MCHIP wants to know if its interventions reach the poor. This presentation outlines two analyses: (1) analyzing beneficiary socioeconomic profiles using asset indices and surveys, and (2) examining if program resources reach poorest geographic areas by mapping interventions against poverty maps and per capita spending. Both require recent household surveys or poverty maps and ability to collect beneficiary data.
An introduction to socio-economic and gender analysisILRI
Presentation by Jemimah Njuki at the FAO and ILRI Training workshop on Integrating Gender in Livestock Projects and Programs, ILRI Addis Ababa Addis, 22-25 November 2011
Finding poverty rates for an address - by census tract & block groupSteven Misshula, MBA
A brief instructional presentation on how to determine poverty rates for a census tract and block group when all you have is the physical address.
Can't figure out how to use www.Census.gov to find poverty rates in a census tract? Now you can! How about a block group? Now you can!
...with humorous introduction to keep your audience awake!
Small Area Estimation as a tool for thinking about spatial variation in energ...Ben Anderson
Paper presented at "Spatial Variation in Energy Use, Attitudes and Behaviours: Implications for Smart Grids and Energy Demand", Policy Studies Institute, Friday, 7 February 2014, London, United Kingdom
Small Area Estimation as a tool for thinking about temporal and spatial varia...Ben Anderson
Anderson, B (2014) Small Area Estimation as a tool for thinking about temporal and spatial variation in energy demand. Paper presented at AURIN/NATSEM Microsimulation Workshop, University of Melbourne, Thursday 4th December 2014
An introduction to socio-economic and gender analysisILRI
Presentation by Jemimah Njuki at the FAO and ILRI Training workshop on Integrating Gender in Livestock Projects and Programs, ILRI Addis Ababa Addis, 22-25 November 2011
Finding poverty rates for an address - by census tract & block groupSteven Misshula, MBA
A brief instructional presentation on how to determine poverty rates for a census tract and block group when all you have is the physical address.
Can't figure out how to use www.Census.gov to find poverty rates in a census tract? Now you can! How about a block group? Now you can!
...with humorous introduction to keep your audience awake!
Small Area Estimation as a tool for thinking about spatial variation in energ...Ben Anderson
Paper presented at "Spatial Variation in Energy Use, Attitudes and Behaviours: Implications for Smart Grids and Energy Demand", Policy Studies Institute, Friday, 7 February 2014, London, United Kingdom
Small Area Estimation as a tool for thinking about temporal and spatial varia...Ben Anderson
Anderson, B (2014) Small Area Estimation as a tool for thinking about temporal and spatial variation in energy demand. Paper presented at AURIN/NATSEM Microsimulation Workshop, University of Melbourne, Thursday 4th December 2014
This research assesses the distributional characteristics of growth in Pakistan by applying statistical techniques suggested in the empirical literature on poverty and income inequality. An attempt is also made to determine the relative contribution of economic growth and distribution of income to changes in poverty.
Poverty in Pakistan By Dr. Sajjad HaiderSAJJAD HAIDER
What is Poverty?
• “a state or condition in which a
• person or community lacks the financial resources
• and essentials to enjoy a minimum standard of life
• and well-being that's considered acceptable in society”
• Source: Pakistan Economic Survey 2013-14
Who are consider to poor?
People living below $1.25 a day as per 2005 international dollar prices are considered poor. Poverty line are drawn locally according to some set criteria
Who are considered poor in Pakistan
• a person is earning less than Rs.1745 per person is considered as poor in Pakistan.
• (source Pakistan economic survey 2013-14 where Survey of 2010-11 transpiring the above figure)
• Example. If a family consists of 5 members and their total income is less than Rs.8725 per month, than that family is considered as poor.
How many people’s are poor in Pakistan?
• Official view: World Bank calculations indicate that there are 21.04% of the population (2008 estimates)are living below the Internationally specified poverty line i.e. $1.25.
• (source Word Development Indicator 2014)
How many people’s are poor in Pakistan
• Independent view: According to a study conducted by SDPI (Sustainable Development Policy Institute)
• 1/3rd Pakistanis are poor
• (source The Express Tribune 25 Feb. 2014)
What is difference between absolute and relative poverty
• When poverty is measured considering the money necessary to need the necessities than it is termed as absolute poverty. Whereas relative poverty in concerned the quality of life with respect to the other members of the society.
How we measure the poverty
• Headcount Index
• Poverty Gap Index
• Squared Poverty Gap (Poverty Severity)
• Index
• Sen Index
• The Sen-Shorrocks-Thon Index
• The Watts Index
• And many others measures
Causes of poverty
• Conflicts and War
• Corruption
• Bad Geography
• Colonialism
• Higher population growth rate
• Low level of Industrialization
• External dependence
• Low Human Development
• Adverse Climatic conditions
Consequences of Poverty
• Poverty causes Low growth thus low development and prospective for up-coming generations.
• High infant mortality and Death rate
• High incidence of diseases
• Increased crime rate
• High conflicts and less social cohesion
• Less capability to utilized their endowed resources
What we should do
• As we cannot live alone the handicap brother and sister without help so we should not leave alone the 1/3rd fellow brother and sister of our nation alone.
• Since they will not be able to handout in the economic progress of nation. Thus we should prepare policies which are mostly socially inclusive.
this presentation depicts the real image of poverty and it causes as well as it focuses on the effects of poverty.
this is presented by the students of SZABIST University Islamabad.
These slides gives a precise outline on the Process of community diagnosis It engages the reader with basic memorable steps to execute the survey. it is suitable for students and field workers
This research assesses the distributional characteristics of growth in Pakistan by applying statistical techniques suggested in the empirical literature on poverty and income inequality. An attempt is also made to determine the relative contribution of economic growth and distribution of income to changes in poverty.
Poverty in Pakistan By Dr. Sajjad HaiderSAJJAD HAIDER
What is Poverty?
• “a state or condition in which a
• person or community lacks the financial resources
• and essentials to enjoy a minimum standard of life
• and well-being that's considered acceptable in society”
• Source: Pakistan Economic Survey 2013-14
Who are consider to poor?
People living below $1.25 a day as per 2005 international dollar prices are considered poor. Poverty line are drawn locally according to some set criteria
Who are considered poor in Pakistan
• a person is earning less than Rs.1745 per person is considered as poor in Pakistan.
• (source Pakistan economic survey 2013-14 where Survey of 2010-11 transpiring the above figure)
• Example. If a family consists of 5 members and their total income is less than Rs.8725 per month, than that family is considered as poor.
How many people’s are poor in Pakistan?
• Official view: World Bank calculations indicate that there are 21.04% of the population (2008 estimates)are living below the Internationally specified poverty line i.e. $1.25.
• (source Word Development Indicator 2014)
How many people’s are poor in Pakistan
• Independent view: According to a study conducted by SDPI (Sustainable Development Policy Institute)
• 1/3rd Pakistanis are poor
• (source The Express Tribune 25 Feb. 2014)
What is difference between absolute and relative poverty
• When poverty is measured considering the money necessary to need the necessities than it is termed as absolute poverty. Whereas relative poverty in concerned the quality of life with respect to the other members of the society.
How we measure the poverty
• Headcount Index
• Poverty Gap Index
• Squared Poverty Gap (Poverty Severity)
• Index
• Sen Index
• The Sen-Shorrocks-Thon Index
• The Watts Index
• And many others measures
Causes of poverty
• Conflicts and War
• Corruption
• Bad Geography
• Colonialism
• Higher population growth rate
• Low level of Industrialization
• External dependence
• Low Human Development
• Adverse Climatic conditions
Consequences of Poverty
• Poverty causes Low growth thus low development and prospective for up-coming generations.
• High infant mortality and Death rate
• High incidence of diseases
• Increased crime rate
• High conflicts and less social cohesion
• Less capability to utilized their endowed resources
What we should do
• As we cannot live alone the handicap brother and sister without help so we should not leave alone the 1/3rd fellow brother and sister of our nation alone.
• Since they will not be able to handout in the economic progress of nation. Thus we should prepare policies which are mostly socially inclusive.
this presentation depicts the real image of poverty and it causes as well as it focuses on the effects of poverty.
this is presented by the students of SZABIST University Islamabad.
These slides gives a precise outline on the Process of community diagnosis It engages the reader with basic memorable steps to execute the survey. it is suitable for students and field workers
Guush Berhane, Daniel Gilligan, Fikirte Girmachew, John Hoddinott, Neha Kumar, Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse
REGIONAL WORKSHOP
SPIR II Learning Event
Co-organized by IFPRI, USAID, CARE, ORDA, and World Vision
MAY 16, 2023 - 9:00AM TO MAY 17, 2023 - 5:00PM EAT
To plan a city/region, we require base data on which information extrapolation & decisions may happen. Hence, Identify ‘data needed’, and Identify ‘needs of data’ collection
Inspection survey:
A) Direct :
Observe traffic count/ situation
Observe housing quality
Observe economic activity
Observe social parameters, etc.
B) Indirect:
Clubbing of directly observed ‘indicators’ to generate area’s possible ‘proxy’.
For e.g. housing condition + plot sizes + no. & types of vehicles + consumer goods = income range
. Personal interview/ Dialogue:
A questionnaire is designed beforehand at appropriate scale:
Nominal Scale : Yes or No
Ordinal Scale : Possible options or multiple choice questions
Interval Scale : Range/ intervals like age group or income group
Structured questions are precise and one-way
Semi-structure survey is a two-way information flow. It’s an informal dialogue in which the surveyor might receive new information from respondent/s. however, it depends on;
Behavioural factors of surveyor and respondents
Questions not to be ambiguous or long
Managing conversation and seeking pin-point answers
Judging responses without bias
Recording interview
Avoiding errors
Cross-checking with other respondents
Major land uses to be identified for analysing physical distribution and existing conditions:
Developed
Under-developed
Un-developed
Major uses marked on map are as per the defined regional/city level plans, like;
Urbanizable zone
Industrial zone
Transportation & Communication zone
roads, railways, MRTS, Seaports, Dockyards, Airports, Bus depots/ terminals, freight complexes, transmission and communication
Primary activity zone
Agriculture, poultry, rural settlements, brick kilns, extraction areas
Open area zone
Recreation zone, green buffer zone
Protected/ Eco-sensitive zone
Water bodies, forests, sanctuaries, coastal zone, wetlands, marshy zone
special area zone
Heritage & conservation zone, scenic value, tourism zone, defence area/ zone, border conflict zone
Data regarding demographic characteristics;
Population growth (natural, induced)
Population size (age-wise)
Population density
Population distribution
Gender ratio
Socio-Economic status
Religion
Marital status
Education ratio
School dropouts
Gender-wise enrolment in schools, colleges
Mortality rate (age-wise)
Birth rate
Health rate (in some surveys)
Sample types for doing household/ demographic surveys;
Simple Random sampling
Systematic sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Multistage sampling
There are nine steps involved in the development of a questionnaire:
Decide the information required.
Define the target respondents.
Choose the method(s) of reaching your target respondents.
Decide on question content.
Develop simple & clear wording of questions
Put the questions into a meaningful order and format.
Check the length of the questionnaire.
Pre-test the questionnaire
Develop the final survey form.
NUR 350 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric Overview .docxvannagoforth
NUR 350 Final Project Guidelines and Rubric
Overview
The final project for this course is the creation of a community assessment.
As communities become more diverse and nursing care moves into them, nurses are being called to develop and recommend population-based interventions
and programs that are culturally appropriate. The AACN Essentials Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice specifically says: “Preparing
professional nurses to engage in health promotion, community education, and outcomes analysis is an essential component of the basic preparation of the
professional nurse.”
In this course, you will learn about the best practices in community and population health, and have the opportunity for practical application of this knowledge
through community assessment and intervention planning. For your final project, you will explore existing resources, data sets, and systems on the local and
regional level. Through this process, you will develop a culturally appropriate and comprehensive plan (considering religion, culture, alternative medicine, etc.)
for a specific health disparity found within a community. You will develop your strategies based on the principles of community health nursing discussed
throughout the course.
The project is divided into three milestones, which will be submitted at various points throughout the course to scaffold learning and ensure quality final
submissions. These milestones will be submitted in Modules Three, Four, and Six. The final product will be submitted in Module Seven.
In this assignment, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following course outcomes:
• Plan targeted, population-based interventions for diverse and vulnerable populations across the lifespan by applying principles of community health
• Analyze the interrelationships among theory, practice, and research for their implications on community and population health
• Assess the impact of local, regional, and national conditions on the delivery of nursing services to vulnerable populations
• Analyze the effects of healthcare policy on improvement of healthcare outcomes for diverse populations across the lifespan
• Identify social determinants of health through a comprehensive assessment of resources at the local, regional, and national levels
Prompt
Choose a city or town within the United States to assess at the community level. You should include an analysis of the historical development of the community,
the current demographic and socioeconomic climates, and the community infrastructure. Include a comparison of existing resources within the community at
the local, regional, and national level. After a thorough analysis of this data, formulate and prioritize a list of health-related problems that you see within the
community. Finally, develop a comprehensive community health strategy using one of the problems from that list, including a target population and specific
health ...
Village employment is an unsolved problem and many countries around the world are facing challenges with that, what is the solution? what should we do to stop unwanted immigration from villages to cities?
Four webinars were held on the Methodological introduction to broad-based rapid assessment of national-level food systems: 21/09/2020 - 09:00 ; 21/09/2020 - 15:00 ; 25/09/2020 - 09:00 ; 25/09/2020 - 15:00
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
1. Do MCHIP-Supported Interventions Reach the Poor? How can we know? CORE Group’s Spring Meeting Baltimore, May 11, 2011 Alex Ergo, PhD Broad Branch Associates
8. What can be done when equity was not built into the design?
9.
10. Analysis 1 – Basic Steps Step 1: Look for a recent household survey that uses an asset index as a proxy for socio-economic position Step 2:Obtain questions used to collect the data necessary for the calculation of the asset index Step 3: Conduct interviews using same questions Step 4: Generate rural/urban-specific asset indices (optional) Step 5:Create rural/urban-specific asset quintiles (optional) Step 6:Calculate the asset index for each respondent Step 7:Assign respondents to socio-economic quintiles Step 8:Assess the distribution of beneficiaries across asset quintiles
11. Analysis 1 – Basic Steps Step 1: Look for a recent household survey that uses an asset index as a proxy for socio-economic position Examples: Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) Living Standards Measurement Survey (LSMS) Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS)
12. Analysis 1 – Basic Steps Step 2: Obtain questions used to collect the data necessary for the calculation of the asset indexExample:
13. Analysis 1 – Basic Steps Step 3: Interview an adequately large sample of patients attending the facility-based service(s) of interest (exit interviews)ORInterview an adequately large sample of individuals/households benefitting from the community-based intervention (household visits)
14. Analysis 1 – Basic Steps Step 4(optional): Create rural/urban-specific asset quintiles Some assets may relate differently to wealth in rural and urban settings E.g. type of flooring material; ownership of poultry If the necessary technical expertise is available, conduct separate Principal Component Analyses for rural and urban data in the original household survey to generate rural/urban-specific asset indices
15. Analysis 1 – Basic Steps Step 5(optional):Generate rural/urban-specific asset indices Many assets tend to be more associated with urban wealth than with rural wealth E.g. access to basic services is overall better in urban areas than rural areas Urban households cluster in the richer quintilesRural households cluster in the poorer quintiles
16. Analysis 1 – Basic Steps Step 5(optional):Generate rural/urban-specific asset indices Many assets tend to be more associated with urban wealth than with rural wealth
17.
18. Analysis 1 – Basic Steps Step 6:Calculate the asset index for each respondent: Using rural/urban-specific weights calculated under step 4 (optional) OR Using the original survey’s weights
19. Analysis 1 – Basic Steps Step 6:Calculate the asset index for each respondent: Example: … … …
20. Analysis 1 – Basic Steps Step 7:Assign respondents to socio-economic quintiles: Using rural/urban-specific cut-off points calculated under step 4 (optional) OR Using the original survey’s cut-off points
22. Analysis 1 – Basic Steps Step 8:Assess the distribution of beneficiaries across asset quintiles Example:
23.
24.
25. Analysis 2 – Basic Steps 20 Step 1: Look for a recent poverty map of the country (these typically include poverty headcount ratios by region/district/…: i.e. % of the population living below the poverty line) Example: CoulombeH. 2005, Ghana census-based poverty map: district and sub-district level results. Ghana Statistical Service. The estimates relate to the year 2000.
26. Analysis 2 – Basic Steps 21 Step 2: Indicate areas of intervention on poverty map Example: Vietnam poverty map
27. Analysis 2 – Basic Steps 22 Step 3: Calculate resource allocation per capita by district
28. 23 Analysis 2 – Basic Steps Step 4: Plot US$ per capita against poverty headcount ratio Nzema East
29.
30.
Editor's Notes
MCHIP defines health equity as both the improvement of a health outcome of a disadvantaged group as well as a narrowing of the difference of this health outcome between advantaged and disadvantaged groups--without losing the gains already achieved for the group with the highest coverage.MCHIP seeks to incorporate equity considerations into its programming at all phases of the scaling up processMCHIP generates practical learning about how to address equity issues along the continuum of program design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation
Thisapproachaddresses the question: what proportion of program clients are poor? Whilethisdoes not translate directlyinto program coverage (the proportion of the poorwho use services), increasing the numbers of poor clients is a necessary first step in reducingpoverty-relatedinequity.Depending on how the program isstructured and whatkind of generalizationsitwishes to draw, the number of sampled sites can range from a single site (as in the case of a program operating a single clinic or hospital) to multiple, randomly-selected sites (e.g., to draw a profile of a geographic area such as a district).Twooperationalcriteriashouldbeconsideredwhenselecting a measurementmethod for monitoring client characteristics:• Feasibility (the instrument canbecorrectlyadministered as an interview taking no more than 5-10 minutes by local partnerswith minimal training and easilyanalyzed)• Reasonablyaccurate/reliable (the instrument shouldbe capable of detecting a difference of 10- 15% in the proportion of clients whowouldbeclassified as “poor” across sites or over time)Client interceptsurveysusing short, focused interviews meetthesecriteria and canyieldreliable information for program monitoring and decision-making.1 It is not necessarythat the instrument correctlyclassify 100% of individual program beneficiaries, as long as the number of clients incorrectlyidentified as “poor” isroughlyequal to the number of clients incorrectlyidentified as “not poor”.Designing client interceptsurveys. The typical client interceptsurveyattempts to interview all clients presenting for services during a specified time frame; the greater the client volume, the fewernumber of daysneeded to collectenough interviews for analysis.2 Clients canbeinterviewedwhilethey are waiting to see the service provider or afterthey have completed the visit. The advantage of interviewing in the waiting room isthatitdoes not add time to the client’svisit; the advantage of interviewingat exit isthat the client canbeasked about the services he/she has justreceived.In either case, only a smallnumber of questions shouldbeasked, preferably close-ended (i.e. withpre- definedresponsecategories). Close-ended questions are easier to administer, data enter, and analyze. Time per interview shouldbe short, preferably no more than 10 minutes, especially for exit interviews. Many clients willalready have spentconsiderable time traveling to the service and waiting to beseen and willbeanxious to be on theirway. A 10-minute interview usuallymeans no more than 15 questions.Interviewers shouldbetrained to attempt to interview all clients waiting for or leaving the service. This reducesbiasthatmightbeintroduced if the interviewers choosewhich clients to interview. Verbal consent shouldbeobtained, assuring the client thathis/hernamewill not berecorded and thathe/sheis free to refuse to beinterviewed or to refuse to answerspecific questions. Interviewingshouldbemonitored to ensurethattheseprocedures are followed.The choice of questions to assesssocioeconomicstatusisdictated by the local context and mayvaryfrom one part of the country to another. Reference periodsshouldbe as specific as possible—for example, instead of asking how often the client usuallymakes a particularpurchase, itisbetter to ask how oftenhe/she made it in the last week. Items that show markedseasonal fluctuations shouldbeavoided; if theycannotbeavoided or if they are of program interest (such as treatment for diarrhea), successive surveysshouldbeconductedat the same time eachyear.An increasingnumber of locally-tested instruments to identifypovertystatus are availablefrom USAID microenterpriseprojects. The MicroenterpriseResults and AccountabilityAct of 2004 mandated USAID to develop and field test at least twolow-costpovertymeasurementmethods and targethalf of microenterpriseresources to clients who are “very poor”.3 Consequently, many country-specificpovertyassessmenttoolscanbedownloadedfrom the internet and adapted for use by reproductive health programs.4 Sample questionnaires are provided in Appendix 2.