Initial overview of 5G Architectures and 5G + Internet of Things Applications

1. 5G and IoT
Bob Marcus
Co-Chair NIST Big Data PWG
robert.marcus@et-strategies.com

2. This is an initial draft that will be expanded in the future

3. Outline
• 5G
• 5G IoT Applications

4. 5G

5. 5G Technology
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G
In telecommunications, 5G is the fifth generation technology standard for broadband
cellular networks, which cellular phone companies began deploying worldwide in 2019,
and is the planned successor to the 4G networks which provide connectivity to most
current cellphones.[2] 5G networks are predicted to have more than 1.7 billion subscribers
worldwide by 2025, according to the GSM Association.[3] Like its predecessors, 5G
networks are cellular networks, in which the service area is divided into small
geographical areas called cells. All 5G wireless devices in a cell are connected to the
Internet and telephone network by radio waves through a local antenna in the cell. The
main advantage of the new networks is that they will have greater bandwidth, giving
higher download speeds,[2] eventually up to 10 gigabits per second (Gbit/s).[4] Due to the
increased bandwidth, it is expected the networks will increasingly be used as general
internet service providers for laptops and desktop computers, competing with existing
ISPs such as cable internet, and also will make possible new applications in internet of
things (IoT) and machine to machine areas. 4G cellphones are not able to use the new
networks, which require 5G enabled wireless devices.

6. 5G Mobile Networks Overview
From https://www.techrepublic.com/article/5g-mobile-networks-a-cheat-sheet/

7. Need for 5G
From https://www.etsi.org/technologies/mobile/5g

8. Comparison of 5G with Older Technology
From https://www.etsi.org/technologies/mobile/5g

9. 5G NR Standard
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G_NR
5G NR (New Radio) is a new radio access technology (RAT) developed by 3GPP for
the 5G (fifth generation) mobile network.[1] It was designed to be the global standard
for the air interface of 5G networks.[2] The 3GPP specification 38 series[3] provides the
technical details behind NR, the RAT beyond LTE.
Study of NR within 3GPP started in 2015, and the first specification was made
available by the end of 2017. While the 3GPP standardization process was ongoing,
industry had already begun efforts to implement infrastructure compliant with the draft
standard, with the expectation that the first large-scale commercial launch of 5G NR
would occur in 2019.
Contents
• 1 Frequency bands
• 2 Network deployments
• 3 Development
• 4 Deployment modes
◦ 4.1 Non-standalone mode
◦ 4.2 Dynamic spectrum sharing
◦ 4.3 Standalone mode
• 5 Numerology (sub-carrier spacing)

10. 5G Architecture
From https://www.viavisolutions.com/en-us/5g-architecture

11. 5G Network Architecture
From https://www.digi.com/blog/post/5g-network-architecture

12. 5G Network Architecture (cont)
From https://www.digi.com/blog/post/5g-network-architecture
The earliest uses of 5G technology will not be exclusively 5G but will appear in
applications where connectivity is shared with existing 4G LTE in what is called
non-standalone (NSA) mode. When operating in this mode, a device will first
connect to the 4G LTE network, and if 5G is available, the device will be able to use
it for additional bandwidth. For example, a device connecting in 5G NSA mode
could get 200 Mbps of downlink speed over 4G LTE and another 600 Mbps over 5G
at the same time, for an aggregate speed of 800 Mbps.
As more and more 5G network infrastructure goes online over the next several
years, it will evolve to enable 5G-only stand-alone mode (SA). This will bring the
low latency and ability to connect with massive numbers of IoT devices that are
among the primary advantages of 5G.

13. 5G Network Architecture (cont)
From https://www.digi.com/blog/post/5g-network-architecture
For example, here are examples of some key considerations:
• Where will your application be deployed? Applications that are optimized
for mmWave will not operate as expected within buildings and when
extended range is required. Optimal use cases include 5G cellular
telecommunications in the 24- to 39-GHz bands, police radar in the Ka-
band (33.4- to 36.0-GHz), scanners in airport security, short-range radar
in military vehicles and automated weapons on naval ships to detect and
take down missiles.
• What kind of throughput will be required? For autonomous vehicles and
intelligent transportation systems (ITS) applications, the devices and
connectivity must be optimized for speed. Near real time
communications – measured in millionths of a second – are critical for
vehicles and devices to “make decisions” on turning, accelerating and
braking, and the lowest possible latency is mission critical for these
applications.
• Video and VR applications, by contrast, must be optimized for
throughput. Video applications such as medical imaging can ultimately
take full advantage of the massive amounts of data that 5G networks can
support.

14. 5G Network Architecture (cont)
From https://www.digi.com/blog/post/5g-network-architecture

15. 5G Core Network Architecture (cont)
From https://www.digi.com/blog/post/5g-network-architecture
5G was designed from the ground up, and network functions are split up
by service. That is why this architecture is also called 5G core Service-
Based Architecture (SBA). The following 5G network topology diagram
shows the key components of a 5G core network:

16. 5G Reference Architecture
From https://www.techplayon.com/5g-reference-network-architecture/

17. 5G Reference Architecture (cont)
From https://www.techplayon.com/5g-reference-network-architecture/

18. 5G Reference Architecture (cont)
From https://www.techplayon.com/5g-reference-network-architecture/
Network nodes and their functions (cont)

19. 5G Reference Architecture (cont)
From https://www.techplayon.com/5g-reference-network-architecture/

20. 5G Architecture
From https://netmanias.com/en/post/blog/12967/5g/core-network-evolution-5g-service-based-arhcitecture

21. 5G IoT Applications

22. 5G Application Areas
From https://www.etsi.org/technologies/mobile/5g

23. 5G + IoT Applications Applications
From https://www.ecnmag.com/blog/2019/01/what-5g-means-future-internet-things
Self-driving cars: Sensors on self-driving cars generate a large amount of data, measuring temperature, traffic conditions,
weather, GPS location etc. Producing and assimilating such quantity of data eats up a lot of energy. Such cars are also heavily
reliant on real time transmission of information to provide optimum services. However, with high speed connectivity and low
latency, it will become possible for these intelligent cars to constantly collect all sorts of data, including time-critical data, on
which algorithms can work on to autonomously keep track of the working condition of the car and improve future designs.
Healthcare: The medical field will also see improvements in their services as all sorts of medical devices become IoT enabled.
Rural areas and other similar remote locations without proper healthcare facilities will hugely benefit from IoT connectivity.
With such low latency, world class healthcare services like surgeries performed remotely become a possibility.
Logistics: 5G connectivity will make it possible for sophisticated IoT tracking sensors that could transform logistics
operations from end to end. Not only will the high speeds and low latency make it possible to gather data in real time, but the
energy effectiveness will also make it possible for them to accumulate data of more varied nature, at all points within a supply
chain and for a very long period of time. A consumer would have access to detailed information like where the fish she just
bought was caught, what temperature was it stored in during transportation and when was it delivered to the retailer.
Smart cities: 5G will enable wider applications in smart city initiatives from water and waste management, traffic monitoring
to enhanced healthcare facilities. Smart Cities will enjoy the benefits of the new generation network as more and more sensors
make their way into city infrastructure. Not only will 5G be capable of handling the massive data load, but it will also make
the integration of various intelligent systems, constantly communicating with each other a reality, bringing the vision of a truly
connected city closer.
Retail: IoT for Retail will see a positive impact from the coming of 5G as they attempt to shape customer engagement and
experiences through mobile phones. Better connectivity and larger number of devices connected to the network will allow
them to interact with shoppers faster with improved digital signage. New and innovative ways of customer engagement that
incorporate Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality will become more popular. Retailers will be able to enhance the shopping
experience by driving omnichannel retail practices more effectively.

24. 5G + IoT Architecture
From https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1807/1807.03065.pdf

25. Industrial IoT in a 5G World (36 pages)
From https://www.arubanetworks.com/assets/wp/WP_Industrial-IoT-in-a-5G-world-Architecture.pdf

26. 5G IoT Use Cases
From https://tinyurl.com/kmxc9ytp

27. 5G IoT Use Cases from Qualcomm
From https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/5g-iot-use-case-presentation.pdf

28. Leading 5G IoT Use Cases
From https://iot-analytics.com/the-leading-5g-iot-use-cases-2019/

29. Leading 5G IoT Use Cases (cont)
From https://iot-analytics.com/the-leading-5g-iot-use-cases-2019/

30. Leading 5G IoT Use Cases (cont)
From https://iot-analytics.com/the-leading-5g-iot-use-cases-2019/

31. Leading 5G IoT Use Cases (cont)
From https://iot-analytics.com/the-leading-5g-iot-use-cases-2019/

32. Leading 5G IoT Use Cases (cont)
From https://iot-analytics.com/the-leading-5g-iot-use-cases-2019/

33. Leading 5G IoT Use Cases (cont)
From https://iot-analytics.com/the-leading-5g-iot-use-cases-2019/

34. Leading 5G IoT Use Cases (cont)
From https://iot-analytics.com/the-leading-5g-iot-use-cases-2019/

35. References

36. 5G References
・5G article with many links
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G
・5G standards
http://www.aec.mk/irc2018/irc2018_s3_02_1.pdf
・5G and IoT
https://whatsag.com/5g/who-is-involved-in-developing-the-5g-standard.php
・Long road to IoT and 5G reality
https://www.lightreading.com/mobile/5g/the-long-road-to-5g-iot-reality/d/d-id/753060
・5G-IoT Architectures
https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1807/1807.03065.pdf
・State of 5G in 2021 Part 1
https://www.forbes.com/sites/moorinsights/2021/03/08/the-state-of-5g-in-early-2021-
part-1/?sh=7298345c4d98
・State of 5G in 2021 Part 2
https://www.forbes.com/sites/moorinsights/2021/03/16/the-state-of-5g-in-early-2021-
pt-2/?sh=4f657e075ad9
・Future of 5G
https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/making-5g-nr-a-commercial-
reality.pdf