2nd Book- Dr Rahul & Heena Tiwari- How to Write an Article and Publish it - Complete Book.pdf
•
0 likes•13 views
2nd Book- Dr Rahul & Heena Tiwari- How to Write an Article and Publish it - Complete Book.pdf
Recommended
Recommended
More Related Content
Similar to 2nd Book- Dr Rahul & Heena Tiwari- How to Write an Article and Publish it - Complete Book.pdf
Similar to 2nd Book- Dr Rahul & Heena Tiwari- How to Write an Article and Publish it - Complete Book.pdf (20)
More from CLOVE Dental OMNI Hospitals Andhra Hospital
More from CLOVE Dental OMNI Hospitals Andhra Hospital (20)
2nd Book- Dr Rahul & Heena Tiwari- How to Write an Article and Publish it - Complete Book.pdf
- 3. !#$ % ! '
- 4. (
- 5. )*! *)+,-!
- 6. .$/0
- 7. . 1,1, % ! '
- 8. (
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¶VRZQMXGJHPHQW7KHDXWKRUV DQG SXEOLVKHUV KDYH DOVR DWWHPSWHG WR WUDFH WKH FRSULJKW KROGHUV RI DOO PDWHULDO UHSURGXFHG LQ WKLV SXEOLFDWLRQ DQG DSRORJL]H WR FRSULJKW KROGHUV LI SHUPLVVLRQ WR SXEOLVK LQ WKLV IRUP KDV QRW EHHQ REWDLQHG ,I DQ FRSULJKW PDWHULDO KDV QRW EHHQ DFNQRZOHGJHGSOHDVHZULWHDQGOHWXVNQRZVRZHPDUHFWLILQDQIXWXUHUHSULQW LL
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
- 15. $%2877+(%22. 7KLVERRNJLYHVDWKRURXJKLGHDDERXWWKHEDVLFVDQGDGYDQFHGZULWLQJRIVFLHQWLILF SDSHUDQGLWVSXEOLFDWLRQ,WZLOOKHOSLQFOHDUDOOWKHGRXEWVLQPLQGRQZULWLQJDQG SXEOLVKLQJ VLPXOWDQHRXVO ZLOO JXLGH RQ WKH VDPH ,W FRQWDLQV DOO WKH GHWDLOV DERXW GLIIHUHQWWSHVRIDUWLFOHVDQGLQGH[DWLRQVZLWKVSHFLDOHPSKDVLVRQHDFKFRQWHQWVDQG DVSHFWVRQIUDPHZRUNRIVFLHQWLILFSDSHU YL
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
- 17. :+3$3(5,65(-(7(' $ FRPPRQ UHDVRQ IRU UHMHFWLRQ LV WKDW WKH VXEPLVVLRQ LV QRW VXIILFLHQWO RULJLQDO DQGRUQRWZLWKLQWKHSXEOLFDWLRQ¶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¶V$LPVDQG6FRSH$XWKRU*XLGHOLQHVDQGRQOLQHFRQWHQW 2WKHUUHDVRQVIRUUHMHFWLRQDUHPRUHEDVLFEXWQROHVVLQIOXHQWLDO:DVDVDPSOHVL]H FDOFXODWLRQSHUIRUPHGWRHQVXUHDGHTXDWHVWDWLVWLFDOSRZHU)RULQIHUHQWLDOVWDWLVWLFV ZHUH QXOO KSRWKHVHV WZRWDLOHG Į YDOXHV DQG RWKHU EDVLF VWDWLVWLFDO SDUDPHWHUV H[SOLFLWOVWDWHG 'LG WKH GHVLJQ RI DQ REVHUYDWLRQDO VWXG VHHN WR FRQWURO IRU SRWHQWLDO ELDVHV DQG FRQIRXQGLQJ RQ XQPHDVXUHG YDULDEOHV :HUH VWXG VWUHQJWKV DQG OLPLWDWLRQV GHOLQHDWHGLQWKH'LVFXVVLRQ 6WOHRIZULWLQJLVDYHULPSRUWDQWFULWHULD,WLVWKRURXJKOH[SODLQHGLQWKLVERRN
- 18. +2:72*(73$3(5$(37(' 0LOOLRQV RI PDQXVFULSWV DUH XQGHUWDNHQ E UHVHDUFKHUV HDFK HDU RIWHQ ZLWKRXW D UHOLDEOHSDWKWRSXEOLFDWLRQ7RLPSURYHDPDQXVFULSW¶VOLNHOLKRRGRIDFFHSWDQFHED 3HHU5HYLHZHG-RXUQDOZHVKRXOGVHHNDQGDGKHUHWRMRXUQDODXWKRUJXLGHOLQHVDQG RWKHUTXDOLWVWDQGDUGV :HVKRXOGIXUWKHUUHVHDUFKWKHMRXUQDOLQFOXGLQJLWV$LPVDQG6FRSHDQGGRZQORDG UHFHQWRQOLQHFRQWHQWHVSHFLDOOUHSRUWVRIVWXGLHVZLWKGHVLJQVOLNHRXURZQ
- 19. 6RPH MRXUQDOV DVNHG WR VXEPLW DEVWUDFW ILUVW WR GHFLGH WKH SUREDELOLW RI DUWLFOH IRU DFFHSWDQFHLQWKHVFRSHRIMRXUQDO0DMRULWRIMRXUQDOVWDNHWKHFRPSOHWHVXEPLVVLRQ :ULWHDEVWUDFWRUPDQXVFULSWVXFFLQFWOFOHDUODQGLQDIDLUEDODQFHGPDQQHU%DVH RXUSDSHU¶VFRQFOXVLRQVRQVWXGILQGLQJVDYRLGLQJFRQMHFWXUHRYHULQWHUSUHWDWLRQ DQG D ³GHIHQVLYH´ RU ³DUJXPHQWDWLYH´ WHQRU 7KH MRXUQDO FRQGXFW RXU PDQXVFULSW HWKLFDOOWUDQVSDUHQWOGLVFORVLQJILQDQFLDOLQWHUHVWVVXFKDVFRQIOLFWVRILQWHUHVWVUHDO RU SHUFHLYHG
- 20. DQG LQWHOOHFWXDO FRQWULEXWLRQV DQG DYRLGLQJ RIIODEHO SURPRWLRQ DQG SURPRWLRQDOZULWLQJLQJHQHUDO
- 21. 6RLWVDOOXSWRWKHPHGLFDOZULWHUKRZKHZULWHVWKHPDQXVFULSWGUDIWLWHGLWLWDQG VXSSRUWVXEPLVVLRQRIWKHVWXG¶VUHSRUW 2XUPDLQDLPVKRXOGEHWRJHWLWSXEOLVKHGLQWKHKLJKHVWLPSDFW3XE0HG0('/,1( ,QGH[ 0HGLFXV 6FRSXV :HE RI 6FLHQFH '2$- LQGH[HG 6FLHQFHV LWDWLRQ LQGH[ ([SDQGHG(PEDVHDQGRWKHUSHHUUHYLHZHGMRXUQDOLGHDOORQHZLWKRSHQDFFHVV $OZDVWUWRIROORZWKHDXWKRUVLQVWUXFWLRQVRIMRXUQDOEHIRUHZULWLQJWKHPDQXVFULSW ,I LW LV IROORZHG SURSHUO DQG DUWLFOH LV ZULWWHQ ZLWKRXW SODJLDULVP WKH DFFHSWDQFH FKDQFHVDUHYHUKLJK
- 22. +$//(1*(621:5,7,1* 7KHFKDOOHQJHVXVXDOODZULWHUILQGVZKLOHZULWLQJLVWKHLQDELOLWWRXQGHUVWDQGWKH PDWWHUZKDWWRZULWHDQGKRZWRZULWH 7KHGRQ¶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
- 23. 48$/,72):5,7,1* ODULWLVZKDWZHZHQHHGWRHQVXUHWKDWHDFKVHJPHQWRIDPDQXVFULSW³PRWLYDWHV´ DQG MXVWLILHV WKH QH[W 7KH ,QWURGXFWLRQ VKRXOG H[SODLQ WKH UDWLRQDOH UHVHDUFK TXHVWLRQVDQGXQLTXHLQFUHPHQWDO
- 25. ILQGLQJVLQWKH5HVXOWV WKHQ GULYH RUJDQL]DWLRQ DQG RYHUDOO SUHVHQWDWLRQ RI WKH 'LVFXVVLRQ7KH 'LVFXVVLRQ EXLOGVWRWKHFURZQLQJ³PDQXVFULSWUHFRQFLOLDWLRQ´LQWKHRQFOXVLRQV$VZULWHUZH XVH WKH RQFOXVLRQV WR ³UHFNRQ´ :HUH WKH VWXG REMHFWLYHV RI WKH UHVHDUFK DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ PHW ,I QRW ZK QRW $UH WKHUH DOWHUQDWLYH H[SODQDWLRQV RI WKH ILQGLQJV:KDWXQLTXHILQGLQJVZHUHUHSRUWHGDQGZKDWIXWXUHUHVHDUFKPLJKWDVVLVW LQ FRUURERUDWLQJ RU H[WHQGLQJ WKHP RQVLVWHQW ZLWK WKH ³,05$'´ ,QWURGXFWLRQ 0HWKRGV 5HVXOWV $QG 'LVFXVVLRQ
- 26. PRGXODU IRUPDW RI FRQWHPSRUDU PHGLFDO SXEOLFDWLRQV GLIIHUHQW UHDGHUV DSSUHKHQG LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP VHJPHQWV RI RXU PDQXVFULSWVLQGLVFUHWHZDV0DQEURZVHSLFNDQGFKRRVHDQGUDUHOUHDGIURP WKHILUVWZRUGWRWKHODVW6RPHKDYHWLPHRQOWRUHYLHZWKH$EVWUDFWDQG'LVFXVVLRQ 2WKHUV SHUXVH RQO WKH $EVWUDFW WDEOHV DQG ILJXUHV %HFDXVH RI WKHVH GLVWLQFW FRJQLWLYHVWOHVDQGSUDFWLFHVPDQXVFULSWVHJPHQWVVKRXOGEHVHOIFRQWDLQHGXQLWVRI PHDQLQJWRRSWLPL]HFODULW7R³VWDQGDORQH´LIQHFHVVDUWDEOHWLWOHVDQGIRRWQRWHV DQGILJXUHOHJHQGV
- 28. DEEUHYLDWLRQVHYHQLI H[SDQGHG LQ WKH QDUUDWLYH WH[W GHVFULSWLYH VWDWLVWLFV RI WKH VDPSOH SRSXODWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ PHDQ DQG 6' IRU VPPHWULFDO GDWD DQG PHGLDQ DQG UDQJH IRU VNHZHG DVPPHWULFDO
- 29. GDWDGLIIHUHQWSRSXODWLRQVDQDO]HGLQFOXGLQJLQWHQWWRWUHDWDQGSHU SURWRFRO DQG DQ PHWKRGV WR FRQWURO RU DGMXVW IRU SDWLHQW DWWULWLRQ DQG PXOWLSOH FRPSDULVRQVSYDOXHVDQGVWDWLVWLFDOWHVWVWKDWJHQHUDWHGWKHPDQDOVLVRIFRYDULDQFH $129$
- 30. PRGHOV DQG SUHVSHFLILHG FRYDULDWHV
- 31. DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK DQ OHDVWVTXDUHV PHDQYDOXHVDQGZKLFKJURXSRUFRQGLWLRQLVWKHUHIHUHQWULVNUDWLR
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
- 35. ,1',9,'8$/'(65,37,212)$57,/(6 2EVHUYDWLRQDOVWXGLHV 2EVHUYDWLRQDOVWXGLHVDUHRQHVZKHUHUHVHDUFKHUVREVHUYHWKHHIIHFWRIDULVNIDFWRU GLDJQRVWLFWHVWWUHDWPHQWRURWKHULQWHUYHQWLRQZLWKRXWWULQJWRFKDQJHZKRLVRULVQ¶W H[SRVHGWRLWRKRUWVWXGLHVDQGFDVHFRQWUROVWXGLHVDUHWZRWSHVRIREVHUYDWLRQDO VWXGLHV RKRUW6WXG )RUUHVHDUFKSXUSRVHVDFRKRUWLVDQJURXSRISHRSOHZKRDUHOLQNHGLQVRPHZD )RU LQVWDQFH D ELUWK FRKRUW LQFOXGHV DOO SHRSOH ERUQ ZLWKLQ D JLYHQ WLPH IUDPH 5HVHDUFKHUVFRPSDUHZKDWKDSSHQVWRPHPEHUVRIWKHFRKRUWWKDWKDYHEHHQH[SRVHG WR D SDUWLFXODU YDULDEOH WR ZKDW KDSSHQV WR WKH RWKHU PHPEHUV ZKR KDYH QRW EHHQ H[SRVHG DVHRQWURO6WXG +HUH UHVHDUFKHUV LGHQWLI SHRSOH ZLWK DQ H[LVWLQJ KHDOWK SUREOHP ³FDVHV´
- 37. DQGWKHQFRPSDUHWKHPZLWKUHVSHFWWR DQH[SRVXUHRUH[SRVXUHV ([SHULPHQWDOVWXGLHV ([SHULPHQWDOVWXGLHVDUHRQHVZKHUHUHVHDUFKHUVLQWURGXFHDQLQWHUYHQWLRQDQGVWXG WKH HIIHFWV ([SHULPHQWDO VWXGLHV DUH XVXDOO UDQGRPL]HG PHDQLQJ WKH VXEMHFWV DUH JURXSHGEFKDQFH URVV6HFWLRQDO6WXGLHV $ FURVVVHFWLRQDO VWXG DOVR NQRZQ DV D FURVVVHFWLRQDO DQDOVLV WUDQVYHUVH VWXG SUHYDOHQFHVWXG
- 39. H[SRVHG WR GLIIHUHQW WUHDWPHQWV RPSDUDWLYH VWXG ORRNV DW WZR RU PRUH VLPLODU JURXSVLQGLYLGXDOVRUFRQGLWLRQVEFRPSDULQJWKHP 3URVSHFWLYH6WXG $SURVSHFWLYHVWXGVRPHWLPHVFDOOHGDSURVSHFWLYHFRKRUWVWXG
- 40. LVDWSHRIFRKRUW VWXG RU JURXS VWXG ZKHUH SDUWLFLSDQWV DUH HQUROOHG LQWR WKH VWXG EHIRUH WKH GHYHORS WKH GLVHDVH RU RXWFRPH LQ TXHVWLRQ $ SURVSHFWLYH VWXG ZDWFKHV IRU RXWFRPHVVXFKDVWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDGLVHDVHGXULQJWKHVWXGSHULRGDQGUHODWHV WKLVWRRWKHUIDFWRUVVXFKDVVXVSHFWHGULVNRUSURWHFWLRQIDFWRUV
- 41. 7KHVWXGXVXDOO LQYROYHV WDNLQJ D FRKRUW RI VXEMHFWV DQG ZDWFKLQJ WKHP RYHU D ORQJ SHULRG 7KH RXWFRPHRILQWHUHVWVKRXOGEHFRPPRQRWKHUZLVHWKHQXPEHURIRXWFRPHVREVHUYHG ZLOOEHWRRVPDOOWREHVWDWLVWLFDOOPHDQLQJIXOLQGLVWLQJXLVKDEOHIURPWKRVHWKDWPD KDYHDULVHQEFKDQFH
- 42. $OOHIIRUWVVKRXOGEHPDGHWRDYRLGVRXUFHVRIELDVVXFKDVWKH ORVV RI LQGLYLGXDOV WR IROORZ XS GXULQJ WKH VWXG 3URVSHFWLYH VWXGLHV XVXDOO KDYH IHZHUSRWHQWLDOVRXUFHVRIELDVDQGFRQIRXQGLQJWKDQUHWURVSHFWLYHVWXGLHV 5HWURVSHFWLYH6WXG $VWXGWKDWFRPSDUHVWZRJURXSVRISHRSOHWKRVHZLWKWKHGLVHDVHRUFRQGLWLRQXQGHU VWXG FDVHV
- 43. DQG D YHU VLPLODU JURXS RI SHRSOH ZKR GR QRW KDYH WKH GLVHDVH RU FRQGLWLRQFRQWUROV
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
- 47. VWXGLHVZKLFKDUH GRQHLQVLGHDQRUJDQLVP 4XDOLWLPSURYHPHQWVWXGLHV 4XDOLW LPSURYHPHQW LV D SURFHVV RI VVWHPDWLF GDWDJXLGHG DFWLYLWLHV GHVLJQHG WR EULQJ DERXW LPPHGLDWH SRVLWLYH FKDQJHV LQ WKH GHOLYHU RI KHDOWKFDUH LQ SDUWLFXODU VHWWLQJV 7KH JRDO LV WR DQDO]H GDWD WR LPSURYH VVWHPV UHODWHG WR SURFHVVHV DQG RXWFRPHVLHFRVWSURGXFWLYLWTXDOLW
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
- 49. RFFXUUHQFH DQG DV VXFK UHPDLQ RQH RI WKH FRUQHUVWRQHV RI PHGLFDO SURJUHVV DQG SURYLGHPDQQHZLGHDVLQPHGLFLQH DVH6HULHV $FDVHVHULHVDOVRNQRZQDVDFOLQLFDOVHULHV
- 50. LVDWSHRIPHGLFDOUHVHDUFKVWXGWKDW WUDFNVVXEMHFWVZLWKDNQRZQH[SRVXUHVXFKDVSDWLHQWVZKRKDYHUHFHLYHGDVLPLODU WUHDWPHQWRUH[DPLQHVWKHLUPHGLFDOUHFRUGVIRUH[SRVXUHDQGRXWFRPH OLQLFDO3UDFWLFH*XLGHOLQHV OLQLFDOSUDFWLFHJXLGHOLQHVDUHVWDWHPHQWVWKDWLQFOXGHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQVLQWHQGHGWR RSWLPL]H SDWLHQW FDUH WKDW DUH LQIRUPHG E D VVWHPDWLF UHYLHZ RI HYLGHQFH DQG DQ DVVHVVPHQWRIWKHEHQHILWVDQGKDUPVRIDOWHUQDWLYHFDUHRSWLRQV 4XDOLWDWLYHUHVHDUFK 4XDOLWDWLYHUHVHDUFKLVGHILQHGDVDPDUNHWUHVHDUFKPHWKRGWKDWIRFXVHVRQREWDLQLQJ GDWDWKURXJKRSHQHQGHGDQGFRQYHUVDWLRQDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ7KLVPHWKRGLVQRWRQO DERXW ³ZKDW´ SHRSOH WKLQN EXW DOVR ³ZK´ WKH WKLQN VR )RU H[DPSOH FRQVLGHU D FRQYHQLHQFHVWRUHORRNLQJWRLPSURYHLWVSDWURQDJH $QLPDOSUHFOLQLFDOVWXGLHV 3UHFOLQLFDOVWXGLHVUHIHUWRWKHWHVWLQJRIDGUXJSURFHGXUHRURWKHUPHGLFDOWUHDWPHQW LQ DQLPDOV EHIRUH WULDOV PD EH FDUULHG RXW LQ KXPDQV 'XULQJ SUHFOLQLFDO GUXJ GHYHORSPHQW WKH GUXJ V WR[LF DQG SKDUPDFRORJLFDO HIIHFWV QHHG WR EH HYDOXDWHG WKURXJKLQYLWURDQGLQYLYRODERUDWRUDQLPDOWHVWLQJ (FRQRPLFHYDOXDWLRQV (FRQRPLF HYDOXDWLRQ LV WKH SURFHVV RI VVWHPDWLF LGHQWLILFDWLRQ PHDVXUHPHQW DQG YDOXDWLRQRIWKHLQSXWVDQGRXWFRPHVRIWZRDOWHUQDWLYHDFWLYLWLHVDQGWKHVXEVHTXHQW FRPSDUDWLYHDQDOVLVRIWKHVH7KHSXUSRVHRIHFRQRPLFHYDOXDWLRQLVWRLGHQWLIWKH EHVWFRXUVHRIDFWLRQEDVHGRQWKHHYLGHQFHDYDLODEOH /HWWHUWR(GLWRU*HXVW(GLWRULDO $ OHWWHU WR WKH HGLWRU VRPHWLPHV DEEUHYLDWHG /77( RU /7(
- 51. LV D OHWWHU VHQW WR D SXEOLFDWLRQDERXWLVVXHVRIFRQFHUQIURPLWVUHDGHUV8VXDOOOHWWHUVDUHLQWHQGHGIRU
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
- 53. KHDYLOGHSHQGHQWRQWKHDXWKRU¶VSHUVSHFWLYHRUDQHFGRWDOHYLGHQFHIURPWKHDXWKRU¶V SHUVRQDO H[SHULHQFH WR VXSSRUW WKH DUJXPHQW RPPHQWDULHV DUH XVXDOO YHU VKRUW DUWLFOHVRIDURXQGZRUGVDQGDUHLQPRVWFDVHVLQYLWHGE(GLWRUVIURP UHYLHZHUVRUH[SHUWVLQWKHILHOG7KHLQFOXGHDIHZUHIHUHQFHVDQGRQHRUWZRWDEOHV DQGILJXUHV6RPHMRXUQDOVUHTXLUHDEVWUDFWVIRUFRPPHQWDULHVZKLOHRWKHUVGRQRW 7KH GHVLUHG ZRUG FRXQW IRU WKHVH DUWLFOHV LV DOVR MRXUQDOVSHFLILF $XWKRUV VKRXOG WKHUHIRUH UHDG WKH JXLGHOLQHV SURYLGHG E WKH MRXUQDO FDUHIXOO EHIRUH WKH EHJLQ ZULWLQJ 2SLQLRQDUWLFOHV 2SLQLRQDUWLFOHVSUHVHQWWKHDXWKRU¶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
- 56. (SLGHPLRORJLVWKHVWXGRIGLVHDVHV LQ SRSXODWLRQV RI KXPDQV RU RWKHU DQLPDOV VSHFLILFDOO KRZ ZKHQ DQG ZKHUH WKH RFFXU(SLGHPLRORJLVWVDWWHPSWWRGHWHUPLQHZKDWIDFWRUVDUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKGLVHDVHV ULVN IDFWRUV
- 57. DQG ZKDW IDFWRUV PD SURWHFW SHRSOH RU DQLPDOV DJDLQVW GLVHDVH SURWHFWLYHIDFWRUV
- 59. %$6,62)6,(17,),:5,7,1* 6FLHQWLILF ZULWLQJ LV QRW MXVW ZULWLQJ DERXW VFLHQFH LW LV WKH WHFKQLFDO ZULWLQJ WKDW VFLHQWLVWVGRWRFRPPXQLFDWHWKHLUUHVHDUFKWRRWKHUV6FLHQWLILFZULWLQJLVSUHGLFDWHG RQ WKH ULJRUV RI VFLHQWLILF LQTXLU VR LW PXVW UHIOHFW WKH VDPH SUHFLVLRQ DV WKDW GHPDQGHGLQWKHUHVHDUFKSURFHVV6FLHQWLILFFRPPXQLFDWLRQGHPDQGVSUHFLVLRQWKH SUHFLVH XVH RI ZRUGV DQG SKUDVHV
- 60. FODULW DQG HFRQRP 7KLV GLVWLQFWLRQ LV DQ LPSRUWDQW RQH EHFDXVH WKH ZULWHU LV FRPPXQLFDWLQJ KLJKO WHFKQLFDO LQIRUPDWLRQ WR RWKHUVZKRPLJKWRUPLJKWQRWEHDVNQRZOHGJHDEOHWKHPDEHIURPDGLIIHUHQW GLVFLSOLQH WKH PD RU PD QRW EH D QDWLYH VSHDNHU RI WKH ODQJXDJH XVHG 0DQ MRXUQDOV KDYH LQWHUQDWLRQDO DXGLHQFHV VR SUHFLVH FRPPXQLFDWLRQ KHOSV SUHYHQW PLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJV DQG PLVWUDQVODWLRQV LQ RWKHU FRQWH[WV RPPXQLFDWLQJ IDFWV ILJXUHVDQGPHWKRGVXVHGLQUHVHDUFK±±DVZHOODVWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHUHVXOWV±±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
- 63. /HQJWKRIWKHPDQXVFULSW $JDLQORRNDWWKHMRXUQDO V*XLGHIRU$XWKRUVEXWDQLGHDOOHQJWKIRUDPDQXVFULSWLV DURXQG SDJHV H[FOXGLQJ ILJXUHV DQG WDEOHV
- 64. WLPHV QHZ URPDQ IRQW LQFK PDUJLQRQDOOVLGHVDQGGRXEOHVSDFHGLQFOXGLQJHVVHQWLDOGDWDRQO5HVHDUFKDUWLFOHV DURXQG ZRUGV UHYLHZ DUWLFOHV DURXQG ZRUGV FDVH UHSRUW DURXQG ZRUGVDQGUHVWPLQRUVDURXQGZRUGV+HUHDUHVRPHJHQHUDOJXLGHOLQHV 7LWOH6KRUWDQGLQIRUPDWLYH $EVWUDFWSDUDJUDSKVWUXFWXUHGRUXQVWUXFWXUHGZRUGV
- 71. 7DEOHVRQHSHUSDJH
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± EHLQJVHQWRXWIRUSHHUUHYLHZ 7LWOH3DJH ,WFRQWDLQV7LWOHRIWKHDUWLFOH1DPHV
- 74. DQGLQLWLDOV
- 75. RIDXWKRUV
- 77. RIDXWKRUV
- 80. DQGIDPLO QDPHV
- 82. EHORZWKH QDPHV,QGLFDWHDOODIILOLDWLRQVZLWKDORZHUFDVHVXSHUVFULSWOHWWHULPPHGLDWHODIWHU WKH DXWKRU V QDPH DQG LQ IURQW RI WKH DSSURSULDWH DGGUHVV 3URYLGH WKH IXOO SRVWDO DGGUHVVRIHDFKDIILOLDWLRQLQFOXGLQJWKHFRXQWUQDPHDQGLIDYDLODEOHWKHHPDLO DGGUHVVRIHDFKDXWKRU RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRUOHDUOLQGLFDWHZKRZLOOKDQGOHFRUUHVSRQGHQFHDWDOOVWDJHV RI UHIHUHHLQJ DQG SXEOLFDWLRQ DOVR SRVWSXEOLFDWLRQ 7KLV UHVSRQVLELOLW LQFOXGHV DQVZHULQJDQIXWXUHTXHULHVDERXW0HWKRGRORJDQG0DWHULDOV(QVXUHWKDWWKHHPDLO DGGUHVV LV JLYHQ DQG WKDW FRQWDFW GHWDLOV DUH NHSW XS WR GDWH E WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ DXWKRU 3UHVHQWSHUPDQHQWDGGUHVV,IDQDXWKRUKDVPRYHGVLQFHWKHZRUNGHVFULEHGLQWKH DUWLFOH ZDV GRQH RU ZDV YLVLWLQJ DW WKH WLPH D 3UHVHQW DGGUHVV RU 3HUPDQHQW DGGUHVV
- 83. PDEHLQGLFDWHGDVDIRRWQRWHWRWKDWDXWKRU VQDPH7KHDGGUHVVDWZKLFK WKH DXWKRU DFWXDOO GLG WKH ZRUN PXVW EH UHWDLQHG DV WKH PDLQ DIILOLDWLRQ DGGUHVV 6XSHUVFULSW$UDELFQXPHUDOVDUHXVHGIRUVXFKIRRWQRWHV $XWKRUVRQWULEXWLRQ %LRJUDSKLHV RI WKH ILUVW DXWKRU DQGRU WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ DXWKRU ZLWKLQ ZRUGV LQFOXGLQJWKHDXWKRUSKRWRV
- 84. VKRXOGLQFOXGHHGXFDWLRQDOEDFNJURXQGUHVHDUFKILHOG DQGSXEOLVKHGSDSHUVDQGSDWHQWVHWF3OHDVHVXEPLWWKHELRJUDSKLHVDVDVHSDUDWHILOH RQWULEXWLRQVRIDOOWKHDXWKRUVDUHYHULPSRUWDQW RSULJKW)RUP 7KLVLVDIURPZKLFKLVVLJQHGEDOOWKHDXWKRUVZLWKGDWHIRUDXWKHQWLFDWLRQ.HHSLW UHDG GXULQJ VXEPLVVLRQ 1R FKDQJHV VKRXOG EH GRQH DIWHU VXEPLVVLRQ ,I QRW VXEPLWWHGLQLWLDOOLWZLOOEHDVNHGXSRQDFFHSWDQFHRIDQDUWLFOHDXWKRUVZLOOEHDVNHG WR FRPSOHWH D -RXUQDO 3XEOLVKLQJ $JUHHPHQW $FFHSWDQFH RI WKH DJUHHPHQW ZLOO HQVXUHWKHZLGHVWSRVVLEOHGLVVHPLQDWLRQRILQIRUPDWLRQ$QHPDLOZLOOEHVHQWWRWKH
- 85. FRUUHVSRQGLQJ DXWKRU FRQILUPLQJ UHFHLSW RI WKH PDQXVFULSW WRJHWKHU ZLWK D -RXUQDO 3XEOLVKLQJ$JUHHPHQW IRUPRUDOLQNWRWKHRQOLQHYHUVLRQRIWKHDJUHHPHQW RQIOLFWVRI,QWHUHVW $OO DXWKRUV DUH UHTXHVWHG WR GLVFORVH DQ DFWXDO RU SRWHQWLDO FRQIOLFW RI LQWHUHVW LQFOXGLQJ DQ ILQDQFLDO SHUVRQDO RU RWKHU UHODWLRQVKLSV ZLWK RWKHU SHRSOH RU RUJDQL]DWLRQV ZLWKLQ WKUHH HDUV RI EHJLQQLQJ WKH VXEPLWWHG ZRUN WKDW FRXOG LQDSSURSULDWHO LQIOXHQFH RU EH SHUFHLYHG WR LQIOXHQFH WKHLU ZRUN 3OHDVH DGG D SDUDJUDSK IRU µRQIOLFW RI LQWHUHVW¶ :KHQ DXWKRUV KDYH QRWKLQJ WR GHFODUH SOHDVH ZULWHµ7KHDXWKRUVGHFODUHWKDWWKHKDYHQRNQRZQFRPSHWLQJILQDQFLDOLQWHUHVWVRU SHUVRQDOUHODWLRQVKLSVWKDWFRXOGKDYHDSSHDUHGWRLQIOXHQFHWKHZRUNUHSRUWHGLQWKLV SDSHU¶DKHDGRIµ$FNQRZOHGJPHQWV¶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
- 87. DQG HDUV
- 88. $OVR QRQVWDQGDUG RU XQFRPPRQ DEEUHYLDWLRQV VKRXOG EH DYRLGHG EXW LI HVVHQWLDO WKHPXVWEHGHILQHGDWWKHLUILUVWPHQWLRQLQWKHDEVWUDFWLWVHOI7RDEVWUDFWLVWRWDNH DZDRUUHPRYHWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWGDWDIURPDVHWRIUHFRUGVVRLWKDVWRKDSSHQDW WKH HQG $ERXW ZRUGV (YHU UHVHDUFK DEVWUDFW KDV D LQWUR PHWKRGV UHVXOWV GLVFXVVLRQDQGFRQFOXVLRQ$OOLQIRUPDWLRQLQDEVWUDFWQHHGVWREHLQSDSHUQRH[WUD LQIR
- 89. 5HVHDUFKSDSHUDEVWUDFWVDUHGLIIHUHQWWKDQUHYLHZSDSHUV1RDEEUHYLDWLRQVWKDW DUH QRW GHVFULEHG XQOHVV '1$ 51$
- 90. 1R VFLHQWLILF MDUJRQ 4 :KDW
- 91. 1R UHIHUHQFHVQRFLWDWLRQV)DLOXUHWRVWDWHSXUSRVH .H:RUGV ,PPHGLDWHODIWHUWKHDEVWUDFWSURYLGHDPD[LPXPRINHZRUGVXVLQJ$PHULFDQ VSHOOLQJ DQG DYRLGLQJ JHQHUDO DQG SOXUDO WHUPV DQG PXOWLSOH FRQFHSWV DYRLG IRU H[DPSOH DQG RI
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
- 94. ([DJJHUDWLQJRUXQGHUVWDWLQJWKH LPSRUWDQFHRIRXUZRUN8VLQJODFNOXVWHURSHQHUVWRSLFVHQWHQFHVPXVWEHVWURQJ
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µHWDO¶LIWKHDXWKRU JURXSFRQVLVWVRIDXWKRUVRUIHZHUDOODXWKRUQDPHVVKRXOGEHOLVWHG3OHDVHSURYLGH WKH DUWLFOH WLWOH LQ WKH UHIHUHQFH OLVW :H KLJKO UHFRPPHQG RX WR ILQG XVHIXO DQG UHOHYDQW LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ WKH SUHYLRXV DUWLFOHV ZKLFK FDQ GUDPDWLFDOO EHQHILW RXU OLWHUDWXUHVDQGUHIHUHQFHV
- 104. /HJHQGV /HJHQGV DUH WKH GHVFULSWLRQV RI WDEOHV JUDSKV ILJXUHV DQG DQQH[XUHV XVHG LQ WKH PDQXVFULSWDQGFLWHGDFFRUGLQJO )LJXUH (QVXUHWKDWHDFKLOOXVWUDWLRQKDVDFDSWLRQ6XSSOFDSWLRQVVHSDUDWHOQRWDWWDFKHGWR WKH ILJXUH $ FDSWLRQ VKRXOG FRPSULVH D EULHI WLWOH QRW RQ WKH ILJXUH LWVHOI
- 106. DWWKHHQG1XPEHUWDEOHV FRQVHFXWLYHOLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHLUDSSHDUDQFHLQWKHWH[WDQGSODFHDQWDEOHQRWHV EHORZWKHWDEOHERG%HVSDULQJLQWKHXVHRIWDEOHVDQGHQVXUHWKDWWKHGDWDSUHVHQWHG LQWKHPGRQRWGXSOLFDWHUHVXOWVGHVFULEHGHOVHZKHUHLQWKHDUWLFOH3OHDVHDYRLGXVLQJ YHUWLFDOUXOHVDQGVKDGLQJLQWDEOHFHOOV 6XSSOHPHQWDO'DWD ,W LV WKH EDVLF RU UDZ GDWD FROOHFWHG GXULQJ UHVHDUFK ZKLFK LV XVHG IRU VWDWLVWLFDO DQDOVLVWRFRPHWRDGHILQLWLYHUHVXOWVRURWKHUGDWDLQFOXGLQJH[WUDSLFWXUHVRIFDVHV ZKLFKFDQEHKHOSIXOIRUUHYLHZHUDQGFDQKHOSLQJLYLQJFOHDULGHDDERXWRXUDUWLFOH $FNQRZOHGJHPHQW 3OHDVH SURYLGH WKH JUDQW QXPEHUV
- 107. DQG WKH QDPH RI VXSSRUWHG IRXQGDWLRQ LWHPV FRUUHFWOIRULGHQWLILFDWLRQSXUSRVHVLQWKHHQGRIWH[WRXFDQDOVRPHQWLRQSHRSOH DQG GHSDUWPHQW RU LQVWLWXWLRQV ZKR KDYH KHOSHG RX LQ WKH VDPH ZRUN LQ DFNQRZOHGJHPHQW )RUPDWWLQJRIIXQGLQJVRXUFHV /LVW IXQGLQJ VRXUFHV LQ WKLV VWDQGDUG ZD WR IDFLOLWDWH FRPSOLDQFH WR IXQGHU V UHTXLUHPHQWV)XQGLQJ7KLVZRUNZDVVXSSRUWHGEWKH,QGLDQRXQFLORI0HGLFDO
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
- 109. ZLOO EH VHQW E HPDLO WR WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ DXWKRULIZHGRQRWKDYHDQHPDLODGGUHVVWKHQSDSHUSURRIVZLOOEHVHQWESRVW
- 110. RUD OLQNZLOOEHSURYLGHGLQWKHHPDLOVRWKDWDXWKRUVFDQGRZQORDGWKHILOHVWKHPVHOYHV,I RX GR QRW ZLVK WR XVH WKH 3') DQQRWDWLRQV IXQFWLRQ RX PD OLVW WKH FRUUHFWLRQV LQFOXGLQJUHSOLHVWRWKH4XHU)RUP
- 119. 5HVHDUFK MRXUQDOV IURP DOO GLVFLSOLQHV LQGH[HG LQ 6FRSXV 6RXUFH OLVW
- 120. RU :HE RI 6FLHQFH $UWV DQG +XPDQLWLHV LWDWLRQ ,QGH[ 6RXUFH 3XEOLFDWLRQ 6FLHQFH LWDWLRQ ,QGH[([SDQGHG6RXUFH3XEOLFDWLRQ6RFLDO6FLHQFHLWDWLRQ,QGH[6RXUFH3XEOLFDWLRQ
- 122. 2QO RULJLQDO SDSHUV PHWDDQDOVLV VVWHPDWLF UHYLHZV DQG FDVH VHULHV WKDW DUH SXEOLVKHGLQMRXUQDOVLQFOXGHGLQ0HGOLQH3XEPHGHQWUDOLWDWLRQLQGH[6FLHQFHV LWDWLRQLQGH[([SDQGHG(PEDVH6FRSXV'LUHFWRURI2SHQDFFHVVMRXUQDOV'R$-
- 123. ZLOO EH FRQVLGHUHG
- 124. 7KH DXWKRU PXVW EH DPRQJVW ILUVW WKUHH RU VKRXOG EH WKH RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU ',
- 125. DWHJRU,
- 148. FDOO
- 152. KS OmniScriptum Publishing Brivibas gatve 197 LV-1039 Riga, Latvia Telefax:+37168620455 info@omniscriptum.com www.omniscriptum.com Buy your books fast and straightforward online - at one of world’s fastest growing online book stores! Environmentally sound due to Print-on-Demand technologies. Buy your books online at www.morebooks.shop Kaufen Sie Ihre Bücher schnell und unkompliziert online – auf einer der am schnellsten wachsenden Buchhandelsplattformen weltweit! Dank Print-On-Demand umwelt- und ressourcenschonend produzi ert. Bücher schneller online kaufen www.morebooks.shop