This document describes a patent for an improved electrical heater element. It consists of an outer tubular sheath filled with compacted insulation and containing longitudinally extending conductors connected to terminals protruding from one end of the sheath. A plug of heat-resistant resilient material is located in and gripped by the end of the sheath such that it protrudes and locates the terminals. The resistance wire is packed with insulating powder and the end with the rubber plug is swaged to tightly compress the plug and permanently hold it.

1. * GB785909 (A)
Description: GB785909 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Arrangement for gasifying finely divided solid fuels in suspension
Description of GB785909 (A)
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
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BE546018 (A) NL96936 (C)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
^ Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: March 9, 1956
No 7496/56 96 Application made in Germany on March 16, 1955.
(Potent of Addition to No 732,019, dated July 24, 1953).
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 55 ( 1), B( 4 B 1: 5: 11).
International Classification:-Cl Oj.
COM LETE SIPEG Ii FIC Al WONArrangement for Gasifying Finely Divided
Solid Fuels in Suspension We, HEINR Ic H KOPPERS 'GESELLSCHAFT MIT
BESCHRANKTER HAFTUNG, a 'joint Stock Company organised and existing
under the laws of the German Federal Republic of.
Moltkestrasse 29, Essen, Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for
which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by
which, it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by
the following statement:In the main l Patent No '732,019 an
arrangement is described by which finely divided solid fuels are

2. gasified, in suspension with oxygen or air having a high oxygen
content and in which a previously formed' mixture of fuel and oxygen
or air enriched with oxygen is injected into a reaction chamber kept
at high temperature through a pipe opening into said chamber in the
form of a nozzle.
In these arrangements, a pressure-measuring device is provided at the
mixture-supply pipe opening into the reaction chamber, the said device
indicating by means of acoustic or optical signals the fluctuations in
pressure which are caused by interruptions in the supply of the
reaction media and especially of the fuel, whereby if necessary,
shut-off members and regulating members are also influenced, the said
members controlling the supply of the oxygen or oxygen-containing gas.
The essential purpose of this known arrangement consists according to
the main patent in automatically stopping the supply, of oxygen as
soon as interruptions in the supply of fuel occur 'By stopping this
supply, the formation of explosive fuel-oxygen gas mixtures in the
gasifying arrangement is prevented in the main patent the pressure
device is connected directly to the mixture-supply pipe.
This is disadvantageous, in that a gas mixture containing dust acts on
the diaphragm of the pressure-measuring device, so that dust particles
can be deposited on the said diaphragm and deleteriously affect the
operation thereof.
lPrce 3 s r AC, Ems j r According to the present invention, the
pressure-measuring 'device is connected to the pipe through which the
oxygen or air enriched with oxygen is supplied to the mixture-supply
pipe or ithe mixing device It has, in fact been found that the
pressure fluctuations' in the mixture-supply pipe are effected by
corresponding pressure fluctuations in the supply pipe for the oxygen
gas, Consequently, by controlling the pressure condition which obtains
in the supply, pipe for the oxygen gas, it is also possible to detect
disturbances in the supply of the gasification media in practically
the same manner as by supervising the pressure condition in the
mixture-supply pipe The arrangement according to the invention has the
advantage that it is only gas which is substantialiy 'free from dust
which acts on the pressure-measuring device.
One embodiment of the invention is shown by way of example in the
accompanying drawing.
The mixture-supply pipe 4, which is surrounded at its nozzle-ike
orifice 5 by a cooling jacket 3, projects into the reaction chamber 1
which is enclosed in the refractory brickwork 2 At a distance from the
nozzle orifice which is sufficient to avoid impermissible heating due
to heat radiation, the mixturesupply pipe 4 is connected to a mixing
device 6, to which fuel dust is supplied by means of a conveyor worm
7, which merges at the end into a pear-shaped guide member 8 Oxygen or

3. air enriched with oxygen is injected from the pipe line 19 into the
space between the housing of the mixer device '6 and the guide member
9, the said oxygen or air combining with the fuel dust forced by 'the
conveyor worm 7 into the annular space and moving as a homogeneous
mixture into the supply pipe 4 The fuel dust flows to the conveyor
worm '7 from a hopper 10, which is shut off from outside by a gate
member 11 Connected to the mixture-supply pipe 9 is a
pressuremeasuring pipe 12 leading to a pressure gauge 13, where it is
possible to read off the pressure actually obtaining in the pipe 9
This pressure gauge 13 can be connected through relays to a shut-off
member 14 controlling the oxygen pipe 9 and to a switch for the
driving motor of the worm 7 in such manner that with predetermined
variations of the pressure, the shut off valve 14 is closed and the
worm 7 is stopped.
Under certain circumstances, the mixture supply pipe 4 can also be
connected to another pipe through which a secondary supply of oxygen,
gas saturated with steam is introduced into the mixture-supply pipe If
such a secondary oxygen-supply pipe is provided, this can also be
connected, as described, to a pressuremeasuring device corresponding
to the pipe 12 and the pressure gauge 13.
It is also possible to connect a separate pressure-measuring device
directly to the mixture-supply pipe In this case, the pressure
condition in the oxygen pipes and in the mixture-supply pipe are also
supervised.
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* GB785910 (A)
Description: GB785910 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Method for producing hollow filter mouthpieces for cigarettes or the like
Description of GB785910 (A)

4. A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
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CH339855 (A) DE1011340 (B) US2920631 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
785,910 /(a t Date of Application and filing Complete Specification
March 28, 1956.
No 9682/56.
Application made in Germany on April 21, 1955.
Complete Specification Published Nov 6, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 130, C( 1 A 4: 2).
International Classification: -A 24 c, d.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Method for Producing Hollow Filter Mouthpieces for Cigarettes or the
like I, KURT K 6 RBER, a German citizen, of 10, Am Pfingstberg,
Hamburg-Bergedorf, Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which
I pray that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it
is to be performed to be particularly described in and by the
following statement:-
The present invention relates to a new or improved method for
producing hollow filter mouthpieces for cigarettes or the like
articles for smoking.
The smoker of filter mouthpiece cigarettes may prefer that his mouth
shall not come into contact during smoking with the end of the filter
plug nearest the mouth, or the smoke residues collected thereon It is
therefore known to provide a hollow space at the mouth end of the
filter mouthpiece cigarette and to arrange the filter within the
filter wrapper at a suitable distance from the mouth end For this
purpose already various types of mouthpieces have become known, for
example a type in which a paper tube is inserted in the filter wrapper
consisting of thin cigarette paper.
In another form of filter mouthpiece construction filter plugs are

5. wrapped with a comparatively stiff paper tube which projects at one
end to form a hollow space and the term "hollow filter mouthpiece" is
used hereinafter to denote such a construction.
The invention relates to a method for producing the last-named type of
filter mouthpieces It is known in itself to produce such mouthpieces
mechanically by rod methods in which filter plugs of twice the final
length are deposited on the paper strip at spacings equal to twice the
length of the hollow spaces and then to wrap the gummed paper strip
around them in a rod former device The rod formed, including plugs and
hollow spaces _s then cut up at those points at which the plugs are
located so that filter rods with hollow spaces are produced which then
are supplied for further treatment.
Such hollow filter rods produced by rod procedures embody various
disadvantages It lPrice 3 s 6 d l is not possible in production to
deposit filter sections of twice the final length at always uniform
distances on the paper strip so that in one case the hollow space is
somewhat smaller and 50 in another it is somewhat larger This fault is
repeated then also in the finished filter mouthpiece cigarette since
the depth of the hollow space as seen from the mouth end may occur
differently This tends to reduce the quality of 55 the finished
cigarette since even small deviations become immediately noticeable to
the smoker Moreover the construction of such rod machines is
complicated, they occupy a comparatively great space and are expensive
in 60 construction and maintenance.
The method according to the invention avoids these disadvantages by
the fact that for producing hollow filter mouthpieces those machines
or those constructions are used 65 which are known for uniting two
cigarette lengths, disposed in the axial direction in the grooves of a
feeder, with an interposed filter mouthpiece of twice the final
length.
The production of hollow filter mouthpieces 70 differs from that of
filter mouthpiece cigarettes by the fact that filter plugs of twice
the final length are withdrawn from a magazine, are delivered to the
grooves of conveyor means, for example a drum, and are divided into
two 75 equal halves, which are separated by twice the amount of the
hollow space required and then joined together by a wrapping a gummed
connector sheet around them.
The filter rod sections of twice the final 80 length of the plugs can
be withdrawn without disturbance from the magazine and delivered to
the grooves of the drum.
The double filter mouthpiece produced according to the invention is
wrapped over its 85 whole length by a connector sheet of a
comparatively stiff paper and is severed in the centre to form a
hollow filter mouthpiece only when producing filter cigarettes, that

6. is after a cigarette has been secured to each end of the 90
mouthpiece.
The method according to the invention is 785,910 shown in detail
diagrammatically on the accompanying drawing, in which:Fig 1
represents a side view of apparatus for carrying out the method, Fig 2
shows the movement of a mouthpiece, Fig 3 is view of a finished double
hollow filter mouthpiece, and Fig 4 shows a filter cigarette
mouthpiece group with a hollow filter mouthpiece in section.
At A (see also Fig 2) filter plugs 2 of twice the final lengths are
withdrawn from a magazine 1 and delivered to grooves 3 running
parallel to the axis of a conveyor drum 4 rotating in the direction of
the arrow 41 On further movement the filter plugs 2, which are held by
suction, are halved at J by a knife 6 and the two halves, now forming
filter plugs 2 ca, 2 b are slid apart at K by means of a wedgeshaped
guide rail 6 a so that a space is formed between them which
corresponds to a hollow space of twice the final length of that in the
finished hollow filter mouthpiece.
After transfer to a further drum 7 the further guide rail 6 b becomes
operative over a portion of the periphery which hinders possible
sliding together of the filter plugs 2 a and 2 b on this drum and
ensurse that at D there is always the same spacing between them.
At E a connector sheet 8, coated with gum by a known gumming device,
is stuck to the filter plugs 2 a and 2 b located at the correct
distance one from the other and thus the spacing between them is fixed
On further feeding movement the groups so formed, consisting of two
filter plugs arranged at a spacing one from the other and the gummed
connector sheets, are delivered to the grooves 9 of a wrapping drum 10
on which the connector sheets are wrapped by known means around the
two filter plugs.
The finished double hollow filter mouthpieces (Fig 3) each with the
filter plugs 2 a and 2 b and the interpcesd hollow space 16 of twice
the final length: are then transferred 45 to a further feeder drum 12
and pass over a delivery surface 13 on to a take-off belt 14 from
which they are withdrawn for further use.
The stiffness of the connector sheet 8 wrap 50 ped around the filter
plugs 2 a and 2 b need not be made excessively great since when
producing filter mouthpiece cigarettes a second gummed connector sheet
8 a is wrapped around the double length filter mouthpiece as 55 shown
in Fig 4 and around a portion of the butting cigarettes 18, 19 for the
purpose of fastening the cigarettes to the mouthpieces so that after
severing the assemblies of cigarettes and filter mouthpieces at the
points 20 to form 60 cigarettes having hollow filter mouthpieces
according to the invention, the hollow spaces 16 a, 16 b formed at the
mouthpiece ends of the individual filter cigarettes can no longer be

7. compressed by the lips of the smoker since 65 the sleeve-like shell
surrounding the hollow space consists of two paper layers which are
gummed together so that a sufficient stiffness is obtained.
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* GB785911 (A)
Description: GB785911 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improved electrical heater elements
Description of GB785911 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
7859911 4 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification April
18, 1956.
No 11824/56.
Application made in United States of America on May 4, 1955.
Application made in United States of America on June 3, 1955.
Complete Specification Published Nov 6, 1957.
Index at Acceptance: -Classes 39 ( 3), H( 1 D: 2 E 4 C); and 83 ( 2),
A 66.
International Classification: -B 23 p H 05 b.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improved Electrical Heater Elements We, GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION, a
Company incorporated under the Laws of the State of Delaware in the
United States of America, of Grand Boulevard in the City of Detroit,
State of Michigan, in the United States of America (Assignees of
ROBERT DANIEL BREMER), do hereby declare the invention for which we
pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is
to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-

8. This invention relates to electrical heater element and to methods of
making the same.
The invention is concerned particularly with such elements as comprise
a tubular sheath containing insulated resistance elements.
A heater element according to this invention comprises an outer sheath
filled with compacted insulation and containing a plurality of
longitudinally extending conductors connected to terminals protruding
from one end of the sheath, and a plug of heat-resistant resilient
material in and gripped by said end such that it protrudes therefrom
and locates said terminals therein.
In one form, a single plug is used; and in another form a plurality of
spaced plugs are used.
In making such elements, the resistance wire extending through the
sheath is packed with powdered insulating material, and the end
containing the synthetic rubber plug is then swaged down until the
plug is compressed tight enough to insure that it is permanently held.
The plug can have an external fin between the terminals to increase
the length of the surface path between the terminals.
The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims; and how
it can be performed is hereinafter particularly described with
reference to the accompanying drawings in which:Figure 1 is a vertical
part section of a heater element according to this invention, shown as
it is being filled with powdered insulation material; lPrice 3 s 6 d)
Figure 2 is a fragmentary section of the upper end of the element of a
later stage in its manufacture; Figure 3 is a section of the element
on line 3-3 of Figure 2; Figure 4 is a view showing the swaging of the
terminal end of the sheath; Figure 5 is a part sectional view showing
the pressing of the major portion of the sheath into a triangular
shape; Figure 6 is a section on line 6-6 of Figure 5; Figure 7 is a
vertical section of another form of heater element according to the
invention; Figure 8 is an enlarged fragmentary section on line 8-8 of
Figure 7 and shows the section line 7-7 of Figure 7; Figure 9 is a
similar section of the terminal portion of the element substantially
at the end of the swaging operation, and Figure 10 is a plan of a
surface heater element made according to this invention.
In Figure 1 there is shown a tubular sheath 20, made of heat resistant
material such as high chromium steel, within which are terminals 22
and 24 located by a heat resistant synthetic rubber plug 26 and a
crushable ceramic bushing 27 The terminals 22 and 24 are prevented
from moving longitudinally by a cap-shaped clamping block 28 carrying
set screws 20 and 32 mounted but not attached to the lower end of the
tubular sheath 20.
Connected to the upper inner ends of the terminals is a loop of finely
coiled resistance wire 34, which is held extended by a hook 48

9. suspended from a removable funnel 50 seated upon the top of the
tubular sheath 20.
After the assembly of the parts as shown and described, powdered
insulation material 51 is discharged from a spout 52 into the funnel
50 to fill the sheath 20 A mechanical shaker 53 shakes the sheath to
pack the material itself around the terminals 22, 24 or the loop 34 of
resistance wire When the sheath 20 is sufficiently filled, the hook 48
and the funnel 50 are removed, and the end of the sheath near the loop
34 is then squared to compact the adjacent insulating material and
thereby hold the resistance wire loop 34 firmly in place This is
effected, as shown in Figures 2 and 3, by transverse press dies 54.
This end of the sheath 20 is then completely filled with insulating
material 51 and closed by an inserted cap 58 which is sealed in by
turning over the end of the sheath 20 The clamping fixture 28 is then
removed by loosening the clamping screws 30 and 32.
The plugged end of the filled sheath 20, which may have an initial
diameter of say 0.50 ", is then swaged down in a swaging machine 60
(Figure 4) to a diameter of say 0.450 inch This compacts the
insulation 51 and crushes the ceramic bushing 27 and also
simultaneously squeezes the synthetic rubber plug 26 sufficiently to
seal the terminals 22 and 24 in the end of the sheath 20 and to force
it axially and into firm contact with the crushed bushing 27 This
provides an adherent, permanent resilient hermetic seal for the
terminal end of the heater Part of the rubber plug 26 is forced
axially beyond the end of the sheath 20, as shown in Figure 4.
This part is formed with an integral, outwardly extending fin 63
between the terminals 22 and 24, as shown in Figure 1.
To prevent moisture from promoting surface arcing, the exposed surface
of the plug 26 and the adjacent exposed portions of the terminals 22
and 24 have applied thereto as by brushing, spraying or dipping, a
water repellent, such as a 2 % solution ofx linear methylpolysiloxanes
in naphthalite A preferred linear methylpolysiloxanes has a viscosity
of about 1000 centi-stokes, and a formula CH ((CH)2 Si O),Si(CH), They
are also known as methyl silicone oils The naphthalite readily
vaporizes to leave a thin waterrepellent film of methylpolysiloxanes
upon the plug and terminals.
After this swaging the sheath 20, over a length between the two swaged
end portions, is pressed by a flat-bottomed upper die 62 into a long
V-shaped notch 64 in a lower die 66 to compact it into a triangular
shape The compacted powdered insulation holds the two portions of the
loop 34 separate from each other and from the sheath 20.
Referring the embodiment shown in Figures 7 to 10, the sheath 20
contains three terminals 122, 124 and 126 connected to coiled
resistance wires 128, 130, 132 respectively.

10. The three terminals 122, 124 and 126 are held spaced by an outer
resilient synthetic rubber plug 134, an outer ceramic crushable
bushing 136, an inner resilient plug 138 of synthetic rubber, and a
crushable ceramic bushing 140 These plugs and bushings are fitted
together within the terminal end of the sheath 20 as shown in Figure 8
For surface heaters of electric ranges and high temperature heaters,
the plug 134 and the bushing 138 are preferably made of resilient
silicone rubber For lower temperature heaters the plug 134 and the
bushing 138 may be made of Buna N synthetic rubber.
The plug 134 has outer radial ribs 142 (Figure 7) between the
terminals 122, 124, 126 These ribs 142 increase the length of 70 the
surface path between the terminals, and make it practical to provide
as many as three terminals at one end and seal them in a small space.
In making the element, the sheath 20 is 75 filled with a suitable
powdered insulation 144, such as magnesium oxide The opposite end of
the sheath 20 is sealed by a metal cap, as previously described; and
the cap may be welded to the sheath 20 to form a permanent 80 metal
seal Alternatively, that opposite end of the sheath may have one or
three terminals and a sealing arrangement similar to that shown in
Figure 8.
The contents of the sheath 20 are next corm 85 pacted as previously
described, then, as shown in Figure 9, the terminal end is swaged down
by approximately a 250 % reduction, during wvhich the ceramic bushings
136 and 140 hold the terminals 122, 124 and 126 in proper 90 position
substantially equally spaced from each other and also substantially
equally spaced from the outer sheath 20 They also prevent the inward
movement of the plug 134 and prevent axial movement of the plug 138
The 95 outer plug 134 is forced out of the end of the sheath 20 a
short distance, as previously described The inner resilient plug 138
is permanently locked within the sheath 20 and is highly compressed
This increases the seal 100 ing of the terminals 122, 124 and 126 in
the adjacent end of the sheath with an air tight seal capable of
resisting high pressures.
To make a surface heater, the remaining 105 portions of the sheath 20
formed into a spiral and then pressed into a triangular shape as shown
in Figure 10.
The exposed surface of the plug 134 and the adjacent portions of the
terminals 122, 110 124 and 126 can only be coated with a water
repellent, as previously described.
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* GB785912 (A)
Description: GB785912 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to methods of producing luminescent materials
Description of GB785912 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
78.51912 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: May 7,
1956.
No 14067156.
Application made in Netherlands on May 10, 1955.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 39 ( 1), 54 (C: F: G: H: J: L: Q: R: W).
International Classification:-CO 9 k.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to methods of Producing Luminescent
Materials We, PHILIPS ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIES LIMITED, of Spencer House,
South Place, Finsbury, London, E C 2, a British Company, do hereby
declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted
to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement: -
This invention relates to methods of producing luminescent silicate
materials which when irradiated by radiation produced in a gas and/or
vapour-discharge tube, emit ultraviolet rays with la maximum emission
between 2800 A and 3500 A The invention also relates to luminescent
materials produced by such methods and to radiation sources comprising
the combination of a low-pressure mercury-vapour discharge tube and
said luminescent materials.
A plurality of luminescent substances have been produced for a variety
of uses, which substances, under the action of the radiation produced
in a gas and/or vapour-discharge tube, emit rays having a maximum
emission at certain wave-lengths Endeavours have been made in the past
to find substances having a maximum emission in the visible part of

12. the spectrum, that is to say between about 4000 A and 8000 A However,
recently that part of the spectrum situated between 2800 A and 4000 A
has become of great importance for various uses, for example, for
blue-printing and for medical purposes.
Although radiation in the 2800 Ato 4000 A range can partly be achieved
from direct gasand/or vapour-discharges, it is of importance to,
produce luminescent substances the inaximum emission of which falls
within this range, for the gas and/or vapour-discharges have a
limitation in that they emit a line spectrum, of which usually only a
few lines have sufficient intensity for practical use It is true that
discharges can be produced in gases under high pressure, so that the
line spectrum changes into a band-spectrum, but even, in this case
there is the disadvantage that an Ptice -;g emission of sufficient
intensity cannot be achieved in all the parts of the spectrum between
2800 A and 4000 A In order to mitigate these disadvantages, a number
of substances have been produced, which convert ultra-violet radiation
into radiation having a maximum between 2800 A and 4000 A By the
choice of the elements in the matrix lattice and of the activators of
these substances comparatively strong emissions can be produced in
certain parts of the spectrum between 2800 A and 4000 A Thus, for
example, ceriumactivated compounds are known, which can be excited by
radiation of a wavelength of less than 2900 A and which convert this
radiation into a radiation having a maximum at about 3300 A However,
these substances have a limitation in that the efficiency of the
conversion is sufficiently high for a comparatively short part only of
the life of the discharge tube in which they are ranged Another
substance the maximum emission of which lies at about 3300 A, is a
thallium-activated ortijophosphate of calcium.
Furthermore, a number of lead-activated alkaline earth silicates have
been described, which, on being excited by short-wave ultraviolet
radiation, shown an emission the maximum of which lies between 3000 A
and 4000 A It has been stated that in certain cases in addition to
alkaline earth metals, provision can be made of zinc or magnesium.
In view of the great importance of the spectrum between 2800 A and
4000 A for many uses, it is desirable to increase the number of useful
luminescent substances, the maximum emission of which falls within
this range In addition to the known lead-activated silicates, it has
now been found that other silicates of one or more alkaline earth
metals which, by activation with lead and subject to certain
conditions with respect to the relative proportions of the elements in
the matrix lattice on being excited by short-wave ultraviolet rays,
emit a radiation having a maximum in the desired range and having a
satisfactory 2 785,912 efficiency The present inventi methods of
producing these hun stances.

13. According to the present inven of producing a luminescent
characterized by the steps of pre ture of compounds of the elem
magnesium, silicon and lead, an zinc and/or barium, and heating in an
oxidizing atmosphere to a between 900 C and 1200 C f hours, the
amounts of the coin such that the proportions of the in said mixture
satisfy the foll ratio conditions:
0.05 < 0.05 < 0.35 < Ca+Ba Cat+Ba+Mg+Zn+ Mg+Zn Ga+Ba+Mg+Zn+ Si
Ca+Ba+Mg+Zn+ Pb 0.0003 < Ca+Ba+Mg+Zn + Mg 0 2 < Mg+Zn and Ca 0.2 Ca +
Ba Preferably the amounts of th are such that the proportions of ments
in said mixture satisfy i atomic ratio conditions:
Ca+Ba 0.075 < 0.075 < 0.40 < 0 004 < Ca+Ba+Mg+Zna+' Mg + Zn
Ca+Ba+Mg+Zn+ si Ca+Ba+Mg+Zn+ Pb Ca+Ba+Mg+Zn+' Mg 0.02 < Mg+ Zn and on
relates to Ca finescent sub 0 02 < < 1 0, Ca+Ba tion a method A
substance produced by the above-desmaterial, is cribed method is very
suitable for use in comparing a mix bination with a low-pressure
mercury-vapour tents calcium, discharge tube, since the discharge of
such a Ld, if desired, tube emits a high amount of radiation of a the
mixture wavelength of 2537 A, which thus can be L temperature
converted, with satisfactory efficiency, into a or from 1 to radiation
having a maximum emission between Lpounds being 2800 A and 3500 A The
substance may be said elements coated as a layer to the inner wall of
the owing atomic envelope of this discharge tube However, the
substance may alternatively be arranged outside the discharge tube,
for example, on a reflector In this case it must obviously be < 0 45,
ensured that the exciting radiation can leave Si the discharge tube
The envelope of the said tube may, for example, be made of quartz.
It has been found that the element zinc can < 0 60, be included
without the efficiency of the conSi version and the maximum of
emission of the luminescent products obtained being affected
perceptibly.
< 0 90, By the inclusion of the element barium the Si wavelength of
the maximum emission can be varied within the range 2800 A to 3500 A.
Suitable compounds for use in carrying out < 0 1, the methods in
accordance with the invention, Si are oxides, nitrates and carbonates
of strontium, calcium, barium, zinc, magnesium and lead The silicon is
preferably added as an 1 0, oxide Mixtures of these compounds are also
highly suitable.
As a flux, use may be made of fluorides of the alkaline earth metals
and of lead Thus, 10, the production temperature is reduced and the
crystallization is promoted However, the amount of fluoride in mols
should not exceed c compounds 1/10 of the sum total of calcium,
magnesium the said ele and silicon.
the following Examples of methods in accordance with the invention are
given hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which

14. the emission curves of the substances produced by < 0 40, the-methods
described in the Examples are Si shown In the graph, the wavelength in
Angstrom units is plotted as the abscissa and the intensity of the
radiation is plotted as the < 0 525, ordinate However, the scale of
intensity is Si different for the different curves.
EXAMPLE I
35.0-gms of Ca CO, < 0 70, 9 0 gmis of Mg O Si 28 1 gms of Si O.
are mixed in a mortar This mixture is diluted in a beaker with a small
amount of alcohol < 0 04, to form a paste and is wetted with 25
milliSi litres of a solution of Pb (NO,), containing ' gram molecule
per millilitre The mixture is thoroughly agitated and subsequently < 1
0, dried by evaporation at about 1000 C The dry powder is again mixed
in a mortar and subsequently heated in an alundum crucible for 785,912
a mortar and again heated in an alundum crucible for 2 hours to a
temperature of 10500 C in air, and then left to cool in the crucible.
On excitation by a radiation of 2537 A, the 70 substance produced
exhibits a spectral distribution curve which substantially coincides
with the curve 2 of the drawing.
EXAMPLE V
35.0 g Ca CGQ 75 4.5 g Mg O' 8.1 g Zn O 28.1 g Si O, are mixed The
mixture is stirred in a beaker with some alcohol to form a paste Sub
80 sequently 25 millilitres of a solution of Pb (NO,)2 containing 10 i
gram-molecules per millilitre are added The mixture is dried by
evaporation thoroughly mixed in a mortar and heated in an alundum
crucible for 2 hours to 85 8500 C in air The fired product is ground
up in a mortar and subsequently heated again in air for 2 hours to a
temperature of 10500 C.
and then left to cool in the crucible.
On excitation by a radiation of 2537 A, a 90 spectral distribution
curve is obtained which substantially coincides with the curve 1 of
the drawing.
The luminescent substances produced by one of the above-described
methods can be applied 95 in the normal known manner as a luminescent
layer in or upon a discharge tube or on a reflector.
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15. * GB785913 (A)
Description: GB785913 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in and relating to pipe couplings
Description of GB785913 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: May 10, 1956.
No 14565/56.
Application made in Germany on May 18, 1955.
Ha Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 99 ( 1), G( 1 OA: 10 B: 3 WC).
International Classification:-FO 6 L COMPLETE SP'ECI'FICO Ar ION
Improvements, in and relating to Pipe Couplings We, HANS KREIDEL and
HA Ns KREIDEL Junior, both of German nationality, and both of
Adelheidstrasse 30, Wiesbaden, Germany, do hereby declare the
invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement: -
The flanges of the usual joints for pipes, in which the packing means
or gaskets are introduced between the pipe end faces or the flange
faces, are formed integral with or are loosely attached to the pipes
'Flanged pipes are consequently somewhat expensive to manufacture In
the case of cast-iron pipes, the flanges are cast on, which
necessitates relatively expensive moulds and, in particular, limits
the length of the pipes If instead 'of flanges made integrally with
the pipe by casting or upsetting, loose flanges are fitted over the
pipe ends, a stop ring or rebate is required which can only be
produced by a separate operation, e.g roiling or expanding.
Welding of the flanges on the pipe ends also involves additional work
quite apart from the fact that the welding operation itself involves
certain, undesirable modifications in material structure and
properties, in particular embrittlement, which are especially
undesirable at the pipe joints {Consequently, other solutions have
been sought for the more economical construction of flange joints It
has, for instance, been proposed to avoid the mentioned disadvantages
by employing loose fanges and effecting the connection between the
pipe ends and the flanges to be reciprocally drawn together by a

16. coupling ring, self-gripping by its own elasticity, the internal
diameter whereof is smaller than the external diameter of the ppes
concered.
When the flanges are drawn together to bring the pipe butts together,
this self-gripping coupling ring draws the pipe ends with it and thus
effects the connections between the flange and the pipe This procedure
is further aided by the provision of a screw thread on the coupling
ring which is caused by the axial lPrice 3 s 6 d l displacement of the
pipe flanges while being drawn together, to produce an increasingly
firm gripping action of the coupling ring on the outside of the pipe.
The proposal has not been found suitable because in practice it is too
difficult to mass produce the elastic, self-gripping coupling rings
This is due firstly to the fact that each ring must be accurately made
in order to have the required, elastically self-gripping action on the
pipe; furthermore, it must be hardened in order to be able to grip or
bite into the pipe, which is difficult to effect without distortion or
warping Since, in general, the manufacturing allowances for pipes
increase with the diameter, the limiting diameter is so on reached at
which one and the same pipe size can be joined by a ring of one
particular size; or indeed the manufacture of such coupling rings is
still economically possible A further disadvantage is that the elastic
coupling rings, when once mounted on the pipes, Can only be removed
therefrom destructively.
In addition, such elastic coupling rings must, depending on the amount
of axial motion required to bring the pipe butts together by the
tightening of the flanges, be seated on the pipe ends at 'a particular
distance from the butt, which is only possible by the use of special
gauges or jigs Moreover, if an, internal thread is to be additionally
provided on such an elastic coupling ring, the penetration of this
thread into the external surface of the pipe will only be slight,
because the proper setting angle for the action of a cutting thread is
not available.
The invention proposes a flange-like pipe joint consisting of a sleeve
connecting the ends of the two pipes to be joined and in which the
disadvantages described above are' no, longer present The sealing of
the joint itself is performed in an essentially known manner, for
instance by placing packing means between the end faces of the pipes
or at the points of contact of the connecting sleeve with the surfaces
of the pipe ends or at any suitable points within the connecting
sleeve.
85.913 rice up 2 785,913 The sealing means are separate and distinct
from the joining means.
A flange-like pipe joint in accordance with the invention is
characterised in that a sleeve receiving the two pipe ends has at each

17. of its end faces two or more gripping elements in the form of claws
provided on their end faces towards the pipe wall with cutting edges
of a harder consistency than the pipe material, and in that the claws
are axially and radially movable with reference to the pipes thereby
to cause the cutting edges of the claws to penetrate or cut into the
pipe surfaces with formation of ridges of material.
In order to mnake the pipe joint or connection it is merely necessary
Ito insert the pipe ends with any gasket or sealing means into the
joint sleeve until they abut an internally projecting shoulder or ring
therein, and then to tighten the cutting claws as evenly as possible
until each such claw has sufficiently deeply penetrated or cut into
the material of the pipe and hence caused a sufficiently secure
gripping of the pipe ends with respect to the sleeve and thus a
complete, flange-lik-e pipe joint.
The number of such cutting claws to be provided for such attachment of
a pipe in such a sleeve will increase with increasing diameter of the
pipe For small diameters, two oppositely located cutting claws on the
sleeve will be sufficient; preferably, however, three such cutting
claws, equally spaced on the pipe circumference should be provided, in
order thus to ensure a statically determined bearing of the pipes to
be joined in the sleeve Preferably the cutting claws are each made
with a cutting edge profile matching the curvature of the pipe surface
and are moved axially and radially with respect to the pipe, in guides
enabling them to cut into or engage the pipe surface, 'by means of
setting screws.
An essential for the proper functioning of the flange-like pipe
connection is the possibility of axial and radial motion of the
cutting claws obliquely towards the pipe surface in the direction of
the end of the sleeve, and a setting angle of the cutting edges
suitable for penetration into the surface of the pipe.
The particular value of this new form of flange joint consists in that
neither large allowances in the pipe diameter nor the condition of the
pipe surface can adversely influence the efficacy of the gripping of
the pipes by the joint sleeve Any kind of surface roughness or defect
such as rust or scale, superficial distortion of the cylindrical pipe
curvature, pitting, scabs or similar defects are immaterial for the
security of the joint In addition, the cutting or gripping action is
externally visible and controllable in such a manner that the pipe
fitter is directly in a position to supervise the making of a sound
joint.
The flange joint of the invention further enables repeated use of the
same pipe, it being immaterial whether the cuts or burrs produced by a
preceding joining operation can be used again, or whether new cuts
have to be made next to those existing.

18. The accompanying drawings show a num 70 ber of exemplary forms or
embodiments of the flanged pipe joint according to the invention.
Fig 1 of the drawings is an end -view of a sleeve equipped with three
cutting claws 75 Fig 2 a represents the left half of a section along
the line 2-2 of Fig 1, with the cutting claws drawn tight and showing
a gasket in the sleeve wall.
Fig 2 b represents the right half of a sec 80 tion along the line 2-2
of Fig 1, before tightening of the cutting claws and showing a butt
end gasket sealing the pipe against the sleeve.
Fig 3 is an end view of an alternative 85 form or embodiment.
Fig 4 a represents the left half of a section along the line 4-4 of
Fig 3 with the cutting claws tightened and showing a gasket in the
sleeve wall 90 Fig 4 b represents the right half of a section along
the line 4-4 of Fig 3 immediately before tightening of the cutting
claws and showing a cutting edge seal incorporated in the joint sleeve
95 In all the figures the joint sleeve is denoted by 1, the pipe ends
to be joined (only one of which is shown) by 3, the cutting claws by 5
and their cutting edges of harder material than the material of the
pipe by 6 100 In the exemplary forms or embodiments according to Figs
1, 2 a and 2 b three cutting claws 5 are provided at each end of the
sleeve, being equally spaced over the circumference of the pipe 3 and
hence also equally spaced over 105 the circumference of the sleeve For
this purpose each end of the sleeve body is provided at three points
with lateral lugs 7 having extensions 8 projecting beyond the end face
of the sleeve These extensions 8 are internally 110 oblique with
reference to the pipe axis and act conjointly with the correspondingly
bevelled back faces 9 of the cutting claws 5.
The penetration of the cutting claws 5 into the surface of the pipe 3
is effected by box 115 head screws 10 with hexagonal recesses working
in tapped holes 11 in the laterally projecting lugs 7 of the sleeve 1
For this purpose the cutting claws 5 are each provided with an
elongated hole 12 When the screws 10 are 120 tightened the cutting
claws 5 move axially and radially towards the pipe butt end 3 in such
a fashion that the cutting edges 6 penetrate the pipe wall in the
required manner, the cutting edges 6 themselves being so, formed 125
that they cut into the pipe wall as the necessary angle of incidence
The box head screws are operated by means of plug spanners Instead of
the box head screws 10, screws with ordinary heads can be em 130
785,913
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