This document summarizes a research paper that studied supply chain management practices (SCMP) in the electronics industry in Malaysia and their impact on supply chain performance (SCP). The study used a quantitative survey of 125 electronics firms. The results of a structural equation model indicate that six of the seven dimensions of SCMP studied (agreed vision and goals, information sharing, supply chain leadership, customer relationship, quality management and postponement) had a significant positive effect on SCP. Agreed vision and goals showed the greatest influence on SCP compared to the other SCMP dimensions. The study helps provide insights into important SCMP for improving competitiveness and SCP in manufacturing industries.
A new fuzzy dematel todim hybrid method for evaluation criteria of knowledge ...ijmvsc
Knowledge management (KM) adoption in the supply chain network needs a good investment as well as
few changes in the culture of the entire SC. Knowledge management is the process of creating,
distributing and transferring information. The goal of this study is to Rank KM criteria in supply chain
network in Iran which is important for firms these days. Criterion used in this paper were extracted from
the literature review and were confirmed by supply chain experts. The proposed approach for ranking and
finding out about these criterion is hybrid fuzzy DEMATEL-TODIM, with using fuzzy number as data for
our studies we could avoid uncertainty. The data was gathered from PhD. And Ms. Students in industrial
engineering of Kharrazmi university of Tehran and PhD. And Ms. Students of the management department
of Semnan university. A new hybrid approach was used for achieving the results of this study. This new
hybrid approach ranks data criteria respect to each other, then by using TODIM for ranking respect to
the best situation (gains), the rates of criterion were determined which is a very important advantage.
This article discusses the challenges of developing a common performance measurement system for a collaborative supply chain. Through a case study of a supply chain in the fast moving consumer goods industry, the authors examine two potential collaborative performance measures - inventory levels and product availability. They find that inventory levels cannot reliably be measured collaboratively due to data limitations. Measuring product availability would require a complex information sharing system across the supply chain. The key challenges revealed include underlying data inconsistencies, the need to synchronize business processes, and determining an appropriate collaborative evaluation method.
An effective way to optimize key performance factors of supply chainIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management that discusses optimizing key performance factors in supply chain management. The article begins with an abstract that outlines the goal of using analytical techniques to optimize costs in the outward supply chain. It then reviews relevant literature on supply chain performance measurement and modeling supply chain systems. The methodology section outlines the steps taken, which include identifying key parameters that influence performance, formulating the problem as minimizing total supply chain costs given constraints, validating the model, and implementing the solution. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of supply chain performance measurement for competitiveness.
An empirical internal perceptions study of the implementation supply chain ma...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the role of supply chain management (SCM) practices as a mediator between information technology utilization and organizational performance in large manufacturing companies in East Java, Indonesia. The study used a survey of 140 companies and structural equation modeling analysis. The results showed that SCM practices fully mediated the relationship between information technology and improved organizational performance. Specifically, (1) information technology can help companies implement SCM practices to boost performance, and (2) developing close customer relationships and supplier partnerships through long-term contracts is key to information technology's success in improving performance.
This study pursued to investigate the effects of supply chain management practices on organizational
performance in the food complex industries in Asella town. A cross-sectional survey research design was
employed in this study. The population of interest comprised of all suppliers, employees, customers, retailers
were involved and multistage sampling was employed and 158 sample
An appraisal on small firms corporate cultureprjpublications
This document discusses the relationship between corporate culture, innovation, and reward systems in small firms. It argues that developing a corporate culture that supports innovation must be accompanied by an appropriate reward system. A study of small firms in Chennai found a statistically significant relationship between corporate cultures that support innovation and reward system features. Most innovative companies have reward systems that encourage and reinforce innovative behaviors that are part of the corporate culture. Statistically significant relationships were also found among innovation rewards, corporate culture, and different features of variable pay systems.
Crosscheck: Intergation Methods, Supply Chain Management and the Boeing 787 D...Herbert Ferguson-Augustus
As a part of Communication course at the University of Minnesota, Herbert B. Ferguson-Augustus researched the supply chain management practices at the Boeing Company during the 787 Dreamliner Program. Research focuses on how Boeing integrated its Tier I suppliers into the design and production processes. Research findings are discussed here.
The document compares the supply chain designs of Coca Cola and Sony Ericsson. Coca Cola uses an economic model and relationship matrix to design its global supply chain. Sony Ericsson's design is based on principles of trust, information sharing, and continuous improvement. Both companies make strategic decisions in their supply chains, with Coca Cola using the HAPTIC model and Sony Ericsson using a six-step process. Customers play an important role in both supply chains by providing input for demand forecasting and requirements. Quality management is also crucial, with both companies evolving their roles to assure quality and delight customers.
A new fuzzy dematel todim hybrid method for evaluation criteria of knowledge ...ijmvsc
Knowledge management (KM) adoption in the supply chain network needs a good investment as well as
few changes in the culture of the entire SC. Knowledge management is the process of creating,
distributing and transferring information. The goal of this study is to Rank KM criteria in supply chain
network in Iran which is important for firms these days. Criterion used in this paper were extracted from
the literature review and were confirmed by supply chain experts. The proposed approach for ranking and
finding out about these criterion is hybrid fuzzy DEMATEL-TODIM, with using fuzzy number as data for
our studies we could avoid uncertainty. The data was gathered from PhD. And Ms. Students in industrial
engineering of Kharrazmi university of Tehran and PhD. And Ms. Students of the management department
of Semnan university. A new hybrid approach was used for achieving the results of this study. This new
hybrid approach ranks data criteria respect to each other, then by using TODIM for ranking respect to
the best situation (gains), the rates of criterion were determined which is a very important advantage.
This article discusses the challenges of developing a common performance measurement system for a collaborative supply chain. Through a case study of a supply chain in the fast moving consumer goods industry, the authors examine two potential collaborative performance measures - inventory levels and product availability. They find that inventory levels cannot reliably be measured collaboratively due to data limitations. Measuring product availability would require a complex information sharing system across the supply chain. The key challenges revealed include underlying data inconsistencies, the need to synchronize business processes, and determining an appropriate collaborative evaluation method.
An effective way to optimize key performance factors of supply chainIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Management that discusses optimizing key performance factors in supply chain management. The article begins with an abstract that outlines the goal of using analytical techniques to optimize costs in the outward supply chain. It then reviews relevant literature on supply chain performance measurement and modeling supply chain systems. The methodology section outlines the steps taken, which include identifying key parameters that influence performance, formulating the problem as minimizing total supply chain costs given constraints, validating the model, and implementing the solution. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of supply chain performance measurement for competitiveness.
An empirical internal perceptions study of the implementation supply chain ma...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the role of supply chain management (SCM) practices as a mediator between information technology utilization and organizational performance in large manufacturing companies in East Java, Indonesia. The study used a survey of 140 companies and structural equation modeling analysis. The results showed that SCM practices fully mediated the relationship between information technology and improved organizational performance. Specifically, (1) information technology can help companies implement SCM practices to boost performance, and (2) developing close customer relationships and supplier partnerships through long-term contracts is key to information technology's success in improving performance.
This study pursued to investigate the effects of supply chain management practices on organizational
performance in the food complex industries in Asella town. A cross-sectional survey research design was
employed in this study. The population of interest comprised of all suppliers, employees, customers, retailers
were involved and multistage sampling was employed and 158 sample
An appraisal on small firms corporate cultureprjpublications
This document discusses the relationship between corporate culture, innovation, and reward systems in small firms. It argues that developing a corporate culture that supports innovation must be accompanied by an appropriate reward system. A study of small firms in Chennai found a statistically significant relationship between corporate cultures that support innovation and reward system features. Most innovative companies have reward systems that encourage and reinforce innovative behaviors that are part of the corporate culture. Statistically significant relationships were also found among innovation rewards, corporate culture, and different features of variable pay systems.
Crosscheck: Intergation Methods, Supply Chain Management and the Boeing 787 D...Herbert Ferguson-Augustus
As a part of Communication course at the University of Minnesota, Herbert B. Ferguson-Augustus researched the supply chain management practices at the Boeing Company during the 787 Dreamliner Program. Research focuses on how Boeing integrated its Tier I suppliers into the design and production processes. Research findings are discussed here.
The document compares the supply chain designs of Coca Cola and Sony Ericsson. Coca Cola uses an economic model and relationship matrix to design its global supply chain. Sony Ericsson's design is based on principles of trust, information sharing, and continuous improvement. Both companies make strategic decisions in their supply chains, with Coca Cola using the HAPTIC model and Sony Ericsson using a six-step process. Customers play an important role in both supply chains by providing input for demand forecasting and requirements. Quality management is also crucial, with both companies evolving their roles to assure quality and delight customers.
This document presents a framework examining the relationships between supply chain management (SCM) practices, competitive advantage, and organizational performance. The researchers developed five dimensions of SCM practices: strategic supplier partnership, customer relationship, level of information sharing, quality of information sharing, and postponement. They collected data from 196 organizations to test the relationships proposed in the framework using structural equation modeling. The results indicated that higher levels of SCM practice can lead to enhanced competitive advantage and improved organizational performance, and competitive advantage can also have a direct, positive impact on organizational performance.
Enterprise resource planning (erp) system in higherprjpublications
This document provides a literature review on enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems in higher education. It discusses key topics such as the benefits of ERP systems, factors that contribute to ERP implementation success or failure, and the need to minimize customization of ERP systems. The review finds that specific groups within an organization and third-party vendors/consultants play an important role in ERP implementation success. Checklists are also important to develop before and after procuring an ERP system to ensure requirements are met.
This document proposes a new framework for conceptualizing and assessing IT outsourcing (ITO) success. The framework consists of a list of 25 common goals that organizations pursue through ITO arrangements. However, the framework recognizes that not all organizations pursue all goals, and the goals may change over time.
The document presents evidence from case studies and a survey that supports the framework. The evidence shows that the 25 goals were considered applicable by at least 20% of organizations, but no organization pursued all goals. Goals also changed over the course of outsourcing relationships.
The proposed framework aims to address limitations of prior ITO success measures by accounting for variability in goals between organizations and over time. Assessing success based
Strategy Design and Business Model Improvement in a MSME Located in District ...M. Ali Pahmi
This study aims to formulate a design for developing a new business model strategy that is expected to improve the competitiveness of the tofu MSME in cileungsi. The methodology being used is benchmarking on both MSME industries area region & formulate improvements in the process and product lines, which are made in a new strategy map and business model, finally validated by the AVAC method.
This document discusses the concept of a responsive supply chain (RSC) and provides a framework for developing an RSC. It defines an RSC as a network of firms capable of reacting quickly and cost-effectively to changing market demands. The key enablers of an RSC are identified as a network of partnering firms, information technology and systems, and knowledge management. The document reviews literature on agile manufacturing and supply chain management strategies and identifies strategic planning, virtual enterprise, and knowledge/IT management as important factors for developing an RSC. It concludes by proposing a framework that combines the strengths of agile manufacturing and supply chain management to achieve responsiveness, flexibility, and cost objectives.
Download Link > https://ertekprojects.com/gurdal-ertek-publications/blog/modelling-the-supply-chain-perception-gaps/
This study applies the research of perception gap analysis to supply chain integration and develops a generic model, the 3-Level Gaps Model, with the goal of contributing to harmonization and integration in the supply chain. The model suggests that significant perception gaps may exist among supply chain members with regards to the importance of different performance criteria. The concept of the model is conceived through an empirical and inductive approach, combining the research discipline of supply chain relationship and perception gap analysis. First hand data has been collected through a survey across a key buyer in the motor insurance industry and its eight suppliers. Rigorous statistical analysis testified the research hypotheses, which in turn verified the validity and relevance of the developed 3-Level Gaps Model. The research reveals the significant existence of supply chain perception gaps at all three levels as defined, which could be the root-causes to underperformed supply chain.
Determinantsof Strategic Supply Chain Management in Enhancing Organization Pe...paperpublications3
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to investigate the determinantsof strategic supply chain management in enhancing organization performance, a case of Eldoret Water and Sanitation Company. The target population consisted of all the managers and employees at ELDOWAS. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design, in which both stratified and simple random sampling techniques were utilized in selecting the participants for the study. This study used a sample of 60 employees and management representatives. Questionnaire, interview schedule and document analysis were be used to collect data. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistical technique that included frequencies, percentages and means. Findings of the study found out that 53.3% of organisation performance was influenced by the four determinants studied in the research. Results on coefficient of variation showed that a unit change in supply chain infrastructure would affect organisation performance by (0.14β1), resource sharing (0.062β2), information flow (0.457β3) and organisation linkage (0.215β4). All the four determinants looked in this research were found to have positive influence; supply chain infrastructure (r=0.505), resource sharing (r=0.567), information flow (r=0.705) and organisation linkage (r=0.322) on organisation performance. The study recommends that ICT should be fully integrated and utilised in sharing information between the organisation and partner in the supply chain management, information systems and flow need to be enhanced to ensure that the suppliers and customers receive it on time.
Keywords: Determinants, Information flow, Infrastructure,Supply Chain Management & Resource sharing.
This document summarizes a research study examining how tangible resources at a consistently high-performing motor service firm in Kenya create sustainable competitive advantage. The study found that tangible resources like modern showrooms, service workshops, financial resources, spare parts warehouses, and human resources must possess characteristics like rarity, value, inimitability, and unsubstitutability. It integrated the resource-based view of management with the activity-based view to explain how tangible resources actually create value for customers. The activity-based view framework helps explain the value creation process through tangible resources. This research contributes a new theory combining resource- and activity-based views and provides implications for policymakers and businesses in the motor industry.
Distribution channel reengineering_a_case_studymohamedhariry3
This document presents a methodology for reengineering distribution channels. It begins with an introduction to distribution channel reengineering and the importance of business process modeling and simulation. The methodology involves 6 steps: 1) Analyzing the current ("as-is") distribution process through business process modeling, 2) Defining goals and constraints for an improved ("to-be") process, 3) Modeling alternative "to-be" processes, 4) Simulating the alternative models, 5) Selecting the optimal new process based on simulation results, and 6) Implementing the new process. The document then presents a case study of applying this methodology to reengineer the distribution channel of an oil company.
This document discusses how public policy impacts global supply chains. It explains that policy can affect both the general business environment and internal company operations. Changes in areas like taxation, trade, labor costs, environmental regulation, and infrastructure can influence where companies locate facilities and source parts. The document also examines specific policies in these areas and how they are considerations for businesses structuring their supply chains on a global scale.
IRJET- A Study on Supply Chain Management in Construction ProjectsIRJET Journal
This document discusses supply chain management in construction projects. It reviews literature on factors that affect supply chain management in construction industries. The study aims to identify these critical factors through a questionnaire survey and use fuzzy logic to rank them. Several methods for ranking factors are discussed, including the Relative Importance Index technique and fuzzy logic toolbox in MATLAB. The document concludes that supply chain management in construction is complex due to the many participants involved and recommends identifying key factors through surveys to suggest improvements.
IRJET- Review Paper on Supply Chain Management of WindshieldIRJET Journal
This document discusses supply chain management of windshield production. It begins by defining supply chain management and its key components - planning, material requirements planning, production planning and control, and logistics. It then reviews several academic papers on supply chain management topics like frameworks, trends, challenges, and barriers in manufacturing organizations. Specifically, it examines how supply chain management can be applied to the construction industry. Finally, it discusses future opportunities to improve windshield production supply chain management through a customer focus, market analysis, and competition.
This document discusses using multiple criteria decision analysis methods like DEA and TOPSIS to evaluate the performance of steel companies. It outlines objectives to identify major steel industry players and attributes, employ DEA and TOPSIS for evaluation, collaborate the results using ERM-DT, and compare methodologies. Literature on steel industry performance evaluation and challenges are reviewed. The methodology section describes using DEA, a linear programming technique comparing each decision making unit to the best, and TOPSIS, which selects the alternative closest to the ideal solution.
The document discusses the author's PhD research on modeling for manufacturing productivity improvement in MSMEs. The author's initial focus was on MSMEs in Agra and Mathura districts in India. The research aims to study productivity enhancement practices in MSME organizational settings.
The underlying assumption is that strategy can be identified through patterns in actions. The research aims to identify consistent patterns in MSME behaviors and classify them into business strategies using taxonomy. This would help explain differences in management processes.
The author positions the research at the intersection of studying individual entrepreneurial manufacturing practices as behavioral patterns, and manufacturing processes. The goal is to understand the phenomenon of manufacturing practices by what MSME managers provide as evidence, and what can be
This document presents a framework for assessing the maturity level of Competitive Technology Intelligence (CTI) activities in organizations. It consists of three key components: 1) purpose and strategic orientation, 2) quality of the CTI process, and 3) strategic alignment of CTI activities. The framework was tested on two large companies in Latin America. Results showed the effectiveness of the framework in evaluating CTI activities and identifying opportunities for improving resource allocation. However, further testing is needed given the limitations of the case study methodology used.
Antecedents to effective sales and operations planning. swaim, maloni, bow...Patrick Bower
This document discusses antecedents to effective sales and operations planning (S&OP). It develops and tests a conceptual model of the relationships between organizational integration, a standardized S&OP process, S&OP priority, organizational engagement, and effective S&OP. The model is tested using survey data from S&OP practitioners. The results validate that organizational integration positively influences a standardized S&OP process. Both the S&OP process and prioritization lead to stronger organizational engagement in S&OP. Ultimately, organizational engagement in S&OP is positively linked to enhanced operational, market, and profitability outcomes. The findings provide guidance on how to implement and benefit from an effective S&OP process.
This document summarizes a research paper that developed a new model for supplier selection using structural equation modeling (SEM) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The paper aims to select suppliers for a public sector company in India based on important supplier selection criteria. It reviewed previous supplier selection models and developed a generic theoretical model considering criteria like quality, cost, delivery, etc. An empirical study was conducted surveying 151 respondents to evaluate suppliers. The new composite SEM-AHP model was used to calculate supplier selection scores and identify strengths and weaknesses to help suppliers improve.
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluates the efficiency of public transportation systems in larger cities using data envelopment analysis (DEA). Four DEA models are used to measure efficiency based on services used and space used. The analysis finds that medium-sized European cities like Bern, Munich, Prague and Zurich demonstrate high efficiency. Mega-cities perform poorly in models measuring efficiency of services used. Lowest performance is seen in some Spanish cities, Athens, and cities in the Middle East and North America. Regression analysis also found higher DEA efficiency results in lower private car usage in large cities. The research is limited by only using 2001 data and being limited to the DEA method.
The document describes a web-based benchmarking platform called BESP that was developed to help secondary schools in Portugal with internal and external evaluation. BESP integrates benchmarking and data envelopment analysis (DEA) to allow schools to analyze their performance over time on key indicators relative to other schools. It provides schools with graphs to compare their results on different indicators to other schools as well as an aggregate performance measure calculated through DEA. The platform is intended to encourage continuous improvement efforts and increase transparency of school performance while taking into account the socio-cultural context of each school.
This document presents a framework examining the relationships between supply chain management (SCM) practices, competitive advantage, and organizational performance. The researchers developed five dimensions of SCM practices: strategic supplier partnership, customer relationship, level of information sharing, quality of information sharing, and postponement. They collected data from 196 organizations to test the relationships proposed in the framework using structural equation modeling. The results indicated that higher levels of SCM practice can lead to enhanced competitive advantage and improved organizational performance, and competitive advantage can also have a direct, positive impact on organizational performance.
Enterprise resource planning (erp) system in higherprjpublications
This document provides a literature review on enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems in higher education. It discusses key topics such as the benefits of ERP systems, factors that contribute to ERP implementation success or failure, and the need to minimize customization of ERP systems. The review finds that specific groups within an organization and third-party vendors/consultants play an important role in ERP implementation success. Checklists are also important to develop before and after procuring an ERP system to ensure requirements are met.
This document proposes a new framework for conceptualizing and assessing IT outsourcing (ITO) success. The framework consists of a list of 25 common goals that organizations pursue through ITO arrangements. However, the framework recognizes that not all organizations pursue all goals, and the goals may change over time.
The document presents evidence from case studies and a survey that supports the framework. The evidence shows that the 25 goals were considered applicable by at least 20% of organizations, but no organization pursued all goals. Goals also changed over the course of outsourcing relationships.
The proposed framework aims to address limitations of prior ITO success measures by accounting for variability in goals between organizations and over time. Assessing success based
Strategy Design and Business Model Improvement in a MSME Located in District ...M. Ali Pahmi
This study aims to formulate a design for developing a new business model strategy that is expected to improve the competitiveness of the tofu MSME in cileungsi. The methodology being used is benchmarking on both MSME industries area region & formulate improvements in the process and product lines, which are made in a new strategy map and business model, finally validated by the AVAC method.
This document discusses the concept of a responsive supply chain (RSC) and provides a framework for developing an RSC. It defines an RSC as a network of firms capable of reacting quickly and cost-effectively to changing market demands. The key enablers of an RSC are identified as a network of partnering firms, information technology and systems, and knowledge management. The document reviews literature on agile manufacturing and supply chain management strategies and identifies strategic planning, virtual enterprise, and knowledge/IT management as important factors for developing an RSC. It concludes by proposing a framework that combines the strengths of agile manufacturing and supply chain management to achieve responsiveness, flexibility, and cost objectives.
Download Link > https://ertekprojects.com/gurdal-ertek-publications/blog/modelling-the-supply-chain-perception-gaps/
This study applies the research of perception gap analysis to supply chain integration and develops a generic model, the 3-Level Gaps Model, with the goal of contributing to harmonization and integration in the supply chain. The model suggests that significant perception gaps may exist among supply chain members with regards to the importance of different performance criteria. The concept of the model is conceived through an empirical and inductive approach, combining the research discipline of supply chain relationship and perception gap analysis. First hand data has been collected through a survey across a key buyer in the motor insurance industry and its eight suppliers. Rigorous statistical analysis testified the research hypotheses, which in turn verified the validity and relevance of the developed 3-Level Gaps Model. The research reveals the significant existence of supply chain perception gaps at all three levels as defined, which could be the root-causes to underperformed supply chain.
Determinantsof Strategic Supply Chain Management in Enhancing Organization Pe...paperpublications3
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to investigate the determinantsof strategic supply chain management in enhancing organization performance, a case of Eldoret Water and Sanitation Company. The target population consisted of all the managers and employees at ELDOWAS. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design, in which both stratified and simple random sampling techniques were utilized in selecting the participants for the study. This study used a sample of 60 employees and management representatives. Questionnaire, interview schedule and document analysis were be used to collect data. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistical technique that included frequencies, percentages and means. Findings of the study found out that 53.3% of organisation performance was influenced by the four determinants studied in the research. Results on coefficient of variation showed that a unit change in supply chain infrastructure would affect organisation performance by (0.14β1), resource sharing (0.062β2), information flow (0.457β3) and organisation linkage (0.215β4). All the four determinants looked in this research were found to have positive influence; supply chain infrastructure (r=0.505), resource sharing (r=0.567), information flow (r=0.705) and organisation linkage (r=0.322) on organisation performance. The study recommends that ICT should be fully integrated and utilised in sharing information between the organisation and partner in the supply chain management, information systems and flow need to be enhanced to ensure that the suppliers and customers receive it on time.
Keywords: Determinants, Information flow, Infrastructure,Supply Chain Management & Resource sharing.
This document summarizes a research study examining how tangible resources at a consistently high-performing motor service firm in Kenya create sustainable competitive advantage. The study found that tangible resources like modern showrooms, service workshops, financial resources, spare parts warehouses, and human resources must possess characteristics like rarity, value, inimitability, and unsubstitutability. It integrated the resource-based view of management with the activity-based view to explain how tangible resources actually create value for customers. The activity-based view framework helps explain the value creation process through tangible resources. This research contributes a new theory combining resource- and activity-based views and provides implications for policymakers and businesses in the motor industry.
Distribution channel reengineering_a_case_studymohamedhariry3
This document presents a methodology for reengineering distribution channels. It begins with an introduction to distribution channel reengineering and the importance of business process modeling and simulation. The methodology involves 6 steps: 1) Analyzing the current ("as-is") distribution process through business process modeling, 2) Defining goals and constraints for an improved ("to-be") process, 3) Modeling alternative "to-be" processes, 4) Simulating the alternative models, 5) Selecting the optimal new process based on simulation results, and 6) Implementing the new process. The document then presents a case study of applying this methodology to reengineer the distribution channel of an oil company.
This document discusses how public policy impacts global supply chains. It explains that policy can affect both the general business environment and internal company operations. Changes in areas like taxation, trade, labor costs, environmental regulation, and infrastructure can influence where companies locate facilities and source parts. The document also examines specific policies in these areas and how they are considerations for businesses structuring their supply chains on a global scale.
IRJET- A Study on Supply Chain Management in Construction ProjectsIRJET Journal
This document discusses supply chain management in construction projects. It reviews literature on factors that affect supply chain management in construction industries. The study aims to identify these critical factors through a questionnaire survey and use fuzzy logic to rank them. Several methods for ranking factors are discussed, including the Relative Importance Index technique and fuzzy logic toolbox in MATLAB. The document concludes that supply chain management in construction is complex due to the many participants involved and recommends identifying key factors through surveys to suggest improvements.
IRJET- Review Paper on Supply Chain Management of WindshieldIRJET Journal
This document discusses supply chain management of windshield production. It begins by defining supply chain management and its key components - planning, material requirements planning, production planning and control, and logistics. It then reviews several academic papers on supply chain management topics like frameworks, trends, challenges, and barriers in manufacturing organizations. Specifically, it examines how supply chain management can be applied to the construction industry. Finally, it discusses future opportunities to improve windshield production supply chain management through a customer focus, market analysis, and competition.
This document discusses using multiple criteria decision analysis methods like DEA and TOPSIS to evaluate the performance of steel companies. It outlines objectives to identify major steel industry players and attributes, employ DEA and TOPSIS for evaluation, collaborate the results using ERM-DT, and compare methodologies. Literature on steel industry performance evaluation and challenges are reviewed. The methodology section describes using DEA, a linear programming technique comparing each decision making unit to the best, and TOPSIS, which selects the alternative closest to the ideal solution.
The document discusses the author's PhD research on modeling for manufacturing productivity improvement in MSMEs. The author's initial focus was on MSMEs in Agra and Mathura districts in India. The research aims to study productivity enhancement practices in MSME organizational settings.
The underlying assumption is that strategy can be identified through patterns in actions. The research aims to identify consistent patterns in MSME behaviors and classify them into business strategies using taxonomy. This would help explain differences in management processes.
The author positions the research at the intersection of studying individual entrepreneurial manufacturing practices as behavioral patterns, and manufacturing processes. The goal is to understand the phenomenon of manufacturing practices by what MSME managers provide as evidence, and what can be
This document presents a framework for assessing the maturity level of Competitive Technology Intelligence (CTI) activities in organizations. It consists of three key components: 1) purpose and strategic orientation, 2) quality of the CTI process, and 3) strategic alignment of CTI activities. The framework was tested on two large companies in Latin America. Results showed the effectiveness of the framework in evaluating CTI activities and identifying opportunities for improving resource allocation. However, further testing is needed given the limitations of the case study methodology used.
Antecedents to effective sales and operations planning. swaim, maloni, bow...Patrick Bower
This document discusses antecedents to effective sales and operations planning (S&OP). It develops and tests a conceptual model of the relationships between organizational integration, a standardized S&OP process, S&OP priority, organizational engagement, and effective S&OP. The model is tested using survey data from S&OP practitioners. The results validate that organizational integration positively influences a standardized S&OP process. Both the S&OP process and prioritization lead to stronger organizational engagement in S&OP. Ultimately, organizational engagement in S&OP is positively linked to enhanced operational, market, and profitability outcomes. The findings provide guidance on how to implement and benefit from an effective S&OP process.
This document summarizes a research paper that developed a new model for supplier selection using structural equation modeling (SEM) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The paper aims to select suppliers for a public sector company in India based on important supplier selection criteria. It reviewed previous supplier selection models and developed a generic theoretical model considering criteria like quality, cost, delivery, etc. An empirical study was conducted surveying 151 respondents to evaluate suppliers. The new composite SEM-AHP model was used to calculate supplier selection scores and identify strengths and weaknesses to help suppliers improve.
This document summarizes a research paper that evaluates the efficiency of public transportation systems in larger cities using data envelopment analysis (DEA). Four DEA models are used to measure efficiency based on services used and space used. The analysis finds that medium-sized European cities like Bern, Munich, Prague and Zurich demonstrate high efficiency. Mega-cities perform poorly in models measuring efficiency of services used. Lowest performance is seen in some Spanish cities, Athens, and cities in the Middle East and North America. Regression analysis also found higher DEA efficiency results in lower private car usage in large cities. The research is limited by only using 2001 data and being limited to the DEA method.
The document describes a web-based benchmarking platform called BESP that was developed to help secondary schools in Portugal with internal and external evaluation. BESP integrates benchmarking and data envelopment analysis (DEA) to allow schools to analyze their performance over time on key indicators relative to other schools. It provides schools with graphs to compare their results on different indicators to other schools as well as an aggregate performance measure calculated through DEA. The platform is intended to encourage continuous improvement efforts and increase transparency of school performance while taking into account the socio-cultural context of each school.
This document summarizes a research article that evaluates the safety performance of 30 Indian organizations from the construction, refractory, and steel industries using data envelopment analysis (DEA). DEA is used to calculate the technical efficiency of each organization, which is treated as an indicator of safety performance. The study finds that construction industries have consistently lower safety performance compared to refractory and steel industries. It also calculates technical efficiencies using two DEA models and finds the results to be significantly different. The study provides a methodology for benchmarking and improving safety performance in Indian industries.
This document discusses tips for the job interview process, including preparation, remote interviews, and in-person interviews. Some key points covered include:
- Researching the organization and position thoroughly in advance of applying and interviews.
- Having application materials reviewed by others prior to submitting.
- Being prepared for remote interviews by testing equipment, having all needed materials accessible, and asking clarifying questions.
- Emphasizing strengths and accomplishments rather than criticizing past employers during in-person interviews.
- Arriving early with a professional appearance for final, in-person interviews and being prepared to discuss the organization and position in depth.
This document proposes a conceptual framework for measuring the performance of supply chain collaboration at different stages of partnership. It discusses key performance metrics identified in the literature, including operational efficiency, risk/return ratio, order of dominance, cost, profit, inventory levels, forecast accuracy, flexibility, and responsiveness. The document also describes two case studies of companies at different stages of collaboration practice to validate the proposed model and understand how different metrics are used at initial and advanced collaboration stages.
Lean production supply chain management as driver towards enhancing product q...이현수 Mohd Shukri Hajinoor
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the relationship between lean production practices in supply chain management and product quality/business performance in Malaysian manufacturing companies. The paper aims to assess which lean practices most impact quality and performance. A survey of 200 manufacturing companies found that reducing setup times was most important in linking lean practices to quality and performance gains. Overall, the results support that lean production positively influences product quality and business performance. However, Malaysian companies still have room for improvement in fully implementing lean practices across their supply chains.
Creating competitive advantages through supply chain finalKurnia Rosyada
This document provides a case study on Samsung Electronics and how their supply chain management practices have helped create competitive advantages and resilience. It discusses trends in supply chain management like resilience, value chain networks, and demand-driven excellence. It also analyzes Samsung's practices like extended supplier partnerships, customer collaboration, and how these have contributed to strategic positioning, product innovation, and differentiation. The document concludes Samsung has implemented best practices that view supply chain management holistically and have created competitiveness and market resilience.
This document discusses developing a taxonomy architecture for implementing a knowledge management (KM) solution for third-party logistics (3PL) service providers. It proposes a four-stage model to develop a generic taxonomy components framework (GTCF) to help structure and present knowledge for 3PL providers. The framework aims to guide 3PL executives in initiating KM processes according to their goals, organization, and technological/behavioral biases. While KM is important for 3PL providers, implementing KM solutions has been challenging due to issues like measuring success and presenting knowledge. The proposed GTCF taxonomy seeks to address these issues.
5. supply chain management practices in nigeriaikhwanecdc
This document summarizes a research article that examines supply chain management factors that could enhance organizational performance in manufacturing companies in Nigeria. It notes that while supply chain management has been studied extensively, organizations still struggle to gain competitive advantages from their investments. The study aims to address gaps in previous models by integrating additional variables like trust enhancement, manufacturing flow management, product development, information technology, and flexible supply chain management. It also aims to contribute to the limited research on supply chain management practices in Nigeria and other developing African countries.
Review of Implementation of lean manufacturing in cement industryijsrd.com
Implementation of lean helps many organizations to improve their productivity and efficiency; on the other hand number of organizations has failed to benefit from lean philosophy. The case of not achieving the expected results of implementing lean is not because of limitation of lean to specific organizations type; but it is the misconception of lean philosophy. The lean thinking was first implied in the automobile companies and it widely spreads within the all types of industries; however the today's challenge is to implement the lean philosophy within continuous manufacturing industries and different organizations regardless to the type and size of the organization. This has motivated me to apply lean philosophy to the continuous industry i.e. cement industry. The cement industry is an example of the continuous industry sector and it will be used to convey that the lean philosophy is applicable to all deferent organization types. There are many problems the cement industry facing in today's cut throat competition; one of the major challenges is the capability of the cement industry to adopt techniques by which the overall improvement can be achieved. The need for improving the productivity of the cement production line is to reduce the downtime rates, and satisfy high demands of consumers. This research has aimed that the lean philosophy is beneficial to cement industry once the organization aims, and objectives are clarified and communicated through all levels of the organization. Furthermore barriers and obstacles should be removed by changing the organizational culture, and empowering the people to be involved in identifying and problem solving process.
JOSCM | Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management - Volume 8 number 2 - July/December 2015
This issue of Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management counts with eight papers that focus on strategic, tactical and operational aspects of supply chain management.
The paper from Nyaoga, Magutu and Aduda (2015) explores the link between supply chain strategies and firm performance. Based on data from 627 companies, the authors show that supply chain strategies account for a significant share of firms´ performance; reinforcing that companies should investments in supply chain practices. Radanliev (2015), in its turn, develops a framework based on the supply chain architecture, design, and engineering literature that offers guidelines on how practitioners can decompose and build a green-field (new and non-existent) supply chain. We also have three papers on specific supply chain strategies. Pereira and Silva (2015) and Bradaschia and Pereira (2015), for instance, explore the concept of supply chain resilience and its antecedents. With the use of case studies, the former shows how the management of buyer and supplier interfaces, of risk, and of knowledge can enhance resilience in a supply chain while the latter adds that flexibility is also a vital enabler of supply chain resilience. Ferreira, Bertan and Pimenta (2015) then show the importance of inter-organizational integration to achieve the outcomes expected by companies.
This volume also counts with papers focused on logistic services, transportation, and inventory management - key decision areas in supply chain management. Liane Okdinawati, Simatupang and Sunitiyoso (2015) review the literature on collaborative transportation management and suggest areas for future research in the field and Yang (2015) provides an overview of the third-party logistics providers in the United States for investigating how the industry has evolved to meets customers' needs in an environment marked by global supply chains. Finally, this issue has a technical note on a stochastic two-echelon model to solve the petrol station replenishment problem. This model offers insights on how firms can devise a replenishment policy to minimize inventory costs, in the long run, given the demand pattern.
For more information on this issue, visit the FGV Library System: http://bit.ly/2livlzW
IMPORTANCE OF SUPPLY CHAIN INTEGRATION IN AUTO INDUSTRYIAEME Publication
The Auto Industry plays an significant role in the Indian Economy. The current
challenges in manufacturing of Automobile involves the role of Supply Chain
Management. The effectiveness of the function could be enhanced by the Integration
of SCM especially in Auto industry wherein the research is undertaken. The detailed
description of the process, The study deals with integration is given an approach of
explanatory design and questionnaire are used as an instrument to capture the main
data furthermore the study also uses descriptive statistics with the help of SPSS for
quantitative data analysis. To link the dependant and independent variables, a
conceptual framework is developed, to stress the needs and importance of integration
of SCM. The study reveals the importance of supplies innovatives
This document discusses the concepts of agile manufacturing (AM) and supply chain management (SCM) and proposes a framework for a responsive supply chain (RSC). It defines RSC as a network of firms capable of reacting quickly and cost-effectively to changing market demands. The document reviews literature on AM and SCM and analyzes case studies to identify factors for developing an RSC framework. The proposed RSC framework integrates AM and SCM approaches to achieve agility, flexibility, speed, and cost objectives through a virtual network of partner firms enabled by knowledge management and information technology.
Is supply chain management important to implementAlexander Decker
This document discusses the importance of supply chain management (SCM) in manufacturing industries in Saudi Arabia. It begins with an introduction to SCM and its importance as a competitive strategy. It then reviews literature that has examined SCM tools and frameworks, core functions, strategies, and factors that affect SCM implementation. The document aims to study the existing SCM in Saudi Arabian industries, identify problematic areas, and propose performance measurement methods to monitor progress and enhance SCM.
Application Of Six Sigma DMAIC Methodology In A Transactional EnvironmentCynthia King
This document summarizes a case study applying Six Sigma's DMAIC methodology to improve communication and information management (CIM) within an infrastructure support services company. The study found CIM effectiveness was below industry average, resulting in inefficient management reporting. Data management and communication systems were identified as contributing factors. The paper demonstrates how Six Sigma was used to streamline CIM processes and improve accuracy and timeliness of reporting within the transactional environment.
Adoption Of Six Sigma DMAIC To Reduce Cost Of Poor QualitySabrina Baloi
The document describes a case study where a company adopted Six Sigma DMAIC methodology to address the chronic problem of failure of cooling fan assemblies during repair. The company defined the problem, measured failure rates, analyzed root causes through tools like Pareto analysis, and improved processes by designing new software and equipment. These recommendations are estimated to save $34 lacs annually by reducing costs from rework. The case demonstrates how Six Sigma DMAIC can successfully reduce costs from poor quality during repair and maintenance.
This document examines the relationships between new technology and innovation in supply chain management (SCM), marketing postponement flexibility, and customer-related performance. It proposes a conceptual model linking these three constructs and develops hypotheses. Specifically, it hypothesizes that:
1) New technology and innovation has a positive effect on marketing postponement flexibility.
2) New technology and innovation has a positive effect on customer-related performance.
3) Marketing postponement flexibility has a positive effect on customer-related performance.
The study aims to empirically test these relationships and their impacts using statistical analysis methods like correlation analysis and structural equation modeling on data collected from Malaysian manufacturing companies.
This document examines how incorporating new technology and innovation in supply chain management processes can enhance marketing postponement flexibility and customer-related performance in Malaysian manufacturing companies. It studies how new technology related to product/process design, new product development, and production line processes impact postponement flexibility and customer performance. The study uses statistical analysis methods like correlation, cluster analysis, and structural equation modeling to analyze relationships between these variables based on manager perceptions. Key findings indicate new technology in these areas has significant positive correlations with postponement flexibility and customer performance, and can play an important role in improving company performance.
This document examines how incorporating new technology and innovation in supply chain management processes can enhance marketing postponement flexibility and customer-related performance in Malaysian manufacturing companies. It studies how new technology related to product/process design, new product development, and production processes impact flexibility and customer performance. The study uses statistical analysis methods like correlation analysis and structural equation modeling to analyze relationships between these variables based on manager perceptions. Key findings are that new technology and innovation in SCM have significant correlations with flexibility and customer performance, and especially impact aspects of design/development and production processes. Companies should emphasize new technology in these areas to improve performance.
Determinants of Strategic Supply Chain Management in Enhancing Organization P...paperpublications3
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to investigate the determinantsof strategic supply chain management in enhancing organization performance, a case of Eldoret Water and Sanitation Company. The target population consisted of all the managers and employees at ELDOWAS. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design, in which both stratified and simple random sampling techniques were utilized in selecting the participants for the study. This study used a sample of 60 employees and management representatives. Questionnaire, interview schedule and document analysis were be used to collect data. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistical technique that included frequencies, percentages and means. Findings of the study found out that 53.3% of organisation performance was influenced by the four determinants studied in the research. Results on coefficient of variation showed that a unit change in supply chain infrastructure would affect organisation performance by (0.14β1), resource sharing (0.062β2), information flow (0.457β3) and organisation linkage (0.215β4). All the four determinants looked in this research were found to have positive influence; supply chain infrastructure (r=0.505), resource sharing (r=0.567), information flow (r=0.705) and organisation linkage (r=0.322) on organisation performance. The study recommends that ICT should be fully integrated and utilised in sharing information between the organisation and partner in the supply chain management, information systems and flow need to be enhanced to ensure that the suppliers and customers receive it on time.
STRATEGIC EVALUATION IN OPTIMIZING THE INTERNAL SUPPLY CHAIN USING TOPSIS: E...Shiva Prasad
This document summarizes a research study that used the TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method to evaluate and rank the key factors affecting the performance of an internal supply chain for a coil-winding machine manufacturer in India. Six factors were identified: information sharing, supplier relationship, information technology, inventory planning, 5S practices, and labor effectiveness. These factors were scored based on their influence on four criteria: on-time delivery, production flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and additional costs. Using the TOPSIS method, supplier relationship and inventory planning were ranked as the most important factors for positively influencing the supply chain criteria. The study aims to help the manufacturer identify and
A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT COMPONENTS, SUPPLY ...Dr.Ganeshkumar C
This document outlines a study on the relationship between supply chain management components, supply chain performance, and organizational performance of manufacturing industries in Puducherry, India. The study aims to understand the impact of important supply chain management components on supply chain performance and organizational performance. It reviews literature on related topics and identifies variables and constructs such as supply chain concerns, competence, practices, and performance. The methodology section outlines how data will be collected and analyzed through statistical tools to test hypotheses and relationships between variables. The findings will provide insights on how supply chain management can impact performance.
Determinants of Supply Chain Performance of Indian Manufacturing OrganizationsWaqas Tariq
This paper aims at proposing various determinants of supply chain performance of Indian manufacturing organizations. The determinants are summarized based on extensive literature review of empirical research articles on supply chain management (SCM) and performance measurement approaches. This study is a part of a larger research project exploring SC related practices. A critical analysis is carried out so as to identify research gaps in context of performance measurement of supply chains, as well as to propose directions for future research. A conceptual model is also proposed. Critical investigation of selected articles led to an idea that there can be significant effect of selected variables on SC Performance. It is to be seen that how various parameters, taken from the literature review, affect SC performance and ultimately contributing to its competitiveness. The various parameters like supplier-buyer relations, external supply chain, environmental factors, human metrics, information sharing and performance measurement approaches are taken in a single study in the context of Indian manufacturing organizations. Based on a pilot study with sample size of 100, empirical tests resulted in reduction of items. Based on the obtained results, the organizations can enhance the SCM performance by improving the current practices/strategies through focusing on the determinants that significantly influence SCM performance. Further research can be carried out by using data of various supply chains of other sectors and industries of India to generalize the research.
An Assessment Model Study for Lean and Agile (Leagile) Index by Using Fuzzy AHPDr. Lutfi Apiliogullari
This document describes a study that develops an assessment model to evaluate companies on their level of implementing lean and agile principles and strategies. The study uses fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (fuzzy AHP) and decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) methods to determine the important lean and agile criteria and their relationships. Lean and agile criteria are identified from literature and expert opinions. Fuzzy AHP is used to assign weights to the criteria. The model is applied to a company to calculate their initial lean/agile index. Improvements are then made and the index is recalculated to test the model. The goal is to help companies assess their situation regarding lean and agile implementation and identify areas for improvement.
Principles of food beverage and labor cost controlslibfsb
The Rush Hour Inn, owned by Kim Rusher, was experiencing declining profits over the past two years despite increasing sales volumes. Her accountant's statement showed a restaurant profit of only $36,117 for the most recent year. In contrast, the Graduate Restaurant nearby, owned by Bill Young, who studied hospitality management in college, had been profitable each year since he opened it four years prior. The key difference appeared to be that Bill paid close attention to controlling costs and maximizing sales through careful management, while Kim had not focused on these important aspects of running a successful foodservice business.
Principles of food beverage and labor cost controlslibfsb
The Rush Hour Inn, owned by Kim Rusher, was experiencing declining profits over the past two years despite increasing sales volumes. Her accountant's statement showed a restaurant profit of only $36,117 for the most recent year. In contrast, the Graduate Restaurant nearby, owned by Bill Young, who studied hospitality management in college, had been profitable each year since he opened it four years prior. The key difference appeared to be that Bill paid close attention to controlling his costs and ensuring they remained in line with his sales.
This document provides a revised curriculum handbook for the Food and Beverage Operations Core of the Associate Degree in Applied Science program. The curriculum was developed as part of the Caribbean Tourism Learning System (CTLS) to standardize tourism education across the Caribbean region. The handbook outlines 11 courses that make up the Food and Beverage Operations Core, including topics like Food Preparation, Sanitation and Safety, Food Science, Bar Operations, and Food and Beverage Management. It also provides information on program objectives, credit hours, internship requirements, and sample semester schedules.
This document outlines a training module on food and beverage operations. It includes a description of the module's aims to provide an understanding of operational and supervisory aspects of running food and beverage establishments. The learning outcomes cover key areas of food and beverage operations. The syllabus details the topics that will be covered in each of the 8 chapters, including food production, purchasing, menu planning, and banqueting. Learners will be assessed through a 2.5 hour exam covering short and long answer questions.
Food safety basics a reference guide for foodservice operatorslibfsb
This document provides guidelines for food safety in foodservice operations. It discusses purchasing safe raw materials, proper receiving, storage, and production practices to prevent foodborne illness. Key points include maintaining proper temperatures, preventing cross-contamination, thoroughly cooking foods, and quickly cooling leftovers. Following these guidelines can help foodservice operations avoid legal and financial costs from foodborne illness outbreaks.
This document appears to be the preface for "The Bar and Beverage Book, Fourth Edition" by Costas Katsigris and Chris Thomas. It provides a high-level overview of the book's contents and goals. The preface notes that owning a bar seems appealing but requires hard work and planning. It discusses challenges the industry has faced with changing demographics and drinking habits. It also covers the increased legal responsibilities for alcohol service. The preface previews that later chapters will cover topics like market research, bar design, equipment, spirits, wine, beer, mixology, regulations, and managing a profitable business. The goal is to prepare readers for both the rewards and responsibilities of bar ownership or employment.
This document appears to be the preface to "The Bar and Beverage Book, Fourth Edition" by Costas Katsigris and Chris Thomas. It provides a high-level overview of the contents of the book, noting that it covers the responsibilities of alcohol service, planning and designing a bar business, an in-depth look at spirits and mixology trends, and regulations for the industry. The preface states that the book aims to prepare readers for the challenges of owning a bar business and realizing the rewards of friends, fun, and profit through hard work and planning. It notes the book addresses how changing demographics and laws have impacted the industry since the first edition was published.
This document provides an introduction to management in the hospitality industry. It discusses the varied roles and opportunities available in hospitality management. The hospitality industry is large and diverse, encompassing food service, lodging, and other sectors. It is also a dynamic industry that is shaped by various economic and social forces. The future of hospitality looks promising, with continued growth expected globally.
The recruiter would be asked questions about career opportunities and paths in both limited-service and full-service hotels, the typical roles and responsibilities of entry-level positions, expectations for advancement, desirable skills and qualifications employers seek, and tips for gaining relevant experience.
The document discusses how the potential future development of artificial general intelligence, known as the singularity, could impact libraries. It considers ideas from science fiction works that envision a future where machine intelligence surpasses human intelligence. The singularity may lead to technologies that vastly enhance human thinking abilities. This could mean that libraries transition to being repositories of older technologies, havens for people who do not use intelligence amplifiers, or even become obsolete if money and jobs are no longer needed. The impact on library budgets is unclear in a post-singularity world.
This document summarizes an article about managing library finances through effective teamwork. It discusses how ancient stories emphasized the importance of teamwork to achieve goals. For libraries, goals may include implementing new systems or gaining funding. Effective team management requires understanding individual team members to foster creativity and avoid costly mistakes. Teams today can be physical or virtual, each with their own challenges to overcome. Managing conflict is also important for team success.
The document discusses issues that libraries face when maintaining services and resources with limited budgets and personnel. It describes how libraries try to please all patrons by offering many services, but this spreads resources too thin. The document advocates that libraries should be willing to discontinue some services in order to focus resources on the most valuable offerings. It provides examples of libraries spending money on duplicative formats of materials and retaining outdated collections and practices. The document encourages libraries to let go of the need to serve all needs and to instead focus on core services.
This document summarizes the findings of two surveys administered in 2009 and 2010 to examine how libraries managed budgets during the recession. Key findings include:
- Budget cuts were worse in 2009 than 2010, suggesting cuts in 2009 were effective.
- Stress levels for librarians were high in 2009 and increased further in 2010.
- Libraries received little cost-sharing help from departments they served.
- Communication, purchasing, and personnel were areas libraries offered best practices for coping with budgets.
This document discusses strategies for making library printing and copying more environmentally friendly. It recommends moving to electronic circulation notices, reserves, and other documents to eliminate paper use. It also suggests setting printers and copiers to default to double-sided printing and draft quality to reduce paper and ink usage. Using recycled paper and soy-based inks can further reduce environmental impact.
This document discusses issues related to salaries and managing turnover among librarians. It notes that librarians tend to share salary information with one another, which can negatively impact recruitment and retention when salaries are too low compared to the market. The document suggests that while factors like workplace culture and job satisfaction are important, salary is often the primary reason why librarians leave positions. It warns that when pay is inadequate, it can spread discontent among current employees and damage an institution's reputation as an employer. Managing pay competitiveness and addressing pay issues proactively are presented as important strategies for retaining talent.
This document is an article from The Bottom Line: Managing Library Finances discussing the benefits of annual dramatic visual changes in libraries. The author argues that resets boost circulation, improve staff engagement with patrons, and provide projects to discuss with elected officials when seeking funding. Resets help libraries speak the "project language" of competing city departments and maintain visibility with officials. The article concludes by encouraging libraries to include at least one dramatic visual change in their annual plans.
This document summarizes strategies for dealing with difficult colleagues as a new employee. It identifies 10 types of issues that may arise, such as rudeness, annoying habits, inappropriate conversations, and not pulling their own weight. The summary provides suggestions on how to address these issues, including trying to understand the reason for the behavior, deciding if it rises to a level that cannot be tolerated, talking to the colleague, involving supervisors, and as a last resort, finding a new job. The goal is to help new employees successfully navigate challenges with colleagues.
This document discusses the management of e-book collections in libraries and the implications for the economic management of libraries. It notes that the addition of digital formats like e-books has led to dramatic changes in how libraries are planned and managed. Specifically, it discusses how e-book collections impact three main areas of library processes: 1) purchasing processes, 2) collection organization processes, and 3) collection circulation processes. Within purchasing, it describes different business models libraries must consider, such as pricing and access models. It also discusses implications for organizing and circulating e-book collections.
This document discusses making the case for in-house training programs in libraries. It argues that conducting training programs in-house allows the training to be tailored to the library's unique culture and strategies. In-house training is also viewed as an investment in developing the skills of existing staff, rather than just a cost. The document provides suggestions for developing an effective in-house training program, including conducting a needs assessment, analyzing jobs and core competencies, and evaluating the long-term impact of the training on both individual skills and organizational performance.
The document discusses using freely available electronic books from databases like Google Books and the Hathi Trust to weed a physical library collection. It notes that the open source GIST Gift and Deselection Manager allows libraries to compare books in their collection to titles available freely online, in order to identify books that could be removed to free up shelf space. The author is interested in using such a tool to streamline the weeding process at their library and better utilize limited resources.
1. The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available at
www.emeraldinsight.com/1463-5771.htm
BIJ
18,6 Supply chain management
practices in the electronics
industry in Malaysia
834
Consequences for supply chain performance
Veera Pandiyan Kaliani Sundram
Department of Business, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Segamat, Malaysia
Abdul Razak Ibrahim
Department of Business, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and
V.G.R. Chandran Govindaraju
Malaysian Industry-Government Group for High Technology,
Selangor, Malaysia
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of different dimensions of supply chain
management practices (SCMP) on supply chain performance (SCP) in the electronics industry in Malaysia.
Design/methodology/approach – The study employed the quantitative method where
convenience sampling and self-administrated survey questionnaires were sent to 125 electronics
firms in Malaysia. The research framework was tested using variance-based structural equation
model, the partial least squares (PLS) method.
Findings – The empirical results of PLS indicate that six of the seven dimensions of SCMP have a
significant positive effect on SCP. Furthermore, agreed vision and goals shows a greater influence than
other dimensions of SCMP.
Research limitations/implications – This study took a narrow focus solely on the electronics
manufacturing industry with a relatively small sample size of respondents. Also the data were only collected
from single respondents in an organization. However, being the first study to explore the dimensions of
SCMP and how those dimensions relate to SCP, the study shapes the pathway for future research.
Practical implications – The results offer insights to SCM practitioners and policy makers on the
importance of SCMP to increase the competitiveness of manufacturing industry in terms of SCP.
Originality/value – This study employs a newly developed framework based on existing theoretical
arguments to empirically examine the relationship between two important factors, the SCMP and SCP.
This study is perhaps one of the first to address the effect of SCMP that includes combination of
comprehensive practices and system approach towards the overall performance of the supply chain.
Keywords Supply chain management practices, Performance, Manufacturing industries,
Partial least squares, Malaysia, Electronics industry
Paper type Research paper
The authors are grateful to James Kunaratnam for his comments and editorial work. They also
thank IAMOT conference participants, the anonymous referees and the Editor of this journal for
Benchmarking: An International their valuable comments.
Journal
Vol. 18 No. 6, 2011 This article is part of the special issue: “Supply chain networks in emerging markets” guest
pp. 834-855 edited by Harri Lorentz, Yongjiang Shi, Olli-Pekka Hilmola and Jagjit Singh Srai. Due to an
q Emerald Group Publishing Limited
1463-5771
administrative error at Emerald, the Editorial to accompany this special issue is published
DOI 10.1108/14635771111180725 separately in BIJ Volume 19, Issue 1, 2012.
2. 1. Introduction Supply chain
Globalization has driven many corporations to widen their resources and capability management
enhancement from internal environmental practices to greater heights. Attention is
increasingly shifting towards external collaboration and networking outside the practices
boundaries of the organization. This requirement has became essential in order to be
competitive locally and across the borders (Oliver and Webber, 1982; Lambert et al.,
1998). As to achieving this, organizations need to have strong upstream and 835
downstream integration of their elaborate network of business relationships. Therefore,
there is an imminent need for supply chain management (SCM) in all sectors across each
value chain entities. SCM has drawn increasing attention from many practitioners and
scholars in recent years (Bechtel and Jayaram, 1997; Burgess et al., 2006) due to the
benefits of SCM for operational success (Croom et al., 2000). In the corporate world, in
order to meet customer requirement, the integration of various business processes such
as demand planning and forecasting, procurement, manufacturing and assembly,
distribution and return of effective and efficient management of flow of resources from
point of origin to point of destination has become important parts of SCM (Lummus and
Vokurka, 1999; Mentzer et al., 2001; New, 1997). SCM also includes the total connectivity
between the upstream (supply and manufacturing) and downstream (distribution) value
chain entities in order to achieve competitiveness (Hong and Jeong, 2006; Boddy et al.,
2000). Similarly, Hong and Jeong (2006) referring to the works of Carmignani (2009),
Lambert and Cooper (2000) and Zhao and Simchi-Levi (2002), defined SCM as:
[. . .] is a set of approaches utilized to effectively integrate suppliers, manufacturers, logistics,
and customers for improving the long-term performance of the individual companies and the
supply chain as a whole.
As such, the primary role of SCM is to meet customer requirement in terms of providing
customer with the right product (Dale et al., 1994) of right quality (Carmignani, 2009;
Brewer and Speh, 2000) and quantity (Chan et al., 2001) from a right source (Carr and
Smeltzer, 1999) at right price (Chin et al., 2004), and finally the utilizing the right
technology (Boubekri, 2001; Basnet et al., 2003). The strategic nature of SCM practices
(SCMP) will be able to explain the dual purpose of SCM namely to improve the
performance of an individual organization and to improve the performance of the entire
supply chain (Wong et al., 1999). In order to be highly competitive and to achieve
sustainable profitability growth, SCM seeks close integration of internal functions
within firm and external linking with suppliers, customers, and other channel members.
This could be achieved through effective construction of various SCMP (Kim, 2006).
Literatures have highlighted on the need to understand SCMP, which is becoming an
essential prerequisite, to staying in the competitive global race and to grow profitably
(Power et al., 2001; Moberg et al., 2002; Sezen, 2008).
However, in spite of the key role of SCMP, far limited and scant scholarly investigation
has been undertaken to present a theoretical viewpoint, supported by empirical evidence
(Basnet et al., 2003), on how SCMP yield performance gains at firm level and improve the
total supply chain performance (SCP). In addition, although some organizations
have realized the importance of implementing SCMP, they often do not know exactly
what to implement, due to a lack of understanding of what constitutes a comprehensive
set of SCMP (Li et al., 2006b) especilly in emerging markets. For instance, in the case of
the semiconductor industry in Malaysia, Rajagopal et al. (2009a) discussed on why
3. BIJ firms were reluctant to focus on supply chain partnering despite its importance for
18,6 performance. Furthermore, given the failure of so many SCMP efforts to yield the desired
improvements in performance, the question remains whether SCMP can positively
impact performance (Handfield and Nichols, 1998; Tan et al., 1999) especially in countries
that are still developing. This study describes a research effort that addresses these
questions. The study has a single main underlying purpose that is to disclose the
836 interrelationships among the two main constructs; SCMP and SCP. Accordingly, the
main research question is of whether the SCMP affect SCP.
The theoretical gaps this study addresses are of importance because the SCMP
construct developed in this study incorporates combination of new dimensions of
SCMP. For instance, due to the lack of understanding on other dimensions of SCMP,
Li et al. (2006b) suggest future research to use additional dimensions like agreed supply
chain leadership. This study identified new dimensions of SCMP which combines
components of SCMP proposed by Li et al. (2006b) (comprehensive model) and Min and
Mentzer (2004) (system approach model). In addition, to our knowledge, there are only
a limited number of studies (Kim et al., 2006; Rai et al., 2006; Wu et al., 2006; Zolait et al.,
2010) available for examining the issue using the resource-based view (RBV) that
emphasize the role of firms’ capability and competence. Studies using RBV in the
context of SCM is also limited to examining only the link between information
technology (IT) and SCM performance ( Jean et al., 2008). Therefore, this study proposes
linking the SCMP and SCP using RBV as the underpinning theory.
In addition to the above motivation, apparently, studies on the issues for emerging
countries are limited and there is no published studies on comprehensive SCMP in
Malaysia, particularly in manufacturing industry. To date, the limited research conducted
in the area of SCMP were largely concerning countries such as New Zealand (Basnet et al.,
2003), Pakistan (Bhutta et al., 2007), Hong Kong (Chin et al., 2004), the USA (Gowen and
Tallon, 2003; Hong and Jeong, 2006), the UK (Holt and Ghobadian, 2009), and Turkey
(Koh et al., 2007). Despite lacking developing countries’ case study, there are several
other reasons that prompted this study to focus on Malaysia, specifically the electronics
industry. The electronics manufacturing industry contributed over a quarter of
manufacturing value added and over 50 percent of manufactured export in Malaysia over
the period of 1980-2005 (Chandran, 2010). Owing to a small domestic market, electronics
manufacturing is always driven by the export market through global orientation. Since
the 1970s, electronics industries in Malaysia have also managed to attract huge amount of
foreign direct investment. Now with the relocation of multinational corporations (MNCs),
learning among local firms with respect to SCMP has especially improved among firms
that have desires to benefit by integrating into the global supply chain. However, despite a
long and steady reputation of electronics manufacturing, effort to embed high-tech
environment and large-scale innovation is still moderate and slow. Thus, the notion that
SCMP will significantly contribute to SCP should not be taken for granted without
empirically testing the relationship. As such, Malaysia offers an interesting case for a
middle income economies to examine the SCMP and its relationship to the performance.
The remainder of the study is organized as follows. Section 2 outlines the main
conceptual issues on SCMP and SCP. Section 3 describes the research model and
explicates the theoretical basis for the hypotheses development. Sections 4 and
5 describes the research methodology and reports the results, respectively. Section 6
presents the discussion and the conclusions.
4. 2. Main conceptual issues Supply chain
2.1 SCM practices management
SCMP are viewed from a variety of different perspectives and multi-dimensional
concept. SCMP have been defined as the set of activities undertaken in an organization practices
to promote effective management of its supply chain. Pioneering research conducted
by Donlon (1996) describes the SCMP to include supplier partnership, outsourcing,
cycle time compression, continuous process flow, and IT sharing. Tan et al. (1998a) 837
empirically assessed the inclusion of purchasing, quality, and customer relations
dimensions to represent SCMP. Tan (2001) also recommended that SCMP to include the
flow of materials and information and postponement (POS) strategy and mass
customization. Similarly, Tan et al. (2002) identify six other dimensions of SCMP
through factor analysis namely supply chain integration, information sharing (IS),
supply chain characteristics, customer service management, geographical proximity,
and just-in-time capability. Chen and Paulraj (2004) use supplier-base reduction,
long-term relationship, communication, cross-functional teams, and supplier
involvement to measure SCMP. In addition, Min and Mentzer (2004) identify the
concept SCMP through system approach which includes dimensions such as agreed
vision and goals, IS, risk and reward (RR) sharing, co-operation, process integration,
long-term relationship, and agreed supply chain leadership. Subsequently, realizing
the importance of the SCMP, Li et al. (2005) conceptualizes, develops, and validates six
dimensions (strategic supplier partnership (SSP), customer relationship (CR), IS,
information quality (IQ), internal lean practices, and POS) of SCMP and conducted
a test on its relationship with the firms competitive advantage and performance
(Li et al., 2006b). In reviewing and consolidating the literature, two important concepts
are identified to develop the total SCMP which will be able to structure complete
multi-dimensional practices, comprising seven constructs. The seven constructs
constitute the combination of comprehensive model (Li et al., 2006b, 2005) and system
approach model (Min and Mentzer, 2004). In other words, the proposed total SCMP in
this study will cover all the important dimensions such as upstream (SSP) and
downstream (CR) sides of a supply chain, information flow across a supply
chain (IS and IQ), internal supply chain processes (POS), and system approach
(Min and Mentzer, 2004) that includes agreed vision and goals and risk and award
sharing.
2.2 Supply chain performance
Performance measurement has been defined as a systematic process of effectively and
efficiently quantifying a concept or an action (Neely et al., 1997). In SCM, performance
measurement enables collaborative integration among the supply chain partners. In
addition, there are short-term objectives of SCM (enhance productivity and reduce
inventory and lead time) and long-term objectives (increase market share and
integration) (Li et al., 2006b; Lyons et al., 2004). The traditional methods focus solely on
well-known financial measures, which are best, suited to measure the value of simple
SCM applications. Unfortunately, evaluation methods that rely on financial measures
are not well suited for newer generation of SCM applications. As such, a balanced
approach to evaluate SCP is needed to measure the short- and long-term objectives that
includes financial and non-financial aspect. Based on this discussion, in this study,
following Koh et al. (2007) wider approach is adopted to measures SCM-related
5. BIJ organizational performance. The construct measurements incorporate items that relates
18,6 to sales growth, costing accuracy, and coordination between department, supplier, and
customer.
2.3 SCMP and performance
838 Kim et al. (2006) stated that supply chain efficiency can only be realized through the
various interaction of SCMP. This view is supported by others studies (Dawe, 1994;
Ballou, 1992) and consensus emerged in that SCMP should shift from function to
integrative in order to value its performance effectiveness. Specifically, Kim et al. (2006)
provided empirical evidence to show how SCMP could potential enhance
organization’s competitive capabilities such as cost leadership, customer service, and
product differentiation. Recent studies (Koh et al., 2007; Li et al., 2005, 2006b) also
indicated that the SCMP have a common goal of ultimately improving organizational
performance. For instance, Koh et al. (2007) identified that SCMP have significant
direct positive impact on organizational performance event in small and medium
enterprises. As a whole, previous literature forms a strong consensus on the positive
link between SCMP and SCP.
3. Research model and hypotheses
Figure 1 shows the framework of the study. The framework proposes that
implementation of SCMP, in electronics manufacturing industry, to influence the SCP.
The influence of seven critical dimensions of SCMP on SCP namely supplier strategic,
CR, IS, IQ, POS, agreed vision and goals, and RR sharing were examined. Consequently,
based on the extent literature, the following sections discus the RBVs, the proposed
relationships between SCMP and SCP, and the hypotheses of this study. Likewise,
Section 4 discusses the construct measurements for the proposed framework.
Supplier
Strategic Partnership
Customer
Relationship
Information
Sharing
Supply Chain
Performance
Information
Quality
Postponement
Agreed Vision
& Goals
Figure 1. Risk & Reward
Framework of study
Sharing
6. 3.1 RBV and SCMP capability Supply chain
The underpinning theory for the research framework is the RBVs of firm. management
RBV emphasizes the role of the firms’ internal and external resources for performance
(Barney, 1991). Firm resources include assets, capabilities, organizational processes, practices
firm attributes, information, and knowledge (Barney, 1991). The unique bundle of
resources owned by firms that are heterogeneous is expected to explain the variation in
firm performances (Penrose, 1959; Wernerfelt, 1995). These resources include 839
organizational capability (Praest, 1998) as well as the firms’ basic competence and
dynamic capability such as coordination of different types of knowledge and integration
of multiple flow of technology (Prahalad and Hamel, 1990). One important form of
capability is the SCM capability, i.e. SCMP capability (Sari, 2008; Trkman et al., 2007;
Maheshwari et al., 2006; Sanchez-Rodrıguez et al., 2005). Wu et al.(2006) stressed that
supply chain capabilities as a unique set of organizational capabilities and proposed four
such capabilities namely, information exchange, coordination with partners, integration
ability, and supply chain responsiveness. In this context, supply chain capabilities is
viewed as the ability of the firms in identifying, utilizing and assimilating information,
and resources to facilitate the SCP (Wu et al., 2006).
In this study, similar to the RBV definition of capability, SCMP are viewed as the
firms’ ability or potential ability to form SSP, establish CR and ability to share
information, vision, goals, and risks. In other words, this study conceptualizes SCMP
as the supply chain capability to include the seven main constructs mentioned in the
proposed framework. These capabilities can also be viewed as business coordination
and integration processes that are important to utilize the resources. As such,
organizations embarking on supply chain need to focus on the ability of organizational
skills and processes in practicing those elements of SCMP. Thus, organizations that
have better SCMP are likely to develop a competitive advantage. Recent studies using
RBV in the context of SCM include Kim et al. (2006), Rai et al. (2006), Wu et al. (2006)
and Zolait et al. (2010). These studies, although limited in the context of emerging
markets, provide interesting accounts on the use of RBV in the context of IT, supply
chain capability, and SCP. These studies also confirm that IT capability facilitates the
SCP. Our study emphasizes RBV from the capability centric lens that focuses mainly
on SCMP as the main capabilities of firms.
3.1.1 Strategic supplier partnership. SSP is defined as the long-term relationship
designed to leverage the strategic and operational capabilities of individual
participating organization to achieve significant benefits to each party (Li et al.,
2006b, 2005). A true supplier partnership, encourages mutual planning and problem
solving efforts (Gunasekaran et al., 2001), and is critical in operating a leading-edge
supply chain. Azar et al. (2009) have investigated the impact of supplier management on
the performance and have found that effective supplier management is directly related to
higher level of performance conformance. Similarly, Boddy et al. (2000) and Bordonaba
and Cambra (2009) also viewed supply chain partnering (which is the broader concept of
supplier strategic partnering) as crucial asserting that such strategic collaboration will
definitely enhance performance among supply chain collaborative partners. From the
RBV perspective, SSP is viewed as the firm’s ability to coordinate and integrate
resources with their respective partners. Griffith and Harvey (2001) considered
the ability to coordinate inter-organizational relationships effectively as one of the
important resources of the firms. Wu et al. (2006) views SSP as one of the key supply
7. BIJ chain capability and refers SSP to the ability in coordinating the partner’s
18,6 transaction-related activities. These capabilities improve operational efficiency and
performance between the partners. Similarly, proponents of RBV viewed the ability to
integrate strategies in an effort to jointly execute a collective activity as an important
capability (Grant, 1996). In a similar notion, SSP represents this ability. Hence, strategic
partnering with suppliers will be able to enhance the supply chain efforts to better
840 performances. The following hypothesis was developed on this premise:
H1. The SSP has positive relationship with SCPs.
3.1.2 Customer relationship. CR is defined as the practice to manage customer
complaints, build long-term relationships with customers, and improve customer
satisfaction (Tan et al., 1998b). Close CR allows an organization to differentiate its
product from competitors and dramatically extend the value it provides to its customers
and sustain customer loyalty through customer satisfaction (Cox, 2004; Dadzie and
Winston, 2007). RBV views dynamic capability of the firms in terms of reconfiguration
of resources to meet evolving customer demands (Zahra and George, 2002). The ability
to learn from customers and integrate with customers is a unique form of firm capability.
The ability to respond to customers’ changing demands also helps firms create new
products and processes. Therefore, maintaining good CR and getting customer feedback
represents valid dimensions of SCMP. This construct also captures the capability notion
of RBV. Analyzing the empirical data collected from Hong Kong, Chin et al. (2004) have
identified that maintaining effective CR will be able to promote open communication
among members of supply chain and eventually engage in joint problem solving
effort with long-term commitment. Therefore, customer relation practices can bring
significant impact in managing the total value chain entities across the supply chain in
order to improve the performance of the total supply chain. Based on the above
discussion, this study consequently proposes the following hypothesis:
H2. The CR has positive relationship with SCPs.
3.1.3 Information sharing. IS refers to the extent to which critical and proprietary
information is communicated among supply chain members with regards to market,
product, and customer information (Mentzer et al., 2001; Li et al., 2006a). The RBV
emphasize on the ability of firms in generating new knowledge and ability in facilitating
IS. Knowledge acquisition, assimilation, transformation, and exploitation which
are termed as absorptive capacity in the RBV literature are important dimensions of
organizational capability. Therefore, IS with partners is considered as important
elements of supply chain capability. Wu et al. (2006) conceptualized information
exchange as one of the constructs representing supply chain capabilities. The effort in
providing information and making it visible to other parties in the supply chain allows
for faster and accurate business decisions that translates as a source of competitive
advantage (Moberg et al., 2002). As such, IS is regarded as the terminator of “bullwhip
effect” (Fiala, 2005) that reduces the total cost of the supply chain in delivering efficient
SCP (Gavirneni, 2006). This study therefore proposes the following hypothesis:
H3. The IS has positive relationship with SCPs.
3.1.4 Information quality. IQ refers to the extent of which the information flow and
exchange is accurate, timely, adequate, and credible (Li et al., 2006b). Numerous studies
8. (Li et al., 2006a; Lyons et al., 2004; Moberg et al., 2002) have shown that well-managed Supply chain
IQ within and across the organization will directly lead to improved SCP. Further, management
Forslund and Jonsson (2007), through their recent research, have indicated
that different IQ deficiency could impact the usefulness of forecast and its ability to practices
influence SCP. Hence, this will also provide managers to make precise business
decision for effective management of supply chain (Raisinghani and Meade, 2005).
Based on this assumption, the following hypothesis was developed: 841
H4. The IQ has positive relationship with SCPs.
3.1.5 Postponement. POS is defined as the practice of moving forward one or several
operations or activities to a much later point in the supply chain (Beamon, 1998). From
the RBV standpoint, POS capability characterize the organizational and strategic
routines of firms by which they achieve new resources configuration especially in
postponing manufacturing activities to meet changing market conditions. Increasingly,
POS has become a manufacturing strategy at firm level (Yeung et al., 2007). POS enables
an organization to meet a high level of product customization through production
flexibility (Hoek et al., 2001). Inventories are kept undifferentiated for a certain period
until customer demand is certain. Hence, this enables an organization to be highly
responsive towards change in customer demand (Li et al., 2005, 2006b). Yang et al. (2010)
compared the translating implementation of manufacturing POS to service POS and its
benefit to members of the supply chain in total. Overall, POS can reduce inventory cost
along the supply chain and eventually increase SCP (Yang et al., 2007). Based on existing
work, this study consequently proposes the following hypothesis:
H5. POS has positive relationship with SCPs.
3.1.6 Agreed vision and goals. Successful and effective chain requires collaboration
among partners (Boddy et al., 2000; Lambert et al., 1998). This collaboration is obtained
through IS, trust, and commitment. Unfortunately, this cannot be achieved without
agreed vision and common goals (VIGOAL) among members of the supply chain
(Spekman et al., 1998). RBV emphasize the need to develop capability in the forms of
integrating strategies and coordinating collective activities between partners. Agreed
vision and goals capture such forms of capability. Several authors (Cooper and
Ellram, 1993; Cooper et al., 1997a, b) concur strongly on the fact that agreed vision and
goals are the key component of SCM. Therefore, agreed vision and goals are imminent
to orchestrate the roles and responsibilities of the supply chain members. Subsequently,
this will ensure the success of supply chain practices in capturing a high level of SCP
(Wisner, 2003). As discussed, this study proposes the following hypothesis:
H6. Agreed vision and goals have positive relationship with SCPs.
3.1.7 RR sharing. The term risk is defined as the extent to which there is uncertainty
about whether potentially significant or disappointing outcomes of decisions
(Finch, 2004). What most definitions of risk have in common are the three dimensions
(Juttner, 2005):
(1) likelihood of occurrence of a particular event or outcome;
(2) consequences of the particular event or outcome occurring; and
(3) causal pathway leading to the event.
9. BIJ Previous studies (Cooper and Ellram, 1993; Cooper et al., 1997a, b) regarded the RR
18,6 sharing among the supply chain partners as a collective effort in managing SCM. The
capability to share RR will help to divide the level of risk and return between strategic
partners on technology, customer, or market-focused initiatives (Hall, 1999; Ritchie and
Brindley, 2007) whereby, it provides trustworthy and coordinated relationship
partnering among members of supply chain. As a result, RR sharing practices act as an
842 impetus for effective supply chain (Ellram and Cooper, 1990). Consequently, in the long
run, this will be able to improve the SCP (Towill, 2005). Therefore, the following
hypothesis was developed:
H7. RR sharing has positive relationship with SCPs.
4. Research methodology
4.1 Development of the survey instrument
The questionnaire for this study consisted of three main sections, namely the
background of the company, the motivation, and implementation of SCMP and specific
questions designed to measure the SCP constructs. A total of seven-dimensional
constructs (Table I) perceived to be important for effective SCMP were proposed to
represent the SCMP. Construct measuring SSP, CR, IS, IQ, and POS follows Li et al. (2005,
2006a, b). As mentioned earlier, following Min and Mentzer (2004) and Bowersox et al.
(1999), we included two other dimensions of SCMP namely, agreed vision and goals, and
RR sharing.
Overall, this new SCMP are measured by considering SCMP from within the whole
system of supply chain that includes upstream, downstream, internal process, across
supply chain, and system orientation. Hence, the new SCMP could be viewed as a more
comprehensive concept in comparison to the narrow view taken in previous researches
(Alvarado and Kotzab, 2001; Basnet et al., 2003). All items of SCMP are measured using
seven-point scales ranging from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree”. Likewise,
construct measuring dimensions of SCP were adopted from Koh et al. (2007). We use a
seven-point scale as a unit of measurement ranging from “definitely worse” to
“definitely better” in relative to their major competitor.
The collective evidence from past literatures (Li et al., 2005, 2006b; Min and Mentzer,
2004; Bowersox et al., 1999; Koh et al., 2007) suggested that the SCMP and SCP constructs
demonstrate good measurement properties. Table I summarizes the variables and
number of measurement items and supporting literature for each measurement
variable[1]. In addition, the questionnaire was pre-tested by two professionals in practice
for accuracy and validity of the question interpretation (content validity). Based on the
opinions of the professionals and significant support from the previous literatures we
find that the measurement fulfill the content validity and clarity of content.
4.2 The sample
A total of 600 electronics firms were randomly selected from the Information Service of
Statistical Department, Malaysia. The survey, through the mailed questionnaire, was
carried out for a period of six months in early 2009. As a measure to speed up and
improve response rate, follow-up calls with a promised presentation of findings to
respective firms for managerial insights yielded encouraging results. However, only
when there is no significant difference between the initial respondents and respondents
10. Supply chain
Numbers
Construct Description of items Sample survey question Source management
SSP A long-term relationship 6 We regularly solve Li et al.
practices
designed to leverage the problems jointly with our (2005, 2006a, b)
strategic and operational suppliers
capabilities of individual 843
participating organization
to achieve significant
benefits to each party
CR A practices to manage 5 We frequently measure and Li et al.
customer complaints, build evaluate customer (2005, 2006a, b)
long-term relationships with satisfaction
customers, and improve
customer satisfaction
IS IS refers to the extent to 6 Our trading partners keep Li et al.
which critical and us fully informed about (2005, 2006a, b)
proprietary information is issues that affect our
communicated to among business
supply chain members with
regards to market, product,
and customer information
IQ IQ refers to the extent of 5 Information exchange Li et al.
which the information flow between our trading (2005, 2006a, b)
and exchange is accurate, partners and us is timely
timely, adequate, and
credible
POS POS is defined as the 4 We delay final product Li et al. (2005,
practice of moving forward assembly activities until 2006a, b)
one or several operations or customer orders have
activities to a much later actually been received
point in the supply chain
VIGOAL An effort to establishing 4 Our supply chain members Min and
commonly agreed vision have common, agreed to Mentzer (2004)
among supply chain goals for SCM and
partners to achieve specific Bowersox et al.
common objectives (1999)
RR sharing A mutual sharing of risk 3 Our supply chain members Min and
factors and reward factors share risks and rewards Mentzer (2004)
among members of supply and
chain Bowersox et al.
(1999)
SCP A performance measure 5 How did your business Koh et al. (2007)
which enhances short-term perform over the last three
goals (reduce cost) and long- years relative to their major
term goals (increase market competitors in terms of Table I.
share and integration) increase in sales? Variable measurement
after the follow-up calls, will the findings be representation of the population. We tested
for such difference between the groups but were unable to find any significant
differences[2]. Finally, after eliminating incomplete survey, there were 110 complete
and useable responses, representing a response rate of 18 percent. Demographic data
showed in Table II depict that majority (60.3 percent) of the firms represent
11. BIJ
Business description % Number of employees %
18,6 Component 60.3 Fewer than 50 –
Industrial electronics 22.3 50-100 13.2
Consumer electronics 17.4 101-250 18.4
251-500 39.5
501 or greater 28.9
844 Annual sales (million) % Operating experience (years) %
Less than 1 – Less 1 –
1-5 18.4 1-5 5.3
5-10 23.7 6-10 13.2
Table II. 10-50 34.2 10-15 years 39.5
Description of the 50-100 15.8 15-20 years 34.2
sampled firms More than 100 7.9 More than 20 years 7.8
the component electronics industry. In terms of employment size the majority of the
firms are in the category of 251-500 workers and greater. Almost 73 percent of the
selected firms have between 10 and 20 years of operational experience.
4.3 Analytical procedures and variable measurements
Data processing involve two stages. In the first stage, descriptive statistics was
employed to identify the characteristics of the sampled firms. The second stage
involved estimating the measurements validity and reliability, structural parameters
of the structural equation model, and testing the research hypotheses using the partial
least squares (PLS) method (Chin et al., 2003). PLS method were preferred over the
better-known LISREL method because its structural equation model allowed us to test
the research model and, at the same time, assess the properties of the underlying
empirical model. PLS has enjoyed increasing popularity in recent years because of its
ability to model latent construct under the conditions of non-normality and ability of
testing the theoretical framework partially without needing to fully crystallize the
model (Chin, 1998). PLS is known to be particularly advantageous in the initial
development and assessment phase of theory building (Fornell and Bookstein, 1982).
Furthermore, the PLS method is more robust since its does not require either a large
sample or a normally distributed data (Fornell and Larcker, 1981).
Convergent validity indicates the extent to which the measures of a construct that
are theoretical related are also related in reality. Convergent validity can be evaluated
by inspecting the factor loadings of the measures on their respective constructs (Chin,
1998; Hulland, 1999), and the reliability of the measures can be assessed using
composite reliability and average variance extracted (AVE). Table III shows the results
of the psychometric properties of the measurements. Most of the factor loading are
satisfactory with the cutoff value above 0.7, except that the factor loading of two items
are below the cutoff value but yet acceptable. Thus, overall measurement items have
adequate item reliability. Similarly, for convergent validity (also referred to as
composite reliability), the AVE should be at least 0.5 and the CR should be greater than
0.6 (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988). In all cases, the measurement model seems to have adequate
convergent validity and reliability.
Discriminant validity can be verified with the square root of the AVE for each
construct higher than any correlation between this construct and any other construct
12. Supply chain
Construct and items Loading SE t-value
SSP, a ¼ 0.789, CR ¼ 0.869, AVE ¼ 0.693
management
Organization considers quality as number one criterion in selecting practices
suppliers 0.906 0.011 81.223
Organization regularly solve problems jointly with its suppliers 0.900 0.009 90.345
Organization helps its suppliers to improve their product quality 0.851 0.055 9.976
Organization has continuous improvement programs that include its 845
key suppliers 0.615 0.125 6.991
Organization include its key suppliers in its planning and goal setting
activities 0.775 0.068 7.773
Organization actively involves its key suppliers in new product
development processes 0.777 0.033 8.855
CR, a ¼ 0.655, CR ¼ 0.787, AVE ¼ 0.692
Organization frequently interacts with customers to set its reliability,
responsiveness, and other standards 0.815 0.048 17.022
Organization frequently measures and evaluates customer satisfaction 0.804 0.054 15.989
Organization frequently determine future customer expectations 0.811 0.039 18.765
Organization facilitates customers’ ability to seek assistance from it 0.885 0.044 17.567
Organization periodically evaluates the importance of its relationship
with its customers 0.877 0.066 14.897
IS, a ¼ 0.774, CR ¼ 0.839, AVE ¼ 0.637
Organization informs its trading partners in advance of changing
needs 0.913 0.023 36.659
Organization’s trading partners share proprietary information with
your organization 0.768 0.065 18.222
Organization’s trading partners keep your organization fully informed
about issues that affect its business 0.816 0.044 21.677
Organization’s trading partners share business knowledge of core
business processes with your organization 0.749 0.066 18.678
Organization and its trading partners exchange information that helps
establishment of business planning 0.782 0.053 14.750
Organization and its trading partners keep each other informed about
events or changes that may affect the other partners 0.668 0.095 9.878
IQ, a ¼ 0.742, CR ¼ 0.825, AVE ¼ 0.707
Information exchange between organization and its trading partners
is timely 0.825 0.055 12.544
Information exchange between organization and its trading partners
is accurate 0.742 0.023 14.893
Information exchange between organization and its trading partners
is complete 0.882 0.047 12.672
Information exchange between organization and its trading partners
is adequate 0.767 0.036 14.436
Information exchange between organization and its trading partners
is reliable 0.876 0.062 12.725
POS, a ¼ 0.615, CR ¼ 0.773, AVE ¼ 0.834
Organization’s products are designed for modular assembly 0.928 0.453 2.833
Organization delays final product assembly activities until customer
orders have actually been received 0.743 0.339 2.987
Organization delays final product assembly activities until the last Table III.
possible position (or nearest to customer) in the supply chain 0.777 0.375 2.118 Psychometric properties
VIGOAL, a ¼ 0.789, CR ¼ 0.869, AVE ¼ 0.611 of measures
Supply chain members have common, agreed goals for SCM 0.711 0.044 17.342 of independent and
(continued) dependent variables
13. BIJ Supply chain members are actively involved in standardizing supply
18,6 chain practices and operations 0.881 0.021 15.999
Supply chain members clearly define roles and responsibilities of each
others cooperatively 0.834 0.027 15.611
Know which supply chain members are responsible for what activity
within the supply chain 0.772 0.032 16.912
846 RR sharing, a ¼ 0.819, CR ¼ 0.864, AVE ¼ 0.654
Supply chain members share risks and rewards 0.838 0.439 6.839
Supply chain members share research and development costs and
results with each other 0.745 0.375 7.566
Supply chain members help each other financial capital investment 0.766 0.411 7.198
SCP, a ¼ 0.789, CR ¼ 0.869, AVE ¼ 0.803
More accurate costing 0.917 0.023 28.871
Increase in coordination between departments 0.967 0.009 34.082
Increase in coordination with suppliers 0.866 0.016 31.593
Increase in coordination with customers 0.867 0.021 29.822
Table III. Increase in sales 0.948 0.011 30.899
(Fornell and Bookstein, 1982; Fornell and Larcker, 1981). As shown in Table IV, each
construct shares a greater variance with its own measures than with any other construct.
This reveals that each construct is more closely related to its own measures than to those
of other constructs and thereby confirming the discriminant validity (Fornell and
Bookstein, 1982; Fornell and Larcker, 1981).
5. Results
In this section, we discuss the current SCMP among electronics firms in Malaysia
followed by the empirical results. Limited studies are available on the current SCMP
for the electronics industry in Malaysia. Nevertheless, these studies reveal that SCMP
are indeed significantly undertaken by MNCs and its suppliers especially in electrical
and electronics industry. Rajagopal et al. (2009a) using a case study approach
highlighted the efforts in improving supplier’s relationship, IS, and CR in two MNCs
and among its suppliers. However, the study also cautions that the level of SCMP
differs between the MNCs. Lacking the empirical evidence on the detail SCMP for the
entire electronics industry, we first discuss the current state of SCMP in the electronics
industry in Malaysia. Table V reports the mean values of all dimensions of SCMP.
SSP CR IS IQ POS VIGOAL RR SCP
SSP 0.832
CR 20.129 0.832
IS 0.201 0.083 0.798
1Q 0.178 0.037 0.372 0.841
POS 0.377 0.016 0.267 0.400 0.913
VIGOAL 0.307 20.134 0.378 0.277 0.299 0.781
RR 0.276 0.177 0.114 0.267 0.323 0.416 0.809
SCP 0.112 20.023 0.247 0.223 0.369 0.488 0.487 0.927
Table IV.
Correlations between Note: The italics items on the diagonal represent the square roots of the AVE, and off-diagonal
constructs elements are the correlation estimates
14. The results indicate that mean scores of SSP, IQ, and IS are much higher compared to Supply chain
other dimensions of SCMP. Relatively, mean scores of CR and PST were the lowest, management
indicating a lack in the use of such practices. However, consumer electronics firms
have relatively higher CR scores than component and industrial electronics firms. This practices
is consistent with previous studies (Rajagopal et al., 2009a; Omar et al., 2009;
Sambasivan and Jacob, 2008) that highlighted the significant use of many of the SCMP
among electronics firms in Malaysia. As a whole, we can conclude that electronics 847
firms in Malaysia are inclined to engage in SCMP. The electronics industry in Malaysia
is driven by few large MNCs that are export oriented. These MNCs increasingly engage
in SCMP to form a global supply chain (Sambasivan and Jacob, 2008) and also require
its suppliers (including local suppliers and producers) to do the same. Indeed, SCM is
seen as a tool to cope with intense competition and pressure to bring the product to
market faster (Rajagopal et al., 2009a). The government’s incentives and support also
prepares local industries to adopt SCM in Malaysia (Rajagopal et al., 2009b).
We used a bootstrapping procedure to test the effects and the statistical significance
of the parameters using t-test in the structural model (Chin, 1998). The variance
explained (R 2) and the significance of the path coefficient indicates the quality of PLS
model (Chin, 1998; Saade, 2007). Table VI shows the results of the model. The R 2 value
´
was 0.469 and it indicates that the model explains a good amount of variance in SCP. The
results provide significant support for some of the hypotheses proposed in this study.
SSP, IS, IQ, POS, agreed vision and goals, and RR sharing were found to have significant
positive effects on SCP. However, CR, although positive, lacks the significance.
Managing CR require firms to extensively invest in enabling technology that supports
Electronics
(overall) Component Industrial Consumer
Construct Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
SSP 5.84 0.56 5.84 0.54 5.85 0.65 5.80 0.55
CR 3.92 0.76 3.92 0.78 3.73 0.89 4.10 0.46
IS 5.20 0.99 5.15 0.91 5.24 1.25 5.27 0.94
IQ 5.97 0.85 6.05 0.71 5.75 1.15 5.91 0.91
POS 3.68 0.83 3.71 0.73 3.45 0.95 3.83 0.25
VIGOAL 5.41 0.29 5.39 0.57 5.43 0.90 5.46 0.56 Table V.
RR 5.17 0.98 5.20 1.15 4.94 0.96 5.33 0.43 SCMP in electronics
SCP 5.28 0.87 5.24 0.84 5.37 1.14 5.30 0.57 industry in Malaysia
Dimensions Path coefficient (b) t-value Hypotheses
SSP 0.104 * 2.216 Supported
CR 0.013 0.355 Not supported
IS 0.176 * * 2.745 Supported
IQ 0.125 * * 2.978 Supported
POS 0.014 * 0.598 Supported
VIGOAL 0.377 * * * 7.459 Supported Table VI.
RR 0.144 * * 2.416 Supported Results of the PLS
analysis (path
Note: *p-value , 0.01, * *p-value , 0.05, and * * *p-value , 0.001, respectively coefficients, t-values)
15. BIJ customer interactions with firms ( Jean et al., 2008). Challenges in effective
18,6 implementation of such technology may have limited the building of better CRs that
reduces its significance. Moreover, CR may also have an indirect effect on SCP moderated
by technological initiatives (Jean et al., 2008). Indeed, Rajagopal et al. (2009a) lucidly
argued on the role of technology in enabling SCMP in two electronics MNCs in Malaysia.
In fact, it should be noted that the benefits of all SCMP, in this study, could have been
848 potentially more significant if firms pose considerable IT capabilities ( Jean et al., 2008).
We suggest that future studies in emerging markets consider the impact of IT in
facilitating the SCMP towards achieving greater performance.
Agreed vision and goals (b ¼ 0.377, p , 0.001), are the most influential factors in
determining the SCP suggesting that VIGOAL is a powerful predictor of SCP.
For instance, in Malaysia several firms share common goals like enabling the
notification of shipping documentation via RosettaNet. This has enabled members of
the supply chain to electronically correspond shipping documentation to the local
customs officials. The established mutual goals benefited all within the system. Agreed
goals also create mutual participation via planned collaboration and co-operation.
When one firm moves to achieve its goals, the other member of the supply chain should
do the same. Other factors having greater effects include IS (b ¼ 0.176, p , 0.01),
RR sharing (b ¼ 0.144, p , 0.01), and IQ (b ¼ 0.125, p , 0.01). Similar to previous
studies ( Jayaram et al., 2000; Mason-Jones and Towill, 1999), IS and IQ are found to be
significant factors in enhancing the SCP of electronics firm in Malaysia. Additionally,
Zhou and Benton (2007), also supported the proposition that good information
management can lead to right supply chain practices and eventually create an effective
and efficient supply chain. The findings of this study also concurs with the studies
from Cooper and Ellram (1993), Cooper et al. (1997a, b) that there is significant
relationship between RR sharing practices and performance.
6. Discussion and conclusion
This study has provided empirical justification for a framework that identifies seven
constructs of SCMP and describes the relationship among SCMP and SCP within the
context of electronics manufacturing in Malaysia. Previous studies supporting the
importance of SCMP mostly used case studies and relate SCMP to organizational
performance and not SCP. The major contribution of the present study is the
development of a set of SCMP constructs through comprehensive combination and,
accordingly, examining its impact on SCP. Based on a survey data of 110 electronics
manufacturing firms, the research framework was tested using PLS method, which is a
variance-based structural equation modeling approach. This study carries more weight
especially for generalization purpose due to the limited quantitative approach in the
extant literatures. As a whole, effective SCMP have important implications for SCP.
This study offers a number of managerial implications. First, it provides SCM
managers with an impeccable formula for evaluating the effectiveness of the new
combination of SCMP. Second, the analysis also indicates that SCMP might
directly influence SCP. Theoretically, this study offers empirical evidence suggesting
that even in emerging markets better SCMP can yield good performance. These
findings offer scholars new avenues for future research and consequently provide
managers important insights on the effectiveness of SCMP. In the long term, the
success of electronics manufacturing firms in Malaysia are heavily dependent on its
16. strategic supply chain factors such as agreed vision and goals, RR sharing, IS, and IQ. Supply chain
As such this study, inline with (Chandra and Kumar, 2000) concludes that the entire management
value chain along the upstream and internal process of the supply chain has to be
effective. Since there are practices which are not consistent in their impact towards practices
SCP, for instance customer relation, there is a need to test this practice for any indirect
impact on SCP. However, this test will need to take consideration of the role of
mediating effects of other variables such as IT initiatives, supply chain integration, 849
or supply chain competitiveness. Apart from this, future research can also consider
studying the synergies between total quality management practices and knowledge
management as well as measuring how practices of other disciplines in combination
with SCMP could affect the performances of supply chain. Future research can also
focus on expanding the research scope to different industries or investigate the
comparative implementation situations between different industries in terms of types
of business operations, ownership, and firm sizes.
Among the limitations of this study is the use of only one informant per firm, which
might be a cause for possible response bias. Thus, caution should be exercised when
interpreting the results. Future research should endeavor to collect data from multiple
members across the supply chain. Furthermore, this study reports from a questionnaire
survey at one point in time and lacks trends or changes. Since only the electronics industry
was considered, the conclusive evidence reported in this study is also industry specific.
Despite these limitations, however, the new insights of this study could potentially inspire
further empirical work within this area especially in emerging markets.
Notes
1. Details of the items measuring each construct are reported in Table III.
2. Data not reported due to space constraint but can be made available upon request.
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Corresponding author
V.G.R. Chandran Govindaraju can be contacted at: vgrchan@gmail.com
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