The document discusses the relationship between soil, water, and plants. It covers several key topics:
- The importance of water for plant growth and physiological processes like germination, photosynthesis, and transpiration. Water is necessary for these processes and makes up a large percentage of fresh plant tissues.
- The movement and storage of water in soil, including gravitational, field capacity, and hygroscopic water. Plants can only access water within a certain soil water potential range.
- The mechanisms by which plants absorb water from soil, including passive absorption via transpirational pull and active absorption using energy. Absorption is influenced by root properties and environmental factors.
- How nutrients move from soil to plant
The document discusses the relationship between soil, water, and plants. It describes how water is essential for plant growth and physiological processes. Water is necessary for photosynthesis, cell structure, nutrient transport, and more. The document outlines how water moves through soil and is absorbed by plant roots, either through passive uptake driven by transpiration or active absorption requiring energy. Adequate soil water is required for soil functioning and plant health.
The document discusses the relationship between soil, water, and plants. It covers several key topics:
1. Water plays a vital role in soil functioning, plant growth processes like photosynthesis and transpiration, and is essential for plant cell structure.
2. Water moves through the soil to plant roots through both capillary action and root growth into moist soil areas.
3. Plants absorb water through both passive uptake driven by transpiration pull and active uptake requiring energy when salt concentrations are high.
4. Nutrient movement from soil to roots occurs through mass flow, diffusion, and root interception, and is influenced by soil, plant and nutrient properties.
Translocation and Absorption of water
Absorption of water
Functions of water
Active and Passive absorption
Factors affecting absorption of water
Effective root zones
Moisture extraction pattern
Translocation
Field capacity refers to the amount of water in soil after excess water has drained away by gravity. It typically occurs 2-3 days after rainfall or irrigation. There are three types of water in soil: gravitational, capillary, and hygroscopic. Factors like soil texture, structure, organic matter, temperature and depth of wetting influence field capacity. Field capacity is important for plant growth as it provides soluble nutrients and regulates soil temperature and microbial activity. It can be measured using pressure-based methods that determine water content at -33 kPa tension or flux-based methods using hydraulic conductivity functions.
Soil water exists in three forms: gravitational water that drains through soil pores due to gravity; capillary water held in pore spaces through surface tension; and hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles. Capillary water is available for plant uptake while gravitational water can leach nutrients from soil. The amount of water soil can hold depends on texture, structure, and organic matter content. At field capacity, gravity has drained water from large pores while water remains in small pores; the wilting point is when plants can no longer extract water. Proper irrigation management considers these factors to meet crop water requirements.
Bajrang Bali presented on the absorption of water by plants. Water is absorbed through the root hairs located in the root hair zone and transported throughout the plant. Water can be absorbed actively, using energy from respiration, or passively through transpiration pull. Active absorption involves osmotic forces or can be non-osmotic, while passive absorption relies solely on transpiration. Factors like soil water availability, temperature, aeration, transpiration rate, and root morphology affect the absorption of water. Aquaporin proteins in cell membranes aid the transport of water molecules across plant cells.
The document discusses the relationship between soil, water, and plants. It covers several key topics:
- The importance of water for plant growth and physiological processes like germination, photosynthesis, and transpiration. Water is necessary for these processes and makes up a large percentage of fresh plant tissues.
- The movement and storage of water in soil, including gravitational, field capacity, and hygroscopic water. Plants can only access water within a certain soil water potential range.
- The mechanisms by which plants absorb water from soil, including passive absorption via transpirational pull and active absorption using energy. Absorption is influenced by root properties and environmental factors.
- How nutrients move from soil to plant
The document discusses the relationship between soil, water, and plants. It describes how water is essential for plant growth and physiological processes. Water is necessary for photosynthesis, cell structure, nutrient transport, and more. The document outlines how water moves through soil and is absorbed by plant roots, either through passive uptake driven by transpiration or active absorption requiring energy. Adequate soil water is required for soil functioning and plant health.
The document discusses the relationship between soil, water, and plants. It covers several key topics:
1. Water plays a vital role in soil functioning, plant growth processes like photosynthesis and transpiration, and is essential for plant cell structure.
2. Water moves through the soil to plant roots through both capillary action and root growth into moist soil areas.
3. Plants absorb water through both passive uptake driven by transpiration pull and active uptake requiring energy when salt concentrations are high.
4. Nutrient movement from soil to roots occurs through mass flow, diffusion, and root interception, and is influenced by soil, plant and nutrient properties.
Translocation and Absorption of water
Absorption of water
Functions of water
Active and Passive absorption
Factors affecting absorption of water
Effective root zones
Moisture extraction pattern
Translocation
Field capacity refers to the amount of water in soil after excess water has drained away by gravity. It typically occurs 2-3 days after rainfall or irrigation. There are three types of water in soil: gravitational, capillary, and hygroscopic. Factors like soil texture, structure, organic matter, temperature and depth of wetting influence field capacity. Field capacity is important for plant growth as it provides soluble nutrients and regulates soil temperature and microbial activity. It can be measured using pressure-based methods that determine water content at -33 kPa tension or flux-based methods using hydraulic conductivity functions.
Soil water exists in three forms: gravitational water that drains through soil pores due to gravity; capillary water held in pore spaces through surface tension; and hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles. Capillary water is available for plant uptake while gravitational water can leach nutrients from soil. The amount of water soil can hold depends on texture, structure, and organic matter content. At field capacity, gravity has drained water from large pores while water remains in small pores; the wilting point is when plants can no longer extract water. Proper irrigation management considers these factors to meet crop water requirements.
Bajrang Bali presented on the absorption of water by plants. Water is absorbed through the root hairs located in the root hair zone and transported throughout the plant. Water can be absorbed actively, using energy from respiration, or passively through transpiration pull. Active absorption involves osmotic forces or can be non-osmotic, while passive absorption relies solely on transpiration. Factors like soil water availability, temperature, aeration, transpiration rate, and root morphology affect the absorption of water. Aquaporin proteins in cell membranes aid the transport of water molecules across plant cells.
Soil moisture conservation role of mulching and hydrophilic polymerssukhjinder mann
Soil moisture conservation role of mulching and hydrophilic polymers; Methods to conserve moisture, mulch types, polymer types, importance, advantages and disadvantages
The document summarizes water absorption by plant roots. It discusses that roots, specifically the younger portions near the tips, absorb water and minerals. More developed root systems with many tips favor higher absorption. Most water is absorbed by the younger parts of roots, including root hairs. Water moves through plants via apoplastic and symplastic pathways, entering roots through both active absorption requiring energy and passive absorption through transpiration pull. A variety of external factors like soil water availability, temperature, oxygen, and salt concentration can influence the rate of water absorption.
This document discusses water and its role in plants. It covers several key points:
1) Water is essential for plant growth and processes like photosynthesis and transpiration. It acts as a solvent for minerals and transports nutrients through plants.
2) Factors like temperature, humidity, and wind affect transpiration in plants. Transpiration cools plants and transports water and minerals through xylem and sugars through phloem.
3) Different types of water are held in soil, including gravitational, capillary, and hygroscopic water. The document discusses soil water movement and plant water relations.
The loss of water from aerial parts of plants in the form of vapor is known as transpiration.
The loose arrangement of the living thin walled mesophyll cells, which results in an abundance of inter cellular space provides an ideal condition for the vaporation of water from internal leaf surface.
Part of the epidermal surface of the leaf is made up of a great number of microscopic pores called stomata.
Surface irrigation methods like furrow and border strip irrigation distribute water over soil surfaces using gravity. Furrow irrigation involves making small channels along slopes for water to flow down, while border strip irrigation uses longer borders oriented with slopes. These methods are suited for row crops but often result in non-uniform water distribution and issues like waterlogging or salinity if not properly managed through drainage and controlling water amounts. Drip and sprinkler irrigation use pipes and emitters to supply water directly to plant roots, allowing more control and efficiency. The appropriate irrigation method depends on factors like crop type, water source, and land characteristics.
1. The document discusses the mass flow or pressure flow hypothesis of transport of water and minerals in plants. It states that transpiration creates a pull that lifts water through the xylem, while active transport of sugars into phloem creates a pressure gradient driving transport through the phloem.
2. Root pressure is discussed as a small contributing factor to water transport, shown by guttation in some plants. However, most transport is explained by cohesion-tension and transpiration pull rather than root pressure.
3. Active transport of minerals into xylem for long-distance transport is discussed, with control points like the endodermis regulating ion concentrations and transport directions.
Irrigation & Water Requirements of Vegetable Crops munishsharma0255
This document discusses irrigation and water requirements for vegetable crops. It begins by explaining that crop water requirements depend on evapotranspiration and climatic factors, while irrigation requirements also consider the irrigation system and soil characteristics. It then discusses different irrigation methods like surface, drip, sprinkler and central pivot irrigation. It explains that the choice of irrigation method depends on natural conditions, crop type, experience, labor and costs/benefits. The document also provides details on water demands based on crop type, growth stage, soil and season. It outlines critical moisture periods and drought tolerance for various crops.
The document describes the components and process of making a self-watering planter. It has four main parts: the soil and pot, the plant, a water reservoir, and a wick to move water from the reservoir to the soil. The wick is made of fabric or string that connects the reservoir to the soil. It moves water to the soil through capillary action as water molecules stick together and to the wick fibers. The planter allows a plant to be watered as the wick replenishes water lost through evaporation and drawn up by the plant roots.
Efficient water management is essential for rice production. The document outlines water depth recommendations at different rice growth stages, from 2-3 cm after transplanting to 3-5 cm during panicle initiation. Fields should be drained for transplanting, weeding, and 2-3 weeks before harvesting. Water is lost through evaporation, transpiration, seepage, and percolation. The three irrigation systems are reservoir, run-off-river, and pumping types. Factors like variety, season, and soil type determine water needs.
This document discusses biotic and abiotic stress management in horticultural crops. It covers topics like rainwater harvesting techniques, advantages of rainwater harvesting, components of a roof rainwater harvesting system, and different cropping systems used in horticulture like intercropping, mixed cropping, and multistoried cropping. It also discusses uses of harvested rainwater, improving crop water productivity, and a technology called skimming wells to extract freshwater from saline aquifers in coastal areas.
This document discusses soil-plant and plant-water relations, including rooting characteristics of different plant types, factors influencing root development, types of water movement in soil, and water absorption by plants. It also covers crop water requirements, water use efficiency, scheduling irrigation using different methods, and quality of irrigation water including criteria used to determine quality and management practices for using poor quality water.
This document discusses several key factors that affect crop production, including climate factors like rainfall, temperature, solar radiation, and atmospheric humidity. It also discusses edaphic or soil factors such as soil moisture, air, temperature, mineral matter, organic matter, organisms, and soil reaction. Each factor is described in one to several paragraphs in terms of its effects on plant growth processes like photosynthesis, transpiration, and nutrient availability.
Waterlogging occurs when excess water fills the pore spaces in soil, limiting oxygen availability for plant roots and microbes. It is caused by over-irrigation, poor drainage, impermeable soil layers, and high water tables. Effects include soil salinization when salts concentrate at the surface after water evaporates, reduced aeration harming root and microbial activity, decreased soil temperature, and restrictions on crop growth and cultivation methods. Proper drainage systems are needed to lower water tables and prevent waterlogging.
Water is essential for plant growth and movement. It moves through plants via transpiration and absorption by roots. Soil type influences water retention and availability - sandy soil drains quickly while clay soil retains more water. Plants face a physiological dilemma in opening stomata to uptake CO2 while minimizing water loss through transpiration. Water moves through xylem via cohesion-tension, pulling water upwards against gravity through transpiration.
This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts related to soil-water systems. It discusses key topics such as:
- Water entry into soil through infiltration and percolation processes. Water moves vertically downward through soil pores and gravitational/capillary forces.
- Soil pores that influence water movement, including macropores that allow air flow and micropores that retain water through capillary action.
- Definitions of field capacity, the maximum amount of water soil can hold, and permanent wilting point, the dryness level plants can no longer extract water.
- Factors like soil texture and structure that impact water movement through soils, with sandy soils draining faster through gravity and clayey soils
Plants are adapted for photosynthesis through features like broad, thin leaves with a waxy cuticle and stomata. Leaves contain chloroplasts and veins that transport water and nutrients. Photosynthesis produces oxygen and glucose from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. Transpiration creates a water flow through xylem vessels from roots to leaves. Intensive farming aims to maximize food production but can harm the environment through pesticide use and loss of habitats. Alternatives include organic farming, hydroponics, and biological pest control.
Irrigation involves applying water artificially to land or soil to supply moisture for plant growth. There are various methods of irrigation that depend on the available water sources and infrastructure. Surface irrigation methods include border, check basin, and furrow irrigation. Subsurface irrigation applies water below the ground surface through underground trenches. Sprinkler and drip irrigation are pressurized methods that distribute water through pipes and emitters. The choice of irrigation method impacts water usage, uniformity of application, and suitability for different soil and crop types.
Irrigation and fertilizer application methods in horticultural crops by Dr. KoreVijaykumar Kore
This document discusses various methods of irrigation and fertilizer application for fruit crops. It covers surface, subsurface and overhead irrigation techniques. It also covers different placement methods for fertilizer application including broadcasting, band placement, drilling and foliar application. Key factors that affect irrigation include topography, soil characteristics, crop type and weather. The appropriate irrigation and fertilization practices depend on the specific fruit crop and stage of growth.
Water plays a crucial role in agriculture. Approximately 70% of freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture, mainly for irrigation which accounts for 70-95% of water use in many developing countries. There are three main types of water in soil: gravitational water which drains quickly, capillary water held in microspores and available to plants, and hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles and unavailable to plants. Proper water levels are important for plant growth - too much can cause root rot while too little prevents nutrient transport through the plant.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Soil moisture conservation role of mulching and hydrophilic polymerssukhjinder mann
Soil moisture conservation role of mulching and hydrophilic polymers; Methods to conserve moisture, mulch types, polymer types, importance, advantages and disadvantages
The document summarizes water absorption by plant roots. It discusses that roots, specifically the younger portions near the tips, absorb water and minerals. More developed root systems with many tips favor higher absorption. Most water is absorbed by the younger parts of roots, including root hairs. Water moves through plants via apoplastic and symplastic pathways, entering roots through both active absorption requiring energy and passive absorption through transpiration pull. A variety of external factors like soil water availability, temperature, oxygen, and salt concentration can influence the rate of water absorption.
This document discusses water and its role in plants. It covers several key points:
1) Water is essential for plant growth and processes like photosynthesis and transpiration. It acts as a solvent for minerals and transports nutrients through plants.
2) Factors like temperature, humidity, and wind affect transpiration in plants. Transpiration cools plants and transports water and minerals through xylem and sugars through phloem.
3) Different types of water are held in soil, including gravitational, capillary, and hygroscopic water. The document discusses soil water movement and plant water relations.
The loss of water from aerial parts of plants in the form of vapor is known as transpiration.
The loose arrangement of the living thin walled mesophyll cells, which results in an abundance of inter cellular space provides an ideal condition for the vaporation of water from internal leaf surface.
Part of the epidermal surface of the leaf is made up of a great number of microscopic pores called stomata.
Surface irrigation methods like furrow and border strip irrigation distribute water over soil surfaces using gravity. Furrow irrigation involves making small channels along slopes for water to flow down, while border strip irrigation uses longer borders oriented with slopes. These methods are suited for row crops but often result in non-uniform water distribution and issues like waterlogging or salinity if not properly managed through drainage and controlling water amounts. Drip and sprinkler irrigation use pipes and emitters to supply water directly to plant roots, allowing more control and efficiency. The appropriate irrigation method depends on factors like crop type, water source, and land characteristics.
1. The document discusses the mass flow or pressure flow hypothesis of transport of water and minerals in plants. It states that transpiration creates a pull that lifts water through the xylem, while active transport of sugars into phloem creates a pressure gradient driving transport through the phloem.
2. Root pressure is discussed as a small contributing factor to water transport, shown by guttation in some plants. However, most transport is explained by cohesion-tension and transpiration pull rather than root pressure.
3. Active transport of minerals into xylem for long-distance transport is discussed, with control points like the endodermis regulating ion concentrations and transport directions.
Irrigation & Water Requirements of Vegetable Crops munishsharma0255
This document discusses irrigation and water requirements for vegetable crops. It begins by explaining that crop water requirements depend on evapotranspiration and climatic factors, while irrigation requirements also consider the irrigation system and soil characteristics. It then discusses different irrigation methods like surface, drip, sprinkler and central pivot irrigation. It explains that the choice of irrigation method depends on natural conditions, crop type, experience, labor and costs/benefits. The document also provides details on water demands based on crop type, growth stage, soil and season. It outlines critical moisture periods and drought tolerance for various crops.
The document describes the components and process of making a self-watering planter. It has four main parts: the soil and pot, the plant, a water reservoir, and a wick to move water from the reservoir to the soil. The wick is made of fabric or string that connects the reservoir to the soil. It moves water to the soil through capillary action as water molecules stick together and to the wick fibers. The planter allows a plant to be watered as the wick replenishes water lost through evaporation and drawn up by the plant roots.
Efficient water management is essential for rice production. The document outlines water depth recommendations at different rice growth stages, from 2-3 cm after transplanting to 3-5 cm during panicle initiation. Fields should be drained for transplanting, weeding, and 2-3 weeks before harvesting. Water is lost through evaporation, transpiration, seepage, and percolation. The three irrigation systems are reservoir, run-off-river, and pumping types. Factors like variety, season, and soil type determine water needs.
This document discusses biotic and abiotic stress management in horticultural crops. It covers topics like rainwater harvesting techniques, advantages of rainwater harvesting, components of a roof rainwater harvesting system, and different cropping systems used in horticulture like intercropping, mixed cropping, and multistoried cropping. It also discusses uses of harvested rainwater, improving crop water productivity, and a technology called skimming wells to extract freshwater from saline aquifers in coastal areas.
This document discusses soil-plant and plant-water relations, including rooting characteristics of different plant types, factors influencing root development, types of water movement in soil, and water absorption by plants. It also covers crop water requirements, water use efficiency, scheduling irrigation using different methods, and quality of irrigation water including criteria used to determine quality and management practices for using poor quality water.
This document discusses several key factors that affect crop production, including climate factors like rainfall, temperature, solar radiation, and atmospheric humidity. It also discusses edaphic or soil factors such as soil moisture, air, temperature, mineral matter, organic matter, organisms, and soil reaction. Each factor is described in one to several paragraphs in terms of its effects on plant growth processes like photosynthesis, transpiration, and nutrient availability.
Waterlogging occurs when excess water fills the pore spaces in soil, limiting oxygen availability for plant roots and microbes. It is caused by over-irrigation, poor drainage, impermeable soil layers, and high water tables. Effects include soil salinization when salts concentrate at the surface after water evaporates, reduced aeration harming root and microbial activity, decreased soil temperature, and restrictions on crop growth and cultivation methods. Proper drainage systems are needed to lower water tables and prevent waterlogging.
Water is essential for plant growth and movement. It moves through plants via transpiration and absorption by roots. Soil type influences water retention and availability - sandy soil drains quickly while clay soil retains more water. Plants face a physiological dilemma in opening stomata to uptake CO2 while minimizing water loss through transpiration. Water moves through xylem via cohesion-tension, pulling water upwards against gravity through transpiration.
This document provides an overview of fundamental concepts related to soil-water systems. It discusses key topics such as:
- Water entry into soil through infiltration and percolation processes. Water moves vertically downward through soil pores and gravitational/capillary forces.
- Soil pores that influence water movement, including macropores that allow air flow and micropores that retain water through capillary action.
- Definitions of field capacity, the maximum amount of water soil can hold, and permanent wilting point, the dryness level plants can no longer extract water.
- Factors like soil texture and structure that impact water movement through soils, with sandy soils draining faster through gravity and clayey soils
Plants are adapted for photosynthesis through features like broad, thin leaves with a waxy cuticle and stomata. Leaves contain chloroplasts and veins that transport water and nutrients. Photosynthesis produces oxygen and glucose from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. Transpiration creates a water flow through xylem vessels from roots to leaves. Intensive farming aims to maximize food production but can harm the environment through pesticide use and loss of habitats. Alternatives include organic farming, hydroponics, and biological pest control.
Irrigation involves applying water artificially to land or soil to supply moisture for plant growth. There are various methods of irrigation that depend on the available water sources and infrastructure. Surface irrigation methods include border, check basin, and furrow irrigation. Subsurface irrigation applies water below the ground surface through underground trenches. Sprinkler and drip irrigation are pressurized methods that distribute water through pipes and emitters. The choice of irrigation method impacts water usage, uniformity of application, and suitability for different soil and crop types.
Irrigation and fertilizer application methods in horticultural crops by Dr. KoreVijaykumar Kore
This document discusses various methods of irrigation and fertilizer application for fruit crops. It covers surface, subsurface and overhead irrigation techniques. It also covers different placement methods for fertilizer application including broadcasting, band placement, drilling and foliar application. Key factors that affect irrigation include topography, soil characteristics, crop type and weather. The appropriate irrigation and fertilization practices depend on the specific fruit crop and stage of growth.
Water plays a crucial role in agriculture. Approximately 70% of freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture, mainly for irrigation which accounts for 70-95% of water use in many developing countries. There are three main types of water in soil: gravitational water which drains quickly, capillary water held in microspores and available to plants, and hygroscopic water tightly bound to soil particles and unavailable to plants. Proper water levels are important for plant growth - too much can cause root rot while too little prevents nutrient transport through the plant.
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
1. Water absorption, factors affecting water absorption,
rooting characteristics, Moisture extraction patterns
and SPAC
2. • Introduction
• Plant absorbs moisture from soil through their root system.
• The method and quantity of water absorption varies with crops and their rooting pattern.
• The moisture extraction pattern revels about how the moisture is extracted and how much quantity is
extracted at different depth level in the root zone.
• The moisture extraction pattern shows the relative amount of moisture extracted from different
depths within the crop root zone
3. • Mechanism of water absorption
• In plants, water is absorbed through roots and root hairs which are in contact with soil water.
• The wall of the root hairs are permeable and consists of pectic and cellulose substances which are strongly hydrophilic
(water loving ) in nature.
• There are two types of absorption.
• a) Active absorption b) Passive absorption
• a) Active Absorption
• Active transport depending on expenditure of metabolic energy mass flow move same diretion in mass.
• Here the process of osmosis plays an important role.
• The soil plant water movement can be effected due to forces of imbibition, diffusion and osmosis
4. • Imbibition
• The first process in the absorption of water by the plant is the imbibition of water by the cell walls of root
hairs.
• Diffusion
• Movement of diffusing particles from higher concentration to lower concentration is called diffusion.
• It is an essential step in exchange of gases in respiration and photosynthesis and stomatal transpiration.
• Osmosis
• The movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a
solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell's partially permeable membrane.
• Significance of Osmosis
• Large quantities of water are absorbed by roots from soil by osmosis.
• Cell to cell movement of water and other substances takes place through this process.
• Opening and closing of stomata depends upon the turgor pressure of guard cells.
• Due to osmosis the turgidity is maintained and give a shape to the plants.
5. • b) Passive absorption of water
• It is mainly due to transpiration and the root cells do not play active role.
• Passive absorption takes place when rate of transpiration is very high.
• Rapid evaporation from the leaves during transpiration creates a tension in water in the xylem of the leaves.
• These tension is transmitted to the water in xylem of roots through the xylem of stem.
• Due to this, water rises upward to reach the transpiring surface.
• As a result, soil water enters into the cortical cells through the root hairs to reach xylem of the roots to maintain the
supply of water.
• The force for this entry of water is created in leaves due to rapid transpiration and hence the root cells remain passive
during this process.
• It is otherwise known as transpiration pull.
6. • Difference between Active absorption and Passive absorption
Sr.
No.
Active absorption Passive absorption
1 Active absorption refers to the absorption of
water by roots with the help of adenosine tri-
phosphate, generated by the root respiration: as
the root cells actively take part in the process.
The sort of absorption that occurs through the
transpiration pull is known as passive
absorption.
2 Rate of absorption depends on diffusion
pressure deficit (DPD).
Tension (force) is created by the transpiration
pull, which aids in the upward passage of
water into the xylem sap.
3 Energy is required Energy isn't required.
4 The rate of absorption is slow. The faster the rate of transpiration, the greater
the water absorption.
5 Absorbed through the symplast pathway and
transmembrane pathway.
Water passes through the apoplast pathway,
symplast pathway and transmembrane
pathway.
6 Absorption due to the activity of root hair cells. Absorption due to the activity of the leaves
7. • Factors affecting absorption of water
• Available soil water
• Capillary water is available to plants. Hygroscopic water and gravitational water are not available to plants. The
capillary water is absorbed by the plants which inturn reduces the soil water potential. Hence the water from
higher potential area tends to move to lower potential area and root will absorb this water. This is the chain of
process involved in water uptake.
• Concentration of soil solutions.
• High concentration affects the process of osmosis.
• Soil air
• Sufficient amount of O2 should be there and excess amount of CO2 affects the availability of water by root
suffocation.
• Soil Temperature
• Upto 30oC favours absorption. Very low and very high temperature affects absorption.
• Soil texture
• Clay - neither good nor bad
• Sand – Not good for absorption
• Loamy - good for absorption
8. • Moisture extraction pattern
• The moisture extraction pattern revels about how the moisture is extracted and how much quantity is extracted at
different depth level in the root zone.
• The moisture extraction pattern shows the relative amount of moisture extracted from different depths within the
crop root zone.
• It is seen that about 40% of total moisture is extracted from first quarter of the root zone, 30% from second quarter,
20 % from third quarter and 10 % from last quarter.
• This indicates that in most of the crops the effective root zone will be available in the 1st quarter.
9. • Rooting characteristics
• The root system is extremely variable in different crop plants. The variability exists in rooting depth, root length
and horizontal distribution of roots. These are further influenced by environmental factors and the genetic
constitution. The roots of cereals apparently occupy more surface area of the soil than other crops. For example, it
has been proved that cereals’ roots extend to 200-400 cm of soil surface area as against 15-200 cm/m2 for most
graminaceous plants.
• The amount of soil moisture that is available to the plant is determined by the moisture characteristics of the soil
depth and the density of the roots. The moisture characteristics of soil like FC and PWP cannot be altered so easily
and greater possibilities lie in changing the rooting characteristics of plants system to go deeper and denser and
more proliferation to tap water from deeper layer of soil as well as from the larger surface area. Plants vary
genetically in their rooting characteristics. (Figures) vegetable crops like onion, potato, carrot etc., have very
sparse rooting system and unable to use all the soil water in the root.
• Rice, grasses, Sorghum, maize, sugarcane have very fibrous dense root system which can extract much water from
soil. Millets, groundnut, grams are moderately deep rooted.
• Maize, sorghum, Lucerne, cotton and other perennial plants have deep root system and can utilize effectively the
moisture stored in root zone as well as in the unexploited deeper zones. Crops which have dense and deep root
system like cotton, sorghum, red gram tolerate high reduction of soil water content. Shallow rooted crops like rice,
potato, tomato tolerate low level of soil water reduction. Moderately deep rooted crops like millets, ground nut,
grams tolerate medium level of soil water reduction.
10. • The root growth of the crop plants is affected by
• Genetic nature
• High water table
• Shallow nature of soil and permeability of soil layer.
• Soil Fertility
• Salt status of soil
• Effective root zone depth
• It is the depth in which active root proliferation occurs and where maximum water absorption is taking place. It is
not necessary that entire root depth should be effective.
Shallow
( 60 cm)
Medium to deep
(90 cm )
Deep
(120 cm)
Very deep
(180 cm)
Rice
Potato
Cauliflower
Cabbage
Lettuce
Onion
Wheat
Ground nut
Carrots
Soybean
Pea
Bean
Maize
Cotton
Sorghum
Pear millet
Sugar beet
Chillies
Sugarcane
Citrus
Coffee
Sunflower
11.
12. • Water movement in soil-plant –atmospheric system
• The total quantity of water required for the essential physiological functions of the plant is usually less than 5 per
cent of all the water absorbed. Most of the water entering the plant is lost in transpiration. But failure to replace
the water loss by transpiration results in the loss of turgidity, cessation of growth and death of plants due to
dehydration.
• The following are the main areas of water movement in plant system:
• Water adsorption
• Water absorption
• Water conduction and translocation
• Water loss on transpiration
• The path of water movement may be divided into four sequential processes as follows:
• The supply of liquid to root surface – Adsorption
• The entry of water into the root-Absorption
• The passage of water in the conducting tissues – (Xylem) Translocation or conduction.
• Movement of water through and out of leaves – Transpiration or loss of water.
• The rate of water movement is directly proportional to potential gradient i.e. higher potential to lower potential and
inversely proportional to the resistance to flow.