2. Chapter 2 Vocabulary
GENOVEVA PASTRANA:
• a person who pleads the cause of another person in a court of law
• a person who pleads for or behalf in another cause or policy.
• a person who works for a cause or group
Examples:
• “Some health advocates believe that unhealthy foods should not be
available in certain places.” (p.57)1
• A passionate lawyer advocate for civil rights.
3. Chapter 2 Vocabulary
GENOVEVA PASTRANA:
• doing or involving a lot of sitting : not doing or involving much
physical activity
• Sitting down and not moving
Examples:
• “Are those who live a sedentary life more prone to certain illnesses
than are more active types of people?” (p.58)1
• Their health conditions were caused by their sedentary lifestyles.
• This work is making people sedentary.
4. Chapter 2 Vocabulary
GENOVEVA PASTRANA:
• Definition : a substance that plants, animals, and people need for
grow and live ; a substance which is needed to be alive.
Examples:
• “As a result of this trend, such terms as nutrient, fiber, and saturated
fats have entered the mainstream.” (p.59)1
• Fruits and vegetables are essentials nutrients.
• Breakfast is enriched with nutrient proteins and vitamins.
5. Chapter 2 Vocabulary
GENOVEVA PASTRANA:
Definition: Come into view or become known or regarded as something
or to rise or appear from a hidden or unknown place or condition.
Examples:
• “Surprise, somewhat surprisingly, has emerged as a theme in my
recent work.” (p.71)1
• Problems have been emerged since we repaired the pipeline .
• a diver emerging from the water
6. Chapter 2 Vocabulary
GENOVEVA PASTRANA:
Definition: Think of (something that will or might happen in the future);
to expect or look ahead to (something) with pleasure to look forward to
(something) ; to do something before someone else
Examples:
• “The provincial government of Upper Austria convened a think tank experts
to help them anticipate and prepare for upcoming, societal surprises, in
pursuit of the best possible health, and social vital, for their population of 1.6
million people.” (p.71)1
• The author anticipated objections to his theory
7. Definition: strength, or a sense of purpose
Example 1: “The provincial government of Upper Austria convened
a think tank of experts to help them anticipate and prepare for
upcoming, societal surprises, in pursuit of the best possible health,
and social vitality, for their population of 1.6 million people.” (p.71)1
Example 2: “His whole personality has this playful but serious nature,
playful about life, vitality,” Hancock told CNN.
Lynette
8. Definition: outwardly appearing, or evident
Example 1: “After all, when you are asked to speak on a topic in which you
ostensibly have expertise, you really aren’t supposed to be surprised.” (p.72)1
Example 2: He is also concerned about how much money is filtered through what
are ostensibly consultants. (BBC)
Lynette
9. Definition: in general; on the whole
Example 1:” By and large, if you are surprised in a discussion of your own field,
it means you haven’t been doing your homework!” (p.72)1
Example 2: These are the kinds of things that, by and large, should have
bipartisan support. (WHITEHOUSE)
Lynette
10. Definition: to compare or contrast something.
Example 1: “But then I thought about the juxtaposition between what was going
on in that auditorium, and outside of it- and did have a surprise to share.”
(p.72)1
Example 2: This juxtaposition of simple and complex is a common trait of many
traditional Korean arts and crafts. (ENGADGET)
Lynette
11. Definition: “an extreme diet that involves injections of HCG (Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin)
Example 1: The Dukan diet is merely bad; the HCG diet is potentially deadly.”
(p.72)1
Example 2: The Federal Trade Commission forced the Simeon Management
Corporation to halt its deceptive advertising, and the HCG diet all but faded
away as a miracle weight loss cure until Trudeau resurrected it.
Lynette
12. • The Dukan Diet is a diet plan originating in France. It is a protein-based
diet designed by a French doctor Pierre Dukan.
Examples:
“The Dukan Diet is a best-selling global phenomenon” (p.72)1
“The Dukan Diet is not healthful, and not sustainable”
Ekram Alibrahim, 5F
13. • Definition: Able to be used without being completely used up or destroyed
Examples:
“ The Dukan Diet is not healthful, and not sustainable” (p.72)1
“The government should do more to promote sustainable agriculture”
Root: sustain + able Ekram Alibrahim, 5F
14. • Definition: Relating to marriage or a wedding ceremony
Examples:
“The Dukan Diet is a best-selling global phenomenon because it has helped
several women in the royal wedding party slim down for nuptial” (p.72)1
“The nuptial ceremony was performed on Sunday the 20th July, 1995”
Origin: Middle French & Latin
Ekram Alibrahim, 5F
15. • Definition: Causing death, or able to cause death
Examples:
“The HCG Diet combines hormone injections which all published studies
show to be useless for weight loss, with extreme calories restriction that
studies show can be lethal.” (p.72)1
“She was given a lethal dose of potassium chloride.”
Origin: Latin letalis, lethalis, from letum death
Ekram Alibrahim, 5F
16. • Definition: Cover or overspread (something) with water or flood
• To cause (someone or something) to receive or take in a large amount of things
at the same time
• Examples:
“The popularity of this concept is an open invitation to food manufacturers to start
inundating us with “fructose free” junk food.” (p.73)1
“The company was inundated with inquiries about heat stress”
Origin: from Latin inundāre to flood, from unda wave
Ekram Alibrahim, 5F
17. Definition: the processional entry of a victorious general into ancient
Rome.
Examples:
• Example1: “Perhaps that’s the triumph of my own hope over
experience, but what a happy surprise it would be!” (p.73)1
• Example2:We celebrated our triumph all over the school last year .
Zengxing 5F
18. Definition: Read carefully and understand what has been said.
Examples:
• Example: “It is the reader’s responsibility to read between the lines and
figure out the author’s implied main idea.” (p.73)1
• Example2:We should pay attention to read between the lines when we have
a read test.
Zengxing 5F
19. • Definition: Decreased or absent blood flow through an artery. Examples:
• Example1：”Strong proponents of veganism state that any consumption of animal
products is wrong and that feeding animals products to children is forcing them into
a life of obesity, clogged arteries, and chronic diet-related diseases.” (p.82)1
• Example2: High levels of cholesterol in the blood may produce clogged arteries.
Root:
• Clog (verb): Anything that hinders or obstructs.
Zengxing 5F
20. • Definition: It is the practice of refrain from using any animal product whatever for food, clothing, or
any other purpose.
Examples:
• Example1:”Strong proponents of veganism state that any consumption of animal products is wrong and
that feeding animals products to children is forcing them into a life of obesity,clogged arteries,and
chronic diet-related diseases.” (p.82)1
• Example2: Veganism is against feeding children with animal products.
• Root (noun):
Vegan: a vegetarian who omits all animal products from the diet.
Zengxing 5F
21. • Definition: a person who argues in favor of something; an advocate.
Examples:
• Example1: “Strong proponents of veganism state that any consumption of animal
products is wrong and that feeding animals products to children is forcing them into a
life of obesity, clogged arteries, and chronic diet-related diseases.” (p.84)1
• Example2: Once the clout of an advocate is weakened, the stage is set for dismissal
of the proponent 's position.
Root:
Propose (verb): to offer or suggest (a matter, subject, case, etc.) for consideration.
Zengxing 5F
22. Definition: - Noun: an excessive load or amount.
- Verb: load with too great a burden or cargo.
Examples:
- “You’re overloading on produce.” (p.89)1
- There is a danger, in short, of information overload.
Root:
Over + load.
Ai Nguyen 5F
23. • Definition:
- Noun: A secret store of something
A hiding place or hideout. .
- Verb: store (something) safely and secretly in a specified place.
Examples:
- “You’re stashing foods in see-through containers.” (p.89)1
- It helps to keep a stash of small bills in your wallet for cab drivers, hotel
porters and bar staff.
Root:
Blend of stow and cache
Ai Nguyen 5F
24. Definition: succeed in forcing a way into or through (a thing).
Examples:
- “Because low-fat and non-fat milk varieties are thinner than whole milk, light
can penetrate them more easily.” (p.89)1
- Wherever the wax has seeped through the fabric, the dye will not penetrate.
Derivatives:
Unpenetrated (adj)
Ai Nguyen 5F
25. • Definition:
- Adj: not able to be seen through; not transparent.
- Noun: an opaque thing or substance.
Examples:
- “Instead, keep them in their original boxes or in opaque containers and
stash them in your kitchen cabinets.” (p.89)1
- The fabric is opaque translucent so the taillights shine through
Ai Nguyen 5F
26. • Definition:
- Adj: cooked or browned in a pan containing a small quantity of butter,
oil, or other fat.
- Verb: to cook in a small amount of fat; pan-fry.
Examples:
- “Then set them aside for at least 10 minutes before sautéing.” (p.89)1
- saute alligator meat in a small amount of olive oil until tender, and set aside
Ai Nguyen 5F
27. • Definition: To increase or further improve the good quality.
Examples:
• “Herbs and spices not only enhance the flavor of your cooking without
adding some fat or sodium.” (p.90)1
• This is an opportunity to enhance the reputation of the company.
• Root: From Anglo-Norman French enhauncer.
Mohammed 5F
28. • Definition: To study food science.
Examples:
• “A nutrition advisor to the American Institute for Cancer Research in
Washington D.C.” (p.91)1
• Nutrition information is now provided on the back of most food products.
• Root: From late Latin nutritio(n), from nutrire ‘feed, nourish.
Mohammed 5F
29. • Definition: Without any energy for doing something.
Examples:
• “Many of us think about getting enough iron only when we feel lethargic or
fatigued.” (p.91)1
• The weather made them feel lethargic.
• Root: From Latin lethargicus.
Mohammed 5F
30. • Definition: To prevent something from happening.
Examples:
• “On the other hand, drinking tea or coffee at meals can inhibit how much
iron we absorb by up to 60 percent.” (p.91)1
• A lack of oxygen may inhibit brain development in the unborn child
• Root: From Latin inhibere ‘hinder’
Mohammed 5F
31. • Definition: To include a large number or range of things.
Examples:
• “It encompasses how we consume, digest, metabolize, and store nutrients
and how these nutrients affect our body.” (p.99)1
• The fog soon encompassed the whole valley.
• Root: En-, in- ‘within’ + compass.
Mohammed 5F
32. • Definition: a disease caused by not eating foods such as fruit and vegetables
that contain vitamin C.
1. “The cause of scurvy, which is a vitamin C deficiency, was discovered in the
first few years of the 20th, Dr. Joseph Goldberger successfully controlled
outbreaks of several fatal infectious diseases, from yellow fever in Louisiana
to typhus in Mexico.” (p. 99)
2. Pirates usually contract scurvy due to the lack of fruits and or vegetables that
was provided to them during their long trips out to the sea.
Root:
Scurf + -y
Lan Tran
33. • Definition: lack of necessary chemical or food is needed to sustain life.
1.“Early research in nutrition focused on making the link between nutrient
deficiencies and illness.” (p.99)
2.Anorexia is often caused by nutrient deficiency and psychological problems.
Root (Deficiency):
Deficient (verb/noun)
Lan Tran
34. • Definition: To try to deal with a difficult problem.
1.“So it wasn’t surprising that, in 1914, the Surgeon General of the United
States chose him to tackle another disease thought to be infectious that was
raging throughout the South.” (p.100)
2.There is more than one way to tackle the problem.
Root:
Middle English takel gear, apparatus < Middle Low German; akinto take
Lan Tran
35. • Definition: having plenty of money, nice houses, expensive things etc
[= wealthy]
1.“Why, in fact, did it overwhelmingly affect impoverished Southerners, while
leaving their affluent (and well-fed) neighbors healthy? “(p.100)
2.We live in an affluent neighborhood.
Root:
equivalent to af- af- +flu- flow + -ent -ent
Lan Tran
36. • Definition: active and determined.
• 1. “We can perform more strenuous activities for longer periods of time
when we eat a nutritious diet, whereas an inadequate or excessive food
intake can make us lethargic.” (p.101)1
• 2. Sherry's been making a strenuous effort to lose weight.
Related forms:
strenuously (adverb)
Lan Tran
37. Definition: continuing a long time or recurring frequently.
Example 1: “In addition to preventing nutrient deficiency diseases, a healthful
diet can reduce your risk for chronic diseases.” (p.102)
Example 2: Chronic pain is defined as pain that has lasted longer than three
to six months.
Root:
chrón (os)time + -ikos -ic
Fabian Ibanez
38. • Definition:The total number of cases of a disease in a given population at a specific
time.
Example 1: “In the United States and many developed nations, the prevalence of
obesity has dramatically increased over the past 16 years.” (p.102)
Example 2: Information on prevalence can be used for health planning, resource
allocation, and an estimate of cancer survivorship.
Root:
Prevalent (noun): widespread; of wide extent or occurrence; in general use or
acceptance.
Fabian Ibanez
39. • Definition: To weigh carefully in the mind; consider thoughtfully.
Example 1: “The causes of childhood obesity are complicated, but for years
researchers have been pondering the effects of TV advertising.” (p.106)
Example 2: Students of class 5F are pondering his college options.
Root:
Ponder (verb): from Latin ponderāre to weigh, consider, from pondus weight;
related to pendere to weigh.
Fabian Ibanez
40. • Definition: Thinks something is true without certainty
Example 1: “The researchers used a statistical test that presumes TV ads
lead to obesity but made calculations to address other influences such as
income and the number of nearby fast-food restaurants.” (p.107)1
Example 2: If you presume something, it means you act as though it's
true before all the evidence is in.
Root:
Equivalent to prae- pre- + sūmere to take up, suppose
Fabian Ibanez
41. • Definition: Keeping within reasonable or proper limits; not extreme,
excessive, or intense.
Example 1: “A lot of people consume fast food in moderate amounts and it
doesn’t harm their health” (p.107)1
Example 2: If you moderate a discussion, you help two or more people have
a reasonable conversation.
Derivatives:
Moderatly (adv)
Fabian Ibanez
42. 1) Read to Succeed. A thematic approach to academic reading. Rothman, David;
Warsi Jilani. Ed. Pearson, 2013. Chapter 2.
2) Webster’s Dictionary. McIntosh Colin. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
3) Collins Compact Plus Dictionary. Airlie Mariee. HarperCollins Publisher,2007.
4) http://dictionary.reference.com/
5) http://www.thesaurus.com/
