1) The document discusses modelling dermal (skin) exposure to chemicals and outlines some common tier 1 tools used. It also discusses the DREAM method, a semi-quantitative method for dermal exposure assessment. 2) The study aimed to develop a validated method to measure dermal exposure to heavy fuel oil, collect exposure data, and apply the DREAM model to compare measured vs estimated exposures. 3) Preliminary results found production and distribution sites had higher dermal exposures than use sites like power plants. DREAM estimates were reasonably consistent with measured exposures.

1. Modelling dermal exposure John Cherrie

2. Outline of the talk… Dermal exposure – it’s not like inhalation exposure Modelling dermal exposure: Tier 1 tools (TRA, MEASE, RISKOFDERM…) Dermal ART – just a DREAM? Heavy fuel oil – an example illustrating where we are going

3. Schneider and colleagues… Schneider et al. Conceptual model for assessment of dermal exposure. Occup Environ Med (1999) vol. 56 (11) pp. 765-73 Surface contamination layer Air compartment Clothing outer layer Skin contamination layer Source Clothing inner layer

4. Measurement of dermal exposure… What do they measure? Interception The mass of chemical that lands on the skin over the sampling time (integrated flux) Removal The mass of contaminant left on the skin Fluorescent tracers The mass of a surrogate compound retained on the skin

5. Interception sampling…

6. Removal sampling…

7. Fluorescent tracers…

8. DREAM… van Wendel de Joode et al. DREAM: A method for semi-quantitative dermal exposure assessment. Annals of Occupational Hygiene (2003) vol. 47 (1) pp. 71-87 Emission Deposition Transfer Clothing Body surface factor

9. DREAM… Complex deterministic algorithm Estimates are reasonably reproducible between assessors Only provides estimates in “Dream Units” - DU van Wendel de Joode et al. Accuracy of a semiquantitative method for Dermal Exposure Assessment (DREAM). Occup Environ Med (2005) vol. 62 (9) pp. 623-32

10. Heavy fuel oil (HFO)… Industrial fuel for power stations Heating large industrial sites Heating fuel in hospitals and distilleries in remote area (e.g. Scottish Highlands) Marine oil

11. What is HFO? Heavy fuel oil (HFO): blended hydrocarbon residues from refinery distillation and cracking processes High MW compounds: aromatic, aliphatic and naphthenic hydrocarbons, along with asphaltenes and some heterocyclic compounds containing sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen UK crude is predominantly from the North Sea A barrel of North Sea crude oil will usually yield about 12% of HFO

12. What are the health concerns? Prolonged repeated contact with the skin may cause: oil acne oil folliculitis dermatitis. HFOs contains compounds that may cause skin cancer, including benzo(a)pyrene and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)

13. Composition…

14. Aims of our study… To develop a validated method for measuring dermal HFO exposure To collect exposure data using the validated method To collect contextual exposure information and use these data to apply the DREAM model

15. Methods… Quantitative data collection Validated method developed at IOM Semi-quantitative data collection Using modified DREAM (van Wendel de Joode et al, 2003) (deposition route removed) By proxy (questionnaires sent to company contact) Direct assessment at sites Comparison of measured vs semi-quantitative

16. Methods… Removal method using clinical wipes saturated with 70% isopropyl alcohol – three sequential wipes 25 cm 2 forearm and neck Palms of each hand Collected following the completion of task and before rest breaks Some pre-task samples also collected Filed blanks GG-MS analysis for marker PAHs

17. Sites investigated… Production 2 oil refineries Distribution 2 fuel distribution terminals including 1 associated with distribution by shipping Use 2 Energy providers 1 Power plant engine building and repair

18. Dermal exposure by type of site…

19. DREAM vs measurements…

20. Task average data… van Wendel de Joode et al. Accuracy of a semiquantitative method for Dermal Exposure Assessment (DREAM). Occup Environ Med (2005) vol. 62 (9) pp. 623-32

21. The way forward? The Advanced REACH Tool www.AdvancedREACHtool.com Currently for inhalation exposure only Uses Bayesian algorithm to combine model prediction with measurements Model estimates of the mean exposure level and the uncertainty around this Updated with whatever measurements are available

22. Where do we want to go next? Develop a Dermal ART Plans to use DREAM to develop the dermal tool We have started preparatory work this year Exploring ways of combining different measurement approaches , e.g. removal or interception, to give a single estimate Hope to extend measurement data and validation of DREAM to other oils and fuels, e.g. gasoline and lubricating oil