A brief summary of my report in our class.
Credits to the author of the book 'Philosophy of Education in Phil. Setting'
by Herman C. Gregorio & Cornelia M. Gregorio
And to Mr. Sunga as our professor.
The philosophy of existentialism brought man, his existence, his emotions and his subjectivity into forefront, they were forerunners of individualism and uniqueness of each man. The views of various exponents of existentialism and the themes they brought out makes their philosophy better understood. The philosophy of education of existentialism speaks about aims, curriculum, the role of the teacher, methods of learning, learning experiences and religious and moral education.
A brief summary of my report in our class.
Credits to the author of the book 'Philosophy of Education in Phil. Setting'
by Herman C. Gregorio & Cornelia M. Gregorio
And to Mr. Sunga as our professor.
The philosophy of existentialism brought man, his existence, his emotions and his subjectivity into forefront, they were forerunners of individualism and uniqueness of each man. The views of various exponents of existentialism and the themes they brought out makes their philosophy better understood. The philosophy of education of existentialism speaks about aims, curriculum, the role of the teacher, methods of learning, learning experiences and religious and moral education.
Human dignity: Christian Ethics 30 Unit 1aRyan LeBlanc
Saskatchewan Curriculum Christian Ethics 30 Unit 1a Self-Understanding. Essential Question: What vision of myself does the Christian tradition offer me? Learning Objective: conside Christianity's view of human dignity despite humanity's sinful tendencies. Catechism of the Catholic Church PART ONE: THE PROFESSION OF FAITH, SECTION TWO I. THE CREEDS,CHAPTER ONE I BELIEVE IN GOD THE FATHER, Article 1 "I BELIEVE IN GOD THE FATHER ALMIGHTY, CREATOR OF HEAVEN AND EARTH”, Paragraph 6. MAN (355-384)
I have made this pp form my class of history of the religion and the presentation was good so i decided to upload it it speaks about Catholicism Protestantism Anglicanism Orthodoxy Pentecostalism
In talking about the humanity of Christ we must not rely on our reason alone rather we look in the eyes of faith so that we may see the truth clearly. On the other hand, we cannot separate the reason and faith for they must go hand in hand.
As St. Augustine says, faith seeks understanding. Moreover, scripture presents to us the evidences to prove the humanity of Christ. This will be our guide to have an idea on the life of Christ. In addition, the truth by which our early fathers of the church passed on to us will be part of this topic. The error of the teaching of some early Christians will also be included.
대한민국내 각 도시, 또는 주요 거점별 Atlassian User Group을 리딩해 가실 AUG Leader를 모집합니다.
원하시는 도시명 및 본인의 프로필을 첨부하셔서 aug@atlassian.com 과 kr-marketing@atlassian.com 으로 보내주세요!!!
The main objective of this website is to offer a new way of thinking about such matters based on science and clear reasoning; a way of thinking that reveals meaning and purpose for our lives; a way that leads to natural personal fulfillment and happiness
The world is perhaps at the point of the greatest crisis in all human history, and
there seem to be two attitudes we can assume. One is calmness, faith, and
conviction; the other would be despair. And despair is unthinkable. Let each, in
[their] own way, dedicate [their] time, service, hope, and spiritual conviction to
the common cause of liberty and justice for all. And let's work without tiring and
pray without ceasing.
The world is perhaps at the point of the greatest crisis in all human history, and
there seem to be two attitudes we can assume. One is calmness, faith, and
conviction; the other would be despair. And despair is unthinkable. Let each, in
[their] own way, dedicate [their] time, service, hope, and spiritual conviction to
the common cause of liberty and justice for all. And let's work without tiring and
pray without ceasing.
Lesson 3 of a multipart series. Everyone has a Weltanschauung and most don’t know it. Defining a Worldview. What is prime reality – the really real? (i.e. God) What is the nature of external reality, that is, the world around us? What is a human being? What happens to a person at death? Why is it possible to know anything at all? How do we know what is right and wrong? What is the meaning of human history?
Based upon Scott B. Rae's Moral Choices. This is designed to be a simplified and accessible aid for Christians interested in exploring contemporary moral issues from a biblical perspective.
In a world full of ideas and beliefs how can we discern what is true and what is not? The notes from my Toastmasters speech for Project 7, Research Your Topic, done on December 9, 2014. Includes extra material.
Ethical Theory PaperElijah KimWhat is the meaning of being a hBetseyCalderon89
Ethical Theory Paper
Elijah Kim
What is the meaning of being a human? What is the meaning of being a good person? What is good? And why do we have to be good? The word ethic carries many implications and foundations. In Christianity, God creates this universe, earth, and man/woman in "his" image. However, the Human is not God and made many ethical mistakes that ask God for forgiveness. "Therefore you are inexcusable, O man, whoever you are who judge, for in whatever you judge another you condemn yourself; for you who judge practice the same things." (Romans 2:1). No human being is innocent in front of God and not allow to judge each other. The ethical theory sets the foundation for a "right human being" and has numerous ways to break down.
Ethical theory "is the systematic effort to understand moral concepts and justify moral principles and theories" (Fieser 2017), which means the study of Right Action. This "Right Action" can be divide into three different divisions. Metaethics can be defined as a God's view. For many religious believers and religious cultures, the Metaethics can be easily found. However, people who do not believe in a higher power or bird view have a problem with divine command metaethics (Morriston 2009). In the Metaethics view, moral obligations are taught and fixed by religious belief. For the non-religious believers there Metaethics can be set by the Karma they heard of or the own belief system. Just because of believing in religious belief and Karma, Metaethics do not take the basics from realism or antirealism. Instead, it contains the focused theories (Davis 2021).
Moral Realism in Metaethics asses the meaning of the moral. Moral realism is the position of right and wrong in a variety of situations. Religions like Christianity made committed to moral realism for three different reasons. First, "constructivists tend to attribute moral facts to agents as their origin" (Jung 2015). In Christianity bible has the Ten Commandments in Exodus 20. These Ten Commandments are the fundamental moral value of Christian belief and set the standard. Commandments like "Thou shalt not commit adultery" and "Thou shalt not kill" are the well-known rule as a "basic human being." Like the last sentence, the bible has a clear example of do's and don'ts, right/ wrong.
The bible also advised what evil (bad) can affect the person "Be not deceived: evil communications corrupt good manners" (1 Corinthians 15:33). Many religious people believe in God's purpose. An example of Christianity, Genesis advised, Human were made to glorify God and his creation. Adam and Eve were also created to manage God's creation. "So, whether you eat or drink, or whatever you do, do all to the glory of God" (1 Corinthians 10:31). "And we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called according to his purpose" (Romans 8:28). The explicit purpose gave men and women a clear vision of life and motivated them to stay in God's ...
In a world full of ideas and beliefs how can we discern what is true and what is not? The notes from my Toastmasters speech for Project 7, Research Your Topic, done on December 9, 2014. Includes extra material.
PART B Please response to these two original posts below. Wh.docxsmile790243
PART B
Please response to these two original posts below. When
responding to these posts, please either expand the
thought, add additional insights, or respectfully disagree
and explain why. Remember that we are after reasons
and arguments, and not simply the statement of
opinions.
Original Post 1
Are human lives intrinsically valuable? If so, in virtue of what? (Is
it our uniqueness, perhaps, or our autonomy, or something else?)
To begin, I would like to remind us that being intrinsically valuable
means having values for just being us and nothing else. I believe
that human lives are intrinsically valuable in virtue of our
uniqueness. As a bio nerd, I would like to state the fact that there
are a lot of crossover events during meiosis, which create trillions
of different DNA combinations. Hence, from a biological
standpoint, without considering other aspects, being you is
already valuable because you are that one sperm that won the
race and got fertilized. On a larger scale, there are hardly two
people whose look and behaviors are the same in the same
family, unless they are identical twins. However, identical twins
still act differently and have differences (such as fingerprints).
Since we are raised in different families, we are taught different
things and have different cultures. In general, we all have
different genetic information, appearances, personalities, senses
of humor, ambitions, talents, interests and life experiences. These
characteristics make up our “unique individual value” and make
us so unique and irreplaceable.
I would also love to discuss how our diversities enrich and
contribute to society, but that would be a talk about our extrinsic
values.
Original Post 2
Are human lives intrinsically valuable? If so, in virtue of what? (Is
it our uniqueness, perhaps, or our autonomy, or something else?)
I believe that human lives are intrinsically valuable due to a
number of reasons. Firstly, human lives aren’t replaceable. You
can’t replace a human being with another just like you can
replace a broken laptop with brand new one. Part of the reason
why we tend to think this way is that we were nurtured with the
notion that there is, indeed, a special value to human life. This
could be in virtue of our uniqueness-- the fact that we are
sentient and capable of complex thoughts and emotions
separates us from any other species on this planet. From a
scientific standpoint, this is also one of the reasons as to why
humans became the dominant species in today’s age.
Moreover, human lives aren’t disposable. I think this is largely due
to us humans having the ability to empathize with others. We
understand that it’s morally inappropriate to take the life of
another individual even if they’re complete strangers because
they’re another human being like us who has their own thoughts,
values, memories, and stories. In a way, we have a strong
emotional connection to our own species. As .
PART BPlease response to these two original posts below..docxsmile790243
PART B
Please response to these two original posts below. When responding to
these posts, please either expand the thought, add additional insights, or
respectfully disagree and explain why. Remember that we are after reasons
and arguments, and not simply the statement of opinions.
Original Post 1
"What is moral relativism? Why might people be attracted to it? Is
it plausible?"
First of all, moral relativism is the view that moral truths are
subjective and depend on each individual's standpoints. Based
on this, everyone's moral view is legitimate. This can be attracted
because it sounds liberating and there is no need to argue for a
particular position. Moral relativism seems convincing in some
cases. For example, some people are okay with giving money to
homeless people, thinking that it's good to provide for the people
in need. Some people, on the other hand, claim that they can
work to satisfy their own needs. Moral relativism works well in
these cases because they all seem legitimate. However, there are
cases that moral relativism does not seem reasonable. For
example, child sacrifice in some cultures seems cruel and
uncivilized to most people. Hence, moral relativism is not
absolutely true.
Original Post 2
“Is your death bad for you, specifically, or only (at most) for others? Why
might someone claim that it isn’t bad for you?”
I'd start off by acknowledging what the two ancient philosophers,
Lucretius and Epicurus, outlined about death. They made the
point that death isn't necessarily bad for you since no suffering
takes place and that you yourself don't realize your own death. In
this way, one could make the claim that death isn't intrinsically
bad for you.
Another perspective I wanted to add was the influence of death
(both on you and others around you). Specifically, the event of
death itself may not be bad for you, but the idea of impending
death could impact one's life. Some may live freely, totally care-
free, accepting of death and enjoy life in the moment. Others may
be frightened by the idea of death that they live in constant fear
and hence death causing their mental health to take its toll. In
this way, I'd argue that death could, in fact, be bad for you. One
common reason for being afraid of death is the fear of being
forgotten. Not to mention the death of an individual certainly
affects others; death doesn't affect one's life but also all that is
connected to it. Focusing back to the point, it's clear that the
very idea of death directly affects the concerned individual. The
fact that those who live in fear of death are looking for legacies
and footprints to leave after they leave this world is telling of how
death could be arguably bad for you before it even happens.
PART A
Pick one or more questions below and write a substantive post
with >100 words. Please try to provide evidence(s) to support
your idea(s).
Questions:
• Do we have a duty to work out whe.
Making converts, gaining decisions, does not equal making disciples. It is essential we look at the right ideas, in the right way to make real disciples of King Jesus.
It is common to refer to the process of maturing as a disciple as spiritual formation. Here, based upon work by Greg Ogden, I give a four stage process for growing into maturity, and fruitfulness, as a follower of King Jesus.
Jesus expected a process of change, growth and development in the life of his followers. Many writers suggest a three or four stage process. A four stage process is outlined here, along with personal challenge / application.
Disciple-Making, according to Greg Ogden requires at least tow major factors: Internalisation and Multiplication. This presentation adds to his ideas with some scripture and illustrative ideas challenging followers of Christ to become, and make, disciples in his image.
Name someone...who has impacted your life.
Disiple-making is a deliberate act requiring discipline and dedication
“Discipleship is all about living the life together rather than just one structured meeting each week” Chan
In Jude 17-23 Jude shifts from piling up examples of false teachers from the Old Testament to a series of practical exhortations that flow from apostolic instruction. He preserves for us what may well have been part of the apostolic catechism for the first generation of Christ-followers. In these instructions Jude exhorts the believer to deal with 3 different groups of people: scoffers who are "devoid of the Spirit", believers who have come under the influence of scoffers and believers who are so entrenched in false teaching that they need rescue and pose some real spiritual risk for the rescuer. In all of this Jude emphasizes Jesus' call to rescue straying sheep, leaving the 99 safely behind and pursuing the 1.
The Book of Joshua is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile.
The Chakra System in our body - A Portal to Interdimensional Consciousness.pptxBharat Technology
each chakra is studied in greater detail, several steps have been included to
strengthen your personal intention to open each chakra more fully. These are designed
to draw forth the highest benefit for your spiritual growth.
Exploring the Mindfulness Understanding Its Benefits.pptxMartaLoveguard
Slide 1: Title: Exploring the Mindfulness: Understanding Its Benefits
Slide 2: Introduction to Mindfulness
Mindfulness, defined as the conscious, non-judgmental observation of the present moment, has deep roots in Buddhist meditation practice but has gained significant popularity in the Western world in recent years. In today's society, filled with distractions and constant stimuli, mindfulness offers a valuable tool for regaining inner peace and reconnecting with our true selves. By cultivating mindfulness, we can develop a heightened awareness of our thoughts, feelings, and surroundings, leading to a greater sense of clarity and presence in our daily lives.
Slide 3: Benefits of Mindfulness for Mental Well-being
Practicing mindfulness can help reduce stress and anxiety levels, improving overall quality of life.
Mindfulness increases awareness of our emotions and teaches us to manage them better, leading to improved mood.
Regular mindfulness practice can improve our ability to concentrate and focus our attention on the present moment.
Slide 4: Benefits of Mindfulness for Physical Health
Research has shown that practicing mindfulness can contribute to lowering blood pressure, which is beneficial for heart health.
Regular meditation and mindfulness practice can strengthen the immune system, aiding the body in fighting infections.
Mindfulness may help reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and obesity by reducing stress and improving overall lifestyle habits.
Slide 5: Impact of Mindfulness on Relationships
Mindfulness can help us better understand others and improve communication, leading to healthier relationships.
By focusing on the present moment and being fully attentive, mindfulness helps build stronger and more authentic connections with others.
Mindfulness teaches us how to be present for others in difficult times, leading to increased compassion and understanding.
Slide 6: Mindfulness Techniques and Practices
Focusing on the breath and mindful breathing can be a simple way to enter a state of mindfulness.
Body scan meditation involves focusing on different parts of the body, paying attention to any sensations and feelings.
Practicing mindful walking and eating involves consciously focusing on each step or bite, with full attention to sensory experiences.
Slide 7: Incorporating Mindfulness into Daily Life
You can practice mindfulness in everyday activities such as washing dishes or taking a walk in the park.
Adding mindfulness practice to daily routines can help increase awareness and presence.
Mindfulness helps us become more aware of our needs and better manage our time, leading to balance and harmony in life.
Slide 8: Summary: Embracing Mindfulness for Full Living
Mindfulness can bring numerous benefits for physical and mental health.
Regular mindfulness practice can help achieve a fuller and more satisfying life.
Mindfulness has the power to change our perspective and way of perceiving the world, leading to deeper se
The PBHP DYC ~ Reflections on The Dhamma (English).pptxOH TEIK BIN
A PowerPoint Presentation based on the Dhamma Reflections for the PBHP DYC for the years 1993 – 2012. To motivate and inspire DYC members to keep on practicing the Dhamma and to do the meritorious deed of Dhammaduta work.
The texts are in English.
For the Video with audio narration, comments and texts in English, please check out the Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zF2g_43NEa0
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way.pptxCelso Napoleon
Lesson 9 - Resisting Temptation Along the Way
SBs – Sunday Bible School
Adult Bible Lessons 2nd quarter 2024 CPAD
MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
What Should be the Christian View of Anime?Joe Muraguri
We will learn what Anime is and see what a Christian should consider before watching anime movies? We will also learn a little bit of Shintoism religion and hentai (the craze of internet pornography today).
The Good News, newsletter for June 2024 is hereNoHo FUMC
Our monthly newsletter is available to read online. We hope you will join us each Sunday in person for our worship service. Make sure to subscribe and follow us on YouTube and social media.
HANUMAN STORIES: TIMELESS TEACHINGS FOR TODAY’S WORLDLearnyoga
Hanuman Stories: Timeless Teachings for Today’s World" delves into the inspiring tales of Hanuman, highlighting lessons of devotion, strength, and selfless service that resonate in modern life. These stories illustrate how Hanuman's unwavering faith and courage can guide us through challenges and foster resilience. Through these timeless narratives, readers can find profound wisdom to apply in their daily lives.
3. Does it matter how we think?
Mickey Cohen was a famous
Hollywood gangster. Cohen
attended a Billy Graham Crusade
and when Dr. Graham gave the
invitation to step forward and
accept Christ as Lord and Savior
Mickey Cohen responded and did
just that.
4. Later, when he was told by the Billy
Graham follow up team that he
needed to cut his ties with
organized crime, Cohen became
incredulous. "You never told me
that I had to give up my career.
you never told me that I had to
give up my friends. There are
Christian Movie Stars,
Christian Athletes, and
Christian Business Men. So
what's the matter with being a
Christian gangster?”
5. One might ask if religious converts
are supposed to live “better” lives
after their conversion?
Would Cohen’s response be
acceptable today?
Does it show a lack of
understanding of what the real
demands (mental and practical) of
the Christian life are? Did he fail to
understand the Christian
worldview?
If someone calls themselves a
Christian are they in fact meant to
behave differently?
6. One might ask if religious converts
are supposed to live “better” lives
after their conversion?
Would Cohen’s response be
acceptable today?
Does it show a lack of
understanding of what the real
demands (mental and practical) of
the Christian life are? Did he fail to
understand the Christian
worldview?
If someone calls themselves a
Christian are they in fact meant to
behave differently?
7.
8. Our worldview is important
Philosophy teaches us that our
worldview is important.
Often in society today we fail to
examine the worldview of
people who propose ideas - the
way they think about things is
important in helping form their
ideas.
Ideas have consequences!
9. Our worldview is important
“A worldview contains a
person’s answers to the
major questions in life,
almost all of which contain
significant philosophical
content. It is a conceptual
framework, pattern or
arrangement of a person’s
beliefs. The best world views
are comprehensive,
systematic, and supposedly
true views of life and of the
world.”
10. Many world views suffer from
incompleteness, inconsistencies, and
other failings - the result is that the
pieces of the worldview do not fit
properly together.
For example you might meet
someone who has what you consider
an obvious blindspot in their
thinking which leads to (in your
opinion) some strange thinking. Of
course they might also think the
same about you!
11. Many world views suffer from
incompleteness, inconsistencies, and
other failings - the result is that the
pieces of the worldview do not fit
properly together.
For example you might meet
someone who has what you consider
an obvious blindspot in their
thinking which leads to (in your
opinion) some strange thinking. Of
course they might also think the
same about you!
12. Are these worldview inconsitencies?
Manyinconsistent tofrom a vegetarian and have
world views suffer be
Is it
incompleteness, inconsistencies, and
an abortion?
other failings - the result is that the
Can you believe indo not fit Bible and in
pieces of the worldview God, the
evolution?
properly together.
For example you might love God and yet not share
Can you claim to meet
someone who has what Jesus Christ with everyone
the good news of you consider
an obvious blindspot in their
you meet?
thinking which leads to (in your
Is it inconstant to believe it is important for
opinion) some strange thinking. Of
governments to help the poor in society and
course they might also think the
samenot honestly declare all of your taxable
yet about you!
income?
13. Philosophy helps us
understand what a worldview
is
- it also helps us understand,
and improve, our own
worldview
- it teaches us that some world
views are better than others,
not all views are equal
- there are tests or criteria by
which world views can be
assessed - in fact these criteria
are outlines in the next section!
14. Five Central worldview beliefs
Worldviews have at least 5 central
parts to them, their beliefs about;
- God
- Metaphysics (ultimate reality)
- Epistemology (knowledge)
- Ethics
- Human nature
There are of course other parts to
a worldview but these are primary
in helping identify differences in
peoples worldviews
15. Five Central worldview beliefs
Worldviews have at least 5 central
parts to them, their beliefs about;
- God
- Metaphysics (ultimate reality)
- Epistemology (knowledge)
- Ethics
- Human nature
There are of course other parts to
a worldview but these are primary
in helping identify differences in
peoples worldviews
16. 1. God
What does your worldview say about God?
- does he exist?
- is there one or more gods?
- what is God like, the nature of God
- is God kind and loving, how can he act on the earth
and in the lives of people?
- Is God just a force or power?
Christians believe in One God, other religions have
two (daulistic), some are polytheistic (many gods), or
pantheistic (the world is all divine in some sense)
17. 1. God
What does your worldview say about God?
- does he exist?
- is there one or more gods?
- what is God like, the nature of God
- is God kind and loving, how can he act on the earth
and in the lives of people?
- Is God just a force or power?
Christians believe in One God, other religions have
two (daulistic), some are polytheistic (many gods), or
pantheistic (the world is all divine in some sense)
18. 2. Metaphysics
What is the relationship between
God and the universe?
Is the universe eternal?
Was the universe created by an
eternal, all powerful, personal
God?
Are god and the world co-eternal
and interdependent beings?
Does the universe have a purpose?
What is its ultimate purpose?
19. 2. Metaphysics
Is the cosmos material, spiritual or
something else?
Is the universe a self contained
system - in that all events within it
are caused by, and thus explained
by, something within it?
Can a being outside of nature act
within it to affect change in some
way?
Can miracles occur?
20. 3. Epistemology
A theory of knowledge - everyone has
one, they just don’t know it!
Do you believe knowledge about the
world is possible?
Can we trust our senses?
What are the proper roles for reason and
sense experience in knowledge? Do we
understand our level of consciousness in
other ways to these?
Are intuitions reliable ways of perceiving
the world?
21. 3. Epistemology
Is truth relative or is it the same for all
rational beings?
What is the relationship between
religious faith and reason?
Can we know God? If yes, how?
How does God relate to the human
mind?
Most people will not always be thinking
about these questions - but if asked they
will probably be able to formulate some
sort of answer
22. 3. Epistemology
Is truth relative or is it the same for all
rational beings?
What is the relationship between
religious faith and reason?
Can we know God? If yes, how?
How does God relate to the human
mind?
Most people will not always be thinking
about these questions - but if asked they
will probably be able to formulate some
sort of answer
23. 4. Ethics
This is an area people are more readily aware of their
belief in.
We make moral judgements about ourselves, others etc. In
this context we are interested in what we as individuals
think.
So we might believe Adolf Hitler was wrong in his actions ethics wants to know why we believe that his actions were
wrong?
24. We are asking: are there moral laws
governing human action? Are such
laws the same for all people or are
they subjective (like taste for pork) is there an objective moral
dimension which means such moral
laws are independent of our
preference or opinions?
Are these moral laws discovered in
the same way that we know
7x7=49, or do we find them
through human custom?
25. Is morality relative to a time period
- e.g. slavery is not condemned in
the Bible but most believers do not
have slaves nowadays.
Is the same action right in one time
but wrong in another?
Does our morality transcend
cultural, historical and individual
boundaries?
26. Is morality relative to a time period
- e.g. slavery is not condemned in
the Bible but most believers do not
have slaves nowadays.
Is the same action right in one time
but wrong in another?
Does our morality transcend
cultural, historical and individual
boundaries?
27. 5. Anthropology
What do we believe about the nature of
human beings?
Are human beings free or simply subject
to deterministic forces?
Are humans only bodies, or more?
Can we distinguish our mind from our
body?
What is the human soul?
Does the person end with physical
death?
Are humans good or evil - do we get a
reward for the way our life was lived?
28. Some good news
The information given does not mean
we have to agree about everything!
We, as Christians, might agree on the
major issues of our faith whilst
disagreeing on human free will/the
sovereignty of God, should the death
penalty still be implemented today?
etc.
When we disagree we should be able
to argue in love and try to persuade
one another that our view is more
consistent with the basic beliefs of
Christianity.
29. Some good news
There should be a firm foundation
of underlying beliefs - however if
the disagreement is on these
matters then we have to consider if
the person has left the Christian
faith.
For example, can you be a
Christian and not believe in fallen
human nature, the deity of Christ,
the Trinity…?
30. We all have a worldview - often we have simply not thought
about it, or expressed it.
Our worldview helps us to explain why we see the world as
we do and why we act in a certain way.
When we have differing world views within our own system
of beliefs it creates a clash. This also happens between
individuals, groups or nations and can lead from a simple
argument to full blown war.
Having the right worldview will bring people, the world and
God into proper focus - it is very helpful!
31. Worldview thinking and religion
Christianity should not be viewed as a
collection of bits and pieces which do
not interact with one another - but as a
conceptual system offering a total world
and life view.
This applies to all religions - and they
can then be compared on the merits of
these total systems.
As a world and life view Christianity has
much to say about the whole of human
life - but this should be understood
within the total context of our beliefs
not by focussing on narrow issues
32. Our religious beliefs are not limited to one area of life they affect every other area too, all we believe and do.
“All humans have something that concerns them
ultimately, and whatever it is, that area of ultimate
concern is that person’s God” Nash
A person’s ultimate concern has a massive effect on the
way they live.
Zylstra suggests that no human is religiously neutral…
33. “To be human is to be scientific, yes, and
practical, and rational, and moral, and
social, and artistic, but to be human
further is to be religious also. And this
religious in man is not just another facet
of himself, just another side to his
nature, just another part of the whole. It
is the condition of all the rest and the
justification of all the rest. This is
inevitably and inescapably so for all
men. No man is religiously neutral in
his knowledge of and his appropriation
of reality.”
Henry Zylstra,
34. In effect he is saying that the world
does not have religious and
nonreligious people but people who
are all religious, but who all have
differing ultimate concerns and
differing gods - and who thus
respond to the Living God in
differing ways.
Nash goes on to say, “All humans
are incurably religious; we manifest
different religious allegiances…
35. “This point obliterates much of the
usual distinction between the sacred
and the secular. A teacher or politician
who pretends to be religiously neutral
is not thinking deeply. Secular
humanism is a religious worldview as
certainly as are Christianity and
Judaism. It expresses the ultimate
commitments and concerns of its
proponents.”
36. The role of presuppositions
presupposition noun
Augustine declared that before a
a thingbeing can know anything, they
human tacitly assumed (understood
must believe something. stated)
or implied without being
beforehand at the we take
Whenever we thinkbeginning of a
something for granted - all our
line of argument or course of
beliefs rest upon other beliefs that we
action
presuppose or accept without support
e.g. both men or evidence.
from arguments shared certain
ethical presuppositions about the
Thomas V. Morris expresses it this way,
universe.
37. The role of presuppositions
Augustine declared that before a
human being can know anything, they
must believe something.
Whenever we think we take
something for granted - all our
beliefs rest upon other beliefs that we
presuppose or accept without support
from arguments or evidence.
Thomas V. Morris expresses it this way,
38. The most important presuppositions
are the most basic and most general
beliefs about God, man, and the world
that anyone can have. They are not
usually consciously entertained but
rather function as the perspective from
which an individual sees and interprets
both the events of his own life and the
circumstances of the world around
him. These presuppositions in
conjunction with one another delimit
the boundaries within which all other
less foundational beliefs are held.
39. The most important presuppositions
are the most basic and most general
beliefs about God, man, and the world
that anyone can have. They are not
usually consciously entertained but
rather function as the perspective from
which an individual sees and interprets
both the events of his own life and the
circumstances of the world around
him. These presuppositions in
conjunction with one another delimit
the boundaries within which all other
less foundational beliefs are held.
40. People from many fields make
important assumptions:
Scientists assume that knowledge is
possible and that sense experience is
reliable (epistemology), that the
universe is regular (metaphysics),
and that scientists should be honest
(ethics).
Without such assumptions scientific
enquiry would soon collapse.
41. Basic assumptions and
presuppositions are important
because they set the method and
goal of theoretical thought - like
being on a train line with no side
tracks - there is only one possible
way to go, the direction and
destination are determined.
So accepting the presuppositions of
a Christian worldview will lead to
different conclusions to those drawn
by someone who has naturalistic
presuppositions
42. Paradigms
Nash says that one of the purposes of
his book is to help people to recognise
the unseen, overlooked patterns that
operate in and control much human
thinking, including many of the most
famous and popular philosophical
theories.
Nash says, “A paradigm is a habitual way
of thinking. In a sense every worldview is
composed of many smaller paradigms. A
worldview, in other words, is a collection of
paradigms”
43. Paradigms act in placing boundaries
and filtering information within our
thinking - they allow in data that fits in
with the paradigm and exclude data
that will not. Importantly they also
screen data to see if it fits within the
model.
For example for many centuries the
Ptolemaic model of the solar system
was accepted until Copernicus came
up with a model with the sun at the
centre. It took time (and a battle
against opponents) for the old model
to be overtaken by the new.
We experience many forms of
paradigm: race, religion etc.
44. Paradigms act in placing boundaries
and filtering information within our
thinking - they allow in data that fits in
with the paradigm and exclude data
that will not. Importantly they also
screen data to see if it fits within the
model.
For example for many centuries the
Ptolemaic model of the solar system
was accepted until Copernicus came
up with a model with the sun at the
centre. It took time (and a battle
against opponents) for the old model
to be overtaken by the new.
We experience many forms of
paradigm: race, religion etc.
45. Personal considerations
Worldview is a personal matter and cannot on that basis be
separated from who we are and
how we are made up - our personal
considerations. We have to ask if
we are able to consider new data in
a reasonable way, to give it a fair
hearing, especially if it is going to
threaten their system.
Often non theoretical factors
massively affect peoples theoretical
judgments
46. Personal considerations
Consider racial prejudice - often
untrue beliefs and stereotypes are
used to reinforce prejudice. These
might be historical, personal or
theoretical - whatever the case they
affect the way you think.
Nash also suggests some people
reject God (Christianity) not on the
basis of any properly held
worldview but because of the way
their heart (centre of religious
affection) has been affected.
47. Personal considerations
Consider racial prejudice - often
untrue beliefs and stereotypes are
“…it does seem that some
used to reinforce prejudice. These
people who appear to reject
might be historical, what they
Christianity on personal or
theoretical - rationalthe case they
regard as whatever
affect the way grounds are
you think.
theoretical
Nash also suggests some people
acting under the influence
reject God (Christianity) not on the
of non rational factors, that
basis of any properly held
is, more ultimate
worldview but because of the way
commitments of their
their heart (centre of religious
hearts”” been affected.
affection) has
48. Personal considerations
Consider racial prejudice - often
untrue beliefs and stereotypes are
“…it does seem that some
used to reinforce prejudice. These
people who appear to reject
might be historical, what they
Christianity on personal or
theoretical - rationalthe case they
regard as whatever
affect the way grounds are
you think.
theoretical
Nash also suggests some people
acting under the influence
reject God (Christianity) not on the
of non rational factors, that
basis of any properly held
is, more ultimate
worldview but because of the way
commitments of their
their heart (centre of religious
hearts”” been affected.
affection) has
50. 1. The contemporary philosophical
assault on conceptual systems
Nash describes how during the 20th
century philosophers became
increasingly hostile towards
philosophical system building - because
they saw the problems and
inconsistencies within them. Instead
they concentrated their efforts on
understanding small, isolated issues,
problems and puzzles.
51. 1. The contemporary philosophical
assault on conceptual systems
Some suggested this over
specialisation was a weakness and
stopped formation of comprehensive
worldviews and avoided controversial
questions.
Nash suggests that, “No one in his or
her right mind …believes that the
choice between a conceptual system
and philosophical analysis is an
either / or situation”
52. 2. Confusion - and not seeing it
Nash recalls an incident where a
professor saw a Playboy bunny on
the back of a car and a statue of the
virgin Mary on the front dashboard
- symbols that seem to be
incompatible, one represents lust
and immorality, the other purity
and submission to God.
Why were both in the same car?
- two different people drove the car
and each placed their identifying
mark there?
53. 2. Confusion - and not seeing it
Nash recalls an incident where a
professor saw a Playboy bunny on
the back of a car and a statue of the
virgin Mary on the front dashboard
- symbols that seem to be
incompatible, one represents lust
and immorality, the other purity
and submission to God.
Why were both in the same car?
- two different people drove the car
and each placed their identifying
mark there?
54. 2. Confusion - and not seeing it
- someone placed both in the car but
had no understanding of why they
were in conflict
People are confused - and they do not
even recognise it!
They do not recognise that the
different pieces of their worldview do
not belong together - and possible
they have never thought they needed
to as there is no need to be logically
cognisant of their incoherent beliefs.
55. Evaluating a worldview
Is it intolerant to disagree with,
and ask questions of, the views
held by another person?
Should we believe that all world
views are created equal - whether
created by Hitler, Stalin or
Mother Theresa? In effect saying,
“You have your worldview, I have
mine, each is as good as the
other”
Nash suggests we should test
worldviews and gives us four tests.
56. Evaluating a worldview
Is it intolerant to disagree with,
and ask questions of, the views
held by another person?
Should we believe that all world
views are created equal - whether
created by Hitler, Stalin or
Mother Theresa? In effect saying,
“You have your worldview, I have
mine, each is as good as the
other”
Nash suggests we should test
worldviews and gives us four tests.
57. 1. The test of Reason
Also known as logic or the law of
noncontradiction.
“The law of noncontradiction states that
A, which can stand for anything, cannot
be both B and non-B at the same time in
the same sense”
So a proposition cannot be both
true and false at the same time in
the same sense - an object cannot
be both round and square at the
same time and in the same sense.
58. 1. The test of Reason
The presence of a logical
contradiction is always a sign of
error So a conceptual system
should be logically consistent in its
parts and as a whole.
Worldviews should always be tested
in this way - inconsistency indicates
error (which has to be addressed)
This should not be the only test
applied - it is a negative test looking
for contradiction - but that alone
does not mean the presence of
truth.
59. 2. The test of Outer Experience
Worldviews need to pass the test not
only of reason but of experience in other words is it relevant to what
we know of the world and ourselves.
This will include our outer and
inner world.
Does the worldview conflict with
what we know to be true of the
physical world?
The worldview helps us to
understand what we perceive and
experience.
What of a worldview that claims;
60. 2. The test of Outer Experience
Pain and suffering and death
are illusions
All human beings are innately
good
Human beings are making
constant progress towards
perfection
In effect we ask can we trust a
worldview that ignores or is
inconsistent with human
experience?
61. 2. The test of Outer Experience
Pain and suffering and death
are illusions
All human beings are innately
good
Human beings are making
constant progress towards
perfection
In effect we ask can we trust a
worldview that ignores or is
inconsistent with human
experience?
62. 3. The test of Inner Experience
Objective validation of a worldview
is provided outwardly through
experience - but what of inward,
subjective, validation through what
we know of our inner world?
Does the worldview fit in with what
you know of yourself ?
I am a being who thinks, hopes,
experiences pleasure and pain,
believes and desires.
I am a being who has some sense
of moral right and feels guilt for
failing to do what is right.
63. I am conscious of the present,
remember the past and
anticipate the future.
I can think about, plan and
execute my plans.
I can act intentionally, not
simply in response to stimuli.
I can love.
I can empathise, share
emotions and know that
someday I shall die.
Although some of these are hard
to evaluate this does not mean we
have to ignore them.
64. “Worldviews that cannot
do justice to an internal
moral obligation or to the
guilt we sense when we
disobey such duties or to
the human encounter with
genuine love are clearly
defective when compared
to the biblical worldview”
65. 4. The test of Practice
A worldview must be capable of
being lived out - not simply
theoretically thought out in the
classroom.
Is your worldview consistent with
your life?
Francis Schaeffer saw this as being
important, his view is explained
like this, “the external world with
its form and complexity, and the
internal world of the man’s own
characteristics as a human being.”
66. Changing worldviews
It is clearly possible for people to
have a radical (or less radical)
change of worldview.
Consider Saul of Tarsus - great
enemy of the church standing for
almost the opposite of it in most
things - then an experience led to a
very dramatic change of heart and
mind and action
This happens with all sorts of
people in society - religious become
atheist, humanist become theist etc.
and vice versa.
67. It is not possible to narrow down what
the changes in peoples lives are caused
by.
For some who were unaware of even
having a worldview change sometimes
comes about through sudden life change
or event.
Change might involve a period of doubt
and questioning - though to people on
the outside the change might seem to
have happened rapidly.
It is also possible that a tipping point is
reached where one factor is suddenly
seen in a new light and change happens
rapidly and dramatically