Chapter 2 discusses the solar system, including the differences between geocentric and heliocentric models, Kepler's discoveries related to planetary orbits, and Newton's factors that maintain these orbits. It describes the sun's structure, energy production through nuclear fusion, and the features of the inner and outer planets, including the characteristics of terrestrial and gas giant planets. The chapter also covers comets, asteroids, meteoroids, and the search for extraterrestrial life on Mars and Europa.

1. Chapter 2 The Solar
Chapter 2 The Solar
System
System
Section 1 Observing the
Section 1 Observing the
Solar System
Solar System

2. Ch. 2, section 1 Observing the
Ch. 2, section 1 Observing the
Solar System Objectives
Solar System Objectives
 Explain how the heliocentric and
Explain how the heliocentric and
geocentric models of the solar
geocentric models of the solar
system differ
system differ
 Describe Kepler’s discovery about
Describe Kepler’s discovery about
the planet’s orbit
the planet’s orbit
 Identify two factors that keep the
Identify two factors that keep the
planets in their orbits.
planets in their orbits.

3. 1.
1. Geocentric
Geocentric
A description of the solar system in which
A description of the solar system in which
all of the planets revolve around Earth.
all of the planets revolve around Earth.

4. 2.
2. Heliocentric
Heliocentric
A description of the solar system in which all
A description of the solar system in which all
of the planets revolve around the sun.
of the planets revolve around the sun.

5. 3.
3. Ellipse
Ellipse
An elongated circle, or oval shape.
An elongated circle, or oval shape.

6. 4.
4. Inertia
Inertia
The tendency of a moving object to continue
The tendency of a moving object to continue
in a straight line or a stationary object to
in a straight line or a stationary object to
remain in place.
remain in place.

7. 1. In a _________________, Earth is at the center
1. In a _________________, Earth is at the center
of the revolving planets.
of the revolving planets.
geocentric system

8. 2. In a _________________, Earth and the other
2. In a _________________, Earth and the other
planets revolve around the sun.
planets revolve around the sun.
heliocentric system

9. 3. Galileo’s two discoveries to support the heliocentric
3. Galileo’s two discoveries to support the heliocentric
system were:
system were:
- he saw __________ ___________ revolving around
- he saw __________ ___________ revolving around
Jupiter.
Jupiter.
- he also saw that ____________ goes through phases
- he also saw that ____________ goes through phases
similar to those of Earth’s moon.
similar to those of Earth’s moon.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6AHDhmJXKo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6AHDhmJXKo
four moons
Venus

10. 4. Kepler discovered that the orbit of each planet is
4. Kepler discovered that the orbit of each planet is
an __________.
an __________.
ellipse

11. 5. Newton concluded that two factors: _________
5. Newton concluded that two factors: _________
and __________ combine to keep the planets in
and __________ combine to keep the planets in
orbit.
orbit.
inertia
gravity

12. Chapter 2 The Solar
Chapter 2 The Solar
System
System
Section 2 The Sun
Section 2 The Sun

13. Ch. 2, section 2 The Sun
Ch. 2, section 2 The Sun
Objectives
Objectives
 Explain how the sun gets its energy
Explain how the sun gets its energy
 Identify the layers of the sun’s
Identify the layers of the sun’s
atmosphere
atmosphere
 Describe some features of the sun’s
Describe some features of the sun’s
surface
surface

14. 1.
1. Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion
The process by which hydrogen atoms join
The process by which hydrogen atoms join
together to form helium, releasing energy.
together to form helium, releasing energy.

15. 2.
2. Core
Core
The central part of the sun, where nuclear
The central part of the sun, where nuclear
fusion occurs.
fusion occurs.

16. 3.
3. Photosphere
Photosphere
The inner layer of the sun’s atmosphere.
The inner layer of the sun’s atmosphere.

17. 4.
4. Chromosphere
Chromosphere
The middle layer of the sun’s atmosphere.
The middle layer of the sun’s atmosphere.

18. 5.
5. Corona
Corona
The outer layer of the sun’s atmosphere.
The outer layer of the sun’s atmosphere.

19. 6.
6. Solar wind
Solar wind
A stream of electrically charged particles
A stream of electrically charged particles
produced by the sun’s corona.
produced by the sun’s corona.

20. 7.
7. Sunspot
Sunspot
A dark area of gas on the sun that is cooler
A dark area of gas on the sun that is cooler
than surrounding gases.
than surrounding gases.

21. 8.
8. Prominence
Prominence
A loop of gas that protrudes from the sun’s
A loop of gas that protrudes from the sun’s
surface, linking parts of sunspot regions.
surface, linking parts of sunspot regions.

22. 9.
9. Solar flare
Solar flare
An explosion of hydrogen gas from the
An explosion of hydrogen gas from the
sun’s surface that occurs when loops in
sun’s surface that occurs when loops in
sunspot regions suddenly connect.
sunspot regions suddenly connect.

23. 1. The sun’s __________ comes from nuclear
1. The sun’s __________ comes from nuclear
fusion.
fusion.
energy

24. 2. Nuclear fusion takes place in the sun’s
2. Nuclear fusion takes place in the sun’s
_________.
_________.
core

25. 3. The sun’s atmosphere has three layers: the
3. The sun’s atmosphere has three layers: the
____________, the ____________, and the
____________, the ____________, and the
__________.
__________.
photosphere chromosphere
corona

26. 4. During a _______________, you can see light
4. During a _______________, you can see light
from the corona.
from the corona.
total solar eclipse

27. 5. Features on or above the sun’s surface include
5. Features on or above the sun’s surface include
___________, _____________, and
___________, _____________, and
____________.
____________.
sunspots prominences
solar flares

28. Chapter 2 The Solar
Chapter 2 The Solar
System
System
Section 3 The Inner
Section 3 The Inner
Planets
Planets

29. Ch. 2, section 3. The Inner Planets
Ch. 2, section 3. The Inner Planets
Objectives:
Objectives:
 Describe the main characteristics of
Describe the main characteristics of
the inner planets.
the inner planets.

30. 1.
1. Terrestrial planets
Terrestrial planets
The name given to the four inner planets:
The name given to the four inner planets:
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.

31. 2.
2. Retrograde rotation
Retrograde rotation
The spinning motion of a planet from east to
The spinning motion of a planet from east to
west, opposite to the direction of rotation of
west, opposite to the direction of rotation of
most planets and moons.
most planets and moons.

32. 3.
3. Greenhouse effect
Greenhouse effect
The trapping of heat by a planet’s
The trapping of heat by a planet’s
atmosphere.
atmosphere.

33. 1. The four inner planets are ___________,
1. The four inner planets are ___________,
_________, __________, and ___________.
_________, __________, and ___________.
Mercury
Venus Earth Mars

34. 2. The four inner planets are __________ and
2. The four inner planets are __________ and
have _________ surfaces.
have _________ surfaces.
small
rocky

35. 3. The planet closest to the sun is __________.
3. The planet closest to the sun is __________.
Mercury

36. 4. Mercury has an extremely _________
4. Mercury has an extremely _________
atmosphere.
atmosphere.
thin

37. 5. Venus rotates from __________ to _________,
5. Venus rotates from __________ to _________,
the opposite direction from most other planets and
the opposite direction from most other planets and
moons.
moons.
east west

38. 6. The atmosphere of Venus is so _________ that
6. The atmosphere of Venus is so _________ that
every day is a __________ one.
every day is a __________ one.
thick
cloudy

39. 7. Astronomers have found that some water
7. Astronomers have found that some water
remains on Mars in the form of ___________ at its
remains on Mars in the form of ___________ at its
north pole.
north pole.
ice

40. Chapter 2 The Solar
Chapter 2 The Solar
System
System
Section 4 The Outer
Section 4 The Outer
Planets
Planets

41. Ch. 2, section 4. The outer planets
Ch. 2, section 4. The outer planets
Objectives
Objectives
 Describe the main characteristics of
Describe the main characteristics of
the gas giant planets
the gas giant planets
 Explain how Pluto differs from the
Explain how Pluto differs from the
outer planets
outer planets

42. 1.
1. Gas Giants
Gas Giants
The name given to the four outer planets:
The name given to the four outer planets:
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

43. 1. The four outer planets are __________,
1. The four outer planets are __________,
_________, __________, and ___________.
_________, __________, and ___________.
Jupiter
Saturn Uranus Neptune

44. 2. Because the gas giants have so much mass,
2. Because the gas giants have so much mass,
they exert a much stronger ____________
they exert a much stronger ____________
___________ than the terrestrial planets.
___________ than the terrestrial planets.
gravitational
force

45. 3. The four outer planets have deep
3. The four outer planets have deep
_____________.
_____________.
atmospheres

46. 4. None of the gas giants has a __________
4. None of the gas giants has a __________
_________.
_________.
solid
surface

47. 5. An especially interesting feature in Jupiter’s
5. An especially interesting feature in Jupiter’s
atmosphere is its ________ _________ ________.
atmosphere is its ________ _________ ________.
Great Red
Spot

48. 6. Jupiter’s four moons are ______, _______,
6. Jupiter’s four moons are ______, _______,
__________, and _________.
__________, and _________.
Io Europa
Ganymede Callisto

49. 7. Saturn’s rings are made of chunks of
7. Saturn’s rings are made of chunks of
_________ and __________, each traveling in its
_________ and __________, each traveling in its
own orbit.
own orbit.
ice rock

50. 8. Strangely, Uranus’s axis is tilted at an angle of
8. Strangely, Uranus’s axis is tilted at an angle of
about ___________ from the vertical.
about ___________ from the vertical.
90 degrees

51. 9. Viewed from Earth, Uranus is rotating from
9. Viewed from Earth, Uranus is rotating from
________ to _________ instead of from
________ to _________ instead of from
_________ to ___________.
_________ to ___________.
top bottom
side side

52. 10. The planet Neptune was discovered as a result
10. The planet Neptune was discovered as a result
of a ____________ ___________.
of a ____________ ___________.
mathematical prediction

53. Chapter 2 The Solar
Chapter 2 The Solar
System
System
Section 5 Comets,
Section 5 Comets,
Asteroids, and Meteors
Asteroids, and Meteors

54. Ch. 2, section 5 Comets, Asteroids,
Ch. 2, section 5 Comets, Asteroids,
and Meteors Objectives
and Meteors Objectives
 Describe the characteristics of
Describe the characteristics of
comets and asteroids
comets and asteroids
 Identify where meteoroids come
Identify where meteoroids come
from
from

55. 1.
1. Comet
Comet
A ball of ice and dust whose orbit is a long,
A ball of ice and dust whose orbit is a long,
narrow ellipse.
narrow ellipse.

56. 2.
2. Asteroids
Asteroids
Objects revolving around the sun that are too
Objects revolving around the sun that are too
small and too numerous to be considered
small and too numerous to be considered
planets.
planets.

57. 3.
3. Asteroid belt
Asteroid belt
The region of the solar system between the
The region of the solar system between the
orbits of Mars and Jupiter, where many
orbits of Mars and Jupiter, where many
asteroids are found.
asteroids are found.

58. 4.
4. Meteoroid
Meteoroid
A chunk of rock or dust in space.
A chunk of rock or dust in space.

59. 5.
5. Meteor
Meteor
A streak of light in the sky produced by the
A streak of light in the sky produced by the
burning of a meteoroid in Earth’s
burning of a meteoroid in Earth’s
atmosphere.
atmosphere.

60. 6.
6. Meteorite
Meteorite
A meteoroid that has hit Earth’s surface.
A meteoroid that has hit Earth’s surface.

61. 1. Comets are chunks of _________ and
1. Comets are chunks of _________ and
_________ whose orbits are usually very long ,
_________ whose orbits are usually very long ,
narrow ellipses.
narrow ellipses.
ice
dust

62. 2. Most asteroids revolve around the sun between
2. Most asteroids revolve around the sun between
the orbits of _________ and __________.
the orbits of _________ and __________.
Mars Jupiter

63. 3. ___________ usually come from comets or
3. ___________ usually come from comets or
asteroids.
asteroids.
Meteoroids

64. 4. Meteoroids that enter the Earth’s atmosphere
4. Meteoroids that enter the Earth’s atmosphere
are called ___________.
are called ___________.
meteors

65. 5. Meteoroids that pass through the atmosphere
5. Meteoroids that pass through the atmosphere
and hit Earth’s surface are called __________.
and hit Earth’s surface are called __________.
meteorites

66.  Section 5 reading.
Section 5 reading.
 Video:
Video:
– Part 1: (9:22 minutes)
Part 1: (9:22 minutes)
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dku64Ad3a
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dku64Ad3a
gA
gA
– Part 2 (10:20 minutes)
Part 2 (10:20 minutes)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29byorgwM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=29byorgwM
GY
GY

67. Chapter 2 The Solar
Chapter 2 The Solar
System
System
Section 6 Is There Life
Section 6 Is There Life
Beyond Earth?
Beyond Earth?

68. Ch. 2, section 6 Is There Life
Ch. 2, section 6 Is There Life
Beyond Earth? Objectives
Beyond Earth? Objectives
 Describe what living things need to
Describe what living things need to
exist on Earth
exist on Earth
 Explain why scientists are looking at
Explain why scientists are looking at
Mars and Europa for signs of life
Mars and Europa for signs of life

69. 1.
1. Extraterrestrial life
Extraterrestrial life
Life that arises outside of Earth.
Life that arises outside of Earth.

70. 1. Earth has ___________ and a
1. Earth has ___________ and a
___________________ and ___________ for
___________________ and ___________ for
living things to survive.
living things to survive.
liquid water
suitable temp. range atmosphere

71. 2. Since life as we know it requires __________,
2. Since life as we know it requires __________,
scientists hypothesize that ________ may have
scientists hypothesize that ________ may have
once had the conditions needed for life to exist.
once had the conditions needed for life to exist.
water
Mars

72. 3. If there is liquid water on ________, there might
3. If there is liquid water on ________, there might
also be life.
also be life.
Europa