or seafood, as well as onions, grapes
and olives. Another popular starting is humitas, which contains a pulp white corn, onion
rings, and basil, wrapped in maize leaves and cooked in boiling water. A second classic dish
is pastel de choclo (choclo is the Mapuche word for corn). It is a white corn and beef stew

topped with sugar and most of the time cooked in traditional black ceramic plates, hand in the
small town of ptomaine. Also on Independence Day, large parrilladas (barbecues) are held
throughout the attempted Con. Large quantities of wine, chicha (fermented apple brew) and
pisco (grape brandy) accompany the celebrations.
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Cuisine:
Cazuela and assorted salads. Chilean cuisine is a reflection of the country's
topographical variety, featuring an assortment of seafood, beef, fruits, and vegetables.
Traditional recipes include asado, cazuela, empanadas, humitas, pastel de choclo, pastel
de papas, curanto and sopaipillas. Crudos is an example of the mixture of culinary
contributions from the various ethnic influences in Chile. The raw minced llama, heavy use
of shellfish and rice bread were taken from native Quechua Andean cuis ine, (although
now beef brought to Chile by Europeans is also used in place of the llama meat), lemon and
onions were brought by the Spanish colonists, and the use of mayonnaise and yogurt was
introduced by German immigrants, as was beer.

34
FESTIVALS OF CHILE
 VINA DEL MAR MUSIC FESTIVAL:
Every year during the last week of February, Vina del Mar, an upscale resort about two hours from
Santiago, Vina del Mar holds the Music Festival. This popular music festival, broadcast nationally is
one of the largest of its kind in the world. Although built around lations competitions and folk-song
festival real draw is the performance of famous international musicians.
 CARNAVAL ANDINO CON LA FUERZA DEL SOL:
Le Carnaval Andino Con Fuerza del Sol, or "Andean Festival with the strength of the Sun" is one of
the most influential and entertaining a string of festivals held in February to Chile northern region.
Hosted in the city of Arica, Con Fuerza del Sol is a three-day festival that celebrates the peaceful
mixture of Spanish and indigenous cultures in the Andes, as well as indigenous and Catholic
traditions. Participants Chilean, Peruvian and Bolivian gather to celebrate with lavish costumes,
dance groups and bands, which are competing for public favor holiday Patrias.

35
 FIESTAS PATRIAS:
patriotic holidays," refer to the celebrations associated with the festival Chile's independence, which
falls on September 18. Across the country, communities celebrate with parades, air shows, festivals,
patriotic decorations and indigenous foods. individual Families celebrate by hosting traditional
"asado" or barbecues, where they eat, drink and dance, often late into the night. Festivities of the
Independence Day are celebrated on a long weekend and usually last for several days to a week
 FESTIVAL DE LA TIRANA:
Every July nearly 200,000 people descend on the small town of La Tirana to celebrate its festival of
the same name. As of July 12 and ending July 18, the Festival La Tirana is one of the most important
and well known cultural festivals of Chile. This religious festival is based in the Catholic roots of Chile
and honors the Virgin of Carmen, the patron saint of Chile. Day and night, throughout the festival,
worship, congregations, musicians and dancers dressed in traditional costumes perform in honor of
Carmen.
 SANTIAGO A MIL:
Santiago a Mil, or "Santiago by the thousands," is the biggest festival of Chile. This three weeks
during the artistic and cultural festival held in January in the capital, Santiago, and features outdoor

36
as well as indoor theater and international street fairs that are street performers, acrobats and
dancer
 WE TRIPANTU:
We Tripantu, or New Year Mapuche,begin just before sunrise on June 24, the indigenous
Mapuche people expect the "new sun" to return to the west. The new year coincides with the
winter solstice, as the Mapuche believe that winter brings the renewal of life. Rituals
performed invoke ancestral Mapuche and are led by a religious leader or community.

38
GENER ROLES AND STATUSES
1. DIVISION OF LABOUR BY GENDER
Women represent 51 percent of the population. Although the participation of women in the
labor market has increased dramatically in recent decades (83 percent between 1970 and
1990), women today only 37 percent of the total working population of Chile. Despite the
increasing attention of democratic governments that attempt to improve the working and
social conditions of women, women still have to work under less favorable conditions than
men. The unemployment rate among women is consistently higher than that of men, and
women earn about 65 percent of the income earned by men for equivalent jobs. In education,
women are not left men women under thirty- five years, or have equal or more than men
training. Middle and upper class women are generally well educated and are not only used in
traditional areas (such as nursing, teaching and social services), but also doctors, engineers,
lawyers and economists .
2. THE RELATIVE STATUS OF WOMEN AND MEN
Women and men are equal under Chilean law and the state is required to provide both sexes equal
employment opportunities. Women have a lot of influence and are very active in almost all areas of
Chilean society. Among Chilean privacy men almost always socialize with their friends in the
company of their girlfriends or wives, and it does participate in conversations and discussions on an
equal footing. Also because of the high class nature of Chilean society, women in middle and upper
class backgrounds have immensely more social status, power, and access to good jobs than men of
the lower classes. Nevertheless, overall women in Chile have a lower status than men. This is
particularly visible in politics where power relations found its principal expression. Women received
full voting rights only in 1949 and they rarely filled more than 7 percent of the parliamentary seats.

39
SOCIAL PROBLEMS & CONTROLS
Chile rather small class on crime across the world. The country has an annual murder rate of 1.7 per
100 000 inhabitants. Flights or flights with violent aggression, however, have increased over the last
decade. Crime was repeatedly mentioned by the great majority of Chileans as one of the most
serious problems of the country. The strength of the Chilean police, carabinieri, enjoys great prestige
among the population, as it is known to be relatively efficient and incorruptible. Chile has a relatively
high imprisonment rates 165 100 000 citizens, almost twice the rate of the main European countries.
This could be related to the judicial system of the country that many believe is in desperate need of
modernization. As a result, there are long delays before testing, and preventive detention and
pushes the rate up. In addition, European countries have methods of alternative penalties, while
Chile does not.
IDENTITY & TRADITIONS
Because of the geography of Chile dissimilar cultural expressions vary considerably in
different parts of the country.The North is characterized by various cultural events that
combine the influence of the indigenous peoples of the Andes of the Spanish conquistadors,
to which is added the importance of festivals and religious traditions, highlighting diabladas
and Fiesta de La Tirana.
The central area is identified mainly with rural traditions of the countryside and the Chilean
culture called Huasa extending between the regions of Coquimbo and Biobío, most of the
time. As in this geographical region has the largest share of the Chilean population, is

traditionally considered the cultural identity of the leading countries. Its highest expression is
performed during the festivities of the Independence Day in mid-September.
40
MUSIC & DANCE

Music in Chile ranges from folkloric music, popular music and also to classical music. Its
large geography generates different musical expressions in the north, center and south of the
country, including also Easter Island and Mapuche music. The national d ance is the cueca.
Another form of traditional Chilean song, though not a dance, is the tonada. Arising from
music imported by the Spanish colonists, it is distinguished from the cueca by an
intermediate melodic section and a more prominent melody.
41
LITERATURE
Chileans call their country país de poetas-country of poets. Gabriela Mistral was the first
Latin American to receive a Nobel Prize for Literature (1945). Chile's most famous poet,
however, is Pablo Neruda, who also received the Nobel Prize for Literature (1971) and is
world-renowned for his extensive library of works on romance, nature, and politics. His three
highly personalized homes, located in Isla Negra, Santiago and Valparaíso are popular tourist
destinations.

42
AGE STRUCTURE
 0-14 years: 21% (male 1,846,433/female 1,771,225)
 15-24 years: 16.6% (male 1,457,772/female 1,398,684)
 25-54 years: 43.2% (male 3,694,178/female 3,738,355)
 55-64 years: 9.6% (male 771,790/female 872,824)
 65 years and over: 9.7% (male 694,570/female 971,114) (2013 EST.)
URBANIZATION
 Urban population: 89% of total population
 Rate of urbanization: 1.1% annual rate of change
Urbanization is quite common in Chilean‘s society. Every year 1.1% population is moving
towards the urban areas.

43
ETIQUETTE AND CUSTOMS IN CHILE
 MEETING & GREETING:
 Men usually shake hands.
 Women usually pat each other on the right forearm or shoulder.
 They are always accompanied by the appropriate greeting for the time of day -
"buenos dias" (good morning), "buenas tardes" (good afternoon) or "buenas noches"
(good evening).
 With friends and family things will relax and become more wholeheartedly - men can
embrace and pat each other energetically in the back while women kissing once on the
right cheek.
 Always leave the progress of your Chilean counterpart at this stage of formality.
 Like many South Americans, two Chileans use their mother's family names and al
model. The father of the family name comes first and is the one used in the
conversation.
 If you know of titles always try to use them.
 If no title is simply use "Senor" (male) or "Senora" (female), followed by the last
name.
 When addressing older people with whom you have a personal relationship, which
can be called "gift" . (male) or "Dona" (female) with their first name
 Given names are used between close friends - wait invited for a first name basis

44
 GIFT GIVING ETIQUETTE:
Gifts are usually given for birthdays and Christmas. Some general guidelines include the label:
 If invited to the home of a Chilean make sweets / chocolates or wine for the hostess.
 Send flowers to advance.
 Do not give yellow roses because they indicate contempt.
 Do not give purple or black flowers because they symbolize death.
 Do not give scissors or knives as they indicate that you want to end the relationship.
 For the 15 anniversary of a young girl, a gift of gold jeweler is the norm.
 Gifts are opened when received.

45
RELATIONSHIP OF CHILE WITH INDIA
INDIANS IN CHILE:
The Indian community in Chile numbers around 1100, mostly residing in Santiago, Iquique,
and Punta Arenas. Largely engaged in small business and trade, the community is gradually
being assimilated into the mainstream through naturalisation. An average of 1000 Chileans
visit India annually, mainly for tourism.
CULTURAL TIES:
Indian culture is highly regarded and appreciated in Chile. Chile‘s cultural openness and
receptivity is also remarkable. Yoga is widely practised there. Santiago hosts 16 yoga training
centres. Four monuments have been raised to honour Mahatma Gandhi: one in Santiago,
erected in 1968, one in Curico, erected in 1999, one in Sagrada Familia in May, 2002, and
one in Rancagua in April, 2003. A fifth monument of Mahatma Gandhi is expected to be
erected shortly in Valparaiso, a port city recently declared by UNESCO as a World Heritage
Property. To give effect to a Bilateral Cultural Agreement signed in 1993, a Cultural
Exchange Programme for the years 2003-2005 was signed in New Delhi in April, 2003. The
CEP is now under implementation.

47
HISTORY OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
The region of Himachal Pradesh was called 'Deva Bhoomi ' (the land of the gods). From the
early period of its history it was inhabited by tribes like the Koilis, Halis, Dagis, Dhaugris,
Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars and Kirats. The Aryan influence in this area of India dates to the
period before the Rigveda. Sankar Varma, the king of Kashmir exercised his influence over
regions of Himachal Pradesh in about 883 AD. This region witnessed the invasion of
Mahmud of Ghazni in 1009AD, who during that period invaded and looted the wealth from
the temples in the North of India. In about 1043AD the Rajputs ruled over this territory.
Known for its vibrant and exquisite natural scenery it received the royal patronage of the
Mughal rulers who erected several works of art as an appreciation of this land. The Gurkhas
who migrated from Nepal captured this area and devastated it. In about the early 19th century
the British exercised their influence and annexed the areas of Shimla after the Gurkha War of
1815-16. It became a centrally administered territory in 1948 with the integration of 31 hill
states and received additional regions added to it in 1966.

48
FOOD OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
The day to day diet of Himachalis is though similar to the rest of north India but is unique for
its taste and ingredients used. They havelentil, rice, and vegetables. The rotis (breads) are
made of flours like wheat and maize. Some of the specialties of the Himachali cuisine include
Mandra, Maahni, Batt, Mitha Saloona, Bhujju, Saag, Palda, Redhu, chouck, bhagjery, jhoul,
siddu/batooru, beduan, chutney, khattidal, etc.
CUISINE:
The day to day dishes of the people of Himachal Pradesh is very similar to the rest of north
India in the sense that they too have dal-chawal-subzi-roti (lentil broth, rice, dish of
vegetables and bread). However, one difference is that non vegetarian items are more in
famous here than other north Indian states. Till recently, all that Himachal knew of vegetables
were potatoes and turnips. However, now gradually, green vegetables are making their
importance felt more and more. Some of the dishes that are unique to Himachal include
Pateer, Chouck, Bhagjery and chutney of Til. Apart from these Nasasta is a sweetmeat of the
Kangra region, Indra is dish prepared of Urad dal and Bada/Poldu is cooked in the Shimla
region.

49
RELIGION
The people are deeply religious and god fearing. The grandeur of the natural features, the
Himalayas and the magnitude of physical forces, has led the inhabitants to assign
supernatural powers to natural environments. To the children of the mountains, the'
Himalayas are the Gods'. Along with the Gods represented in the 'Thakardwara's' and the
'Shivalas', people worship the village deities, the Deotas, the Rishis, the Munis, the Siddhas,
the Pandavas, the hill tops, the trees, the joginis or wood fairies, the Kali, the Shakti, the
Nagas (snakes) and even a host of devils and deities of the aborigines.

They believe that water courses, the sprouting seeds, the ripening
corn ear are all in charge of separate spirits. Animals sacrifice is a
major religious rite and is performed at weddings, funerals,
festivals, harvest time, on the beginning of the thanksgiving.
Lamaistic Buddhism is practiced in the trans- himalayan areas. The
great Padma Sambhava who was responsible for the spread of
Buddhism in Tibet in the 8th century, lived for some time at
Riwalsar near Mandi. There is a temple in his name. Lamaistic Buddhism assimilates the
mysticism of the northern school of Buddhism, the 'Vajra-yana' with the magic and devil
worship of the Tantras and the cult of the Shakti, Tara. The priest or the Lama is the friend,
philosopher and guide of the Buddhists.
The Muslims in the villages follow Saint Pir Lakh Data and also pray and light earthen lamps
at the shrines of other saints.
50
RELIGION IN HIMACHAL PRADESH
RELIGIONPERCENT
Hinduism 98.14%
Christianity 0.35%
Buddhism 0.26%
Sikhism 0.20%
Islam 0.01%
Others 1.15%

51
PEOPLE & LIFESTYLE
The people of Himachal Pradesh has a rich culture that is very apparent in their lives every
day. The colorful dresses Himachals hit you instantly as you make your way through the
state. However, more than the dresses or even notable physical characteristics of the people,
it is their warm and friendly nature that attract you to them.
The traditional dress of the male Brahmin includes dhoti, kurta, coat, jacket, and a towel
turban while that of male Raj set consists of tight fitting churidar pajamas, long coat and a
starched turban. The female of these two castes kurta, salwars, long skirts (ghaghri),
embroidered tops (choli) and red scarves (rahide) than their traditional costumes. Look at the
various forms of art of the people on metal, wood, leather and wool and collect some of these
elements that the memory of your visit. Rejoice in their folk dance and music, and even pick
up some notes and not artists. The kitchen in Himachal is not as rich as other states in the
country but there are some dishes that you must try when visiting.

The population of Himachal Pradesh is mitigated if Hindus are definitely in the majority.
Hindu communities residing in Himachal include the Brahmins, puts Raj, Kannets, Rathees
and Kolis. There are also tribal population in the state which mainly comprise Gaddis,
Kinnars, Gujjars, Pangawals and Lahaulis. In some areas, such as Lahaul and Spiti, there is a
majority of the Buddhist population. A percentage of people are Tibetans. Muslims,
Christians and Sikhs in relatively small numbers.
A majority of the population is engaged in agricultural work, but most of them are educated
passing towards agriculture and other more recent occupation.
52

53
LANGUAGES IN HIMACHAL PRADESH
Although Hindi is the language of the state, many people speak Pahari. Pahari itself has many
dialects and all trace their origin to the Sanskrit language.
ART & CRAFT:
The people of Himachal Pradesh are extremely hard working and talented and this is reflected
in their art and craft. The beautiful craftsmanship that comes out of this state is really worth
appreciating. Carpets, leather work, shawls, paintings, metal articles, woodwork and
paintings are some of the forms of crafts people here. Very Pashmina shawl application is the
product of this state. Colorful Himachali caps are yet another famous art work of the people.
A tribe of Dom name is expert in making bamboo products such as boxes, sofas, chairs,
baskets and rack. Clay pots and statuettes are famous and are a good buy. Metalware state
includes kitchenware, ritual vessels, idols, gold and silver jewelry.

54
MUSIC & DANCE
Music and dance in Himachal Pradesh revolves around religion. Through their dance and
music, people are begging the gods during festivals and other special occasions. There are
also dances that are specific to certain regions and are best performed by the people of this
region.
Some of Himachal's dance forms are Losar Shona Chuksam (Kinnaur) Dangi (Chamba)
Burah Gee dance and dance (Sirmour) NAATI, Kharait, Ujagjama and Chadhgebrikar
(Kullu) and Shunto (Lahaul and Spiti) .
As for the music of Himachal Pradesh is concerned, there is not the classic form if many folk
music to listen to. Folk stories mountainous regions often find a mention in this music. The
stories range from romance, chivalry and seasons. Musical instruments that are quiet
frequently used by artists here Ranasingha, Karna, Turhi, Flute, Ektara, Kindari, Jhanjh,
Manjara, Chimta, Ghariyal and Ghunghru.
Himachal is a dance floor. His dance forms are varied and some are quite complicated. These
dances are an inseparable part of tribal life that reflects the perseverance and good humor of
human beings in the face of poverty and death. The Himachal Folk music is the greatest
consolation for the poor living in remote areas. The songs Junju Sukrat Bhunkh and Roopshu
the Chamba Valley, Mohna Bilaspur, the Jhoori or Sirmaur, Laman Kulu are rooted in
everyday life and rich folk tradition of the region and each of the notable features of its own.

55
FAIRS & FESTIVALS
In addition to the festivals that are celebrated on a basis throughout India, there are many
other fairs and festivals that are the point of Himachal Pradesh high. These festivals are a
time when cultural and religious faith of the people can be seen and c learly felt. These
festivals are also a time for them to dress and decorate colorful accessories and mingle with
the rest of their types freely. These fairs and festivals are the Kullu Dussehra, Shivratri Fair
(Mandi) Minjar Fair (Chamba), Mani Mahesh Yatra Chhari (Chamba), fair Renuka (Sirmaur)
Lavi Fair Trade (Rampur), fair Vrajeshwari (Kangra) Jwalamukhi fair (Jwalamukhi), Holi
fair (Sujanpur) Shivratri fair (Mandi) and Naina Devi fair (Bilaspur).

57
OVERVIEW
Before independence, the Christian religious orders mainly influenced Chilean education. In
fact, the Jesuits founded the first schools in the country. Since the Primera Junta Nacional de
Gobierno (First National Junta) in 1810 there was an interest in the development of
educational systems in the new country expressed by members of the independence
movement. This commitment was materialized by a decree approved specifically waived
taxes for a year and a half on books, cards, printers, physics instruments a nd machines that
have contributed to the social and educational advancement. Based on this predisposition to
facilitate education, during 1813, the National Library was created, freedom of the press was
established, and the first offici al government newspaper El Araucano Monitor, was created.
Conquest, late 1500s, early periods of independence, 1800, education was in the hands of
Catholic organizations. Churches, where reading and writing were taught, had the primary
objective of evangelization and win new Christians raised in the faith. In addition, education
was highly stratified, it was designed for members of traditional Spanish families and later,
and the aristocrats who formed the national elite. Similarly, education has been emphasized
for men who were to occupy political positions and play a leadership role in the
nation.Tradition the other hand, prevailed on the right; educational institutions were created
primarily for boys, as in the case of secondary education. Similarly, from a professional po int
of view, girls' access to education has also been limited. Only twelve years after the first
normal school was opened for men, the first school for girls of this type was created.
This is only the beginning of the 20th century, when drastic educational reforms and
moderate solidified public education in the country mainly motivated by political movements
and social force led by the unions. 44In 1927, the Ministry of Education was created, whose
main role to plan, implement and enforce laws on education and supervise the conditions of
education at national level. Except for a few short periods of time, his administration was
characterized by centralized policies offering programs that favored uniform nationwide,
including content, providing textbooks and basic school supplies free for primary education.
This policy has encouraged the relocation of families along the country making education an

easy transition for children to readjust to new schools on the different geographical areas of
the nation for decades.
Chilean education has adopted a large degree of rigidity reflected on the social and
geographical inequalities. The most disadvantaged children are from poor strata who lived in
rural areas where the authority did not enforce registration and acce ss to schools has been
difficult because of the distance. The emphasis on education for economically disadvantaged
and rural areas of the country was given by the democratic government E. Frei Christian
President in the last five years of the decade of the 1960s when most contemporary methods
applied to public education or re-enacted previous projects carried out in the 1920s and
1930s.
58

59
CHILE'S EDUCATION WOES
October 13, 2006
Students and teachers have been organizing protests and sporadic strikes in Chile to
demand that the government use some of its record profits from valuable copper exports
of the country to improve the quality of state education says the economist.
At the heart of the demonstrations are the differences between the economic growth
of their country and the education system. Consider:
 latest Global Competitiveness Report of the World Economic Forum identifies Chile
as the most competitive economy in the world 27 - far ahead of the rest of Latin
America - but just 76th in the overall quality of its education system and for its 100th
Mathematics and education.
 Other international studies also suggest that the level of education in Chile, but not so
different from that of other Latin American countries, is lower than many countries
with similar income levels. In response, President Michelle Bache let now proposes to
increase state funding for the poorest students by half over the next four years. Under
the plan:
 The program will spend approximately $ 300 million per year when fully operational.
 Funding from current students about $ 60 a month would be about $ 90 for the poorest
students - provided their schools can show a measurable improvement in
performance. But money can not be the only or even the main, problem, says
economist:
 In 2004 the total expenditure on education - public and private - had reached 7.3
percent of gross domestic product (GDP) , against 4 percent in 1990, putting the
country on a par with many developed countries.

 Even among children of the wealthiest families in Chile, most of which are in private
60
fee-paying schools; educational standards are low by international standards.
Source: "How to make them better," Economist, October 7, 2006.
Chile has a diversified education system, the levels are divided into preschool,
primary, secondary, and higher education. The schools are run in both the private
sector and by States, the latter being known locally as liceos. Among them, high
schools follow a two-pronged approach of human sciences and Scientific-Technical
and Vocational Education. The first has to do with regular courses on literature,
history, physics, mathematics, etc., while the second is to provide instruction in the
practical and technical areas, such as metalworking, of electricity, etc. There is also a
third option, known as arts education.
An estimated 99.7% of children aged 6 to 14 years enroll for basic education, while in
secondary education, this measure is 87.7%.
 Educational Costs and Reforms.
The cost of education depends on the type of school. Schools with voluntary fees may
levy a fixed admission fee, while subsidized private schools with mandatory fees may
be charged for enrollment, tuition, and other services. On the other hand, private
schools are free to decide their own fee-structure.
In 2011, the country experienced massive and violent student protests, demanding
reforms in the education system. The students said they wanted a more direct state
participation in secondary education, and the end of the shameless decision goes in
favor of higher education. The movement has gained strong support across the
country, the students refused to attend classes and took to the streets.

61
 Education in Chile is divided in following part;
 Preschool,
 Primary school,
 Secondary school,
 & technical or higher education (university).

62
Levels of education
Levels of education in Chile are:
Pre: For children up to age 5 years.
Primary school : (Enseñanza básica) for children aged 6 to 13 years, divided into eight
categories.
Secondary school: (Enseñanza Media) for adolescents aged 14-17 years, divided into four
classes. Schools are divided by program.
1. "scientist-human" indexed to prepare students to enter university From Grade 11 (Tercero
Medio), students can choose a topic is science (mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology) or
humanities (literature, history, philosophy), for more advanced courses.
2. "technical-professional" designed to allow students to quickly enter the workforce after high
school. Students learn practical lessons in technical areas such as electrical, mechanical, metal
assembly, etc.
Higher education:
 the University (Universidad): They are divided between the "traditional" universities
(public and private universities established (mostly) before the 1981 reform) and
private institutions.
 Professional Institute (Professional Institute, IP): Private schools offering
professional degrees, except for those given only by universities. They were created
in 1981.
 Technical Education Center (Centro de Formación Técnica, CFT): Also created in
1981, these are private institutions that offer technical degrees only.

63
Education System Overview about Chile
Ministry of Education is responsible for pre-primary, primary and secondary education in Chile. The
pre-primary level is two years of non-compulsory education for children four to five years. Primary
and secondary educations are required. Primary education is 6 to 13, and secondary education is 14
to 17. In 2000, 99 percent of school -age children studying in primary schools and 90 secondary
schools.
 School categories.
In terms of funding, there are the following types of schools:
1. Municipal: schools subsidized by the state run by the municipalities, which may also contribute
financially to schools. The majority of population studies in these schools (64% at the primary level).
2. Special Subvencionado: Private with a government grant. At primary level, 29% of the population
attends this type of school.
3. Special: Private. At primary level, 7% of the population attends this type of school.
4. Business schools are schools run by companies who receive the same grant the State as municipal
schools get.
After graduating from high school, students may choose to go to college, work, or study in a
professional institute or service center. In Chile, a university education is much less common and

much more prestigious than in the US Selección Universitaria Prueba is the national exam that
students must be in their final year of high school, if they want to go to university. Chilean public
universities are more competitive than private, although private schools may have additional
entrance examinations. Some students choose to enter a pre-university program to prepare for the
exam.
At the university level, students are divided by teachers and then by year. University students
studying for four to seven years; those studying for four or five years typically get the equivalent of a
bachelor's degree. Engineering diplomas, medicine and law are given after six or seven years of
college.
64
 Special Notes:
 Teaching Functions for university students from March 2014
25+ teaching positions at the university level for March 2014. The next round of applications for
positions from March 2014 will be subject to review on October 28, 2013. Intermediate Spanish
desired for manyof these positions, but not all. TEFL / TESOL certification necessary, but not at the
time of application (or ESL teaching experience of the year). The two-semester commitment is
needed. Do not delay in sending your application that these positions will be examined and filled
quickly.
 Teaching Positions for Adult Learner Students Starting in March
2014
15+ positions available in Santiago and in many other urban centers. Accepting
applications now for a start throughout the year 2014. S ix-, ten- or 12-month commitment.
TEFL / TESOL certificate required. The next round of applications for positions starting in
March 2014 will be submitted for review on October 28, 2013.

 Co-Teaching Positions for Kindergarden through 12th Grade
65
Students Starting February/March 2014
12+ co-teacher positions at the kindergarden through 12th grade level ("colleges" in
Chilean Spanish) for March, 2014. The next round of applications for positions starting in
March 2014 will be submitted for review on October 28, 2013. TEFL/TESOL
certification required, but not at time of application (or one year experience teaching
ESL). Two-semester commitment is desired, but not required. Do not delay in sending your
application as these positions will be reviewed and filled fast.

66
Reasons to Study in Chile
1. Educational alternatives
2. Great connectivity
3. Economic and political stability
4. Friendly people
5. Great tourist attractions
6. Top-quality education
7. Affordable living costs
8. Safety
9. Active social and cultural life
10. Warm weather

67
A brief description of the Chilean education system
The Chilean system has four levels of education with universal coverage up to the
standards of any first world country.
Chile invests 7.5% of its gross domestic product in education, a considerable amount
which surpasses some developed countries like Finland or the United States, to name a
few.
Chile's education system is decentralized; administration for each establishment is executed
by persons or municipal and private institutions known as sustainers, who are responsible for
managing the educational establishment on behalf of the State.

The system is made up of subsidized establishments, municipal and private
establishments with four levels of education: pre-school or early education, elementary
or primary, high school and higher education.
Coverage of Chile’s education system is practically universal. 99.7% of all children
between the age of 6 and 14 are enrolled in elementary or primary school (EGB).
87.7% of all children between the age of 15 and 18 are enrolled in high school. 2009 higher
education figures indicate that total enrollment in 2008 came to 752,182 students, the
highest rate in history and up 14% compared to 2007. The system coverage is already
surpassing 40%, which is very high and even comparable to some developed countries.
Advances have been possible because the education system is obligatory and the most
recent administrations have put forth important efforts aimed to improve education
quality.
68

69
EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
9. Learning Spanish
10. Studying and travelling
11. University exchange programs
12. Post-graduates studies
13. Secondary school exchange
14. Scholarship and lodging
15. Research center
16. International conferences

70
1. LEARNING SPANISH:
 You can learn Spanish to meet your needs in Chile. There are short courses and other
courses with up to four sessions per day.
 Tuesday, August 04, 2009
Chile has become a favorite destination for students who want to learn Spanish. The country
is safe, politically and economically stable and offers a quality of life, as well as a wide
variety of schools,
institutes and universities offering a wide range of courses. Follow an intensive Spanish
course in a country where the language is spoken is much more effective, and also helps to
get to know the country. Depending on the level of students before Spanish control, time
available and prices, there is a wide range of options and language programs.
There are intensive courses with classes up to five hours a day, interactive, individual, group,
conversation, and grammar lessons with different levels. Some past two weeks, while others

work for several months and even several semesters. Other courses allow the student to plan
his own schedule. There are programs for beginners and advanced.
Before choosing a program, we recommend that students consider why he or she wants to
learn Spanish for business, travel or just to enrich their general culture. Customized courses
can be designed according to how much time is available.
Many courses also include sightseeing and cultural attractions that complement the teaching
of languages, such as guided tours of wineries, Isla Negra or Villarrica in southern Chile.
Prices vary depending on the school and the duration of the course. Many institutes also offer
discounts depending on the day and the schedule.
71
Some schools where you can learn and practice Spanish:
Instituto Chileno Suizo de Idiomas y Cultura
Address: José Victorino Lastarria # 93, Santiago.
Phone: 56-2-6385414
E-Mail: info@chilenosuizo.cl
Instituto de Idiomas Calbert
Address: La Concepción # 56 Office 702, Providencia. Santiago.
Phone: 56-2-3334924
E-Mail: speak@calbert.cl
International Center
Address: Casa Central, Montaña # 712, Viña del Mar. Valparaíso Region.
Phone: 56-32-2480301
E-Mail: consultas@internationalcenter.cl

72
2. STUDYING AND TRAVELLING
Over 10,000 foreigners study in Chile and the majority of them take advantage of it to travel
throughout the country.
Chile's natural beauty is a major attraction for tourists, entrepreneurs and international
students. Exchange students, undergraduate and graduate students usually take the time
to visit the natural wonders of Chile. San Pedro de Atacama, Easter Island, Torres Del
Paine, Patagonia are internationally famous attractions that delight visitors.
Cold jungles, glaciers, desert flowers, beaches, volcanoes and mountains all together on
the same territory
There are many options available for all budgets. A student residing in Santiago can
ski in the Andes in just 40 minutes. Chile is home to some of the best skiing and
snowboarding in the Southern Hemisphere. If you prefer the beach, you can visit a
beach like Maitencillo in no time, surfing and parasailing. Rafting, kayaking, fly
fishing, hiking, mountaineering and skiing are some of the many sports that you can

try in this country. There are over 90 parks, national reserves and natural monuments
for nature lovers
73
3. UNIVERSITY EXCHANGE PROGRAMS:
Chilean universities offer agreements with international institutions for exchange students.
foreign students who come to our country increases every year. There were more than 10,000
international students studying in Chile in 2008. A large percentage of these students came
here as part of exchange programs.
Most Chilean universities have agreements with international institutions for undergraduate
exchange programs and higher education. These are agreements with institutions around the
world, including countries like the US, China, Germany, Sweden, Australia, Brazil
Argentina, Finland, Japan, Spain and the UK, among others. Universidad Católica de Chile,
for example, has more than 1,350 foreign students per year and 95% of them are from the
United States, Europe, Asia and New Zealand.

74
Regular courses are offered in the framework of agreements signed with other universities,
but there are also special cases where the student s are allowed that do not necessarily come
from institutions that have signed agreements with Chilean universities.
Popular Careers:
A significant percentage of foreigners who come to study in Chile choose careers such as
economics or MBA in Chile, political science and literature. Economic model of the country
and the signing of several free trade agreements, a successful model of democratic transition
and a fine world-renowned authors tradition are the main reasons why students are interested
in coming to study in Chile . The environment, marine ecology and sustainable development
are other popular careers.
There are universities that allow students to earn two degrees, one from the University of
Chile and another in their home university. Most of these programs have been designed in
collaboration with European and North American institutions.
4. POST- GRADUATES STUDIES:
The quality of Chile's post-graduate, Master's and PhD programs is internationally
renowned and increasingly in demand.

75
Universidad Católica, Campus Lo Contador (Photo: Revista Placeres)
More and more international students choose to come to Chile when it comes time to make a
master, an MBA (Master of Business Administration) or a doctoral program.
The attractions of Chile are multiple modern features of the county, its economic and political
stability, good connectivity and a wide range of natural attractions and landscapes, and the prestige
of some academic programs of the University of Chile.
The MBA offered by the Universidad Católica de Chile Business School, for example, is ranked second
best in Latin America by Revista AméricaEconomía, and has always been among the top five in the
eight years.
Institutions of higher education upscale evidence, renowned academic
programs.
Universidad Católica de Chile and Universidad de Chile are well known in the region for their
prestige and academic excellence, ranked among the 300 best universities in the world by - QS
World University Rankings - 2008.
Students from a wide variety countries including Germany, Canada, USA, Finland, Colombia and
Peru come to Chile to complete postgraduate programs. There are universities that allow students to
complete two degrees, one from the University of Chile and another in their home university. Most
of these programs are part of agreements with European and North American institutions.
Chilean universities have high infrastructure standards, with a wide variety of campus and sports
facilities. University education is paid by each student, but Chilean students can apply for
scholarships and student loans. Each university tuition fees and the price generally depends on the
type of career choice, and materials and resources for the same. Santiago is not the only destination
for university students; cities like Concepcion and Valparaiso also offer excellent educational
alternatives.
University programs and most popular postgraduate for foreign students are related to the
economy, science and political culture of the Spanish-American literature in particular. In the case of

the economy, the Chilean model is particularly interesting for the study, in that it is unique in the
world and has been analyzed and international reputation. Something similar happens with Chilean
politics and the transition experienced by the country in the late 80s
76
Chile moved from a military regime imposed after a military coup in 1973 to a democratic
government that opened the the country's economy in the world, a one-of-a-kind growth in the
region and also to significantly reduce poverty.
5. SECONDARY SCHOOL EXCHANGE:
In Chile it is common for foreign students to complete their secondary education.
School exchange programs in Chile are quite the experience. They give young people the
chance to get to know a new culture, gain skills for Spanish, a language spoken by over 400
million people around the world, and especially help students develop their
personalities. Close ties are usually formed between the exchange student and the host
family and new friends in Chile. The exchange program experience means that a young
person lives with a Chilean family and attends school regularly, participating in
activities and meeting the same requirements as the rest of his or her classmates. Students
can then choose to validate studies in their country of origin. Chile has one of the best
education systems in Latin America. In addition, Chile is one of the safest countries in Latin

America, with low crime rates. Chileans are warm and friendly and the country is noted for
its economic progress, political stability, excellent infrastructure, highways and
telecommunications networks.
Most foreign students who come to Chile recognize its natural beauty, ranging from the
Atacama Desert to the fjords of the south, from ski slopes in the Andes to surfing in the
Pacific Ocean. They say that people in Chile make them feel welcome. Strong and lasting ties
of friendship are made between classmates, other exchange students, families and teachers.
Hospitality and family life are highly valued here. Chileans meet with their families often
to eat and talk, as well as to celebrate parties and social events.
77
6. SCOLARSHIP AND LODGING:
Not only are there undergraduate and post-graduate scholarships. There is an also a wide
variety of lodging options.

Chile has signed free trade agreements with more than 55 economies in the world and the
country network means an important cultural and social exchange in terms of government
scholarships to citizens in the world. The number of foreign students interested in completing
postgraduate and doctoral programs in Chile has been constantly on the rise. Post-graduate
programs 82.7% have a Masters and about 17.3% are PhDs.
The most renowned universities in Chile are Universidad de Chile, Universidad Católica de
Chile, Universidad Austral de Valdivia and Catholic University of Valparaiso. The Chilean
government offers scholarships to foreigners through several institutions: mostly through the
International Cooperation Agency of Chile (AGCI) and the National Commission for
Scientific and Technological Research (CONICYT). However, there are other awards such as
the Ministry of Juan Gómez Millas scholarship of Education for Latin American students.
Other international entities, foundations and funds are available for foreign students are
American Development Bank, the Organization of American States, the Ford Foundation and
LASPAU fellowships, among others.
78
AGCI Scholarships
The Chilean government scholarship program offers different categories: graduate
scholarships, especially for the degree of Master's studies, and scholarships for international
graduate degrees and courses. Scholarships for graduate degrees are offered to highly skilled
foreign professionals who come to study a program of four to six weeks as part of alternative
human resources training offered to foreigners by the Chilean government. In turn, graduate
scholarships are offered to foreign professionals who complete a master's degree in foreign
universities. All scholarships cover living expenses, funding for books, supporting the thesis,
health insurance and university tuition
7. RESEARCH CENTERS:
Chile has its increased investment in science and technology, attracting new world-class
research centers to the country.

Chile has increased science and technology investment and has been implementing
legislation to encourage innovation. Universities are at the forefront when it comes to
research, but other sectors of society have been incorporated little by little.
Chile has been carrying out large-scale and internationally- renowned research projects, such
as Alma, the first global astronomical project with Europe, North America and Japan
cooperating with Chile. ALMA is a series of radio telescopes, an astronomical park with 50
antennae that will study the universe from Llano de Chajnantor, a plain located at 5,000
meters above sea level in the Atacama Desert.
Most research centers have been managed by academic institutions; however, the
Chilean government has recently been encouraging associativeness between the public and
private sector in order to empower Chile as a place for developing world-class
research centers. Corfo recently launched the Program for Attracting International Centers
of Excellence for Competitiveness.
79

80
Research Institutions in Chile:
Fundación Chile:This foundation promotes production development, covering areas such
as agribusiness, forestry, marine resources and quality. Its mission is technological
innovation, mainly by means of transferring proven technologies contributing towards more
efficient use of natural resources and production capacity in Chile in keeping with market
demand. Chile is a major world producer of salmon, fine cheeses such as goat and
sheep cheese, lobster, king crab, blueberries, raspberries and world-renowned wines.
Address: Parque Antonio Rabat Sur 6165, Vitacura, Santiago
Phone: 2400300
Fax: 2426900
E-mail: info@fundch.cl
Ciren :(Natural Resource Information Center): A private non-profit corporation. This
institution provides information on renewable natural resources, bringing together the largest
georeferenced database on soil, water resources, climate, fruit production and forestry
information in Chile.
Address: Manuel Montt 1164, Providencia, Santiago
Phones: 2008904 / 2230651
Fax: 2008914
E-mail: ciren@ciren.cl
Cimm:(Mining and Metallurgical Research Center): A research institution that answers to
the Ministry of Mining. The Cimm website provides information about technological R&D,
research encouragement and mining research fund programs.

81
Address: Parque Antonio Rabat 6500, Vitacura, Santiago Casilla: 170, Correo 10
Phones: 2184311 – 2429462
Fax: 2186015
E-mail: info@cimm.cl
Chile is a mining- intensive country. Chuquicamata is the largest open pit copper mine in the
world. Codelco is a Chilean state-owned company that produced 1,548,000 metric tons of
fine copper in 2008. The country’s most important copper mine is currently Minera
Escondida. Chile is the largest supplier of copper in the world.

82
8. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES:
With organizing experience and capacity, Chile is a frequent host of global events and
conferences.
Chile frequently hosts important international conventions. The country's organization
capacity knows no borders. Chile has solid capacities, as well as renowned administrative
and organizational experience. Sports conventions, presidential summit meetings,
conferences, world forums, international economic conventions, art and cultural exhibits are
commonplace in Chile, and have made the country an ideal platform for agreements.

A reliable country is a safe country, economically solid, with substantial development,
responsible and transparent organizations. These features have led Chile to sign
important strategic commercial alliances at different levels, gaining greater visibility
and reliability throughout Latin America.
83
Number of schools and school population:-
In 2001, total enrolment at primary and secondary levels of the school system reached the 3.6
million pupils: 2.4 million at primary level, representing 97% of the 6 –13 years age group,
and 850,000 pupils at secondary level, representing 88% of the 14–17 years age group.
The total enrolment in pre-school level was 287,000 in 2001 representing 33% of the 3–5
years age group. In terms of total enrolment, the whole system has increased 20% from 1990
to 2001 (MINEDUC, 2002).
The number of pupils enrolled in primary education has increased by around 19%
during the same period, while a similar situation has occurred in secondary education where
enrolment has risen 18% Additionally, in 2001 there were 10,803 schools working in
the system, 58% of which were public schools, 32% private subsidized schools, and
10% private schools In 2000, the poorest quintile households received 6.4% of income
(work income, monetary subsidies, educational subsidies, health subsidies, pensions, etc.)
Whereas the highest quintile received 53.4% of total income. In addition, average schooling
of the population in the poorest quintile was 7.8 years, whereas average schooling of
the population in the richest quintile was 13.1 years (MIDEPLAN, 2000). Central Bank of
Chile, provisional figures

THE SCHOOL SYSTEM AND THE SCHOOL WORKFORCE
84
Main structural features of the school system
Chile’s school system is organized into two leve ls an eight-year compulsory primary
level for pupils between the ages of 6 and 13, and a four-year secondary level only
compulsory since 2003 for pupils between the ages of 14 and 17.
The secondary level is a two-track system, where students are allowed to choose either a
general academic curriculum in the humanities and sciences, Intended to lead on to
studies at university, or the other geared towards a vocational curriculum
(technical/professional), and intended to prepare pupils for the work force and also for
technical studies at a higher educational level.
The pre-school education system is for children up to the age of 5, not compulsory and
enrolling mostly children aged 4 and 5. the educational system is decentralized, consisting
of three types of schools: municipal, private subsidized and private non subsidized.
Municipalities administer schools through the Department of Municipal Education (DAEM),
while private stakeholders, who can be either natural individuals or private institutions,
manage both private subsidized schools and private nonsubsidized schools.
Both public and private subsidized schools are financed by the government through a per
pupil subsidy system, based on student attendance. Private non-subsidized schools are
financed via student fees.. Additionally, it draws up general educational policies and special
programs for improving the quality and equity of the system.

85
CHILEAN STUDENTS WIN INTERNATIONAL AWARD
FOR ANTARCTIC RESEARCH
Two Chilean students received the International 2013 Stockholm Junior Water Prize for their
work discovering natural biological solutions to oil spills.
Friday, October 11, 2013 Category: Education
Naomi Estay and Omayra Toro were awarded the International 2013 Stockholm Junior Water
Prize by Princess Victoria of Sweden. Photo by worldwaterweek / FlickrNaomi Estay and
Omayra Toro, two students at the Liceo 1 of Santiago , were presented with the
International 2013 Stockholm Junior Water Prize by the H.R.H. Crown Princess Victoria
of Sweden last month for their ground-breaking work in Antarctica. Their project took
them to the white continent where they successfully identified a dozen bacterial strains that
can, at very low temperatures, metabolize the dangerous contaminants that result from an
oil spill.
“The knowledge developed has potentially widespread application. It shows how we can
learn from natural processes to solve modern problems.

Their trip, a weeklong expedition in February, was part of their prize when they placed first at
the IX Antarctic IX School Fair, held in Magellan’s last year.
“We are so happy and excited. We worked with this project for two years. Antarctica, the
white continent, has been a big inspiration to us in our work and now we want to continue our
investigation,” Omayra Toro, one of the winners, said. “We also want to spread awareness
about the effects of pollution in the world.”
Their hard work is not only paying off in terms of global recognition, but could have a real
impact on the world as environmental issues continue to be a real threat.
“The increasing melting of the polar ice caps and our continued thirst for oil will
unfortunately make this kind of clean up strategies even more relevant in the future.
The project also made an incredibly inspiring story,” the Jury stated in its citation. Estay and
Toro’s research beat out projects from teams from 28 countries, all ages 15 -20. In order to
reach the finals, thousands of students around the world competed in national events
focusing on local, regional, national or global topics relating to the environment and
water.
86

87
EDUCATION FOR ALL MOVEMENT
The Education for All (EFA) movement is a global commitment to provide quality basic
education for all children, youth and adults. At the World Education Forum (Dakar, 2000),
164 governments pledged to achieve EFA and identified six goals to be met by 2015.
Governments, development agencies, civil society and the private sector are working together
to reach the EFA goals.

89
OVERVIEW
Himachal Pradesh was under the direct control of the British colonial rule in the mid-19th
century. Also, the state was the summer capital of India during the British colonial rule.
Hence, the standard of education provided in the state has reached to a considerably high
level. Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has gained a
unique distinction not only in the nation but also in whole of Asia for imparting teaching,
research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied disciplines. The state has
several highly reputed educational institutions for higher studies.
The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University (HPU) and
the National Institute of Technology (NIT), NIT Hamirpur are some of the pioneer
institutions located in the state. The University Grants Commission (UGC) has allocated Rs
4.5 crore to Himachal Pradesh University in the 10th plan which is an increase of nearly 70%
over the ninth one.

Solan Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital is the first & only Homoeopathic
Medical College in the state of Himachal Pradesh, founded in 2002 by Health Trust of India,
a charitable trust registered in the state of Himachal Pradesh. The college is affiliated to H. P.
University, Shimla, approved by the Himachal Pradesh Government & Recognized by the
Central Council of Homoeopathy, Department of AYUSH (Govt. Of India) New Delhi for 5
½ Years degree course – B.H.M.S (Bachelor of Homoeopathic Medicine & Surgery). It is
located midway between Chandigarh & Shimla at KUMARHATTI on National Highway 22.
Students from as far as Manipur and Mizoram are studying here in its serene, cool and
spacious campus located among pine trees.
In 2002, Government of Himachal Pradesh allowed the Jaypee Group to open first private
university of the state namely Jaypee University of Information Technology. In April. 2008
two new private universities namely Eternal University and Chitkara University were
established. Eternal University, established in Sirmour Distt. Of Himachal Pradesh, is the first
University of Distt. Sirmour. Akal College of Nursing, established in 2008, affiliated
to Eternal University, Baru Sahib became the First Nursing College to be established in the
state of Himachal Pradesh in Private sector.Government of Himachal Pradesh allowed the
K.D. Education Trust to open first university of the Kangra namely Arni University at
Kathgarh, the seat of the famous Lord Shiva temple, near village Mirthal, 25 km from/ on
Pathankot- Jalandhar Highway (NH-1A).
APG (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Shimla University came up in the Year 2012 in the main
Capital of Himachal Pradesh i.e. Shimla. The only Private University allowed by the State in
Shimla to operate. The APG (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Shimla University situated in the
picturesque location of Shimla running courses in Engineering, Management, Hotel
management, Law, Journalism, Architecture and Fashion design.
90

The government is working constantly to prepare various plans in order to strengthen the
education system of Himachal. The state government has decided to start up with 3 major
nursing colleges to develop the health system in the state.
Himachal has one of the highest literacy rates in India. Hamirpur District is among the top
districts in the country for literacy. Education rates among women are quite encouraging in
the state.
Himachal Pradesh is home to many educational institutions offering a wide variety of
courses. There are five universities, two medical colleges, four dental colleges and two
engineering colleges in the state. There are over 10,000 primary schools, 1,000 secondary
schools and more than 1,300 high schools in Himachal. In meeting the constitutional
obligation to make primary education compulsory, Himachal has now became the
first state in India to make elementary education accessible to every child in the
state.Himachal Pradesh government is also very keen to transform this state into an education
hub. In March 2008, Government of India made an announcement stating that as part of the
11th five year plan, an Indian Institute of Technology will be established in this state. Further,
Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government Engineering and Technology Institute has been started at
Pragatinagar, in shimla distt. This college will have engineering related courses such as ITI,
Diploma and Degree all in same campus.
91

IN HIMACHAL PRADESH THERE ARE ONE CENTRAL
UNIVERSITY, FOUR STATE UNIVERSITIES AND SIXTEEN
PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES.
92
UNIVERSITIES OF HIMACHAL PRADESH
University Location Type Establ
ished
Specializat
ion
Source
s
Arni University kathgarh Private 2009 General [1]
APG (Alakh Prakash
Shimla Private 2012 General [2]
Goyal) Shimla University
Baddi University of
Emerging Sciences and
Technologies
Baddi Private 2009 Technology [3]
Bahra University Waknaghat Private 2011 General [4]
Central University of
Himachal Pradesh
Dharamsala Central 2009 General [5]
Chitkara University Solan Private 2009 General [6]
Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar
Palampur State 1978 Agriculture [7]
Himachal Pradesh Krishi
Vishvavidyalaya
Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar
University of Horticulture
and Forestry
Solan State 1986 Horticulture,
forestry
[8]
Eternal University Baru Sahib Private 2008 General [9]
Himachal Pradesh
Technical University
Hamirpur State 2010 Technology [10]
Himachal Pradesh
University
Shimla State 1970 General [11]
Jaypee University of
Information Technology
Waknaghat Private 2002 Information
technology
[12]
Maharishi Markandeshwar
University Solan
Solan Private 2010 Technology,
management
[13]
Manav Bharti University Solan Private 2009 General [14]
Shoolini University of
Solan Private 2009 Biotechnolog
[15]
Biotechnology and
y
Management Sciences
Sri Sai University Palampur Private 2011 General [16]
Indian Institute of
Mandi MHRD 2009 Technology [17]
Technology Mandi

93
EDUCATION
Indira Gandhi Medical College and Hospital at Shimla
Indian Institute of Advanced Study at Shimla

94
National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur, (Admin block)
Hamirpur District is among the top districts in the country for literacy. Education rates among
women are quite encouraging in the state the standard of education in the state has reached a
considerably high level as compared to other states in India with several reputed educational
institutes for higher studies.
The Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh University Shimla, Institute of
Himalayan Bioresource Technology (IHBT, CSIR Lab), Palampur, the National Institute of
Technology, Hamirpur, the Central University Dharamshala, APG (Alakh Prakash Goyal)
Shimla University, The Bahra University (Waknaghat, Solan) the Baddi University of
Emerging Sciences and Technologies Baddi, Shoolini University Of Biotechnology and
Management Sciences, Solan, the Jaypee University of Information
Technology Waknaghat, Eternal University, Sirmaur & Chitkara University Solan are some
of the pioneer universities in the state. CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalya
Palampur is one of the most renowned hill agriculture institutes in world. Dr. Yashwant
Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry has earned a unique distinction in India
for imparting teaching, research and extension education in horticulture, forestry and allied
disciplines. Further, state-run Jawaharlal Nehru Government Engineering College started in
2006 at Sundernagar is an important milestone in higher technical education in the state.

The state government is working constantly to prepare plans and projects to strengthen the
education system. The state government decided to start three nursing colleges to develop the
health system.
There are over 10,000 primary schools, 1,000 secondary schools and more than 1,300 high
schools in Himachal. The state government has decided to start three major nursing colleges
to develop the health system in the state. In meeting the constitutional obligation to make
primary education compulsory, Himachal has became the first state in India to make
elementary education accessible to every child.
95

96
FINDINGS & SUGGESTION OF CHIL & HIMACHAL
PRADESH
Chile is located at southern South America bordering south Argentina and Pacific
Ocean between Peru.
The region of Himachal Pradesh was called 'Deva Bhoomi ' (the land of the gods).
From the early period of its history it was inhabited by tribes like the Koilis, Halis,
Dagis, Dhaugris, Dasa, Khasas, Kinnars and Kirats.
It was become independent from Spain on 18th Sep. 1810.
Religion in himachal Pradesh Hinduism-98.14%, Christianity-0.35%,Buddhism-0.26,
Sikhism-0.20%, Islam-0.01%, and Others-1.15%.
Around 70% of Chile‘s population follows roman catholic religion. The family
occupies a central role in Chilean life
Though Hindi is the state language, many people speak Pahari. Pahari itself has many
dialects and all of them trace their origin to the Sanskrit language.
Spanish is the official language of Chile.
Himachal Pradesh was under the direct control of the British colonial rule in the mid-
19th century
Many popular religious celebrations and processions are held in Chile. One of the
most colorful is the Festival of La Tirana.
Solan Homoeopathic Medical College & Hospital is the first & only Homoeopathic
Medical College in the state of Himachal Pradesh, founded in 2002 by Health Trust of
India, a charitable trust registered in the state of Himachal Pradesh.
Women make up 51 percent of the country's population. Although female
participation in the labor market has grown significantly in recent decades (by 83
percent between 1970 and 1990), women today form only 37 percent of Chile's total
labor force.

In 2002, Government of Himachal Pradesh allowed the Jaypee Group to open
first private university of the state namely Jaypee University of Information
Technology. In April. 2008 two new private universities namely Eternal
University and Chitkara University were established.
Chile ranks rather low on the world crime scale. The country has an annual murder
rate of 1.7 per 100,000 inhabitants. Violent robberies or robberies with assault,
however, have been increasing during the last decade.
Chile has the favorable age structure; it has 43.2% youth (25-54 years) of total
population.
The country has almost equal ratio of male and female in the society.
97

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