This document summarizes a patent for improvements to travelling-wave electron tubes. It describes a travelling-wave electron tube that includes a slow-wave transmission line to propagate electromagnetic waves. The tube has a continuous cathode or spaced cathodes along the line to produce an electron stream interacting with the wave energy. A locking signal of a predetermined frequency is also propagated to lock the tube frequency to the locking signal frequency. Figures 1-4 illustrate different anode structures, and Figures 5-8 show circuits using the structures.
This document describes a patent for improvements in reciprocating motors that are actuated by a fluid supplied at constant pressure. It involves a piston valve that moves alternately into two positions, connecting one side of the piston to the pressure fluid supply and the other side to exhaust. Plungers on each side of the piston can enter cylindrical spaces at the end of the piston's working stroke to build up pressure and cause the valve to switch positions for the return stroke. Optional features include non-return valves in ducts connecting the valve cavities to the spaces to control fluid flow. The invention is intended for hydraulic motors but not limited to that application or liquid as the working fluid.
This document describes a 1957 British patent for an apparatus that measures the dimensions of the human foot and shoe lasts. The apparatus allows for simultaneous measurement of length, width at various points, and height of important anatomical features. It includes a footrest, movable cursors connected by an operating mechanism to measure length and width at ratios of the length. Additional features measure the height of the arch. The apparatus provides precise and simultaneous measurements of key foot dimensions.
This document summarizes GB785458 (A), which describes improvements to electrical capacitors. Specifically, it discloses a capacitor comprising two lengths of wire that each act as both a terminal and electrode. The wires are flattened at the ends to form the electrodes, bent into a U-shape, and placed between each other with the flattened ends embedded in a dielectric material. The dielectric can be a liquid applied to the electrodes, which are then dried and assembled before further coating and firing. This allows for very small capacitors to be produced where attaching wire terminals would be difficult.
This document provides information on patent GB785293 for a welded titanium base alloy. Key points:
- The patent describes titanium alloys that remain ductile after welding or can be rendered ductile through heat treatments.
- Alloys with an all-alpha microstructure generally maintain ductility after welding across their full composition range. Alloys with tin maintain ductility up to 16% tin.
- Small amounts of interstitial elements like oxygen, nitrogen and carbon can be added without impairing weld ductility.
- Specific beta-stabilizing elements like columbium, tantalum, vanadium, tungsten and zirconium can be added over a range of compositions
This document describes a patent from 1957 for an improved process and apparatus for brewing kaffir beer. Key aspects of the process include separate stages for souring with lactic acid bacteria, saccharification, straining, and closed fermentation. A preferred additional stage is conversion using a pressure converter. The process aims to produce a consistent, high quality kaffir beer free of harmful byproducts through precise control of conditions in specialized equipment for each stage.
This document describes two patent specifications:
1) GB784858 (A) describes a process for manufacturing organic compounds containing phosphorus through reactions between halogen-carboxylic acid halides and compounds containing phosphorus.
2) GB784859 (A) describes improvements to electric discharge tube assemblies, including a resilient mounting of the tube in an outer protective jacket to avoid stress and damage to the tube.
3) GB784860 (A) describes improvements to detachable pipe couplings, including a locking surface on the socket part formed by a lug and a recess on the eccentric leading end of the spigot part to provide a smooth locking mechanism when the parts are turned.
This document provides a detailed description of improvements relating to motor vehicle fuel supply systems, specifically describing a novel fuel level control mechanism for a carburetor fuel bowl. The mechanism uses a float-actuated needle valve to maintain fuel level and a servo valve controlled by the needle valve to permit increased fuel flow when the level drops. This eliminates restrictions of small needle valves that can cause vapor locking, allowing the fuel pump to operate at full stroke and fill lines quickly without stalling the engine.
This document summarizes British patent GB786169 (A) for new photographic sensitizers. It describes a process for producing sensitizers of the merocyanine series through condensing a quaternary salt containing a heterocyclic nitrogen residue with malonic dinitrile in the presence of an amine solvent. These sensitizers produce powerful "second order" sensitization when added to gelatin-silver halide emulsions. They sensitize emulsions more strongly than analogous compounds without a symmetrically arranged terminal nitrogen group. The sensitizers are useful for sensitizing gelatin-silver halide emulsion films.
This document describes a patent for improvements in reciprocating motors that are actuated by a fluid supplied at constant pressure. It involves a piston valve that moves alternately into two positions, connecting one side of the piston to the pressure fluid supply and the other side to exhaust. Plungers on each side of the piston can enter cylindrical spaces at the end of the piston's working stroke to build up pressure and cause the valve to switch positions for the return stroke. Optional features include non-return valves in ducts connecting the valve cavities to the spaces to control fluid flow. The invention is intended for hydraulic motors but not limited to that application or liquid as the working fluid.
This document describes a 1957 British patent for an apparatus that measures the dimensions of the human foot and shoe lasts. The apparatus allows for simultaneous measurement of length, width at various points, and height of important anatomical features. It includes a footrest, movable cursors connected by an operating mechanism to measure length and width at ratios of the length. Additional features measure the height of the arch. The apparatus provides precise and simultaneous measurements of key foot dimensions.
This document summarizes GB785458 (A), which describes improvements to electrical capacitors. Specifically, it discloses a capacitor comprising two lengths of wire that each act as both a terminal and electrode. The wires are flattened at the ends to form the electrodes, bent into a U-shape, and placed between each other with the flattened ends embedded in a dielectric material. The dielectric can be a liquid applied to the electrodes, which are then dried and assembled before further coating and firing. This allows for very small capacitors to be produced where attaching wire terminals would be difficult.
This document provides information on patent GB785293 for a welded titanium base alloy. Key points:
- The patent describes titanium alloys that remain ductile after welding or can be rendered ductile through heat treatments.
- Alloys with an all-alpha microstructure generally maintain ductility after welding across their full composition range. Alloys with tin maintain ductility up to 16% tin.
- Small amounts of interstitial elements like oxygen, nitrogen and carbon can be added without impairing weld ductility.
- Specific beta-stabilizing elements like columbium, tantalum, vanadium, tungsten and zirconium can be added over a range of compositions
This document describes a patent from 1957 for an improved process and apparatus for brewing kaffir beer. Key aspects of the process include separate stages for souring with lactic acid bacteria, saccharification, straining, and closed fermentation. A preferred additional stage is conversion using a pressure converter. The process aims to produce a consistent, high quality kaffir beer free of harmful byproducts through precise control of conditions in specialized equipment for each stage.
This document describes two patent specifications:
1) GB784858 (A) describes a process for manufacturing organic compounds containing phosphorus through reactions between halogen-carboxylic acid halides and compounds containing phosphorus.
2) GB784859 (A) describes improvements to electric discharge tube assemblies, including a resilient mounting of the tube in an outer protective jacket to avoid stress and damage to the tube.
3) GB784860 (A) describes improvements to detachable pipe couplings, including a locking surface on the socket part formed by a lug and a recess on the eccentric leading end of the spigot part to provide a smooth locking mechanism when the parts are turned.
This document provides a detailed description of improvements relating to motor vehicle fuel supply systems, specifically describing a novel fuel level control mechanism for a carburetor fuel bowl. The mechanism uses a float-actuated needle valve to maintain fuel level and a servo valve controlled by the needle valve to permit increased fuel flow when the level drops. This eliminates restrictions of small needle valves that can cause vapor locking, allowing the fuel pump to operate at full stroke and fill lines quickly without stalling the engine.
This document summarizes British patent GB786169 (A) for new photographic sensitizers. It describes a process for producing sensitizers of the merocyanine series through condensing a quaternary salt containing a heterocyclic nitrogen residue with malonic dinitrile in the presence of an amine solvent. These sensitizers produce powerful "second order" sensitization when added to gelatin-silver halide emulsions. They sensitize emulsions more strongly than analogous compounds without a symmetrically arranged terminal nitrogen group. The sensitizers are useful for sensitizing gelatin-silver halide emulsion films.
This document describes a new class of substituted cyclopentyl compounds useful for therapeutic purposes. Specifically, it describes cyclopentyl acetic acid amides containing substituents that are obtainable by condensing cyclopentyl acetic acid or derivatives with ammonia, amines or ureas. The document provides an example for synthesizing cyclopentyl-bromo-acetamide in three steps: 1) brominating cyclopentyl acetic acid, 2) converting it to the acetylchloride derivative, and 3) reacting it with aqueous ammonia. These compounds have sedative properties and can be used as intermediates for producing other therapeutic agents or used directly as therapeutics.
This patent document describes improvements to roll-film photographic cameras. Specifically, it addresses an issue with previous camera designs where the film feed and shutter winding mechanisms could only be uncoupled after a complete film feed movement, preventing rewinding if the final feed was incomplete. The new design allows uncoupling even after an incomplete feed, addressing this problem. It does so through a locking device that prevents shutter winding movement when the mechanisms are uncoupled after an incomplete feed. Diagrams and detailed descriptions of the new camera components and their functions are provided.
This document describes improvements to thermostatic control devices as disclosed in British patent GB786239. Specifically, it describes additions to provide indications of the position of the thermally responsive component. When the component is manually moved to an on or off position, lights will indicate this. Additional lights will indicate when the desired temperature is reached. The device uses levers, springs and contacts to control the lights based on the position of the thermally responsive component.
This document describes improvements in the manufacture of hollow axially symmetrical bodies such as tubes from synthetic resins. The process involves spinning a hardenable synthetic resin in a mould while interposing an inert liquid supporting layer between the resin and mould interior to prevent adhesion. This allows the production of tubes that are internally smooth with a truly cylindrical shape and uniform wall thickness throughout the length.
This document summarizes a 1957 patent (GB786184 A) for an arrangement in photographic cameras. The patent aims to automatically maintain relationships between shutter speed, aperture, and focus/distance settings. It describes coupling mechanisms that allow the aperture setting to be selectively coupled to either the shutter speed or focus/distance settings. This allows the camera to be preset for different photographic conditions with minimal effort from the operator.
The document describes a method and apparatus for mechanically separating a part from a rod or tube-like workpiece made of a heat-softenable material. The separation involves heating the workpiece at a predetermined separation point and, when sufficiently softened, suddenly breaking off the piece using a previously held force, rather than gradually drawing it out. This avoids thinning the walls and produces a well-rounded fused top with uniform wall thickness, important for reliably sealing ampoules. The method can use preparatory stretching or compression of the workpiece to facilitate separation, especially of pieces with varying diameters or thicknesses, and ensure breaking occurs at the right softening point.
This patent document describes a mechanism for producing and securing a tear strip to packaging. It involves cutting a narrow strip from the end of a wide band, using suction to hold the strip, and pressing it against the packaging while heating to seal it in place. The mechanism aims to provide a simpler alternative to existing methods that use narrow tape reels.
This document describes a patent application for improvements to flashlight lamps and their holders. Specifically, it details a capless flashlight lamp that has current supply wires clamped to the bulb neck by a flat insulating ring. The lamp can be easily inserted and removed from a compatible lamp holder. When used with a conventional flashlight reflector, spent lamps can be quickly exchanged for new ones.
This document describes a patent for improvements to mechanical manipulators. Specifically, it describes a manipulator designed for mounting on a truck that comprises a telescopic mast supporting a movable carriage. The carriage supports a rotatable turntable, which in turn supports a pair of outwardly extending arms. At least one arm is pivotable and movable towards and away from the other arm. The arms have grasping hands at their ends to handle articles. The manipulator allows for transporting heavy or awkward items between work stations, such as from a furnace to a forging area, in a flexible manner without permanent tracks.
This document summarizes a patent for improvements to a riveting machine and describes its components and operation. It has an electromagnetic vibrator that vibrates the riveting tool and electric controls that vary the vibrations. The motor, vibrator and tool are mounted together and can slide within the machine's housing relative to the worktable. The machine is more efficient and easier to operate than previous riveting machines.
The document describes improvements to a storage device for cylindrical objects like barrels. The storage device features an inclined rack with a gate at the lower end that retains the cylindrical objects. The gate has two angular portions - a first portion with an upstanding stop member, and a second portion that acts as a positive stop as long as an object is resting on the first portion. This allows objects to be released individually from the storage device when the gate is opened.
This document describes a travelling wave tube comprising a ceramic envelope containing a helix. It includes coaxial line input and output feeders external to the envelope. Dielectric loaded stripline impedance transformers provide coupling between each end of the helix and the respective input or output feeder. Each coupling is formed by a ground plane on the outer face of a ceramic disc joined to the outer conductor of the adjacent feeder. A radial conducting strip bonded to the inner disc face is connected to the inner feeder conductor and adjacent helix end.
This document describes a travelling wave tube comprising a ceramic envelope bonded to ceramic discs at each end, with a helix inside. It includes coaxial input/output feeders external to the envelope. Dielectric-loaded stripline impedance transformers couple each end of the helix to the respective feeder. The couplings are formed by a ground plane on the disc joined to the feeder outer conductor, and a radial conducting strip bonded to the disc inner face connected to the helix and feeder inner conductor.
This document describes a travelling wave tube comprising a ceramic envelope containing a helix. It includes coaxial line input and output feeders external to the envelope. Dielectric-loaded stripline impedance transformers provide coupling between each end of the helix and the respective input or output feeder. Each coupling is formed by a ground plane on the outer face of a ceramic disc joined to the outer conductor of the adjacent feeder. A radial conducting strip bonded to the inner disc face is connected to the inner feeder conductor and adjacent helix end.
This document describes a travelling wave tube comprising a ceramic envelope containing a helix. It includes coaxial line input and output feeders external to the envelope. Dielectric-loaded stripline impedance transformers provide coupling between each end of the helix and the respective input or output feeder. Each coupling is formed by a ground plane on the outer face of a ceramic disc joined to the outer conductor of the adjacent feeder. A radial conducting strip bonded to the inner disc face is connected to the inner feeder conductor and adjacent helix end.
This document describes improvements to ion traps in cathode-ray tubes. Specifically, it describes a cathode-ray tube design where the axis of the tubular anode adjacent to the cathode is not coaxial with but intersects the common axis of preceding electrodes. This allows the electrode system and overall tube length to be shorter compared to traditional designs where the anode has a bent coaxial section, reducing material and manufacturing costs while providing more space for getters. The design achieves satisfactory ion trapping through deflection of electrons and ions by a magnetic field near the intersection of the anode and preceding electrode axes.
This document describes improvements to ion traps in cathode-ray tubes. Specifically, it describes a cathode-ray tube design where the axis of the tubular anode adjacent to the cathode is not coaxial with but intersects the common axis of preceding electrodes. This allows the electrode system and overall tube length to be shorter compared to traditional designs where the anode has a bent coaxial section, reducing material needs and providing more space for getters. The design achieves satisfactory ion trapping through deflecting electrons and ions with a magnetic field at the point where the anode axis intersects the common axis of preceding electrodes.
This document describes improvements to ion traps in cathode-ray tubes. Specifically, it describes a cathode-ray tube design where the axis of the tubular anode adjacent to the cathode is not coaxial with but intersects the common axis of preceding electrodes. This allows the ion trap to operate satisfactorily while avoiding disadvantages of prior designs that required the anode to have a coaxial part. The new design allows for a shorter overall electrode system length compared to prior bent anode designs.
This document describes improvements to ion traps in cathode-ray tubes. Specifically, it describes a cathode-ray tube design where the axis of the tubular anode adjacent to the cathode is not coaxial but intersects the common axis of preceding electrodes. This allows the electrode system and anode construction to be shorter and simpler while still effectively trapping ions, providing advantages for manufacturing. The design deflects electrons toward the anode axis and screen center using a magnetic field, while ions continue toward the anode wall.
1) The document describes an electric measuring and testing apparatus that uses a capacitance cell to measure the dielectric constant of insulating fluids.
2) The capacitance cell contains an electrode structure made of parallel metal plates that rotate, with insulating spiders separating the plates. Fluid is drawn into gaps between the plates during rotation and ejected centrifugally.
3) The rotating electrode structure is mounted within a fluid-tight compartment of the capacitance cell, which allows fluid to be supplied and withdrawn while measurements are taken.
This document describes a high voltage tube socket with an improved means of mounting a corona ring. The tube socket has contact pin receptacles within recesses and solder lugs extending from one side. A corona ring is supported by a single leg portion mounted in a further recess. This allows the corona ring to be easily assembled to the socket with minimal operations to prevent arcing at high voltages.
This document describes improvements to reflex klystrons. It discloses a reflex klystron design that avoids the formation of a virtual cathode in the reflector space by ensuring the ratio of the reflector surface area to the cathode surface area is more than twice the ratio of the length of the retarding path in front of the reflector to the length of the acceleration path in front of the cathode. The klystron is suitable for modulation purposes due to its relatively large bandwidth.
This document describes a new class of substituted cyclopentyl compounds useful for therapeutic purposes. Specifically, it describes cyclopentyl acetic acid amides containing substituents that are obtainable by condensing cyclopentyl acetic acid or derivatives with ammonia, amines or ureas. The document provides an example for synthesizing cyclopentyl-bromo-acetamide in three steps: 1) brominating cyclopentyl acetic acid, 2) converting it to the acetylchloride derivative, and 3) reacting it with aqueous ammonia. These compounds have sedative properties and can be used as intermediates for producing other therapeutic agents or used directly as therapeutics.
This patent document describes improvements to roll-film photographic cameras. Specifically, it addresses an issue with previous camera designs where the film feed and shutter winding mechanisms could only be uncoupled after a complete film feed movement, preventing rewinding if the final feed was incomplete. The new design allows uncoupling even after an incomplete feed, addressing this problem. It does so through a locking device that prevents shutter winding movement when the mechanisms are uncoupled after an incomplete feed. Diagrams and detailed descriptions of the new camera components and their functions are provided.
This document describes improvements to thermostatic control devices as disclosed in British patent GB786239. Specifically, it describes additions to provide indications of the position of the thermally responsive component. When the component is manually moved to an on or off position, lights will indicate this. Additional lights will indicate when the desired temperature is reached. The device uses levers, springs and contacts to control the lights based on the position of the thermally responsive component.
This document describes improvements in the manufacture of hollow axially symmetrical bodies such as tubes from synthetic resins. The process involves spinning a hardenable synthetic resin in a mould while interposing an inert liquid supporting layer between the resin and mould interior to prevent adhesion. This allows the production of tubes that are internally smooth with a truly cylindrical shape and uniform wall thickness throughout the length.
This document summarizes a 1957 patent (GB786184 A) for an arrangement in photographic cameras. The patent aims to automatically maintain relationships between shutter speed, aperture, and focus/distance settings. It describes coupling mechanisms that allow the aperture setting to be selectively coupled to either the shutter speed or focus/distance settings. This allows the camera to be preset for different photographic conditions with minimal effort from the operator.
The document describes a method and apparatus for mechanically separating a part from a rod or tube-like workpiece made of a heat-softenable material. The separation involves heating the workpiece at a predetermined separation point and, when sufficiently softened, suddenly breaking off the piece using a previously held force, rather than gradually drawing it out. This avoids thinning the walls and produces a well-rounded fused top with uniform wall thickness, important for reliably sealing ampoules. The method can use preparatory stretching or compression of the workpiece to facilitate separation, especially of pieces with varying diameters or thicknesses, and ensure breaking occurs at the right softening point.
This patent document describes a mechanism for producing and securing a tear strip to packaging. It involves cutting a narrow strip from the end of a wide band, using suction to hold the strip, and pressing it against the packaging while heating to seal it in place. The mechanism aims to provide a simpler alternative to existing methods that use narrow tape reels.
This document describes a patent application for improvements to flashlight lamps and their holders. Specifically, it details a capless flashlight lamp that has current supply wires clamped to the bulb neck by a flat insulating ring. The lamp can be easily inserted and removed from a compatible lamp holder. When used with a conventional flashlight reflector, spent lamps can be quickly exchanged for new ones.
This document describes a patent for improvements to mechanical manipulators. Specifically, it describes a manipulator designed for mounting on a truck that comprises a telescopic mast supporting a movable carriage. The carriage supports a rotatable turntable, which in turn supports a pair of outwardly extending arms. At least one arm is pivotable and movable towards and away from the other arm. The arms have grasping hands at their ends to handle articles. The manipulator allows for transporting heavy or awkward items between work stations, such as from a furnace to a forging area, in a flexible manner without permanent tracks.
This document summarizes a patent for improvements to a riveting machine and describes its components and operation. It has an electromagnetic vibrator that vibrates the riveting tool and electric controls that vary the vibrations. The motor, vibrator and tool are mounted together and can slide within the machine's housing relative to the worktable. The machine is more efficient and easier to operate than previous riveting machines.
The document describes improvements to a storage device for cylindrical objects like barrels. The storage device features an inclined rack with a gate at the lower end that retains the cylindrical objects. The gate has two angular portions - a first portion with an upstanding stop member, and a second portion that acts as a positive stop as long as an object is resting on the first portion. This allows objects to be released individually from the storage device when the gate is opened.
This document describes a travelling wave tube comprising a ceramic envelope containing a helix. It includes coaxial line input and output feeders external to the envelope. Dielectric loaded stripline impedance transformers provide coupling between each end of the helix and the respective input or output feeder. Each coupling is formed by a ground plane on the outer face of a ceramic disc joined to the outer conductor of the adjacent feeder. A radial conducting strip bonded to the inner disc face is connected to the inner feeder conductor and adjacent helix end.
This document describes a travelling wave tube comprising a ceramic envelope bonded to ceramic discs at each end, with a helix inside. It includes coaxial input/output feeders external to the envelope. Dielectric-loaded stripline impedance transformers couple each end of the helix to the respective feeder. The couplings are formed by a ground plane on the disc joined to the feeder outer conductor, and a radial conducting strip bonded to the disc inner face connected to the helix and feeder inner conductor.
This document describes a travelling wave tube comprising a ceramic envelope containing a helix. It includes coaxial line input and output feeders external to the envelope. Dielectric-loaded stripline impedance transformers provide coupling between each end of the helix and the respective input or output feeder. Each coupling is formed by a ground plane on the outer face of a ceramic disc joined to the outer conductor of the adjacent feeder. A radial conducting strip bonded to the inner disc face is connected to the inner feeder conductor and adjacent helix end.
This document describes a travelling wave tube comprising a ceramic envelope containing a helix. It includes coaxial line input and output feeders external to the envelope. Dielectric-loaded stripline impedance transformers provide coupling between each end of the helix and the respective input or output feeder. Each coupling is formed by a ground plane on the outer face of a ceramic disc joined to the outer conductor of the adjacent feeder. A radial conducting strip bonded to the inner disc face is connected to the inner feeder conductor and adjacent helix end.
This document describes improvements to ion traps in cathode-ray tubes. Specifically, it describes a cathode-ray tube design where the axis of the tubular anode adjacent to the cathode is not coaxial with but intersects the common axis of preceding electrodes. This allows the electrode system and overall tube length to be shorter compared to traditional designs where the anode has a bent coaxial section, reducing material and manufacturing costs while providing more space for getters. The design achieves satisfactory ion trapping through deflection of electrons and ions by a magnetic field near the intersection of the anode and preceding electrode axes.
This document describes improvements to ion traps in cathode-ray tubes. Specifically, it describes a cathode-ray tube design where the axis of the tubular anode adjacent to the cathode is not coaxial with but intersects the common axis of preceding electrodes. This allows the electrode system and overall tube length to be shorter compared to traditional designs where the anode has a bent coaxial section, reducing material needs and providing more space for getters. The design achieves satisfactory ion trapping through deflecting electrons and ions with a magnetic field at the point where the anode axis intersects the common axis of preceding electrodes.
This document describes improvements to ion traps in cathode-ray tubes. Specifically, it describes a cathode-ray tube design where the axis of the tubular anode adjacent to the cathode is not coaxial with but intersects the common axis of preceding electrodes. This allows the ion trap to operate satisfactorily while avoiding disadvantages of prior designs that required the anode to have a coaxial part. The new design allows for a shorter overall electrode system length compared to prior bent anode designs.
This document describes improvements to ion traps in cathode-ray tubes. Specifically, it describes a cathode-ray tube design where the axis of the tubular anode adjacent to the cathode is not coaxial but intersects the common axis of preceding electrodes. This allows the electrode system and anode construction to be shorter and simpler while still effectively trapping ions, providing advantages for manufacturing. The design deflects electrons toward the anode axis and screen center using a magnetic field, while ions continue toward the anode wall.
1) The document describes an electric measuring and testing apparatus that uses a capacitance cell to measure the dielectric constant of insulating fluids.
2) The capacitance cell contains an electrode structure made of parallel metal plates that rotate, with insulating spiders separating the plates. Fluid is drawn into gaps between the plates during rotation and ejected centrifugally.
3) The rotating electrode structure is mounted within a fluid-tight compartment of the capacitance cell, which allows fluid to be supplied and withdrawn while measurements are taken.
This document describes a high voltage tube socket with an improved means of mounting a corona ring. The tube socket has contact pin receptacles within recesses and solder lugs extending from one side. A corona ring is supported by a single leg portion mounted in a further recess. This allows the corona ring to be easily assembled to the socket with minimal operations to prevent arcing at high voltages.
This document describes improvements to reflex klystrons. It discloses a reflex klystron design that avoids the formation of a virtual cathode in the reflector space by ensuring the ratio of the reflector surface area to the cathode surface area is more than twice the ratio of the length of the retarding path in front of the reflector to the length of the acceleration path in front of the cathode. The klystron is suitable for modulation purposes due to its relatively large bandwidth.
This document describes improvements to reflex klystrons. It discloses a reflex klystron design that avoids the formation of a virtual cathode in the reflector space by ensuring the ratio of the reflector surface area to the cathode surface area is more than twice the ratio of the length of the retarding path in front of the reflector to the length of the acceleration path in front of the cathode. The klystron is suitable for modulation purposes due to its relatively large bandwidth.
This document describes improvements to reflex klystrons. It discloses a reflex klystron design that avoids the formation of a virtual cathode in the reflector space by ensuring the ratio of the reflector surface area to the cathode surface area is more than twice the ratio of the length of the retarding path in front of the reflector to the length of the acceleration path in front of the cathode. The klystron is suitable for modulation purposes due to its relatively large bandwidth.
This document describes improvements to reflex klystrons. It discloses a reflex klystron design that avoids the formation of a virtual cathode in the reflector space by ensuring the ratio of the reflector surface area to the cathode surface area is more than twice the ratio of the length of the retarding path in front of the reflector to the length of the acceleration path in front of the cathode. The klystron is suitable for modulation purposes due to its relatively large bandwidth.
This document describes a patent for an improved helical delay line used in traveling wave tubes. The delay line comprises a conductive helix supported by a conductive comb structure to provide rigidity and dissipate heat. Each turn of the helix is directly connected to teeth of the comb. This takes advantage of the comb's ability to dissipate heat while maintaining properties of a helical delay line that are beneficial for traveling wave amplification. Figures and equations are provided to illustrate characteristics of the delay line such as dispersion and cutoff wavelengths.
The document describes an improved helical delay line for use in traveling wave tubes. The delay line comprises a conductive helix supported by a conductive comb structure to provide rigidity and dissipate heat. Each turn of the helix is directly connected to teeth of the comb. This combines advantages of the helix for tube operation with the comb's ability to dissipate heat and prevent distortion from weight or expansion.
This document summarizes a waveguide-microstrip line converter. It describes embodiments of the converter that connect rectangular waveguide to a microstrip line. Prior art converters had issues with radiation and noise. The described embodiments address this by using:
1) A stepped or tapered converter inside the waveguide to concentrate the electric field.
2) An eccentric coaxial track formed by a pin passing through a hole in a shorting bar.
3) Maintaining similar electric field distributions between components to reduce reflections across connections. This allows for a broadband, low reflection converter that suppresses unwanted radiation and noise.
1. The document describes a cathode ray tube with a target electrode that produces a current or voltage indicating the magnitude of electron beam deflection.
2. The target electrode comprises strips that emit secondary electrons when struck by the beam. It also includes resistance strips arranged to attract the secondary electrons with a varying force depending on the beam impact location.
3. This causes the quantity of electrons reaching the collecting electrode, and thereby the output current/voltage, to gradually increase or decrease with distances from a line on the target extending transversely to the direction of beam deflection.
1. The document describes a patent for improvements to cathode ray tube grid units for color television reproduction.
2. It involves a construction where the electron beam deflection is limited to the image surface, avoiding white luminescence at the image margins.
3. Key aspects include a grid of parallel wires arranged near a phosphor screen with color lines, and using electric fields between the wires and screen to focus the electron beam onto specific color lines.
A Planar Magic-T Structure Using Substrate Integrated Circuits Concept and It...fanfan he
This document describes a planar magic-T structure using substrate integrated circuits (SICs) and its applications in mixers. Key points:
1) A 180 phase-reversal T-junction and modified magic-T structure are proposed using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and slotline concepts from SICs.
2) Measurements of the phase-reversal T-junction show less than 0.3dB amplitude imbalance and 3° phase imbalance across the band.
3) The modified magic-T structure consists of a SIW T-junction and slotline-to-SIW T-junction. Narrowband and wideband designs are presented.
This document provides a 3-sentence summary of GB784603 (A) which describes a fuel feeding apparatus for pressure burners. The apparatus includes a valve body with passages that selectively connect a mixture tube, air passage, and fuel passages. A stationary rubber disk member and rotatable disk valve member control the connections between passages for starting, running, and shutting off the burner. The valve members and passages allow the burner to be supplied with an air-fuel mixture for starting and then operated with vaporized liquid fuel from the fuel tank.
This document summarizes a patent for manufacturing oximes of cycloaliphatic ketones. It describes a process where salts of thiosulphuric acid or polythionic acids are used as reducing agents in aqueous solution to produce oximes from water-soluble salts of secondary nitro-compounds in the cycloaliphatic series. The ratio used is 1 mole of nitro-compound to 1-1.5 moles of reducing agent salt. Examples provided demonstrate producing cyclohexanone oxime from nitrocyclohexane using sodium thiosulphate or sodium trithionate as the reducing agent. Yields of up to 92% of the oxime product are achieved.
This document describes glyoxalidine corrosion inhibitors for use in hydrocarbon liquids like gasoline and diesel fuel. Specifically, it describes new chemical compounds that are salts of a glyoxalidine and an organic aliphatic dicarboxylic acid with at least 10 carbon atoms. These compounds are effective corrosion inhibitors for ferrous metals in contact with hydrocarbon liquids that contain small amounts of water. Test results show that reactions products of sebacic acid and certain glyoxalidines can inhibit corrosion in gasoline-water systems at low concentrations.
This document describes a patent for improvements in the production of the antibiotic griseofulvin under deep culture conditions. It finds that griseofulvin can be produced on a large scale through submerged aerobic culture of suitable organisms, such as Penicillium patulum, if the available nitrogen level in the culture medium is carefully controlled between 0.04-0.3% nitrogen. Optimum yields are obtained at nitrogen levels of 0.075-0.25%, with the specific optimum depending on factors like inoculum type and fermenter size.
The document describes new disazo dyes and copper complexes of those dyes. The dyes correspond to general formula 1, where R1 is the residue of an oxybenzene-ortho-carboxylic acid, R2 and R3 are benzene residues with the carbon atoms bound to the azo linkage and carboxamide group separated by at least one carbon atom, and R4 is a benzene residue containing a sulphonic acid, carboxylic acid, or carboxymethoxy group. The dyes can be prepared by coupling a diazo compound of an aminoazo dye with a phenylamino-8-oxynaphthalene compound. The resulting dyes and their copper complexes are
This document describes improvements to self-supporting containers made of carbon or graphite. It discusses how prior containers used ceramic linings that had poor thermal conductivity. The new containers described are built from interlocking carbon or graphite plates that form a self-supporting inner structure. This allows the container to be spaced within an outer metal or concrete vessel, improving heat transfer and accommodating different expansion rates of the materials. Diagrams show how the plates interlock at joints and are held together with cement.
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1. * GB785443 (A)
Description: GB785443 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in or relating to travelling-wave electron tubes
Description of GB785443 (A)
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
amongst the following family members:
DE1090335 (B) FR1098803 (A) US252859 (A) US2859411 (A)
DE1090335 (B) FR1098803 (A) US252859 (A) US2859411 (A) less
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and Filing Complete Specification: Mar 16, 1954.
785,443 No 7624/54.
lt 2 Application made in United States of America on June 19, 1953.
/ Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957.
Index at Acceptance: Classes 39 ( 1), D(IOD: IOF: 16 A 1: 17 A 2 B:
IBA: 4 OF: 46 A); 40 ( 5), FIM 5, R 3 (G: H); and 40 ( 6); A(IR:2 V: 5
W), 02 (A 8: D 2: D 4: E 1 B: V).
International Classification:-H Olj HO 3 b, c, f.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Travelling-wave Electron Tubes.
PATENTS ACT, 1949 SPECIFICATION NO 785,443
In accordance with the Decision of the Superintending Examiner, acting
for the Comptroller-General, dated the nineteenth day of March, 1959,
this Spocification has been amended under Section 29 in the following
manner:Page 4, lines 117 and 118, delete rat 6 the operating frequency
2. of the device,.
Page 5, line 8, delete ftles" tnend line to read tof the largest
percentage of electrons and hence vary the phase velocity and,".
Page 5, lines 9 Sid jo, delete #wave which will predominate"; insert
oscillations".
TWE PATENT OFFICE, 24th April:959 invention there is provided a
travellingwave electron tube including a slow-wave transmission line
adapted to propagate ultra-short wave electromagnetic wave energy,
wherein said line has two ends between which electromagnetic waves can
travel on a route along said line but not appreciably on any other
route so that the waves will produce in a path adjacent to the line
fields of the wave energy propagated therein, there being provided
adjacent said line a continuous cathode, or a cathode emissive at
several spaced locations along the line, for producing a stream DB 1 o
9 Si/1 ( 13)/3758 150 4159 R stream, whereby the locking signal
frequency predominates in said wave energy so that said tube is
substantially locked to the frequency of said locking signal 80 For a
better understanding of the invention and to show how the same mav be
carried into effect, reference will now be made to the accompanying
drawings in which: 85 Fig 1 is a part sectional view of a strapped
magnetron structure; Fie 2 is a longitudinal cross sectional view of
the structure shown in Fie 1:
Fig 3 is a transverse cross sectional view 90 (Price 316) is:
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and Filing Complete Specification: Mar 16, 1954.
7859443 No 7624/54.
Application made in United States of America on June 19, 1953.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 39 ( 1), D(IOD: IOF: 16 A 1: 17 A 2 B:
IBA: 40 F: 46 A); 4 a( 5), F 1 M,5 R 3 (G: H); and 40 ( 6); A(IR:2 Y:
5 W), 02 (A 8: D 2 D 4: El B: V).
International Classification -H Olj H 03 b, c, f.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Travelling-wave Electron Tubes.
We, RAYTHEON MANUFACTURING COMPANY, a corporation organised under the
laws of the State of Delaware, United States of America, of Waltham,
County of Middlesex, Commonwealth of Masssachusetts, United States of
America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
This invention relates to travelling wave electron tubes.
Certain networks when used in conjunction with an electron beam
exhibit a characteristic such that within a particular range of
3. frequencies a signal may be propagated along the network in a
direction opposite to the beam but still interact with the beam
because of an apparelnt phase velocity which is in the same direction
as the electron beam and which is synchronous with it It has been
found that this characteristic exists in certain magnetron anode
structures, such as the conventional strapped magnetron anode
structure or the interdigital magnetron anode structure.
This characteristic, for pur Doses of identification, will be termed
the abnormal dispersion characteristic.
According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a
travellingwave electron tube including a slow-wave transmission line
adapted to propagate ultra-short wave electromagnetic wave energy,
wherein said line has two ends between which electromagnetic waves can
travel on a route along said line but not appreciably on any other
route so that the waves will produce in a path adjacent to the line
fields of the wave energy propagated therein, there being provided
adjacent said line a continuous cathode, or a cathode emissive at
several spaced locations along the line, for producing a stream (Price
316) of electrons moving in said path counter to the electromagnetic
waves at a plurality of velocities enabling interaction to occ r
between said electrons and said wave energy 5 s According to another
aspect of the invention there is provided a method of operating a
travelling wave electron tube to produce ultra-shortwave
electromagnetic wave energy, wherein the wave energy is 55 propagated
in a slow wave transmission line forming part of the tube, the line
having two ends between which electrc magnetic waves travel on a route
along said line but not appreciably on any other route, 60 there being
produced in a path adjacent said line fields of the wave energy being
propagated therein, a stream of electrons being produced by a
continuous cathode or a cathode emissive at several spaced 65
locations along the line and being caused to move in said path counter
to the eleztromagnetic waves at a plurality of veloc;ties enabling
interaction to occur betweei said electrons and said wave energy, and
70 wherein a locking signal of a predetermined frequency is propagated
in the line in addition to the wave energy, said locking signal having
a frequency lying in the range of frequencies at which said wave
energy 75 is able to extract energy from said electron stream, whereby
the locking signal frequency predominates in said wave energy so that
said tube is substantially locked to the frequency of said locking
signal 80 For a better understanding of the invention and to show how
the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made to the
accompanying drawings hil which: 85 Fig 1 is a part sectional view of
a strapped magnetron structure; Fig 2 is a longitudinal cross
sectional view of the structure shown in Fig 1; Fig 3 is a transverse
4. cross sectional view 90 785,443 of an interdigital magnetron
structure; Fig 4 is a longitudinal cross sectional view of the
structure shown in Fig 3; and Figs 5 to 8 are schematic diagrams of
circuits utilising the structures of Figs I and 2 or 3 and 4.
Referring now to Figs l and 2, there is shown an anode structure 10
including an anode cylinder 11 Extending radially inwardly from the
inner surface of anode cylinder 11 is a plurality of anode members 12
Anode members 12 are substantially rectangular planar members and are
alternately connected adjacent their inner 1 Sends on their upper and
lower edges by conductive strapping.
The ends of anode cylinder 1 I are covered by end plates 13
hermetically sealed thereto Attached to one end plate 13 is an exhaust
tubulation 14 the end of which is sealed by a glass seal 15 Extending
through the other end plate 13 is a cathode support structure 16
comprising an insulating support bushing 17 sealed at one end to the
walls of a centrally located aperture in plate 13 and sealed at the
other end to a metallic support cylinder 18 which extends inwardly
through the support bushing 17 and the aperture in the plate 13 and is
rigidly attached to a cathode structure 19 positioned in the space
defined by the inner ends of the anode -members 12.
Cathode structure 19 comprises a cylindrical member 20 positioned
coaxially with i 5 the anode cylinder 11 and somewhat smaller in
diameter than the space defined by the inner ends of anode members 12
The outer surface of cylinder 20 is covered with electron-emissive
material The ends of clinder 20 are covered by end shields 21 which
are slightly greater in diameter than cylinder 20 and the purpose of
which is to deter movement of electrons in a direction axial to the
anode and cathode cylinders.
A heater coil, not shown, is positioned inside cylinder 20, one end
thereof being connected to the cylinder 20 and the other end being
connected to a rod 21 which extends through support cylinder 18 and is
attached to an external terminal 22 which is sealed to the outer end
of cylinder 18 by a glass or other ceramic seal 23 The structure thus
far described is with one exception that conventionally used in
magnetrons-and it is to be clearly understood that any of the many
different designs of cathode support and anode cavity design Nay be
utilized.
At one point in the anode structure, the i C anode miembers 12 and
their associated strapping have been omitted such that the anode
structure -comprises a continuous network of anode members and straps
having two ends which are mutually uncoupled Attached to one end of
the network is a signal output structure 24 comprising a cylindrical
outer conductor 25 threadedly attached and hermetically sealed to the
walls of an aperture in anode cylinder 11 Positioned coaxially inside
5. the 70 outer conductor 25 and spaced therefrom is a central conductor
26 hermetically sealed to outer conductor 25 by an insulator seal 27
Central conductor 26 extends inside cylinder 11 spaced from con 75
ductor 25 and is attached to one of the straps connecting alternate
anode members 12 Connected to the other end of the network made up of
anode members 12 and their associated strapping is a signal 80
coupling structure 28 identical with output coupling structure 24 and
connected to one of the straps connecting alternate anode members 12
in the same manner as structure 24 85 Extending inwardly from anode
cylinder 11 in the space between the ends of the anode network is an
electrode 29 the purpose of which is to prevent rotation of electrons
around the cathode across the gap 90 between the two ends of the anode
network The effect of the electrode 29 is to render the device
operable over a somewhat wider range of frequencies than would be
possible if electrode 29 were omitted 95 However, it is to be clearly
understood that electrode 29 may be omitted thereby allowing rotation
of electrons around the cathode alon R the entire periphery thereof
Under these conditions, the device may 100 be somewhat more limited in
frequency range, but may be made somewhat more efficient It is to be
clearly understood that the electrode 29 could be in other forms, for
examnle it could extend out 105 wardly from the cathode surface or
could be insulated from the cathode and anode structures and have a
control voltage superimposed thereon, either positive or negative with
respect to the cathode potential 110 to thereby control the degree of
re-entrancy of the electron stream.
With a suitable positive potential applied to the anode structure with
respect to the cathode, a suitable heater current applied 115 to the
heater coil to produce electron-enmission from the cathode, and
application of a suitable unidirectional nmasnetic field across the
space between the cathode and anode substantially parallel to the axis
of 120 the device by means of a magnet, not shown, electrons will
circle the cathode with a motion substantially parallel to the face of
the tips of the anode members or vanes If the electron stream is
assumed 125 to be rotating in a clockwise direction for the device
shown in Fig 1, as is indicated by the arrow 30, an output load may be
coupled to the device through the output coupling structure 24, said
output load 130 785,443 being, for example, a radiating antenna, c or
other energy-absorbing load A signal -wave travelling along the anode
structure s with a phase velocity in the same direction 52 S the arrow
30 representing the direction of the electron stream will interact
with the 1 Jeleron stream producing an increase in the energy content
of the signal The energy content of the wave will travel in a?
direction opposite to the direction of the electron stream and will
move toward the output structure 24 passing through to thy:
6. load.
An explanation of the mechanism proin ducing this backward wave
phenomena, identified as the abnormal dispersion characteristic, is as
follows:
Consider two adjacent anode members which, together with the space
therebeQ O tween, define a reactive impedance resonant at a frequency
substantially equal ta the 7 T mode frequency These anode members are
connected to different straps, said straps being considered as the
trans2 S mission line which is loaded by the impedances of the
cavities defined by the anode members Since the straps are the
conductors of the transmission line, they are YT radians out of phase
with each other at any point along the network For any frequency lying
about the 7 T mode frequency, that is, within the pass band of the
anode network, a signal travelling along the straps will have a
definite phase shift depending on the phase velocity of the signal
along the straps and the distance travelled along the straps The
signal appearing along the tips of the anode members will shift in
phase by 7 T radians due to connection of adjacent anode members to
different straps and will also shift by the phase shift of the signal
travelling along the straps Since the 7 T radian phase shift due to
connection of the anode members to different straps may be achieved by
either adding or subtracting IT radians, and, since the phase shift of
a signal travelling along the straps is normally less than 7 T radians
between adjacent anode members, algebraic summation of the phase shift
of a wave travelling along the straps and the normal TV radian phase
shift between adjacent anode members, produces a resultant phase
velocity the direction of which may be either in the same direction as
that of the actual signal or group velocity signal component
travelling along the network or away from it.
Referring now to Figs 3 and 4, there is illustrated a further electron
tube wherein the anode structure is of the interdigital type, As shown
in Figs 3 and 4, the anode cylinder 11 is closed by end plates 13
Extending in a direction narallel to the axis of the anode cylinder 1
I from the end plates 13 are a series of anode fingers 31, which, as
shown here, are simply traight rods Adjacent anode lingers are
connected to opposite end plates 13 and )verlap each other for
approximately half 70 :heir length Anode fingers 31 form the -lements
of a cylinder coaxial with anode cylinder 11 Positioned inside the
space defined by anode fingers 31 is a cathode 19, which may be
identical with that illus 75 trated in Figs I and 2, and may be
supported in the same manner by means of elements 17, 18, 22 and 23.
A signal output coupling structure 32 is provided connected to one of
the anode 80 fingers 31 which defines the beginning of the anode
network made up of the anode fingers For the device shown in Fig 3,
7. the electrons are assumed to rotate counterclockwise, as indicated by
the arrow 33 85 Several anode fingers 31 are omitted in the space
immediately clockwise from the point of connection of the output
coupling 32 to the anode finger Thus the anode fingers form an anode
network having one end 90 connected to the output coupling 32 and
extending around the cathode structure 19.
The anode network terminates in a signal coupling structure 34 at the
opposite end thereof from the structure 32 Structure 95 34 may be
similar to structure 32, if so desired.
If it is desired to terminate the end of the anode network, to which
coupling structure 34 is connected, in an impedance 100 matched signal
absorbing load, the structure 34 may be omitted and the absorbing load
may he coupled to the line in the form of lossy material coated on the
anode fingers 31 on the opposite end of the anode 105 network from
that to which output coupling structure 32 is connected This lossy
material, illustrated, for example, at 35, is applied to the fingers
31 in progressively greater amounts as the end of the anode 110
network is approached thereby producing an improved impedance match of
the lossy material to the anode network In some cases the signal
coupling device 34 may still be desired with the use of varying 115
amounts of lossy material coated on the anode members inside the
device The electrode 29 has been omitted from the space between the
ends of the anode network in the device shown in Figs 3 and 4 120
However, it is to be clearly understood that this electrode could be
used, if so desired The analysis of the abnormal dispersion
characteristic of the anode structure illustrated in Figs 3 and 4 may
be 125 similar to that set forth in connection with Figs I and 2 with
the points of connection of adjacent anode fingers to opposite end
plates 13 being considered the opposite conductors of the transmission
line which 130 4 735,443 introduces the additional j Y radian phase
shift to the anode structure, which, when subtracted from the normal
phase shift along the line, produces the abnormal dispersion
characteristic.
Referring now to Fig 5, there is illustrated a schematic diagram of a
circuit which may be used with the device of Figs.
1 and 2 or 3 and 4 to produce frequencies very close to the resonant
frequency of a separate cavity resonator 36 If the Q of that resonator
is high and it is coupled to the network properly, a very high degree
of stabilization may result Tile anode structure 10 of the device,
which, as illustrated herein, is of the strapped vane type.
has one end thereof coupled through an output coupling structure 24 to
an energyabsorbing load 35, such as a radiating antenna The other end
of the anode structure is connected through a signal coupling
structure 28 to the cavity resonator 36 the resonant frequency of
8. which may be adjusted by means of a movable plunger 37.
The cathode 29 of the device is connected to the negative terminal of
a voltage source, illustrated herein as a battery 38 The positive
terminal of battery 38 is connected through a signal modulation source
39 to ground The anode structure 10 of the device is connected to
ground The magnetic field is poled such that the electron stream moves
clockwise (as seen in the drawing) The resonant frequency of the
cavity resonator 36 is adjusted to the desired carrier frequency of
the device, such frequency lying within the pass band of the anode
network Under these conditions the device will oscillate substantially
at the resonant frequency of the cavity 36 and will be substantially
independent of impedance variations of the load 35 The group velocity
component of the wave will move counter-clockwise along the anode
network from the signal coupling structure 28 to the output coupling
structure 24 and thence to the load 35 Any signal reflections from the
load 35 reflected back along the anode network will not be amplified
by the device, but upon arriving at the cavity resonator 36 will again
be reflected in a phase dependent upon the difference between the
frequency of the signal and the resonant frequency of the resonator In
the steady state condition the total phase shift of the signal in its
reflection from the output and.
its return to the output must be a multiple of 360 degrees Because of
the characteristic of very rapid chance in hase of the reflection from
the high Q cavity with any change in frequency, the resonant frequency
of the cavity will dominate as a frequency determining parameter.
In the type of space charge flow occurring in this type of device a
wide range of electron velocity components are available in the stream
and, hence, will interact wit, a wide range of signal phase Velocities
corresponding to a wide range of signal frequencies Hence the cavity
resonator 3670 may have its resonant frequency varied over a
relatively wide range by movement of the plunger 37, and the
predominant oscillation frequency of the device will follow the
resonant frequency of the cavity reso 75 nator 36 Because the
predominant frequency tends to decenerate or damp out all other
frequencies as is the case in a conventional oscillator, the device
will be substantially noise free Thus it may be 80 seen that the
device may be used in this manner as a simple cavity controlled
oscillator without application of a modulation signal from the
modulation source 39.
Application of an alternating voltage 85 between the anode structure
10 and the cathode 29 from the signal modulation source 39 through the
battery 38 will produce variations in the amount of anode current
drawn by the device Since in 90 crease of the anode current will
result Ir increased r f energy in the network, a higher amplitude of
9. signal will be fed te, the load Conversely, when the anode voltage is
lowered, thereby lowering the 95 anode current, the amplitude of the
output signal decreases Thus it may be seen that application of an
alternating current signal between the anode and cathode will produce
an amplitude modulation of the 100 output microwave energy, and the
envelope of the modulated output will conform, with a relatively low
degree of distortion, to the modulating signal.
Referring now to Fig 6, there is illus 105 trated a schematic diagram
utilizing a device as illustrated in Figs l and 2 or Figs.
3 and 4 in a circuit for producing frequency modulation The anode
structure 1, cathode 29, battery 38, modulation source lo 39, output
coupling 24 and load 35 are similar to those illustrated in Fig 5
However, the signal coupling structure 28 and cavity resonator 36 have
been omitted and the end of the anode network to which the 115
structure 28 was connected has been left unterminated, that is open
circuited at the operating frequency of the device Under these
conditions, voltage reflected from the load 35 will, upon travelling
along the 120 anode network, be reflected from the oper circuit
termination at the other end of the anode network and the device will
oscillate at a frequency within the pass band of the anode network at
which the reflec 125 tions from the open termination will be in phase
with the original waves Since this oscillation frequency is governed
by a reflected wave the phase of which is dependent on the phase
velocity of waves 130 7855,443 785,443 travelling along the anode
network, and, since the predominant interaction will occur with the
wave having in-phase reflections and a phase velocity substantially
equal to, and in the same direction as, the largest percentage of
electron velocities, variation of the anode voltage will vary the
velocity ties, and hence vary the phase velocity and, therefore, the
frequency of the wave which wili predominate.
For this reason application of an alternating voltage between anode 10
and cathode 29 through the battery 38 will produce frequency
modulation as well as amplitude modulation of the output oscillation
signal fed to the load 35 The output signal will have relatively
little noise and the modulation obtained in this manner may be of the
order of ten megacycles or more for a normal oscillation frequency of
2000 to 3000 megacycles If desired, the modulation frequency range of
the output of the device shown in Fig 6 may be increased somewhat by
applying small amounts of lossy material to the anode members adjacent
the unterminated end of the anode network However, the use of too much
lossy material at this point will render the tube noisy.
Referring now to Fig 7, there is shown a schematic diagram of a
circuit embodying the device, as illustrated in Figs 1 and 2 or 3 and
4, for producing a locked amplifier The anode structure 10 and cathode
10. 3529 are similar to those shown in Figs 5 and 6 and are connected
together through a battery 38, which maintains the cathode negative
with respect to the anode by the desired operating voltage The output
coupling structure 24, load 35 and signal coupling structure 28 are
similar to those illustrated in Fig 5 However, a signal source 40 has
been substituted for the cavity resonator 36 The frequency of the
signal source 40 must lie within the pass band of the anode network,
that is, it must have a frequency above the i T mode frequency of the
device The signal source may be of any desired type, such as an
antenna or a lower power device than that illustrated in Figs 1 and 2
or 3 and 4, such as a klystron The signal source 40 may be
intelligence modulated either in frequency or amplitude The signal
from j source 40 travels along the anode network to the load 35 and is
of sufficient strength to be the predominant signal applied to the
line Hence, the interaction between the electron stream and the wave
travelling along the anode network will predominate at the frequency
of the signal from the signal source and the device will consequently
lock on this signal The device will follow, variations in the
frequency of the signal 6 S from the source 40, and, to a large
degree, will follow variations in amplitude thereof.
The systems of Figs 5 and 7 will be most efficient with the voltage of
battery 38 adjusted such that the highest percentage cf electron
velocities in the stream have sub 70 stantially the same velocity as
the phasl, velocity of the desired signal frequency along the anode
network For this adjustment, locking may be produced by the lowest
amplitude signal from the source 40 75 and the device of Fin 7 will
follow the signal source over the widest range of frequencies and
amplitudes.
Referring now to Fig 8, there is illustrated a schematic diagram of a
circuit 80 utilizing the devices of Figs 1 and 2 or 3 and 4 to produce
wide band noise modulated microwave signals The anode structure 10,
cathode 29, output coupling structure 24, signal coupling structure
28, load 85 and battery 38 are connected identically with those
illustrated in Fiz 7 An impedance matched signal-absorbing load 41 is
substituted for the signal source 40 sucb that group velocity waves
travelling along 90 the anode network from the load 35 into the
matched termination 41 will be completely absorbed thereby The matched
termination 41 is preferably non-reactive, and, hence, will be matched
to the charac 95 teristic impedance of the anode network over a wide
frequency range If desired, the signal-absorbing matched ternination
may be in the form of lossy material applied to the anode members or
strapping of 10 the devices shown in Figs 1 and 2 and the signal
coupling structure 28 may be eliminated entirely.
Progressively varying the amount of lossy material applied to the end
11. of the anode 10 l network opposite that to which the load is
connected, such that the amount of lossy material applied to the anode
merbers decreases with distance away from said end, will further
improve the broad 10 band characteristics of the impedance match Since
interaction will occur over a wide range of frequencies, all of these
frequencies will occur at the output, and, since the signals are
initiated by random 115 fluctuations of the electron stream, the
amplitudes and frequencies of the output signals will be substantially
non-coherent or in effect, noise.
This completes the description of the 120 embodiments of the invention
illustrated herein However, many modifications thereof will be
apparent to persons skilled in the art For example, other types of
anode structures may be used besides those 125 illustrated herein The
cathode structure need not necessarily be coated over its entire
length, but may have areas which are not electron-emissive such as the
areas immediately beneath the region between 130 785,443 -te ends of
the anode network or adjacent he ends of the anode network Indeed, -f
desired, the cathode may be coated on several successive areas along
the surface thereof with the intermediate areas being non-emissive
Furthermore, any desired type of signal coupling structures may be
ulsed in place of those illustrated herein.
For example, iris couplings or loop coup1 D Lings could be substituted
for the direct coupling type of structures illustrated herein In
addition, the systems illustrated in Figs 5 to 8 could all be pulse
modulated by pulsing the anode/cathode voltage in a manner similar to
that currently used with conventional pulsed masnetron oscilators.
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785444 (A)
Description: GB785444 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in or relating to wax compositions
12. Description of GB785444 (A)
A high quality text as facsimile in your desired language may be available
amongst the following family members:
BE527734 (A) FR1098343 (A) FR67532 (E)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification Mar
No 8081/54.
Application made in Germany on April 1, 1953.
Application made in Germany on April 4, 1953.
Complete Specification Published Oct 30, 1957.
Index at Acceptance: -Class 95, G.
International Classification: -CO 9 g.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Wax Compositions We, RUHRCHEMIE
AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, Oberhausen-Holten, Germany, of German nationality,
do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may
be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement: -
The invention relates to wax compositions and particularly to wax
compositions which are suitable for the production of wax pastes which
are substantially unaffected by temperature changes The invention also
comprises pastes incorporating such wax compositions.
Large quantities of natural and synthetic waxes are used in the polish
industry for the production of floor polishing agents, for example,
polishing pastes, and of leather dressings, for example, boot
polishes, and for similar uses The film remaining on the surface
treated after application of the wax formulation or pastes should be
hard, durable and glossy.
Moreover, the wax used for the production of wax formulations of this
kind, for example, for polishing pastes, must have a good oil uptake.
13. Also, the sensitivity of the wax pastes to temperature changes should
be as low as possible, that is to say, the oil uptake should be as
independent as possible of the temperature.
In general, wax formulations or pastes produced by the polish industry
contain about % solvent and 30 % wax constituents The solvent used in
most cases is a mixture of solvent naphta (a naphtha fraction boiling
between 1300 C and 1900 C) and turpentine.
The wax constituents generally consist chiefly of low-cost slab
paraffin ( 60-80 %) and, in addition, contain high-grade waxes which
impart to the wax formulation the particular property desired The
waxes used for this purpose include ozokerite, Carnauba wax, montan
wax and synthetic waxes The synthetic waxes are generally obtained
from montan wax and consist of wax acids or wax esters.
The term " wax acid " is used in the art to designate an aliphatic
monocarboxylic acid which contains at least 25 carbon atoms in the
lPric molecule A "wax ester" is to be understood as an ester of a wax
acid.
It has already been proposed by the Applicants in German Specification
No 932,426, to produce valuable synthetic wax acids and wax
acid-paraffin mixtures by converting paraffins containing more than 25
carbon atoms in the molecule into the corresponding olefin-containing
hydrocarbons by chlorination and dehydro-chlorination, converting the
unsaturated hydrocarbon mixtures so obtained into alcohol-hydrocarbon
mixtures by the catalytic addition of water gas with subsequent
hydrogenation of the addition product, subjecting the
alcohol-hydrocarbon mixtures to fusion with alkali and recovering the
corresponding wax acid-paraffin mixtures From these wax acid-paraffin
mixtures, pure wax acids are readily isolated by extraction.
It is possible in this manner to obtain wax acids and wax
acid-paraffin mixtures of any molecular size when paraffin
hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms in the
molecule are used as the starting material Wax acid-paraffin mixtures
or pure wax acids of this kind may be used for the production of wax
pastes.
Wax pastes produced from these wax acidparaffin mixtures or pure wax
acids generally show, however, a relatively high sensitivity to
temperature changes, that is, although unobjectionable wax pastes are
obtained at C, these pastes, at 300 C, give off or exude relatively
much oil and become too soft for use.
It is an object of the invention to provide a wax composition suitable
for the production of a temperature-resistant wax polish or wax paste,
that is to say, a wax polish or wax paste which is suitable for use
and application at ordinary atmospheric temperatures and which is
still stable at a temperature of 300 C.
14. According to the invention, a wax composition consists of or
comprises, a mixture of C 30-C 4 o paraffins, CQ,-C 4, wax acids, and
calcium salts of CQ,-C,(, wax acids, the content of calcium salts in
the mixture being from 785 444 rch 19, 1954.
785,444 about 10 % to about 25 %,' by weight The content of calcium
salts of the C>,-C,, wax acids is preferably not greater than 20 %o by
weight, whilst the content of paraffins in the mixture is preferably
about 50 % O by weight.
According to a modification of the invention, a wax composition
consists of or comprises a mixture of G 5-C,, paraffins, C, C 3 U wax
acids, calcium salts of C l-C;,, wax acids, and wax acids and
paraffins containing more than 30 carbon atoms in the molecule.
The wax composition according to the invention may also comprise wax
acids which contain more than 40 carbon atoms in the molecule, with or
without paraffins containing more than 40 carbon atoms in the
molecule.
In such a case, the content of the wax acids and paraffins containing
more than 40 carbon atoms in the molecule is preferably not more than
60 % by weight of the total composition.
According to the invention furthermore, a process for the production
of a wax composition suitable for use in the manufacture of a
temperature-resistant wax paste, comprises subjecting a G,-C,,
fraction of paraffin hydrocarbons successively to chlorination,
dehydrochlorination, catalytic addition of carbon monoxide and
hydrogen, hydrogenation of the addition products, fusion of the 340
hydrogenated product with caustic alkali at an elevated temperature of
the order of 35 Q O C, acid treatment of the product of alkali fusion,
washing of the acid-treated product to yield a mixture of wax acids
and paraffins, and neutralising a proportion of the wax acids in the
mixture with lime to yield a mixture of wax acids, calcium salts of
the wax acids and paraffins such that the content of the calcium salts
in the mixture is within the range 1025 % by weight Preferably the
partial neutralisation of the wax acids is effected to give a product
in which the weight content of the calcium salts is not greater than
20 %o.
Advantageously the paraffins constitute about 50 %,0 by weight of the
wax acid-calcium saltsparaffin mixture.
Before the step of neutralising the wax acids-paraffins mixture, it
may be of advantage to remove constituents of lower pour point from
the mixture Where this is effected, it is preferred to eliminate from
10-20 %, by weight of the whole mixture The removal of these
undesirable constituents of low pour point may be effected by solvent
extraction, for example, with a hydrocarbon solvent or a chlorinated
hydrocarbon solvent or an oxygenated organic solvent Examples of
15. suitable solvents include hexane, dichloroethane, methanol and acetone
The preferred solvent for use in the solvent extraction is an
oxygencontaining organic compound The extraction is preferably
effected at temperatures below 60 ' C with the use of a short
extraction period Thus, the wax acid-paraffin mixture may, for
example, be stirred for a short time with two to five times its weight
of the solvent, the extract being separated from the raffinate by
filtration.
The mixture of C,,-C 4, wax acids, CU,C,, paraffins and calcium salts
of CQ,-C,,, 70 wax acids possesses good oil-binding power so that it
is even possible to add relatively large proportions of wax acids
containing more than carbon atoms in the molecule or of a mixture of
such wax acids with paraffins contain 75 ing more than 40 carbon atoms
in the molecule While satisfactory wax pastes cannot be produced
merely from wax acid-paraffin mixtures the constituents of which
contain more than 40 carbon atoms in the molecule, the 80 admixture of
these high molecular weight wax acid-paraffin mixtures to the C,,-C 4,
wax acid-calcium salts-paraffin mixture has the advantage that the
latter wax mixture undergoes an increase in its hardness Moreover, 85
the hardness and also the gloss of the wax film on the surface treated
with the paste is considerably improved.
Paraffin hydrocarbons having a molecular size of Q,-C,, are generally
difficult to 90 obtain It is thus of great advantage that the
modification of the invention, hereinbefore referred to, permits the
production of highgrade wax pastes from readily obtainable paraffins
of the molecular size of C -CQ,, and 95 paraffins having a molecular
size of above CQ,.
P'araffins having from 25 to 30 carbon atoms in the molecule may, for
example, easily be prepared by the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon
monoxide, from the products of which 100 hydrogenation they are
readily separated by distillation Also, commercial slab paraffins
prepared from petroleum or other sources have a molecular size of
C,-CQ, There are also paraffins having more than 30 carbon atoms 105
in the molecule which can be produced relatively easily Thus the
so-called hard paraffins obtained by the catalytic hydrogenation of
carbon monoxide are of this molecular size, with the average number of
carbon atoms in 110 the molecules of the hard paraffins being
approximately 45.
Wax pastes which are substantially unaffected by temperature changes,
may also be produced from the wax compositions pro 115 vided according
to the modified form of the invention, namely from wax compositions
composed of CQ-C,, wax acids, calcium salts of C%-CQ, wax acids,
C,-CQ,, paraffins, and wax acids and paraffins containing more 120
than 30 carbon atoms in the molecule The content of paraffins in the
16. wax compositions is advantageously about 50 %,' by weight.
It is of particular advantage to effect the neutralisation of the C
-Q,, wax acid 125 paraffin mixture with caustic lime in such a manner
that this mixture contains about 10% by weight of calcium salts.
It may be of advantage to remove lower pour point constituents from
the C,,-CQ,, wax 130 785,444 acid-paraffin mixture before partially
neutralising this G,-Q, mixture with lime, the quantity so removed
constituting about 10% by weight of the wax acid-paraffin mixture The
removal of the constituents of lower pour point is effected by solvent
extraction, the solvent being preferably an oxygencontaining organic
compound.
The proportions in which the partially neutralised GC,-C,, wax
acid-paraffin mixture and the wax acid-paraffin mixture having more
than 30 carbon atoms in the molecule are mixed, may vary within wide
limits 0 7 to 3 parts by weight of the C,-Q,, wax acidcalcium
salts-paraffin mixture may be used per part by weight of the wax
acid-paraffin mixture having more than 30 carbon atoms in the
molecule.
The wax acid-paraffin mixture prepared from hard paraflins obtained as
a product of the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide and having
an average molecular size of about C,, may be used with particular
advantage as the wax acid-paraffin mixture having a range of molecular
sizes of above C,0.
The content of calcium soaps may, if desired, be increased so that up
to 50 % of the viax acids in the CQ,-CQ, wax acid-paraffin mixture are
neutralised and converted into calcium salts In this case, the two
component mixtures of the wax composition are so proportioned that
from 0 2 to 1 part by weight of the CQ,-Ca, wax acid-calcium
salts-paraffin mixture is present per part by weight of the wax
acid-paraffin mixture having a molecular size of above C,0.
Wax pastes prepared according to conventional specifications from wax
compositions of the invention with the use of slab paraffins, solvent
naphtha and turpentine have a smooth and glossy surface when packed in
containers, for example, in tins The wax pastes are of uniform
consistency and are only slightly affected by temperature changes Even
at 30 C these wax pastes are very hard and hardly give off oil The wax
pastes are light yellow in colour When applied, the wax pastes form a
hard glossy film.
The wax compositions in accordance with the invention are compatible
with other natural or synthetic waxes Various other raw materials may
therefore be used for formulating wax pastes.
The invention is illustrated by the following examples: EXAMPLE 1
A hard paraffin wax obtained by the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon
monoxide, practically containing only hydrocarbons boiling above 460
17. C, having a solidification point of 98 C and a pentration number of 1
1, was extracted with solvents in such a manner that a paraffin
fraction remained which substantially contained only hydrocarbons
having a solidification point of 70 -75 C corresponding to a C,, to
CQ, fraction This fraction had a solidification point of 720 C and a
penetration number of 4 7 This fraction was irradiated with
ultra-violet light and simultaneously chlorinated at about 90 -100 C.
unil 7 8 % chlorine had been absorbed.
Hydrogen chloride was eliminated from the chlorinated fraction by
heating for several hours at about 3000 C whilst nitrogen was passed
through the fraction The dehydrochlorinated fraction was treated with
zinc oxide and bleaching earth, an olefinic hydrocarbon mixture being
obtained which contained 0 3 % Cl and which had a solidification point
of 66 C The olefinic fraction was then subjected to a conventional OXO
synthesis process, that is, the catalytic addition of water gas and
subsequent hydrogenation of the addition product, at a temperature in
the range 140 -160 ' C and at a pressure in the range 180-200 kg /sq
cm in the presence of a cobalt catalyst The product was of a pale
yellow colour and contained 55 % of high molecular weight alcohols in
addition to paraffin hydrocarbons.
This alcohol-paraffin mixture was stirred for 4 hours at 350 ' C with
150 % of the quantity of caustic alkali theoretically required to
convert the alcohols into salts O aliphatic monocarboxylic acids
containing the same number of carbon atoms as the alcohols After the
subsequent decomposition of the product with dilute sulphuric acid,
washing and drying, a wax acid-paraffin mixture was obtained which
contained 55 % by weight wax acids.
This wax acid-paraffin mixture was treated with sufficient caustic
lime to obtain a wax composition which, upon the addition of a further
quantity of C,, C,6 paraffins, contained 45 % by weight of paraffins,
35 % by weight of tree wax acids and 20 % by weight of calcium salts
of the wax acids The wax composition thus formed had a solidification
point of 69 ' C and a penetration number of 2.8.
A wax paste was prepared from 6 parts by weight of the wax
acid-calcium salts-paraffin mixture (wax composition), 24 parts by
weight of slab paraffin wax (Compes Type 201) and parts by weight of a
mixture containing 115 % solvent naphtha (naphtha fraction boiling
between 130 C and 190 ' C) and 30 % American turpentine, and the
hardness of this paste was determined at different temperatures The
determination of the hardness of 120 the wax paste was effected by
means of a penetrometer which, instead of the penetrometer needle
normally used for the determination of the hardness of solid paraffins
and waxes, was provided with a small steel ball of 17 mm 125 diameter
and 19 grams in weight The hardness paste of the wax was recorded as
18. the depth of penetration in units of 0 1 mm with (a duration of the
test of 5 seconds Increasing numbers (one unit= 0 1 mm) thus indi 13 Q
785,444 cate an increasing softness of the wax paste.
The wax paste prepared in the manner described above showed the
following values with the penetrometer ball used:Temperature: 200 C 25
C 30 C.
Penetration No: 1 2 6 EXAMPLE 2
The wax acid-paraffin mixture prepared in accordance with Example 1
was treated with caustic lime (Ca O) in such a manner that the wax
composition contained 45 % by wt cf paraffin, 45 %t by wt of wax
acids, and 10,, by wt of calcium salts of the wax acids From this wax
composition, in the manner described in Example 1, there was produced
a wax paste which had the following hardness values:Temperature: 20 C
25 C 300 C.
Penetration No: 2 3 8 EXAMPLE 3
A paraffin fraction obtained by extraction and containing all of the
hydrocarbons having a solidification point of 75 -80 C (a C 6CQ
fraction), having a solidification point of 77 ' C and a penetration
number of 3 5 was chlorinated until 6 8 %I chlorine had been absorbed
After dehydrochlorination and the removal of the residual quantities
of chlorine, an olefin-paraffin mixture which had an iodine number of
46, a solidification point of 70 C.
and a chlorine content of 02 % was obtained.
This olefin-containing hydrocarbon mixture was catalytically treated
with water gas and thereafter with hydrogen in the manner described in
Example 1 and then separated from the catalyst by filtration This
resulted in a light yellow product which had a hydroxyl number of 62
and a solidification point of 730 C This product was treated with
alkali under the conditions set forth in Example 1 After decomposition
with dilute sulphuric acid, washing and drying, there was obtained a
wax acid-paraffin mixture which consisted of 39 %' by wt of paraffins
and 61 % by wt of wax acids This mixture was treated with lime (Ca O)
to give a wax composition which contained 40 % by wt of wax acids, 39
% by wt.
of paraffins and 21 % by wt of calcium salts of the wax acids The wax
composition had a solidification point of 74 C and a penetration
number of 2 2 The hardness of the wax paste prepared therefrom with
slab paraffin wax and a mixture of solvent naphtha and turpentine, the
several constituents being used in the same proportions as in the
paste produced in Example 1, had the following values:Temperature: 200
C 250 C 3 C O C.
Penetration No 2 3 O EXAMPLE 4
The product obtained in accordance with Example 1 after the treatment
with alkali, was extracted for 20 hours at 500 C with dichlorethane
19. After removal of residual solvent by distillation, the raffinate had a
neutralization number of 2 The raffinate or residue which 65 was
insoluble in dichlorethane, after decomposition with dilute
hydrochloric acid, washing and drying, yielded a wax acid which
contained 30 % by weight of paraffins, solidified at 68 C and had a
penetration number of 4 5 70 This wax acid was stirred for 30 minutes
at about 200 C with 250 % acetone thereby extracting 14 %,' of the
acid and resulting in a light yellow extraction residue or raffinate
which solidified at 69 C and which had a 75 penetration number of 2 It
was stirred with lime until the finished product or wax composition
contained 20 % by weight of calcium salts of the wax acids The wax
composition had a solidification point of 720 C and a pene 80 tration
number of 0 5 A wax paste prepared from 6 parts by weight of the wax
composition, 24 parts by weight of slab paraffin wax (Compes Type 201)
and 70 parts by weight of a solvent mixture having the same composi 85
tion as that used in Example 1, had the follow.
ing hardness values:Temperature: 20 C 250 C 3 W O C.
Penetration No 1 2 9 EXAMPLE 5 90 a) A hard paraffin wax produced by
the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide.
containing all of the hydrocarbons boiling above 460 ' C, having a
solidification point of 98 C, a penetration number of 1 1 and ail 95
average molecular size of C, was chlorinated until 5 4 % O chlorine
had been absorbed By dehydrochlorination and treatment with zinc oxide
and bleaching earth, an olefin-paraffin mixture was obtained which
contained 0 4 %j/ 100 chlorine, solidified at 92 ' C and had an iodine
number of 29 By subjecting this mixture to the OXO synthesis with
hydrogenationsof the OXO synthesis product, there was obtained an
alcohol-paraffin mixture which solidified at 105 92 C and contained 53
% of alcohols.
This alcohol-paraffin mixture was treated for 6 hours with 150 % of
the quantity of caustic alkali theoretically required to convert the
alcohols into salts of mono-carboxylic acids 110 containing the same
number of carbon atoms in the molecule After decomposition of the
salts in the mixture with dilute hydrochloric acid, washing and
drying, a light yellow wax acid-paraffin mixture was obtained which
115 contained 55 by wt of wax acids The solidification point of this
mixture was 92 C.
while the penetration number was 1 3 A wax paste prepared therefrom
with the use of slab paraffin wax (Compes Type 201) and a mix 120 ture
of solvent naphtha and turpentine of the same composition as that used
in Example 1, the constituents of the paste being used in the same
proportions as in the paste of Example 1, had the following hardness
values: 125 Temperature: 200 C 250 C 30 C.
Penetration No: 4 200 200 785,444 This wax paste shows very
20. unsatisfactory properties If the wax acid-paraffin mixture used is
stirred with caustic lime (Ca O) until the product contains from 10 %
to 20 % by wt.
of calcium salts of the wax acids, then wax pastes prepared in
precisely the same manner have the following hardness
values:Temperature: 200 C 250 C 300 C.
Penetration No: 2 30 200 These wax pastes also have no satisfactory
resistance to temperature changes.
b) When the wax acid-paraffin of this example is mixed with the same
quantity by weight of the wax composition prepared in accordance with
Example 1, then a wax composition is obtained which has a
solidification point of 85 C and a penetration number of 1.5 The wax
paste prepared from this wax composition, slab paraffin wax (Compes
Type 201) and a solvent naphtha-turpentine mixture of the same
composition as that used in Example 1, the constituents of the paste
being used in the same proportions by weight as in the wax paste in
Example 1, had the following hardness value:Temperature: 200 C 250 C
30 C.
Penetration No: 1 4 35 These figures indicate that it is possible in
accordance with the invention decisively to improve a wax which is not
itself satisfactory for the producton of wax pastes.
EXAMPLE 6 a) A paraffin fraction boiling between 4000 C and 450 C
which had been obtained by distillation and which contained all of the
hydrocarbons of the molecular size of CG,CQ, was chlorinated, whilst
being irradiated with actinic light, until 9 5 % chlorine had been
absorbed The chlorination mixture was mixed with 1 % by wt of active
carbon and heated in a glass flask for 3 hours at about 3000 C while
stirring and passing through small amounts of nitrogen After cooling,
the reaction product was mixed with a mixture of 1 % zinc oxide and 1
% bleaching earth (Tonsil) and again heated for 2 hours at about 2000
C After having filtered off the solid constituents, the
delhydrochlorinated product so obtained had an iodine number of 56 and
which contained 0 2 % chlorine.
This olefin-paraffin mixture was placed in a pressure-resistant vessel
provided with a stirrer and treated for one hour with water gas at a
temperatrue of 140 '-160 ' C and at a pressure of 180-200 kg /sq cm in
the presence of a cobalt catalyst The aldehydes thereby formed were
hydrogenated with hydrogen for one hour at 200 (-220 C and a pressure
of 140-150 kg /sq cm in the presence a cobalt catalyst The catalyst
was removed by filtration, leaving a pale yellow product which
contained 55 % of alcohols.
The alcohol-paraffin mixture thus obtained was mixed with 130 % of the
quantity of caustic alkali theoretically required to convert 65 the
alcohols into salts of mono-carboxylic acids and stirred in a
21. pressure-resistor vessel for 3 hours at 3500 C Thereafter, the product
was decomposed with dilute hydrochloric acid and the acid-treated
product was then boiled 70 several times with water to remove the last
residues of mineral acid After drying, there remained a light yellow
wax acid-paraffin mixture which contained 55 % by wt of wax acids The
mixture was stirred with caustic 75 lime (Ca O) at 100 -140 C while
small amounts of water were added, until only 35 % of free acids were
present The finished product prepared in this manner contained 45 % by
wt of paraffins, 35 % by wt of free wax 80 acids and 20 % by wt of
calcium salts of the wax acids.
b) Hard paraffin wax obtained as a product of the catalytic
hydrogenation of carbon monoxide and containing all of the
hydrocarbons 85 boiling above 46,0 C and having an average molecular
size of C 4,, was chlorinated until 5.4 % chlorine had been absorbed
After dehydrochlorination and subsequent treatment with zinc oxide and
bleaching earth, 90 there was obtained an olefin-paraffin mixture
which had an iodine number of 29 and contained 0 4 % chlorine After
the catalytic addition of water gas and subsequent hydrogenation
effected under the conditions des 95 cribed in Example 6 a, an
alcohol-paraffin mixture was obtained which contained 55 % alcohols.
This alcohol-paraffin mixture was stirred for 6 hours with 150 % of
the quantity of 100 caustic alkali theoretically required to convert
the alcohols into salts of the corresponding mono-carboxylic acids By
decomposition of the salts with dilute hydrochloric acid, washing and
drying, a light yellow wax acid 105 paraffin mixture which contained
55 % by wt.
of wax acids was obtained.
c) Equal parts by weight of the partially neutralised wax
acid-paraffin mixture prepared in accordance with Example 6 a and of
the wax 110 acid-paraffin mixture obtained in accordance with Example
6 b were mixed This resulted in a wax composition which had a
solidification point of 860 C and a penetration number of 3 5 115 d) A
paste was prepared from 6 parts by weight of the partially neutralised
wax acidparaffin mixture prepared in accordance with Example 6 a, 24
parts by weight of slab paraffin wax (Compes Type 201) and 70 parts by
120 weight of a mixture consisting of 70 % solvent naphtha (a
petroleum fraction boiling between and 1900 C) and 30 % of American
turpentine The hardness of this paste was determined at different
temperatures in the 125manner described in Example 1, and the
following values were obtained:Temperature:
Penetration No:
A wax paste prepared in the same manner from the wax acid-paraffin
mixture prepared in accordance with Example 6 b, slab paraffin
Temperature Penetration No:
22. C.
A wax paste prepared from the wax composition prepared in accordance
with Example 6 c, slab paraffin wax, solvent naphtha and turpentine in
the same proportions had the following hardness values:Temperature: 20
C 25 C 300 C.
Penetration No: 7 10 30 This indicates clearly the extraordinary
improvement in the temperature-resistance obtained by mixing the wax
acids in accordance with the invention.
EXAMPLE 7 a) The wax acid-paraffin mixture obtained in accordance with
Example 6 a was stirred for 30 minutes at about 200 C with twice the
quantity of acetone and the raffinate was separated by filtration
Evaporation of the Temperature: 200 C.
Penetration No: above 20 ( b) By mixing equal parts by weight of the
partially neutralised wax acid-paraffin mixture obtained in accordance
with Example 7 a and of the wax acid-paraffin mixture obtained in
accordance with Example 6 b, a wax composition was obtained which had
a solidification point of 870 C and a penetration number of 2 5 A wax
paste produced from 6 parts by weight of the wax copmosition, 24 parts
by weight of slab paraffin wax (Compes Type 201) and 70 parts by
weight of a solvent naphtha-turpentine mixture of the same composition
as that used in Example 1, had the following hardness
values:Temperature: 200 C 25 C 30 C.
Penetration No: 2 7 10 EXAMPLE 8
The mixing of 1 5 parts by weight of the partially naturalised wax
acid-paraffin mixture prepared according to Example 7 a with 1 0 parts
by weight of the wax acid-paraffin mixture prepared in accordance with
Example 6 b, resulted in a wax composition which had a solidification
point of 85 C and a penetration number of 3 8 A wax paste prepared
from this wax composition, slab paraffin and a solvent
naphtha-turpentine mixture in the proportions set forth in Example 6 d
had the following hardness values:Temperature Penetration No:
) C.
b) Equal parts by weight of the partiallyneutralised wax acid-paraffin
mixture prepared wax, solvent naptha and turpentine in the same
proportions had the following hardness values:C.
above 200 C.
above 200 acetone extract resulted in 200 % by wt of extracted
constituents The light yellow extraction raffinate which was insoluble
in acetone contained 45 %, by weight of wax acids, the remainder being
paraffins This wax acid-paraffin mixture was then treated with caustic
lime (Ca O) in such a manner that a finished product was obtained
which contained 55 %f by weight of paraffins, 20 % by weight of
calcium salts of the wax acids and %' by weight of free wax acids The
hardnesses of the pastes prepared from this product with the use of
23. slab paraffin wax (Compes Type 201) and a solvent naphtha-turpentine
mixture of the composition employed in Example 1, the constituents of
the pastes being used in the same proportion as the paste prepared in
Example 1, were as follows: C 30 C.
above 200 above 200 Temperature: 20 ' C 25 C 30 C.
Penetration No: 3 5 8 These values, as well as the values given in
Example 7 b, indicate the considerable improvements with regard to
resistance to temperature changes obtainable by mixing the different
wax acids.
EXAMPLE 9 a) The product obtained in accordance with Example 6 a after
the treatment with alkali was extracted for 5 hours with ethylene
chloride at 50 C Evaporation of the solvent resulted in an extract
which had a neutralisation number of 2 The extraction residue on
raffinate was decomposed with dilute sulphuric acid, washed several
times with water and then dried A light yellow wax acid which still
contained about 5 paraffins was obtained thereby.
This concentrated wax acid was stirred with caustic lime (Ca O) until
20 %, by wt of calcium salts of the wax acids were contained in the
finished product A wax paste prepared from this product with the use
of slab paraffin wax, solvent naphtha and turpentine in the
proportions given in Example 6 d had the following hardness values:C
300 C.
above 200 above 200 in accordance with Example 9 a and of the wax
acid-paraffin mixture obtained in accordance 785,444 C.
above 200 C.
above 200 300 C.
above 200 785,444 with Example 6 b were mixed This resulted in a wax
composition which had a solidification point of 90 C and a penetration
number of 45 A wax paste prepared from this wax composition, slab
paraffin wax, solvent naphtha and turpentine in the proportions given
in Example 6 d had the following hardness values: Temperature: 20 C 25
C 300 C.
Penetration No: 2 7 12 These figures also indicate the surprising
improvements obtainable by mixing the wax acids and wax acid-paraffin
mixtures in accordance with the invention.
EXAMPLE 10
A mixture was prepared from equal parts by weight of the partially
neutralised wax acidparaffin mixture of Example 7 a and a wax
acid-paraffin mixture which had been obtained by subjecting a paraffin
fraction which contained hydrocarbons having a solidification point of
75 -80 C, corresponding to the molecular size of C,-CQ 0, successively
to chlorination, dehydrochlorination, the OXO synthesis reaction,
hydrogenation and alkali fusion The wax acid-paraffin mixture
contained 61 % by wt of wax acids By mixing this mixture with the
24. partially neutralised mixture of Example 7 a, a wax composition which
solidified at 66 C and had a penetration number of 3 1 was obtained A
wax paste prepared from this wax composition, slab paraffin wax,
solvent naphtha and turpentine in the proportions given in Example 6 d
had the following hardness values:Temperature: 200 C 250 C 300 C.
Penetration No: 5 8 20 EXAMPLE 11
A mixture was prepared from equal parts by weight of the partially
neutralised wax acid-paraffin mixture of Example 6 a and a wax
acid-paraffin mixture which contained 60 % of free wax acids rand
which had been produced by subjecting a C 40-C,,4 paraffin fraction
(solidification point of 80 -85 C) successively to chlorination,
dehydrochlorination, the OXO synthesis reaction, hydrogenation and
alkali fusion This resulted in a wax composition which had a
solidification point of 720 C and a penetration number of 3 2 A
Temperature Penetration No:
C.
above 200 b) A wax composition prepared by mixing equal parts by
weight of the partially neutralised wax acid-paraffin mixture produced
in accordance with Example 12 a and of the wax acid-paraffin mixture
of Example 6 b had a solidification point of 810 C and a penetration
number of 1 9 The hardnesses of a wax paste prepared from this wax
composition, slab paraffin wax, solvent naphtha and turpentine in the
proportions given in Example 6 d were as follows:wax paste produced
from this wax composition, slab paraffin wax, solvent naphtha and
turpentine in the proportions previously mentioned had the following
hardness values:Temperature: 200 C 250 C 300 C.
Penetration No: 5 13 26 EXAMPLE 12 a) A paraffin fraction obtained by
the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide and containing all of
the hydrocarbons of the 60 molecular size CQ,-CQ O with the average
carbon number being Co,, was chlorinated, whilst being irradiated with
actinic light, until 4 3 % chlorine had been absorbed The
dehydrochlorination and the removal of the 65 residual chlorine
content with zinc oxide and bleaching earth was effected in accordance
with Example 6 a The faintly yellow olefinparaffin mixture obtained
contained 0 1 % chlorine and had an iodine number of 28 The 70
olefin-paraffin mixture was then subjected to the OXO synthesis
reaction and hydrogenation under conditions employed in the
corresponding steps in Example 6 a After separation of the cobalt
catalyst, a light yellow 75 alcohol-paraffin mixture containing 35 %
alcohols was obtained.
This alcohol-paraffin mixture was stirred for 4 hours at about 350 C
with 150 % of the quantity of caustic alkali theoretically required 80
to convert the alcohols into salts of monocarboxylic acids Alter
decomposition with dilute hydrochloric acid, washing and drying, the
25. product contained 35 % by wt of wax acids, the remainder being
paraffins This wax 85 acid-paraffin mixture was stirred for 30 minutes
at 20 C with twice the quantity of acetone to give a 13 % extract and
a light yellow extraction residue or raffinate which contained 25 % by
wt of wax acids 90 The extracted wax acid-paraffin mixture was stirred
with caustic lime (Ca O) until only % by wt of free wax acids remained
The product so obtained contained 75 % by wt of paraffins, 15 % by wt
of calcium salts of the 95 wax acids and 10 % by wt of wax acids.
A paste prepared from this partially neutralised wax acid-parafin
mixture, slab paraffin wax, solvent naphtha and turpentine in the
proportions given in Example 6 d had 100 the following hardness
values: 250 C 30 C.
above 200 above 200 Temperature: 20 C 25 C 300 C 115 Penetration No: 4
7 14 These values also indicate that waxes suitable for the production
of pastes cannot be prepared from paraffins of the molecular size of
CG,-C,0 merely by subjecting the latter to 120 chlorination,
dehydrochlorination, the OXO synthesis reaction, hydrogenation and
alkali fusion Starting materials for wax pastes which are
substantially unaffected by temperature changes can only be produced
by a com 125 785,444 bination with wax acids, the molecular size of
which ranges above CO.
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* GB785445 (A)
Description: GB785445 (A)
No title available
Description of GB785445 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
26. Date of filing Complete Specification: March 17, 1955.
Application Date: -April 6, 1954 No 9993/54.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 19, All; and 61, K 4 C.
International Classitication:-A 46 b, o, COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Brushes.
1, JULIUS MANUS MACMICKING, a British Subject, of "Braeside", 3 Perry
Hill Crescent, Quinton, Birmingham 32, do hereby declare the
invention, for which I pray that a patent S may be granted to me, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement -
This invention relates to hand or machine brushes for domestic or
industrial use, of the type formed in sections with bristles thereon
which are detachably assembled together to form the complete brush, so
that a section or sections with bristles thereon h 5 can be replaced
and/or rearranged in the assembly.
According to the present invention, brush sections are held together
by means of a metal plate adapted to slidably engage over 2 '0: the
backs of brush sections which when the brush is assembled butt against
one another and having opposite sides with inturned lips and opposite
external sides of the back of the brush sections having aligned side
2)5 grooves which are slidably engaged by the inturned lips to
slidably engage the abutting sections across the joint, means being
provided for holding the plate and brush sections against relative
sliding movement The :30 plate may be fixed to one section and
removably receives another section or sections.
A handle may be fixed to the plate to which the brush sections are
slidably engaged.
Spring tongues may be provided on the plate 3.5 for pressing on a
brush section.
In order that the invention may be clearly understood and readily
carried into effect, reference may be had to the accompanying
drawings, on which:Figure 1 is a side elevation of a hand brush
constructed according to this invention;.
lPrice 3 s 6 d 1 Figure 2 is an end view of a brush section; Figure 3
is a plan of Figure 1; Figure 4 is a side view of a holder frame of a
hand brush, showing one brush section engaged thereon; Figure 5 is a
side elevation of the brush section detached; Figure 6 is a plan view
of Figure 4 with two sections; and Figure 7 is a section on line x-x
of Figure 4.
In the form shown by Figures 1 to 3, a hand brush comprises a backing
1 having bristles thereon as with an ordinary brush and also having a
handle 2 The backing 1 has a holder plate 3 fixed thereon which has
side flanges 4 curled inwards to form a groove to receive a separate
27. brush section 5 having a backing with side grooves 6 to engage the
plate l The holder plate 1 has a spring tongue 7 pressed therefrom to
grip the detachable section 5 and assist in holding same in position.
In the form shown by Figures 4 to 7, the base 8 of the handle of a
hand brush carries a sheet metal or other holder frame 9 having
inturned sides 10 to form a dove-tail groove to slidably receive two
brush sections 11, the upper portion 12 of the backing of which is
shaped to engage the dove-tail groove formed by the holder frame The
sections are spring gripped in position by the spring tongues 13 The
brush sections may be fixed or locked on the holder by any other
means.
The bristles may be formed on any number of sections which are
interchanceable and also reversible Thus if the bristles wear at the
front or tip, the sections can be interchanoed and either end can form
a tip Any section can be replaced by a new section.
The sections may comprise bristles moulded 785,445 o 7;, into a
plastic back having the grooves in the sides.
Various types of brushes can be built up by using standard brush
sections, thus faci5) litating manufacture and replacements The handle
or stale can be fixed on the holder for the sections for other types
of brushes.
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* GB785446 (A)
Description: GB785446 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Means for delivering controlled quantities of liquids
Description of GB785446 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
28. Date of Application and filing Complete Specification April I?, 12954
N.
Application made in Germany on ",ay 18, 1952.
Complete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Class 135, VE 1 C 4 VK 2 A.
International Classification:-FO 6 k.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Means for Delivering Controlled Quantities of Liquids.
We, HEINRICH KOPPERS GESELLSCHAFT MIT BESCHRANKCTER HAFTUNG, a
German
Company of Moltkestrasse 29, Essen, Germany, do hereby declare the
invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement:-
The present invention concerns means for delivering controlled
quantities of liquids and is especially but not exclusively, concerned
with means for delivering a controlled supply of quenching water to a
spraying system for quenching the incani 5 descent coke produced in
coking chamber ovens.
The coke produced in a coking chamber oven is generally discharged
from the oven chamber into a quenching car in which it is transported
'to a quenching tower and there sprayed, whilst in the quenching car,
with a quantity of water In order to minimise the consumption of
quenching water the excess water which is not absorbed or evaporated
by the coke is drained to a sump where it is clarified for re-use To
this end, the clarified quenching water is pumped into an elevated
container arranged in the quenching tower and in due course is
conducted from there to the spraying system.
It is essential that the quantity of water which is required for
proper quenching of a car load of coke shall be sprayed on to the coke
as rapidly as possible, and it is even more important to stop the
supply of quenching water to the spraying system instantaneously after
the appropriate quantity of water has been sprayed, to avoid excessive
absorption of water by the coke.
The valves which have hitherto been arranged in the discharge conduit
from the said elevated container are little suited to this purpose,
more particularly because the 4 Ssmall particles of coke which are
still pre(Pr' 7835,446 O 1072754.
sent in the clarified quenching water readily settle between the
sealing surfaces of such valves and not only impair the fluid-tight
character thereof, but also produce heavy wear on the sealing surfaces
50 An object of the present invention is to provide liquid delivery
means capable of rapidly establishing and cutting off the flow of
liquid, especially liquid containing solid matter, from an elevated
29. container such as 55 that which supplies quenching water to the
spraying system in a coke quenching tower.
Thus in accordance with the present invention there is provided liquid
delivery 60 means comprising an elevated container for liquid, a
conduit for delivering liquid by gravity from such container, and a
valve controlling the flow of liquid through such conduit, such valve
including a valve mem 65 ber movable between a valve-open position and
a valve-closed position and urged towards one of these positions by
the hydrostatic pressure of the liquid in the container upstream of
the valve and acting on such 70 valve member, and towards the other of
these positions by the hydrostatic pressure of the same liquid acting
on operating means associated with said valve member, and a control
valve for regulating the ap 75 plication of said hydrostatic pressure
to said operating means.
Numerous alternative arrangements are possible within the scope of the
present invention; thus the said operating means may 80 be arranged to
provide a valve membermoving force greater than that of the
hydrostatic pressure acting directly on the valve member solely by
virtue of the operating means having a greater effective cross-see 85
tional area exposed to the said pressure than that of the valve member
and/or being located below the valve member so that the hydrostatic
pressure acting on the operating means is greater than that acting onr
90 p 785,446 the valve member Preferably, however, in order to enable
the operating means to be small in size, the valve member is biassed
against the hydrostatic pressure acting dir5.ectly thereon so that the
operating means only have to produce a thrust just in excess of the
difference between the force of the hydrostatic pressure, acting on
the valve member, and the biassing force.
The provision of biassing for the valve member also has the advantage
that movement of the valve member, when the hydrostatic pressure
acting upon the operating means is relieved through operation of the
said control valve, takes place as a result of low net forces acting
on the valve member so that damage to, or wear of, the latter and any
surfaces it engages as a result of such movement is minimised The
control 2 valve can thus take the form of a simple three-way cock
adapted to be rapidly moved between a position in which it places the
operating means in communication with the liquid upstream of the valve
member and a position in which such liquid may immediately drain from
the operating means, the rate of movement of the valve member being
governed by the biassing force when the valve member is moving against
such force, and by the thrust capabilities of the operating means when
the valve member is moving in the opposite direction.
The -provision of biassing for the valve member has the further
advantage that, since the force needed to move the valve is only
30. approximately the difference between the biassing force and the
hydrostatic pressure force on the valve member, manual operation of
the valve is feasible should the operating means or control valve
fail.
The valve member may take a variety of forms and in one embodiment of
the invention it comprises a ball which is movable in a valve chamber
having inlet and outlet ports, the ball engaging a seating around the
outlet port when in its valve-closed position.
The valve member may, however, take the form of a double cone
operating in a valve chamber in the same manner as the ball described
above.
The operating means conveniently comDrise a diaphragm constituting one
wall of a pressure chamber to which liquid upstream of the valve
member may be admitted under the control of the control valve,
movement of the diaphragm under the hydrostatic pressure of such
liquid being transmitted to the valve member, preferably through a
linkage which is arranged partially outside the valve to avoid the
difficulties which would otherwise be encountered in sealing a linkage
within the conduit controlled by the valve against contamination by
any solid particles in the liquid and to facilitate lubrication of the
linkage and the connection thereto of biassing means if such are
provided.
Thus preferably the valve member cooperates with a lever extending
into a recess in the wall of the conduit controlled 70 by the valve,
such recess being so located as to avoid the deposition therein of
solid particles carried by the liquid, the lever being carried by a
shaft extending to the exterior of the conduit and there connecting 75
with a linkage coupled to said diaphragm.
The said diaphrgam preferably comprises a rigid plate to the periphery
of which is clamped one end of a flexible bellows of substantially
cylindrical form and desirably 80 formed of a resilient material which
is resistant to chemical attack or abrasion by the liquid or any
impurities therein, and also able to withstand repeated flexing over a
long period 85 Preferably the said valve member is covered with a
resilient material such as rubber, synthetic rubber or a plastic,
resistant to chemical attack or abrasion by the liquid or any
impurities therein so that a 90 fluid-tight seal will be obtained when
the valve member is in the valve-closed position regardless of any
small particles which may become wedged between it and its seating 95
Liquid delivery means in accordance with the present invention are
very suitable for delivering a controlled supply of quenching water to
a spraying system in a coke quenching tower, and an embodiment of 100
the invention as adapted for such a purpose is illustrated, by way of
example, in the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig 1 is a
31. diagrammatic illustration of a quenching tower incorporating liquid de
105 livery means in accordance with an embodiment of this invention;
Fig 2 is a vertical section through the valve used in the apparatus of
Fig 1, and Fig 3 is a plan view of the valve of Fig 110 Referring
first to Fig 1, a quenching car 1 loaded with incandescent coke
discharged from an oven chamber is shown as located beneath a
quenching tower 2 Arranged in 115 the quenching tower above the
quenching car is a spraying system 3 which is fed with water through a
discharge conduit 4 from an elevated container or tank 5 A valve 6 is
incorporated in the conduit 4 and is con 120 trolled, by means of a
diaphragm not shown in Fig 1, by the hydrostatic pressure in a control
pipe 7 connected to the tank 5 The quenching water flowing away from
the quenching car 1 during the quenching op 125 erating is returned to
the elevated tank 5 by means of a pump 8, through a conduit 9 from a
sump 10 which receives the water and in which the water is clarified
by separation of the coarse particles of coke 130 785,446 therefrom.
As can be seen from Fig 2, the valve 6 comprises a housing 11 within
which is located a valve member in the form of a ball 12 which is
applied, in its valve-closed position, against an annular seating
surface 13 of the valve housing by the hydrostatic pressure of the
water in the tank 5 and in the conduit 4 above this valve The ball 12
is of metal and is covered with a resilient material, for example
rubber, Buna, or a resilient plastic resistant to 4 chemical attack by
the water or any impurities therein The valve housing 11 is of
enlarged cross-section around and above the ball 12, and is furnished
with a transverse stop 14 against which the ball 12 bears when in its
valve-open position to enable the quenching water to discharge down2
wards through the open annular passage formed between the ball and the
housing.
The housing 11 is provided internally with ribs 40 which form a
guideway for the ball 12.
The valve housing 11 is made in two parts which are interconnected by
flanges and screws or the like The lower part cf the valve housing 11
is in the form of a pipe bend The ball 12 rests loosely on a plate 41
carrying a dependent fork 16, and a lever 18 is articulated between
the arms of the fork 16 by means of a bolt 17 This lever 18 extends
into an internal recess 19 in the housing 11 and is rigidly secured to
a pivot pin 20 passing through the walls of this recess, for example
by a squared mounting thereon, the pin 20 being mounted in sealed
fashion in a bush 21 in the wall of the housing.
The pin 20 carries a collar 22 which is disposed in a recessed bush
forming part of the wall of the housing and is pressed in sealed
fashion against the base of this recess by means of a plug-form nut 23
having external screw threading One end of a lever 24 is rigidly
32. connected to the pivot pin 20 at the end of the latter which projects
from the wall of the housing, and the other end of the lever 24 is
articulated in the forked portion 25 of a rod 27 by means of a bolt 26
This rod 27, which is vertically disposed, is firmly connected to a
double-layer plate 29 by means of a nut 28, and is guided for vertical
movement in an i 5 external bearing 30 on the valve housing Clamped
between the layers of the plate 29 is the beaded end 31 of a
substantially cylindrical bellows 32, the other end 33 of the bellows
being gripped between the flanges 34 of a casing 35 secured to the
underside of the valve housing and defining a pressure chamber 35 This
pressure chamber 35 is tapered at its lower end and is connected at
its lowest point to a control ialve in the form of a three-way cock 36
)n the control conduit 7 leading to the eleiated container 5 The upper
part of the pressure chamber 35 above the plate 29 is )pen to the
atmosphere 70 Since the hydrostatic pressure of the water acting
downwardly on the ball 12 is, neglecting the difference in level
between the ball and the diaphragm, approximately equal to the
hydrostatic pressure acting on 75 :he diaphragm 29, 32 when the
three-way cock 36 is in the position shown in Fig 2, the effective
cross-sectional area of the diaphragm 29, 32 would have to be larger
than that of the ball 12 to hold the ball 12 fully 80 up under these
conditions However, a lever 37 is connected to the lever 24 and is
furnished with an adjustable counterweight 38 which thus biasses the
ball 12 against the hydrostatic pressure acting thereon, en-85 abling
the effective cross-sectional area of the diaphragm 29, 32 to be less
than that of the ball 12 without detriment to proper opening of the
valve, and furthermore prevents the ball 12 from being impacted 90
against its seat by the sudden removal of hydrostatic pressure from
the diaphragm resulting from the rotation of the three-way cock 36
through 900 clockwise as seen in Fig 2 This substantially reduces the
wear 95 on the ball 12 and the seating 13.
The double-layer plate 29 rests on projections 43 in the pressure
chamber 35 (as shown in the left-hand part of Fig 2) when the valve 6
is in the closed condition and 100 there is no hydrostatic pressure
acting on the diaphragm 29, 32.
The quenching procedure is initiated by operation of the three-way
cock 36 to the position shown in Fig 2 after the quench 105 ing car 1,
with its charge of coke, has been driven beneath the quenching tower 2
The water from the control conduit 7 flows into the pressure chamber
35 and forces the plate 29 to the position shown by the right 110 hand
part of Fig 2, thereby raising the ball 12 up against the stop 14.
As a result of the lifting of the ball 12, the quenching water is
allowed to pass through the conduit 4 to the spraying sys-115 tern 3.
To close the valve 6, the three-way cock is turned clockwise through
33. 90 ' as seen in Fig 2, as a result of which the water can flow out of
the pressure chamber 35 through 120 the valve 36 to the lower
(exhaust) port thereof Under these conditions the hydrostatic pressure
above the ball 12 acts on the latter and the ball is therefore pressed
against its seat 13 against the biassing force 125 exerted by the
counterweight 38.
The arrangement in accordance with the invention can be utilised for
purposes other than the quenching of coke, in fact in all instances
where it is desirable to make a 130 785,446 supply of liquid quickly
available and to rapidly shut off such supply.
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* GB785447 (A)
Description: GB785447 (A) ? 1957-10-30
Improvements in railborne vehicle braking systems
Description of GB785447 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Inventor: -JAMES BELL.
Date of filing Complete Specification: Junei 3,195 a.
Application Date: April 14, 1954 No 11003154.
C'ompjlete Specification Published: Oct 30, 1957.
Index at Acceptance -Class 103 ( 1), E 2 (H 5: L 7), F( 1 A 2 B: 3 C).
International lassisfication:-B 61 h.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION.
Improvements in Railborne Vehicle Braldng Systems.
We, DISTINGTON ENGINEERING COMPANY LIMITED, a British Com Dany, of
Chapel Bank Works, Workington, in the County of Cumberland, do hereby
declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted
34. to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement:
This invention is concerned with a braking system primarily intended
for use on railborne vehicles.
The application of brakes to the metal wheels of such vehicles in an
emergency, for example when the vehicle is running out of control on a
gradient, may be ineffective to bring the vehicle quickly to a
standstill, owing to the tendency of the locked wheels to skid along
the rails A satisfactory way of overcoming this problem is to provide
the vehicle with brake shoes which can be brought into frictional
engagement with the rails, as opposed to the wheels and the present
invention provides an improved emergency braking system of this
general character.
It has already been proposed (in Patent Specification No 285,966) to
mount a vehicle body carrying such rail-engaging brake shoes upon
hydraulic or like jacks, so that the body can be raised and lowered
relative to the wheels to bring the brakes clear of or into contact
with the rails It has also been proposed (in Patent Specification No
514,256) to provide the body of a railborne vehicle with brake shoes
mounted for vertical movement relative to the body and spring biased
downwards, the vehicle body being supported from the wheel axles by a
system of levers or mechanical gearing.
which can be operated, either manually or by an automatic device
responsive to the speed of the vehicle, to allow the vehicle body to,
drop and bring the brake shoes into engagement with the rails.
According to the invention, the body of a railborne vehicle carries
one or more brake shoes mounted for vertical movement relative to the
body and spring biased downwards, and the body is supported on fluid
pressure actuated means mounted on the wheel axles, whereby when the
fluid pres.
sure is released from said means, the body will be allowed to fall
under gravity, such movement bringing the brake shoe or shoes into
frictional engagement with a rail and thereby braking the vehicle The
spring mounting of the brake shoe or shoes gives better distribution
of the braking effect, particularly where the rail level is irregular.
Within the limits imposed by the gradient, the total initial braking
force available is that due to the combined weight of the vehicle and
its contents (with the exception of the wheel and axle assemblies and
the small parts associated with them) together with the force due to
this combined weight falling under gravity Any failure in the fluid
pressure system will be immediately apparent since the vehicle will
necessarily be brought to a standstill, whereas if a positive
application of pressure was necessary to apply the brake, such a
failure would be less obviously detected and might have serious
35. results The arrangement is accordingly particularly advantageous in
circumstances where there is no regular routine inspection and
maintenance.
Preferably the fluid pressure actuated means comprises a cylinder, and
a piston movable axially within the cylinder, one of these members
being mounted on a wheel axle, whilst the other supports the body of 7
$ 5,447 785,447 the vehicle Such a cylinder and piston arrangement may
be mounted adjacent each wheel, and pressure may be applied thereto
from a common source mounted on the vehicle The means for releasing
the fluid pressure to apply the brake preferably includes a device
operable automatically when the speed of the vehicle exceeds a
predetermined value.
Other features and advantages of the invention will be seen from the
following description of one particular form thereof, reference being
made to the accompanying drawings; wherein: la Figure 1 is a side
sectional view of part of a four wheeled railborne truck embodying the
invention (only the parts relevant to the invention being shown);
Figure 2 is a part top plan view of Figure 1; Figure 3 is a part
section on line III-III of Figure 1 on an enlarged scale; and Figure 4
is a fragmentary view showinga modification.
Referring to Figure 1, the rectangular underframe 1 of the body of a
truck is supported on four fluid pressure operated cylinder assemblies
(shown generally by 2) mounted on the axles 3 and 4 of the truck
adjacent the inner faces of the wheels 5.
Each of the cylinder assembles comprises a cylinder 6 (Figure 3)
having an inlet for hydraulic liquid, and a piston 7 slidable axially
within the cylinder The cylinder is secured to the upper face of a
block 8 of square section mounted on the axle and projects upwards
therefrom, the piston being moved up or down in response to changes in
pressure within the cylinder It will be appreciated, however, that the
piston could be fixedly mounted if desired, in which case the cylinder
would move vertically over it.
The underframe (Figure 2) consists of four longitudinally extending
bars 9 of channel section, (only two of which are shown) connected by
a number of Darallel transverse bars 10, the whole framework being
substantially wider than the wheel base, and having an overhanging
portion both at the front and rear of the vehicle.
Adjacent each cylinder assembly there is secured to the outer face of
an inner bar 9 (which is of inwardly facing channel section, see
Figure 3) a composite angle section supporting plate 11 whose
horizontally extending flange has a recessed insert 12 which receives
the upper end of the piston 7.
Also secured to the same bar 9 and projecting downwardly from it on
opposite sides of the axle is a pair of angle section guide plates 13
36. arranged so that their outwardly extending flanges slidably engage the
opposing vertical faces of the cylinder mounting block 8 The guide
plates 13 will ordinarily be arranged to project downwards at right
angles to the underframe (when viewed in side elevation), but on
trucks which are to be permanently in use on a track of constant
gradient, these plates, together with the supporting plate 11, will be
secured to 70 the underframe at the appropriate angle, so as to allow
the underframe and body of the truck to fall vertically when the fluid
pressure is released Such an arrangement is shown in Figure 4 75 Fixed
to brackets 14 beneath the overhanging portions of the underframe,
fore and aft of the wheels, are four brake shoes fitted with friction
linings 16 and arranged directly above the rails Each is So carried on
the lower end of a bolt 17 movable vertically through a bracket and is
biased downwards by a shock absorbing spring 18 located round the
shank of the bolt between the bracket and the shoe The Sa brake shoes
may be mounted within the wheel base or at any other position
intermediate the positions shown They may be of the "monobloc" or
one-piece type as shown, or brake shoes of articulated con 90
struction may be used to suit particular conditions Hydraulic pressure
is distributed (by means of a source of pressure in the form of a
combined pump and liquid storage tank 23) equally to the four
cylinders 95 6 through branch pipes 19 and 20 which lead from a
central supply pipe 21 running longitudinally of the underframe, the
ends 22 of the supply pipe being bent upwardly as shown in Figure 1,
for connection to a 100 similar pipe on another truck.
When the body with its underframe is positively held in the raised
position shown by means of the hydraulically supported pistons, the
brake shoes are held clear of 1 o 5 the rails (the level of the top of
the rail heads being represented by the line 24 in Figures 1 and 4) As
soon as the pressure is released, however, the weight of the
underframe, body and contents of the truck 10 causes the brake shoes
to engage the rail heads as described thereby braking the truck.
In this particular instance, the truck is provided with means, well
known in them 115 selves, for releasing the pressure in the system
when the speed of the truck exceeds a predetermined value The means
comprises a centrifugal governor 25 which is driven by a chain 26 from
one of the wheels 120 When the predetermined safe speed of the truck
has been exceeded, the governor operates to trip a valve 27, thereby
opening the pipes 19, 20, and 21 to the nonpressure side of the system
The valve 27 125 is arranged to remain in the open position until the
governor trio is reset.
It will be understood that this release arrangement is only one of
many which could be em-ployed Pressure release could 1 -'0 pressure is
applied thereto from a common source mounted on the vehicle.
37. 4 A vehicle in accordance with any of the preceding claims in which
the means for releasing the fluid pressure includes a device operable
automatically when the speed of the vehicle exceeds a predetermined
value.
A vehicle in accordance with any of the preceding claims in which the
vehicle body carries a pair of forward brake shoes and a pair of rear
brake shoes, each pair being adapted to engage both rails.
6 A train of railborne vehicles, each vehicle having its body
supported on fluid pressure actuated telescopic means mounted on the
wheel axles, so that the body is vertically movable relative to the
wheels and axles, said body carrying at least one brake shoe mounted
for vertical movement relative to the body and spring biased
downwards, the brake shoe being positioned to engage a rail when the
body is lowered relative to wheels, wherein a source of fluid pressure
is carried on one of the vehicles in the train and is connected to the
tele.
scopic means in all the vehicles, whereby all the vehicles will be
braked simultaneously when the fluid pressure is purposely or
accidentally released.
7 A railborne vehicle equipped with braking means arranged and adapted
to operate substantially as described herein and as illustrated in the
accompanying drawings.
A A THORNTON & CO, Chartered Patent Agents, Napier House, 24-27 High
Holborn, London, W C 1, For the Applicants.
for example, be effected by manually operated controls on the truck,
or by various kinds of external trio operation.
When two or more trucks are coupled in train, the pressure release
gear will be carried on one control truck, and the supply pipes 21
will be connected as mentioned above Consequently, when the pressure
in the system is released (owing for example to a truck break-away, or
a leakage in the supply pipes) all the trucks in the train will be
braked simultaneously.
The hydraulic support of the truck body may be combined if desired
with any of the conventional spring suspension means for vehicles,
elliptical or helical spring suspension, for example, torsion bar or
torque arm suspension.
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