This document analyzes the effect of process parameters on surface roughness during hard turning of oil hardening non-shrinking steel using wiper and conventional inserts. The most significant parameter affecting surface roughness was found to be feed rate, with higher feeds producing rougher surfaces. Wiper inserts produced a 30% improvement in surface roughness compared to conventional inserts. Depth of cut and type of insert were also statistically significant, while cutting speed and nose radius were not. Wiper inserts are able to produce a more uniform roughness profile compared to conventional inserts under the same cutting conditions.
2. 842 D.M. D’Addona and Sunil J. Raykar / Procedia CIRP 41 (2016) 841 – 846
turning is based on a carefully developed series of radii that
make up the cutting edge. On a conventional insert, the nose
of the edge is just one radius. The wiper edge, however, is
made up of a large, main radius complemented by several
smaller radii. The long wiper edge should not misshape the
surface nor generate unacceptable cutting forces.
In turning process with a single-point tool, the surface
finish is determined by the feed rate and nose radius, as these
are in a direct relationship to the profile height of the surface
(Rmax). This means that the higher the feed, the rougher the
surface generated by the edge of a given nose radius. Wiper
inserts have changed this through the effect of their specially
developed edges that smooth the scalloped tops that would
otherwise have been created. An additional important feature
is their improved chip-breaking capability. Wiper geometries
are also designed to combine good chip control at low feeds
and smooth chip breaking at high, productive feeds [4].
According to Elbah et al. [5], wiper inserts comes with special
multi-radii geometry (Fig.1) to give a good surface finish on
the workpiece at a higher-than-normal feed rate. The results
indicate that the surface quality obtained with the wiper
ceramic insert significantly improved when compared with
conventional ceramic insert.
Correia & Davim [6] found similar roughness when
compared machining with a low feed rate using conventional
inserts and finish machining obtained with wiper inserts. They
observed high values of surface roughness with high feed rate
and conventional inserts in comparison with to wiper inserts.
Surface finish is very important feature of any machining
process and the main requirement of many manufacturing,
automotive and aerospace applications. For turning operation,
feed rate is the most important factor that affects the surface
roughness [7, 8]. Apart from feed, nose radius and speeds are
also important parameters for surface roughness. For hardened
components also surface finish is very important
characteristics.
This paper investigates performance of wiper and
conventional inserts during hard turning of oil hardening non-
shrinking (OHNS) steel. OHNS steel is common material used
for making measuring instruments and gauges wherein surface
roughness is very important characteristic.
Fig. 1. Conventional against wiper insert [5].
2. Experimental tests
In this investigation, OHNS steel is used as workpiece
material. The base hardness of material was 22 HRc, it is then
hardened to 55 HRc. The sizes of specimens were 50 mm in
length and 40 mm in diameter. The turning length was 25 mm.
The experimental tests were carried out on a CNC turning
center. The cutting inserts were WNMG 06 04 08 MT,
WNMG 06 04 12 MT (Conventional Inserts) and WNMG 06
04 08 WT, WNMG 06 04 12 WT (Wiper Geometry).
The experimental campaign was carried out on 36
specimens and, for every experimental run, a fresh insert side
was used for making suitable analysis and comparison. The
surface roughness was measured using a Mitutoyo SJ-201
with cut-off length of 0.8 mm. After every turning operation,
specimens were cleaned and surface roughness was measured
with a suitable clamping arrangement.
The surface roughness was measured at three points on the
specimen and average of that measurements was taken as final
roughness value. Taguchi method was used for execution of
the plan of experiments, L36 array is used for
experimentation.
For three factors, i.e. speed, feed and depth of cut (DoC),
three levels were selected while for two factors, i.e. Insert type
and nose radius (NR), two levels were selected. The factors to
be studied and their respective levels are shown in Table 1.
All process parameters were based on trials conducted,
values available in literature and on insert manufacturer
catalogue.
Fig. 2. Experimental set up with raw piece and finished component.
Table 1. Process Parameters and their levels.
Levels
Insert
(C/W)
Nose Radius
(NR) mm
Speed
(RPM)
Feed (f)
mm/rev
DoC
(d)
mm
1
C
(Conventional)
0.8 960 0.08 0.1
2
W
(Wiper)
1.2 1500 0.15 0.3
3 1800 0.2 1.5
3. 843D.M. D’Addona and Sunil J. Raykar / Procedia CIRP 41 (2016) 841 – 846
3. Analysis of Results
Analysis of the experimental data obtained through
Taguchi experimental design was carried out using MINITAB
16. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and analysis of means
(AOM) were performed to determine the influence of process
parameters on the response variable, i.e. surface roughness.
The statistical significance of process parameters were
evaluated by the corresponding P values. When P-values are
less than 0.05 (or 95% confidence) the parameters are said to
statistically significant on surface roughness. Main effects plot
was used in conjunction with ANOVA to visualize the effect
of the process parameters on surface roughness.
Table 2 Taguchi L36 Array with Process Parameters and Surface Roughness.
Insert Nose Radius Speed(rpm) Feed(mm/rev) DOC(mm) Ra
C 0.8 960 0.15 0.1 0.300
C 0.8 1200 0.20 0.3 0.760
C 0.8 1400 0.08 0.5 0.371
C 0.8 960 0.15 0.3 0.948
C 0.8 1200 0.20 0.5 0.899
C 0.8 1400 0.08 0.1 0.331
C 0.8 960 0.20 0.3 0.755
C 0.8 1200 0.08 0.5 0.425
C 0.8 1400 0.15 0.1 0.638
C 1.2 960 0.20 0.3 0.886
C 1.2 1200 0.08 0.5 0.512
C 1.2 1400 0.15 0.1 0.328
C 1.2 960 0.20 0.5 1.241
C 1.2 1200 0.08 0.1 0.495
C 1.2 1400 0.15 0.3 0.655
C 1.2 960 0.20 0.1 1.143
C 1.2 1200 0.08 0.3 0.655
C 1.2 1400 0.15 0.5 0.414
W 0.8 960 0.08 0.1 0.109
W 0.8 1200 0.15 0.3 0.628
W 0.8 1400 0.20 0.5 1.701
W 0.8 960 0.08 0.1 0.154
W 0.8 1200 0.15 0.3 0.714
W 0.8 1400 0.20 0.5 1.249
W 0.8 960 0.08 0.3 0.320
W 0.8 1200 0.15 0.5 0.210
W 0.8 1400 0.20 0.1 0.599
W 1.2 960 0.08 0.5 0.442
W 1.2 1200 0.15 0.1 0.172
W 1.2 1400 0.20 0.3 0.435
W 1.2 960 0.15 0.5 0.338
W 1.2 1200 0.20 0.1 0.181
W 1.2 1400 0.08 0.3 0.143
W 1.2 960 0.15 0.5 0.499
W 1.2 1200 0.20 0.1 0.234
W 1.2 1400 0.08 0.3 0.174
WC
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
1.20.8 14001200960
0.200.150.08
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.50.30.1
Insert
MeanofSurafceRoughness
Nose Radius (mm) Speed (rpm)
Feed (mm/rev) DoC (mm)
Main Effects Plot for Ra (µm)
4. 844 D.M. D’Addona and Sunil J. Raykar / Procedia CIRP 41 (2016) 841 – 846
Fig. 3. AOM plot for surface roughness.
The ANOVA and AOM results for surface roughness data
(Ra) showed that feed, depth of cut and type of insert are the
statistically significant parameters which affects surface
roughness (Fig. 3 and Table 3). Feed (P value = 0.000) was
the most significant parameter having maximum contribution.
Depth of cut and type of insert are other parameters which
affected the surface roughness significantly but contributed
less than the feed. Type of insert and DoC are 2nd & 3rd
significant parameters respectively. Cutting speed and nose
radius are the parameters which affect the surface roughness
but not significant because P value of them are greater than
0.05.
From the ANOVA of surface roughness it is observed that
only feed rate affects the surface roughness significantly. An
increase in the feed rate increases the surface roughness,
which is known from the fundamentals of metal cutting.
(1)
where f is feed rate (mm/rev) and r is tool nose radius in mm.
From above graph it is observed that the roughness value
gradually increases within the feed range 0.08-0.15 and
thereafter sudden increase in roughness is observed between
feedrate 0.15 to 0.2 mm/rev. Along with feed rate type of
insert and DoC are statistically significant. Ra value is directly
proportional to DoC up to 0.3 mm. Thereafter, it shows
tapering effect as depth of increases from 0.3 to 0.5 mm. It can
be observed that change in insert type has significant effect on
surface roughness. Wiper insert gives very good results for
surface roughness than conventional insert. The average
roughness value for conventional insert is around 0.654 while
for wiper insert is around 0.462. Wiper inserts improve
surface roughness about 30% in comparison with conventional
inserts. This improvement is due to the fact that wiper insert is
a multi radii insert so once when main cutting edge performs
the cutting action the irregularities will gets wiped out because
of subsequent radii in wiper insert. The roughness profile,
shown in Fig 4, clearly indicates that the roughness profile for
wiper insert is uniform along the sampling length of
inspection while the roughness profile for conventional insert,
for same cutting conditions, is not regular as shown in Fig. 5.
Cutting speed and nose radius do not show statistically
significant effect on surface roughness. From equation (1), it
can be seen that as nose radius increase improved surface
roughness can be achieved. Current investigation depicts the
same trend. From AOM plot, it can be clearly seen that there
is considerable decrease in surface roughness when nose
radius changes. For 1.2 mm nose radius, results are more
favorable for surface roughness. Change in speed (RPM) does
not have much influence on surface roughness.
Surface plots are drawn to see effect of combination of
some of the parameters on surface roughness (Fig 6 - 8 ).
From surface plots, it can be observed that for combination
smaller feed i.e. 0.08 mm and both nose radius i.e. 0.8 and 1.2
mm surface roughness is good. For the selected speed range
i.e. 960-1400 RPM and smaller feed i.e. 0.08 mm/rev surface
roughness values are favorable. For all selected depth of cuts
and smaller feed rate, surface roughness shows a good trend.
Therefore from AOM and surface plots, the favorable cutting
conditions to achieve good surface roughness are wiper
geometry, nose radius = 1.2 mm, speed = 1200 RPM, feed =
0.08 mm/rev. and DoC = 0.1 mm.
Fig. 4. Surface roughness profile for wiper insert
(Nose radius = 1.2 mm, speed = 960 RPM, feed = 0.15 mm/rev and
DoC = 0.5 mm)
Fig .5. Surface roughness profile for conventional insert
Table 3. ANOVA for surface roughness.
Source DF
Seq
SS
Adj
SS
Adj
MS
F P
Insert 1 0.33 0.33 0.33
4.42
0.05
Nose
Radius
(mm)
1 0.13 0.13 0.13 1.74 0.20
Speed
(rpm)
2
0.08 0.08 0.04 0.54 0.59
Feed
(mm/rev)
2 1.56 1.56 0.78 10.44 0.00
DoC
(mm)
2 0.56 0.56 0.28 3.76 0.04
Error 27 2.02 2.02 0.07
Total 35 4.69
5. 845D.M. D’Addona and Sunil J. Raykar / Procedia CIRP 41 (2016) 841 – 846
(Nose radius = 1.2 mm, speed = 960 RPM, feed = 0.15 mm/rev and
DoC = 0.5 mm)
Fig .6. Surface plot of Ra (µm) vs. feed (mm/rev) and nose radius (mm)
Fig .7. Surface plot of Ra (µm) vs. speed (RPM) and feed (mm/rev)
Fig .8. Surface plot of Ra (µm) vs. DoC (mm) and feed (mm /rev)
4.Industrial application
The results obtained from the current investigation are
implemented in actual industrial practice to see and compare
the surface finish quality while machining a pin with
conventional insert, wiper insert (with nose radius 0.8 mm)
and grinding operation. The grinding process is the actual
process used by the reference industry to finish the
component. The result indicates that surface finish quality
obtained by wiper insert is comparable with the surface
quality obtained by grinding operation (Table 4).
Fig .9. Industrial component (Pin)
Table 4. Surface quality obtained by grinding operation.
Type of process / insert Ra value
grinding operation 0.193 μm
conventional insert 0.652 μm
wiper insert 0.197 μm
Conclusions
Analysis of surface roughness in hard turning using wiper
insert geometry is presented. The analysis presented here
mainly focus on comparison of wiper insert and conventional
single nose radius insert for surface roughness. Tools like
ANOVA, AOM plots, Surface plots are used for analysis.
Within the range of the parameters under investigation
following conclusions can be drawn.
Wiper insert geometry gives superior surface finish
as compared to conventional inserts and it can give
comparable surface finish with grinding operation
Feed is found to be most significant parameter for
surface roughness. After feed, Depth of cut and Type
of insert are found to have statistically significant
effect on surface roughness.
The favorable cutting conditions for this investigation
to achieve good surface roughness are Wiper
geometry with 1.2 mm nose radius, 1200 RPM speed,
0.08 mm/revolution feed and 0.1 mm depth of cut.
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