This document discusses hypotheses, including their definition, nature, types, and formulation. A hypothesis is a formal, testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables. Hypotheses can be associative or causal, directional or non-directional, simple or complex. They must be clearly stated using empirical, measurable variables. Formulating a good hypothesis involves identifying dependent and independent variables and specifying the expected relationship at a given level of significance. The testing of hypotheses is a four-step process of stating hypotheses, collecting data, setting decision criteria, and evaluating results. Assumptions are beliefs taken as true but not scientifically tested, while limitations and delimitations define the boundaries and weaknesses of a study.

1. HYPOTHESES
DEFINITION
TYPES
FORMULATION
MR. NAGESH V A ASSIT PROFESSOR
SDMIONS

2. NATURE OF HYPOTHESIS
 ƒ
It can be tested – verifiable
 ƒ
Hypotheses are not moral or ethical questions
 ƒ
It is neither too specific nor to general
 ƒ
It is a prediction of consequences
 ƒ
It is considered valuable even if proven false

3. DEFINITIONS OF HYPOTHESIS
 “Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected
relationship between an independent and dependent
variable.”(Creswell, 1994)
 ƒ “It is a tentative prediction about the nature of the
relationship between two or more variables.”
 “Hypotheses are always in declarative sentence form, an they
relate, either generally or specifically , variables to variables

4. RESEARCH or ALTERNATIVE--A statement
of the expectations of the researcher concerning the
relationships of the variables under study H1
NULL OR STATISTICAL--states that there is
no relationship among the variables HO

5. TYPES OF HYPOTHESES
ASSOCIATIVE VERSUS CAUSAL
NON-DIRECTIONAL VERSUS
DIRECTIONAL
NULL VERSUS RESEARCH
SIMPLE AND COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS

6. 1.SIMPLE AND COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS
 SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS: It is a statement that reflects the relationship
between two variables.
Ex. The lower the level of hemoglobin .the higher the risk of infection
among postpartum women.
 COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS: The relationship between more than two
variables.
Ex. Satisfaction is higher among patients who are older and house in
rural area. than those who are younger and house in urban area.

7. 2.ASSOCIATIVE VERSUS CAUSAL
 ASSOCIATIVE samples says that there is a relationship.
Ex. X is related to Y ( mother is related daughter)
 CAUSAL states that there is a cause-and-effect relationship
between variables
 X is caused by Y (smoking and cancer)

8. 3.NON-DIRECTIONAL VERSUS DIRECTIONAL
 NON-DIRECTIONAL states that a relationship exists but
does not further describe the nature of the relationship.
Ex. X and Y will be related (no explanation)
 DIRECTIONAL hypothesis exists the interaction between
two or more variables such as positive ,negative, higher,
lower.
Ex. There is a positive relationship between years of nursing
experience and job satisfaction among nurses.

9. 4.NULL VERSUS RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
 A NULL HYPOTHESIS states that there is no relationship
between variables; also called a statistical hypothesis
 A RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS states that there is a
relationship between two or more variables

10. HYPOTHESIS TESTING IS A FOUR-
STEP PROCEDURE:
 1. Stating the hypothesis (Null or
Alternative)
 2. Collecting data
 3. Setting the criteria for a decision
 4. Evaluate the Null hypothesis

11. TESTABLE HYPOTHESIS
 Should be ‘testable’ in the real world
 Variable are clearly measured and able to be
manipulated
 Relationship between variables is supported or not
 Causal link between the independent and dependent
variable is evaluated using statistical tests

12. HOW TO FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS
 Written before starting the study
components
 Dependent and independent variables.
 Nature of relationship between Dependent and independent
variables.
 Subjects in population being studied.
 The level of significance for accepting /rejecting the hypothesis.
 Should be declarative sentence& present tense.
 Should be restricted to six (confusion , more analysis)
 Stated in empirically (experienced) testable form (verifiable)

13. WELL STATED HYPOTHESIS
 There is a significant positive correlation between
years of experience and level of nurses job
satisfaction.

14.  “A study to evaluate the effectiveness of Self
Instructional Module (SIM) on the knowledge of
Arterial Pressure Monitoring (APM) among the
nurses working in Critical Care Units of SDM
Hospital Dharwad.

15. Cont..
 H1 :The mean post test knowledge scores of the
nurses exposed to Self Instructional Module (SIM)
will be significantly greater than their mean pretest
knowledge scores at 0.05 level of significance.
 H2: There will be a statistically significant
association between pre-test knowledge scores
and selected demographic variables at 0.05 level
of significance.

16. ASSUMPTIONS
 Are statements that are taken for granted or are
considered true, even though they have not been
scientifically tested.

17. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ASSUMPTIONS
&HYPOTHESIS
ASSUMPTIONS HYPOTHESIS
Basically beliefs and ideas that
we hold to be true
Prediction
Not statistically tested in
research
 statistically tested and may be
accepted or rejected
The researcher attempt to
discover the correlation
Predicts a relation between
variables & Statically tested to
conclude the study

18. ASSUMPTIONS Ex …
1. Nurses have moderate knowledge
regarding Arterial Pressure Monitoring
(APM).
2. Self Instructional Module (SIM) is an
effective self learning package for nurses
to update their knowledge.

19. DELIMITATIONS
 Are boundaries set by the researcher before starting
the study to clearly define the scope of the
particular study

20. DELIMITATIONS – scope of study
Process of fixing limits or
boundaries
 Description of subjects
 Description of variables
 Description of tests, instruments, procedures
 Description of special equipment
 Type of training
 Time and duration of study
 Analytical procedures

21. LIMITATIONS
 Refers to challenges faced by the researcher
beyond his or her control .

22. LIMITATIONS (weaknesses)
Restriction
 Approach, design, method, techniques
 Sampling problems
 Uncontrolled variables
 Errors in test administration or data handling
 Generalization of data
 Representativeness of subjects
 Compromises to internal and external validity
 Reliability and validity of research instruments

23.  Type –I error (alpa –error) :The null hypothesis is
rejected .when it is true .
 Type –II error (beta error): Null hypothesis is
accepted . When it is false.