The document discusses the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), a method for assessing the nutritional state of plants using dual ratios of nutrient contents. DRIS norms are established using average dual ratios from a reference population of high-yielding crops. Selection of ratios for the norms can be based on variance ratios between high- and low-yielding groups. DRIS evaluates nutritional balance by ranking nutrient levels from most deficient to excessive.
- The study evaluated the relationship between biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake and reported intake in 4th grade children using a health fair model.
- Resonance Raman Spectroscopy (RRS) was used to non-invasively measure dermal carotenoids and correlated strongly with plasma carotenoid levels and reported intake of oranges and leafy vegetables.
- This validates RRS as an objective, non-invasive method to assess fruit and vegetable intake in children and supports its potential use in larger nutrition intervention studies.
Review annals of internal medicine are organic foods safer or healthier than ...Andef Edu
This systematic review analyzed 17 studies comparing human health outcomes from consuming organic versus conventional diets, and 223 studies comparing nutrient and contaminant levels in organic and conventional foods. Only 3 human studies examined clinical outcomes and found no significant differences for allergic outcomes or Campylobacter infections between diet types. Two studies found lower urinary pesticide levels in children consuming organic diets. Studies comparing biomarker and nutrient levels in various human samples did not find clinically meaningful differences. Estimates of differences in food contaminant and nutrient levels were heterogeneous, except for higher phosphorus levels and lower pesticide residue risks in organic produce. The evidence for impacts on human health is limited and inconclusive.
Bioinformatics can be applied to climate smart horticulture in several ways:
1) It allows for crop improvement through comparative genomics between crop plants and model species to identify important genes.
2) It facilitates plant breeding by providing tools for genome analysis, marker identification, and rational gene annotation.
3) Stress-tolerant varieties can be developed by using bioinformatics databases like KEGG to identify pathways and genes involved in drought resistance.
Potential Adverse Effect of Caffeine Consumption - JavaCoffeeiq.comJavaCoffeeIQ.com
a systematic review published in the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology concluded that even up to eight cups of coffee daily “is not associated with significant concern regarding the risk of fracture and fall,” especially in healthy adults who get enough calcium.
https://javacoffeeiq.com/c/side-effects-of-coffee/
Nutrigenomics attempts to study how nutrition influences gene expression and metabolic pathways. It examines the dietary signatures - patterns of gene, protein, and metabolite expression - produced in cells and tissues in response to specific nutrients. Nutrigenomics seeks to understand how these signatures impact homeostasis and may help identify early biomarkers for conditions like insulin resistance. It takes a holistic approach using omics technologies like transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Nutrigenomics also examines how genetics and environment interact to influence nutritional needs and responses.
Diallel Analysis of Cowpea Cultivar Ife Brown and its MutantsAI Publications
The present investigation of using half diallel analysis in Cowpea cultivar Ife Brown and its three mutants was conducted at Research plot of Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria during the rainy season of 2017. Four parents were used in this study consisting of three (3) mutants (Ife BPC, Ife Brown Yellow, Ife Brown Crinkled) and one (1) putative parent (Ife Brown) that were derived from the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The present study involves four parents and their seven resultant crosses were grown in a completely Randomized Design with five replications. Analysis of variance for general and specific combining ability(GCA and SCA) revealed that only SCA variances were significant for all the characters. Whereas, comparison of the error mean square of GCA in days to flowering, 100 seed weight and seed yield/plant was higher than the error mean square of SCA thus implying that additive gene action played a more important role in the inheritance of these traits than the non-additive (dominance and epistasis) gene action. Among the parents Ife BPC was observed to be the best general combiner for days to flowering and seed yield/plant. Among the crosses the crosses involving Ife Brown Yellow with Ife Brown in pod length and number of seeds/pod while with Ife Brown Crinkled for days to flowering were recorded. It is evident from present investigation that the hybrid combinations exhibited the high per se performance and sca effect for seed yield per plant and highly promising even in respect of other characters could be advanced by selecting desirable segregants and recombinants in each generation for funneling the new genotype or for using further advanced breeding programme. The present study based on two biometrical analysis (combining ability and genetic components of variances) revealed that the additive and non-additive were involved with preponderance of non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of seed yield and its attributes. It is, therefore, suggested that biparental mating, intermatting of elite segregants and selection at later generations should be followed which meets the requirement of utilizing both types of gene actions.
Defining Powerhouse Fruits and Vegetables (PFV): A Nutrient Density ApproachWouter de Heij
National nutrition guidelines emphasize consumption of powerhouse fruits and vegetables (PFV), foods most strongly associated with reduced chronic disease risk; yet efforts to define PFV are lacking. This study developed and validated a classification scheme defining PFV as foods providing, on average, 10% or more daily value per 100 kcal of 17 qualifying nutrients. Of 47 foods studied, 41 satisfied the powerhouse criterion and were more nutrient-dense than were non-PFV, providing preliminary evidence of the validity of the classification scheme. The proposed classification scheme is offered as a tool for nutrition education and dietary guidance.
- The study evaluated the relationship between biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake and reported intake in 4th grade children using a health fair model.
- Resonance Raman Spectroscopy (RRS) was used to non-invasively measure dermal carotenoids and correlated strongly with plasma carotenoid levels and reported intake of oranges and leafy vegetables.
- This validates RRS as an objective, non-invasive method to assess fruit and vegetable intake in children and supports its potential use in larger nutrition intervention studies.
Review annals of internal medicine are organic foods safer or healthier than ...Andef Edu
This systematic review analyzed 17 studies comparing human health outcomes from consuming organic versus conventional diets, and 223 studies comparing nutrient and contaminant levels in organic and conventional foods. Only 3 human studies examined clinical outcomes and found no significant differences for allergic outcomes or Campylobacter infections between diet types. Two studies found lower urinary pesticide levels in children consuming organic diets. Studies comparing biomarker and nutrient levels in various human samples did not find clinically meaningful differences. Estimates of differences in food contaminant and nutrient levels were heterogeneous, except for higher phosphorus levels and lower pesticide residue risks in organic produce. The evidence for impacts on human health is limited and inconclusive.
Bioinformatics can be applied to climate smart horticulture in several ways:
1) It allows for crop improvement through comparative genomics between crop plants and model species to identify important genes.
2) It facilitates plant breeding by providing tools for genome analysis, marker identification, and rational gene annotation.
3) Stress-tolerant varieties can be developed by using bioinformatics databases like KEGG to identify pathways and genes involved in drought resistance.
Potential Adverse Effect of Caffeine Consumption - JavaCoffeeiq.comJavaCoffeeIQ.com
a systematic review published in the journal Food and Chemical Toxicology concluded that even up to eight cups of coffee daily “is not associated with significant concern regarding the risk of fracture and fall,” especially in healthy adults who get enough calcium.
https://javacoffeeiq.com/c/side-effects-of-coffee/
Nutrigenomics attempts to study how nutrition influences gene expression and metabolic pathways. It examines the dietary signatures - patterns of gene, protein, and metabolite expression - produced in cells and tissues in response to specific nutrients. Nutrigenomics seeks to understand how these signatures impact homeostasis and may help identify early biomarkers for conditions like insulin resistance. It takes a holistic approach using omics technologies like transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Nutrigenomics also examines how genetics and environment interact to influence nutritional needs and responses.
Diallel Analysis of Cowpea Cultivar Ife Brown and its MutantsAI Publications
The present investigation of using half diallel analysis in Cowpea cultivar Ife Brown and its three mutants was conducted at Research plot of Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria during the rainy season of 2017. Four parents were used in this study consisting of three (3) mutants (Ife BPC, Ife Brown Yellow, Ife Brown Crinkled) and one (1) putative parent (Ife Brown) that were derived from the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The present study involves four parents and their seven resultant crosses were grown in a completely Randomized Design with five replications. Analysis of variance for general and specific combining ability(GCA and SCA) revealed that only SCA variances were significant for all the characters. Whereas, comparison of the error mean square of GCA in days to flowering, 100 seed weight and seed yield/plant was higher than the error mean square of SCA thus implying that additive gene action played a more important role in the inheritance of these traits than the non-additive (dominance and epistasis) gene action. Among the parents Ife BPC was observed to be the best general combiner for days to flowering and seed yield/plant. Among the crosses the crosses involving Ife Brown Yellow with Ife Brown in pod length and number of seeds/pod while with Ife Brown Crinkled for days to flowering were recorded. It is evident from present investigation that the hybrid combinations exhibited the high per se performance and sca effect for seed yield per plant and highly promising even in respect of other characters could be advanced by selecting desirable segregants and recombinants in each generation for funneling the new genotype or for using further advanced breeding programme. The present study based on two biometrical analysis (combining ability and genetic components of variances) revealed that the additive and non-additive were involved with preponderance of non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of seed yield and its attributes. It is, therefore, suggested that biparental mating, intermatting of elite segregants and selection at later generations should be followed which meets the requirement of utilizing both types of gene actions.
Defining Powerhouse Fruits and Vegetables (PFV): A Nutrient Density ApproachWouter de Heij
National nutrition guidelines emphasize consumption of powerhouse fruits and vegetables (PFV), foods most strongly associated with reduced chronic disease risk; yet efforts to define PFV are lacking. This study developed and validated a classification scheme defining PFV as foods providing, on average, 10% or more daily value per 100 kcal of 17 qualifying nutrients. Of 47 foods studied, 41 satisfied the powerhouse criterion and were more nutrient-dense than were non-PFV, providing preliminary evidence of the validity of the classification scheme. The proposed classification scheme is offered as a tool for nutrition education and dietary guidance.
Organic Plant Breeding: Achievements, Opportunities, and ChallengesSeeds
Organic plant breeding programs were founded in the 1980s-1990s to develop crop varieties suited to organic systems. Research has shown that the top-yielding varieties in organic systems do not correlate to those in conventional systems, demonstrating the need for organic breeding. Some successful organic breeding programs have developed weed-tolerant and disease-resistant varieties of crops like wheat, maize, barley and tomatoes. Traits important for organic systems include weed tolerance, nutrient use efficiency, and adaptation to nutrient dynamics. Participatory breeding programs have also improved crops suited for small-scale organic farmers. Overall, organic breeding aims to develop varieties adapted to organic conditions while respecting genetic diversity and plant integrity.
The document discusses the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) method for interpreting plant tissue analysis. DRIS considers nutrient concentration ratios rather than individual elements. It measures the relative balance between nutrients using index values, with negative values indicating deficiencies. DRIS can reveal both the limiting nutrient and the order nutrients may become limiting. It identifies all nutritional factors limiting crop production to improve fertilizer recommendations and maximize yields.
Study on multi-target mechanism of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (Dahuang) and Semen ...LucyPi1
Abstract Objective: To explore the mechanism of action of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (Dahuang) (RERR) and Semen Persicae (Taoren) (SP) on adhesive intestinal obstruction (AIO). Methods: The main targets of the active ingredients of RERR and SP were filtered based on the traditional Chinese medicine system pharmacology analysis platform. Cytoscape 3.2.1 was applied to build the ingredient-target network of RERR and SP for AIO. Results: Fifteen active components were predicted from the RERR and SP herb pair, such as aloe-emodin, catechin, rhein, gibberellin (GA) 119, GA120 and GA121. These components were applied to 59 targets mainly involved in many biological processes such as signal transduction, anti-apoptosis, and inflammatory response involved in activating the immune effect. Conclusion: This study proposes the system pharmacology method and identifies the potent combination therapeutic mechanism of RERR and SP for AIO. This strategy will provide a new insight to the study of herb combinations.
Evaluation of seed storage proteins in common bean by some biplot analysisINNS PUBNET
In order to study of seed storage proteins, proteins samples of common bean genotypes were prepared by 0.2 M
NaCl of extracting soluble. Genotypes were located in two groups by cluster analysis using Wilks’ lambda
statistic. Two groups were different for yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant
and seed weight). Factor analysis showed that two factors described 61% of total proteins variation. Correlated
bands with yield components characters had the highest coefficients for the first factor. This factor was named
“yield components proteins”. Protein bands via RM 58 and 64 had relationship with days to flowering.
Therefore, the second factor was named “phenologic proteins”. Genotypes were located in four groups by these
factors. Length, angle and presence of protein bands were important characteristics to explain graphical
information in GGE biplot compared to factor analysis. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-5-may-2013/
The document discusses omics methods for detecting foodborne pathogens. It describes genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics as omics approaches that can study DNA, proteins, metabolites, and lipids in a system. Recent studies using pathogenomics on Listeria and the Salmonella foodborne syst-omics database are highlighted. Omics approaches have potential for detecting pathogens, monitoring contamination, and aiding outbreak investigations, especially when integrated with each other and technologies like the Internet of Things and cloud computing.
Roy 10b comparative analysis and applications of nutritional assessmentSizwan Ahammed
The document discusses various methods for assessing nutritional status and needs of populations, including anthropometric, biochemical, dietary, and food basket menu assessments. Anthropometric assessments measure indicators like weight, height, and skin fold thickness to determine nutritional status. Biochemical tests diagnose micronutrient deficiencies by measuring levels of nutrients like iron, vitamin A, and iodine. Dietary assessments evaluate food intake and nutrient adequacy through food recall surveys or dietary diversity scores. Food basket menu assessments ensure optimal food distribution and nutrition in emergency settings. Combined assessments inform appropriate action by identifying problems, evaluating programs, and influencing policies.
Foodomics - the application of advanced omics technologies to understand the molecular and genetics level in food and correleate with nutrition and authenticationn purposes. (getnet)
This document summarizes CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in rice for sustainable agriculture. It discusses how CRISPR/Cas9 has been used to edit rice for agronomic traits, stress tolerance, and biofortification. It also provides an overview of online resources and commercial providers for CRISPR/Cas9 technology. CRISPR/Cas9 has revolutionized plant science by enabling precise and efficient genome editing in crops like rice to address challenges of food security.
This document summarizes CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in rice for sustainable agriculture. It discusses how CRISPR/Cas9 has been used to edit rice for agronomic traits, stress tolerance, and biofortification. It also provides an overview of online resources and commercial providers for CRISPR/Cas9 technology. CRISPR/Cas9 has revolutionized plant science by enabling precise and efficient genome editing in crops like rice to address challenges of food security.
Effect of interaction between different plant growth regulators on in vitro s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— In this paper a shoot multiplication is described for Citrus latifolia Tan. (persian lime) using nodal segment explants of young one – old – year trees by two different pathways contain with and without callusing phase. The best result for multiple shoot formation and regenerated shoot formation was 3.2 and 2.6 shoots per explants with 4.44 µM BA plus 0.053 µM NAA and 4.44 µM BA plus 0.049 µM IBA respectively. Alike shoot regeneration, shoot elongation was occurred in medium with 4.44 µM BA and 0.049 µM IBA. Micropropagated and regenerated plants are under other experiments. Abbreviation: BA – 6 benzylaminopurine; IBA – Indole acetic acid; NAA – Naphtalene acetic acid; PGRs – Plant Growth Regulators.
This document summarizes a research article that evaluated the immunomodulatory potential of crude protein extract from taro (Colocasia esculenta) corms on hematopoietic cells in mice. The crude taro extract stimulated in vitro proliferation of splenocytes from two mouse strains. When administered intraperitoneally to mice, the extract induced splenomegaly and proliferation of total spleen and bone marrow cells. It also promoted in vivo proliferation of B220+ splenocytes and affected levels of mature and immature B cells in bone marrow. The extract represents a source of immunostimulatory proteins with potential applications as food or pharmaceutical additives.
This video mainly focused on "Election of Medicinal Plants" which is the part of B. Pharmacy 4th year syllabus PRACTICE SCHOOL, from JNTUH, Hyderabad. The Practice school is an educational innovation seeking to link industry/hospital/ pharmacy experience with university instruction. Here in election of medicinal plants materials topic from quality control and standardisation of herbals subjects The students have to visit medicinal plant gardens and collect some medicinal plants those are useful to various disorders and submit the report in detail about the plants they come across during their study period.
Portion covered :
1. Election of medicinal plants
2. Techniques and methods for selecting medicinal plants.
3. Ethnobotany
4. The ethnopharmaceutical approach
5. Medicinal plants in the basic health care from ethnoguided approach.
This document provides an outline for a research proposal on analyzing the effect of NPK fertilizer on the growth and yield of pigeon pea. The introduction provides background on pigeon pea production and importance in India. The literature review discusses pigeon pea's role as a nutritious food and soil improver. The research problem aims to evaluate agronomic practices and nutrient management on pigeon pea yield and growth. The methodology will analyze the interaction effects of crop management practices and varieties on yield through data collection and ANOVA analysis.
This document describes the development of a prototype pest management system using a wireless sensor network to monitor environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, and leaf wetness in apple and Kutki farms. The sensor data is transmitted wirelessly to a server to alert farmers when infection risk is high so they can take preventative measures and reduce unnecessary pesticide spraying. The system aims to improve crop growth and yield by monitoring conditions and notifying farmers to spray only when needed. The wireless sensor network allows for real-time monitoring across wide farm areas compared to traditional wired systems.
Application of bioinformatics in agriculture sectorSuraj Singh
This document summarizes the application of bioinformatics in the agriculture sector. It discusses how bioinformatics is used to analyze vast amounts of agricultural data to develop stronger, more drought and disease resistant crops with improved nutritional quality. Specific applications mentioned include developing renewable energy crops, insect resistant crops using Bt genes, golden rice with increased vitamin A, drought tolerant crops, and using omics data for plant breeding. It also discusses using bioinformatics to study plant diseases, synteny between crops like rice and Arabidopsis, and software/tools used in bioinformatics.
Example of a Ven Diagram using animals WhalesFishBetseyCalderon89
Example of a Ven Diagram using animals
Whales
FishShrimp
7
6
5
1. Shrimp
a. Have legs
2. Whales
a. Breathe air
b. Live birth
3. Fish
a. Have scales
4. Shrimp & Wales
a. Nothing unique to just the two
5. Fish & Whales
a. Have fins
b. Have a backbone
6. Fish & Shrimp
a. Breathe underwater
b. Lay eggs
7. Fish, Shrimp & Wales
a. Live in the water
b. Can swim 1
2
,
S
hr
i
m
p
Fi
sh
,
S
hr
i
m
p
3
,
S
hr
i
m
p
Fi
sh
,
S
hr
4
,
S
hr
i
m
p
Fi
sh
,
S
hr
i
m
p
Example of a Ven Diagram using animals
Summary of the above diagram:
Whales are animals that live in the water, breathe air, have a live birth, can swim, have fins and a backbone. Fish are animals that live in the
water, breathe underwater, lay eggs, can swim, have fins, scales and a backbone. Shrimp are animals that live in water, breathe underwater, lay
eggs, can swim and have legs.
Synthesis of the above diagram:
When evaluating these 3 animals, all live in the water and can swim, yet there are differences among the animals. Whales and fish both have fins
and a backbone, whereas shrimp do not. Two of the 3 animals are able to lay eggs (shrimp and fish) whereas whales have a live birth. Whales
also have the unique ability to breath air, whereas both fish and shrimp can breathe underwater. There are no similarities between shrimp and
whales. Lastly, 2 of the 3 animals have characteristics unique to themselves: fish have scales while shrimp have legs.
Hopefully you can see the summary is simply a list of characteristics of each animal, whereas the synthesis is making direct comparisons of the
animals to one another. This helps to highlight the similarities and differences among the animals, which helps to develop a better sense of how
these animals cam compare to one another. The goal here is to then see how each of these animals can be substituted for different studies. The
goal would then be to synthesize the studies reviewed, in this case 3, highlighting the similarities and differences across studies. For example,
using the PIO or PICO question, start by seeing how each of the PICO/PIO components are similar and different [ie mean age of the population,
any differences in intervention (dose or duration), and the outcome (hopefully that is consistently measured, but it’s important to identify if it’s
not].
Table1. Summative Table of Studies Assessing Changes in Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among Different Income Levels.
Author, Year, Design, Class,
Study Purpose
Population
Interventions
Results
Conclusions
Strengths/ Limitations
Horino M, Liu SY, Lee EY, Kawachi I, Pabayo R
2020
Cross-Sectional Study
Class D
The focus of this research is to see if there's a link between adult fruit and vegetable consumption and income inequalities in the United States.
N= respondents residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia aged above 18 years. ...
Poster presentation at the 4th International Rice Congress
Authors: Nurul Hidayati, Triadiati, and Iswandi Anas
Sukmasakti, and Rahayu Widyastuti
Title: Root morphology and anatomy of rice plants cultivated under SRI
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 28-31, 2014
The document summarizes a thesis presentation on developing a Healthy Eating Score (HES) to measure compliance with Canada's Food Guide. The study used data from an online survey of 1115 female Canadian runners. Principal component analysis identified 3 clusters within the HES related to food groups and dietary recommendations. Analysis of variance showed those in the highest HES tertile achieved significantly higher scores on food groups, guidance, health behaviors. Hierarchical regression identified associations across individual to environmental levels and a negative association with snacking. The results supported the HES as a valid tool for assessing population adherence to dietary guidelines in a time and cost-effective manner.
Salmonella spp. dynamics in wild blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium AitonPremier Publishers
A six-year field study (2012-2015) was conducted in the two major wild blueberry growing regions in Maine USA, Midcoast and Downeast. This study used data from two cropping cycles (four years) to model the dynamics of Salmonella spp. prevalence in wild blueberry fields (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton). A path diagram based upon structural equation modeling suggests that beyond annual variation, the type of cropping system determined wild blueberry production methods of fertilization and fungicide applications for control of plant pathogens that then both affect the prevalence of Salmonella spp. Fungicide applications have a direct negative effect on Salmonella spp. prevalence and the microbial community on the fruit that positively affects Salmonella spp. prevalence. Fertilizer application has an indirect effect on the presence of Salmonella spp. by determining soil fertility that then determines the blueberry plant nutrient profile. This then determines specific nutrient levels in the plant, especially Cu, K, Mg, Mn, and K. These nutrients (especially Ca, K, and Mg and to a lesser extent Cu, Mn, and Zn) directly affect Salmonella spp. prevalence in a complex mix of indirect and direct, and negative and positive interactions, including the regulation of sugars in the fruit that appears to have a negative effect on Salmonella spp. prevalence. The conceptual model presented in this study generates several new hypotheses to test regarding the ecology of Salmonella spp. in commercial wild blueberry fields in Maine, USA.
Organic Plant Breeding: Achievements, Opportunities, and ChallengesSeeds
Organic plant breeding programs were founded in the 1980s-1990s to develop crop varieties suited to organic systems. Research has shown that the top-yielding varieties in organic systems do not correlate to those in conventional systems, demonstrating the need for organic breeding. Some successful organic breeding programs have developed weed-tolerant and disease-resistant varieties of crops like wheat, maize, barley and tomatoes. Traits important for organic systems include weed tolerance, nutrient use efficiency, and adaptation to nutrient dynamics. Participatory breeding programs have also improved crops suited for small-scale organic farmers. Overall, organic breeding aims to develop varieties adapted to organic conditions while respecting genetic diversity and plant integrity.
The document discusses the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) method for interpreting plant tissue analysis. DRIS considers nutrient concentration ratios rather than individual elements. It measures the relative balance between nutrients using index values, with negative values indicating deficiencies. DRIS can reveal both the limiting nutrient and the order nutrients may become limiting. It identifies all nutritional factors limiting crop production to improve fertilizer recommendations and maximize yields.
Study on multi-target mechanism of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (Dahuang) and Semen ...LucyPi1
Abstract Objective: To explore the mechanism of action of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (Dahuang) (RERR) and Semen Persicae (Taoren) (SP) on adhesive intestinal obstruction (AIO). Methods: The main targets of the active ingredients of RERR and SP were filtered based on the traditional Chinese medicine system pharmacology analysis platform. Cytoscape 3.2.1 was applied to build the ingredient-target network of RERR and SP for AIO. Results: Fifteen active components were predicted from the RERR and SP herb pair, such as aloe-emodin, catechin, rhein, gibberellin (GA) 119, GA120 and GA121. These components were applied to 59 targets mainly involved in many biological processes such as signal transduction, anti-apoptosis, and inflammatory response involved in activating the immune effect. Conclusion: This study proposes the system pharmacology method and identifies the potent combination therapeutic mechanism of RERR and SP for AIO. This strategy will provide a new insight to the study of herb combinations.
Evaluation of seed storage proteins in common bean by some biplot analysisINNS PUBNET
In order to study of seed storage proteins, proteins samples of common bean genotypes were prepared by 0.2 M
NaCl of extracting soluble. Genotypes were located in two groups by cluster analysis using Wilks’ lambda
statistic. Two groups were different for yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant
and seed weight). Factor analysis showed that two factors described 61% of total proteins variation. Correlated
bands with yield components characters had the highest coefficients for the first factor. This factor was named
“yield components proteins”. Protein bands via RM 58 and 64 had relationship with days to flowering.
Therefore, the second factor was named “phenologic proteins”. Genotypes were located in four groups by these
factors. Length, angle and presence of protein bands were important characteristics to explain graphical
information in GGE biplot compared to factor analysis. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-5-may-2013/
The document discusses omics methods for detecting foodborne pathogens. It describes genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics as omics approaches that can study DNA, proteins, metabolites, and lipids in a system. Recent studies using pathogenomics on Listeria and the Salmonella foodborne syst-omics database are highlighted. Omics approaches have potential for detecting pathogens, monitoring contamination, and aiding outbreak investigations, especially when integrated with each other and technologies like the Internet of Things and cloud computing.
Roy 10b comparative analysis and applications of nutritional assessmentSizwan Ahammed
The document discusses various methods for assessing nutritional status and needs of populations, including anthropometric, biochemical, dietary, and food basket menu assessments. Anthropometric assessments measure indicators like weight, height, and skin fold thickness to determine nutritional status. Biochemical tests diagnose micronutrient deficiencies by measuring levels of nutrients like iron, vitamin A, and iodine. Dietary assessments evaluate food intake and nutrient adequacy through food recall surveys or dietary diversity scores. Food basket menu assessments ensure optimal food distribution and nutrition in emergency settings. Combined assessments inform appropriate action by identifying problems, evaluating programs, and influencing policies.
Foodomics - the application of advanced omics technologies to understand the molecular and genetics level in food and correleate with nutrition and authenticationn purposes. (getnet)
This document summarizes CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in rice for sustainable agriculture. It discusses how CRISPR/Cas9 has been used to edit rice for agronomic traits, stress tolerance, and biofortification. It also provides an overview of online resources and commercial providers for CRISPR/Cas9 technology. CRISPR/Cas9 has revolutionized plant science by enabling precise and efficient genome editing in crops like rice to address challenges of food security.
This document summarizes CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in rice for sustainable agriculture. It discusses how CRISPR/Cas9 has been used to edit rice for agronomic traits, stress tolerance, and biofortification. It also provides an overview of online resources and commercial providers for CRISPR/Cas9 technology. CRISPR/Cas9 has revolutionized plant science by enabling precise and efficient genome editing in crops like rice to address challenges of food security.
Effect of interaction between different plant growth regulators on in vitro s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— In this paper a shoot multiplication is described for Citrus latifolia Tan. (persian lime) using nodal segment explants of young one – old – year trees by two different pathways contain with and without callusing phase. The best result for multiple shoot formation and regenerated shoot formation was 3.2 and 2.6 shoots per explants with 4.44 µM BA plus 0.053 µM NAA and 4.44 µM BA plus 0.049 µM IBA respectively. Alike shoot regeneration, shoot elongation was occurred in medium with 4.44 µM BA and 0.049 µM IBA. Micropropagated and regenerated plants are under other experiments. Abbreviation: BA – 6 benzylaminopurine; IBA – Indole acetic acid; NAA – Naphtalene acetic acid; PGRs – Plant Growth Regulators.
This document summarizes a research article that evaluated the immunomodulatory potential of crude protein extract from taro (Colocasia esculenta) corms on hematopoietic cells in mice. The crude taro extract stimulated in vitro proliferation of splenocytes from two mouse strains. When administered intraperitoneally to mice, the extract induced splenomegaly and proliferation of total spleen and bone marrow cells. It also promoted in vivo proliferation of B220+ splenocytes and affected levels of mature and immature B cells in bone marrow. The extract represents a source of immunostimulatory proteins with potential applications as food or pharmaceutical additives.
This video mainly focused on "Election of Medicinal Plants" which is the part of B. Pharmacy 4th year syllabus PRACTICE SCHOOL, from JNTUH, Hyderabad. The Practice school is an educational innovation seeking to link industry/hospital/ pharmacy experience with university instruction. Here in election of medicinal plants materials topic from quality control and standardisation of herbals subjects The students have to visit medicinal plant gardens and collect some medicinal plants those are useful to various disorders and submit the report in detail about the plants they come across during their study period.
Portion covered :
1. Election of medicinal plants
2. Techniques and methods for selecting medicinal plants.
3. Ethnobotany
4. The ethnopharmaceutical approach
5. Medicinal plants in the basic health care from ethnoguided approach.
This document provides an outline for a research proposal on analyzing the effect of NPK fertilizer on the growth and yield of pigeon pea. The introduction provides background on pigeon pea production and importance in India. The literature review discusses pigeon pea's role as a nutritious food and soil improver. The research problem aims to evaluate agronomic practices and nutrient management on pigeon pea yield and growth. The methodology will analyze the interaction effects of crop management practices and varieties on yield through data collection and ANOVA analysis.
This document describes the development of a prototype pest management system using a wireless sensor network to monitor environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, and leaf wetness in apple and Kutki farms. The sensor data is transmitted wirelessly to a server to alert farmers when infection risk is high so they can take preventative measures and reduce unnecessary pesticide spraying. The system aims to improve crop growth and yield by monitoring conditions and notifying farmers to spray only when needed. The wireless sensor network allows for real-time monitoring across wide farm areas compared to traditional wired systems.
Application of bioinformatics in agriculture sectorSuraj Singh
This document summarizes the application of bioinformatics in the agriculture sector. It discusses how bioinformatics is used to analyze vast amounts of agricultural data to develop stronger, more drought and disease resistant crops with improved nutritional quality. Specific applications mentioned include developing renewable energy crops, insect resistant crops using Bt genes, golden rice with increased vitamin A, drought tolerant crops, and using omics data for plant breeding. It also discusses using bioinformatics to study plant diseases, synteny between crops like rice and Arabidopsis, and software/tools used in bioinformatics.
Example of a Ven Diagram using animals WhalesFishBetseyCalderon89
Example of a Ven Diagram using animals
Whales
FishShrimp
7
6
5
1. Shrimp
a. Have legs
2. Whales
a. Breathe air
b. Live birth
3. Fish
a. Have scales
4. Shrimp & Wales
a. Nothing unique to just the two
5. Fish & Whales
a. Have fins
b. Have a backbone
6. Fish & Shrimp
a. Breathe underwater
b. Lay eggs
7. Fish, Shrimp & Wales
a. Live in the water
b. Can swim 1
2
,
S
hr
i
m
p
Fi
sh
,
S
hr
i
m
p
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Example of a Ven Diagram using animals
Summary of the above diagram:
Whales are animals that live in the water, breathe air, have a live birth, can swim, have fins and a backbone. Fish are animals that live in the
water, breathe underwater, lay eggs, can swim, have fins, scales and a backbone. Shrimp are animals that live in water, breathe underwater, lay
eggs, can swim and have legs.
Synthesis of the above diagram:
When evaluating these 3 animals, all live in the water and can swim, yet there are differences among the animals. Whales and fish both have fins
and a backbone, whereas shrimp do not. Two of the 3 animals are able to lay eggs (shrimp and fish) whereas whales have a live birth. Whales
also have the unique ability to breath air, whereas both fish and shrimp can breathe underwater. There are no similarities between shrimp and
whales. Lastly, 2 of the 3 animals have characteristics unique to themselves: fish have scales while shrimp have legs.
Hopefully you can see the summary is simply a list of characteristics of each animal, whereas the synthesis is making direct comparisons of the
animals to one another. This helps to highlight the similarities and differences among the animals, which helps to develop a better sense of how
these animals cam compare to one another. The goal here is to then see how each of these animals can be substituted for different studies. The
goal would then be to synthesize the studies reviewed, in this case 3, highlighting the similarities and differences across studies. For example,
using the PIO or PICO question, start by seeing how each of the PICO/PIO components are similar and different [ie mean age of the population,
any differences in intervention (dose or duration), and the outcome (hopefully that is consistently measured, but it’s important to identify if it’s
not].
Table1. Summative Table of Studies Assessing Changes in Fruit and Vegetable Intake Among Different Income Levels.
Author, Year, Design, Class,
Study Purpose
Population
Interventions
Results
Conclusions
Strengths/ Limitations
Horino M, Liu SY, Lee EY, Kawachi I, Pabayo R
2020
Cross-Sectional Study
Class D
The focus of this research is to see if there's a link between adult fruit and vegetable consumption and income inequalities in the United States.
N= respondents residing in the 50 states and the District of Columbia aged above 18 years. ...
Poster presentation at the 4th International Rice Congress
Authors: Nurul Hidayati, Triadiati, and Iswandi Anas
Sukmasakti, and Rahayu Widyastuti
Title: Root morphology and anatomy of rice plants cultivated under SRI
Venue: Bangkok International Trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC), Bangkok, Thailand
Date: October 28-31, 2014
The document summarizes a thesis presentation on developing a Healthy Eating Score (HES) to measure compliance with Canada's Food Guide. The study used data from an online survey of 1115 female Canadian runners. Principal component analysis identified 3 clusters within the HES related to food groups and dietary recommendations. Analysis of variance showed those in the highest HES tertile achieved significantly higher scores on food groups, guidance, health behaviors. Hierarchical regression identified associations across individual to environmental levels and a negative association with snacking. The results supported the HES as a valid tool for assessing population adherence to dietary guidelines in a time and cost-effective manner.
Salmonella spp. dynamics in wild blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium AitonPremier Publishers
A six-year field study (2012-2015) was conducted in the two major wild blueberry growing regions in Maine USA, Midcoast and Downeast. This study used data from two cropping cycles (four years) to model the dynamics of Salmonella spp. prevalence in wild blueberry fields (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton). A path diagram based upon structural equation modeling suggests that beyond annual variation, the type of cropping system determined wild blueberry production methods of fertilization and fungicide applications for control of plant pathogens that then both affect the prevalence of Salmonella spp. Fungicide applications have a direct negative effect on Salmonella spp. prevalence and the microbial community on the fruit that positively affects Salmonella spp. prevalence. Fertilizer application has an indirect effect on the presence of Salmonella spp. by determining soil fertility that then determines the blueberry plant nutrient profile. This then determines specific nutrient levels in the plant, especially Cu, K, Mg, Mn, and K. These nutrients (especially Ca, K, and Mg and to a lesser extent Cu, Mn, and Zn) directly affect Salmonella spp. prevalence in a complex mix of indirect and direct, and negative and positive interactions, including the regulation of sugars in the fruit that appears to have a negative effect on Salmonella spp. prevalence. The conceptual model presented in this study generates several new hypotheses to test regarding the ecology of Salmonella spp. in commercial wild blueberry fields in Maine, USA.
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Emerging Earth Observation methods for monitoring sustainable food productionCIFOR-ICRAF
Presented by Daniela Requena Suarez, Helmholtz GeoResearch Center Potsdam (GFZ) at "Side event 60th sessions of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Bodies - Sustainable Bites: Innovating Low Emission Food Systems One Country at a Time" on 13 June 2024
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
POPE FRANCIS 2ND ENCYCLICAL "Laudato Si" is the second encyclical of Pope Fra...AdelinePdelaCruz
"Laudato Si" is the second encyclical of Pope Francis, released on May 24, 2015. Its title comes from the opening words of the encyclical in Latin, which mean "Praise Be to You." The document focuses on the theme of care for our common home, urging humanity to take action to address environmental degradation, climate change, and social inequality. Pope Francis calls for an integral ecology that considers the interconnectedness of environmental, social, economic, and spiritual dimensions.
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.comNarendra Jayas
Latest OSHA 10 Test Question and Answers PDF for Construction and General Industry Exam.
Download the full set of 390 MCQ type question and answers - https://www.oyetrade.com/OSHA-10-Answers-2021.php
To Help OSHA 10 trainees to pass their pre-test and post-test we have prepared set of 390 question and answers called OSHA 10 Answers in downloadable PDF format. The OSHA 10 Answers question bank is prepared by our in-house highly experienced safety professionals and trainers. The OSHA 10 Answers document consists of 390 MCQ type question and answers updated for year 2024 exams.
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Exploring low emissions development opportunities in food systems
44395.pdf
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3. Biomass Now – Sustainable Growth and Use
130
The visual diagnose can be little practical, because, when the deficiency symptoms show in
plants, the plant metabolism has been already damaged and the correction of deficiency can
note be taken good benefits on increase of yield or better products quality, besides, the
deficiency symptoms is shown in plant when the deficiency is acute (Marshner, 1995).
The tissue analyses has been considered the direct way to evaluation the nutritional state of
plants, but, to do this evaluate it is necessary a well specific part from the plant to take this
diagnose, this specific part is the leaf tissue that is the most used (Malavolta, 2006; Mourão
Filho, 2003; Hallmark & Beverly, 1991; Beaufils, 1973).
The leaf tissue is considered the most important part of the plant where the physiologic
activate happens and this tissue shows easily the nutritional disturb. To use the leaf tissue is
necessary to have the chemical analyses. Furthermore, to assess the nutritional status there
is the need to have leaf standard to sample, this leaf standard depend on the crop that
intend to evaluate, but, nowadays there are many information about the most cultivated
commercial crops.
The leave diagnose can be a useful tool to assess the nutritional status of plant, but, the
procedure to analyse the data must be appropriate. Furthermore, because of natural
dynamic of the leaf tissue composition that is strengly influenced by leaf age, maturation
stage and interaction among nutrients on uptake and translocation into the plant, if all the
damages criteria were not observed the leaf diagnose becomes very difficult to understand
and used (Walworth & Sumner, 1987).
The interpretation of nutrients contents in leaf analyses can be made by several methods to
assess plant nutritional status. To interpretate results of traditional chemical analyses of
plant tissue for the assessment of the nutritional status of plants, the methods of critical level
and sufficiency range are used more frequently (Beaufils, 1973; Walworth & Sumner, 1987;
Mourão Filho, 2004; Serra et al., 2010a,b; Camacho et a., 2012; Serra et al., 2012).
There are other diagnose systems, such as: Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) (Parent
& Dafir, 1992), plant analysis with standardized scores (PASS) (Baldock & Schulte, 1996),
these two methods are less studied then critical level and sufficiency range, but there is
CND standard published on Serra et al. (2010a,b) for the West region of Bahia, a state in
Brazil and other authors (Parent, 2011; Wairegi and Asten, 2012).
The sufficiency range is the most used method of diagnose, and this method consists on
optimum ranges of nutrients concentration to establish the nutritional state of crops,
otherwise to use the sufficiency range it is necessary to develop regional calibration that is
very expensive.
The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) relate the nutrient contents
in dual ratios (N/P, P/N, N/K, K/N...), because of the relation between two nutrients, the
problem with the biomass accumulation and reduction of the nutrients concentration in
plants with its age is solved (Beaufils, 1973; Walworth & Sumner, 1987; Singh et al., 2000).
The use of DRIS on concept of nutritional balance of a plant is becoming an efficient method
to assess the nutritional status of plants, this method puts the limitation of nutrients in order
of plant demand, enabling the nutritional balance between the nutrient in leaf sample.
4. Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) to Assess the Nutritional State of Plants 131
Because of several factors that can influence nutrient concentration in plants, Jones (1981)
suggests that it is necessary to be critical in relation to reliability of DRIS standard, because
in this way the use of leaf diagnose method can be well used.
2. Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS)
The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) was developed by Beaufils
in 1973, this method consist in dual relation between a pair of nutrients (N/P, P/N, N/K,
K/N...) instead of the use of sufficiency range or critical level that are called univariate
methods, because only the individual concentration of the nutrients in leaf tissue is taken
into consideration while no information about the nutritional balance is provided. DRIS
enables the evaluation of the nutritional balance of a plant, ranking nutrient levels in relative
order, from the most deficient to the most excessive.
With the use of dual relation on DRIS, the problem with the effect of concentration or
dilution on the nutrients in plants is solved, because, according to Beaufils (1973); Walworth
& Sumner (1987) with the growth of leaf tissue, on one hand the concentration of nitrogen,
phosphorus, potassium and sulphur decrease in older plants and the concentration of
calcium and magnesium increase in older plants on the other hand. When it is used the
DRIS method, where the dual ratio is used, the values remain constant, minimizing the
effect of biomass accumulation, that is one of the major problem with sufficiency range and
critical level method.
It is feasible to find on literature some crops on which DRIS had already been used to assess
the nutritional status of plants, such as; pineapple (Sema et al., 2010), cotton (Silva et al.,
2009; Serra et al., 2010a,b; Serra et al., 2012), rice (Guindani et al., 2009), potato (Bailey et al.,
2009; Ramakrishna et al., 2009), coffee (Nick, 1998), sugarcane (Elwali & Gascho, 1984; Reis
Jr & Monnerat, 2002; Maccray et al., 2010), orange (Mourão Filho et al., 2004), apple
(Natchigall et al., 2007a,b), mango (Hundal et al., 2005), corn (Reis Jr, 2002; Urricariet et al.,
2004), soybean (Urano et al., 2006, 2007), Eucalyptus (Wadt et al., 1998), among other crops.
According to Baldock & Schulte (1996), there are four advantages of DRIS; (1) the scale of
interpretation is continuous numeric scale, and easy to use, (2) put the nutrients in order of
the most deficiency to the most excessive, (3) identify cases where the yield of plant is been
limited by into factor as nutritional status and (4) the Nutritional Balance Index (NBI) give a
result of combined effects of nutrients. Nevertheless, the disadvantage of this methodology
is that the DRIS index is not independent, because one nutrient concentration can have hard
influence on the other DRIS index for one nutrient but this problem can be corrected in parts
with a hard selection of the nutrient that will compound the DRIS norms.
3. DRIS norms
To be feasible the use of DRIS to assess the nutritional status of plants, the first step is
establish the DRIS norms or standard. The DRIS norms consist on average and standard
deviation of dual ratio between nutrients (N/P, P/N, N/K, K/N, etc.) obtained from a crop
5. Biomass Now – Sustainable Growth and Use
132
reference population (Table 1), but, it is necessary that the crop reference shows high yield
(Beaufils, 1973). This method has been followed along the years (Jones, 1981; Alvarez V. &
Leite, 1999; Silva et al., 2009; Maccray et al., 2010; Serra et al., 2010a,b; Serra et al., 2012).
The data bank to compose the DRIS norms is formed by the crop yield and chemical
analysis of leaf tissue, and this information can be obtained from commercial crop or
experimental units. The size of the data bank is not a factor that is directly related to the
quality of the DRIS norms (Walworth et al., 1988; Sumner, 1977).
Walworth et al. (1988) observed that, when they used 10 data to establish the DRIS norms,
the results obtained were more accurate then the use of a large number of data. What is
more important to improve efficiency on DRIS norms is the quality of the data, because it is
not accepting the use of sick plants to compose the data bank to establish the DRIS norms.
To make part of the DRIS norms, the rations between nutrients can be selected by the direct
form (N/P) or reverse (P/N), but, there is more than one way to change the ratio that is going
to compose the DRIS norms. Bataglia et al. (1990) used the entire dual ratio without selecting
the direct or reverse form, and other researchers used the transformation by natural log
(Beverly, 1987; Urano et al., 2006, 2007; Serra et al., 2010a,b; Serra et al., 2012).
With many ways to select the ratio to compose the DRIS norms there is a necessity to establish
the most efficiency way for each crop that results in a better efficiency of the system. Silva et al.
(2009) tested the dual ratio selection using the “F” value (Jones, 1981; Letzsch, 1985; Walworth
& Sumner, 1987) and “r” value (Nick, 1998) in cotton crop, on his turn, Silva et al. (2009) did
not test the criterion of choice the ratio by log transformation or the use of all nutrient ratio as
it were made by Alvarez V. & Leite (1999) and Serra et al. (2010a,b).
Results obtained by Serra et al. (2012) showed that the use of “F” value or log
transformation in nutrient ratio to define the norms produced different DRIS index,
furthermore, when the DRIS index is interpret by Beaufils ranges the difference observed
among index was reduced, showed less difference between the two groups of norms.
Following the premises of DRIS proposed by Beaufils (1973), it is feasible to change the dual
ratio (A/B or B/A) that is more important to compose the DRIS norms. This way it is
expected that the dual ratio from crop with high-yielding (reference population), composed
with healthy plants, shows less variation than the population of plants with low-yielding
(non-reference population), thus, the relation between variance ratio method, the F value,
was defined as the variance ratio of low-yielding (non-reference) and high-yielding
population (reference), and the order of the ratio with the highest value was chosen among
the variance ratios (Jones, 1981; Letzsch, 1985; Walworth & Sumner, 1987).
The utilization of the relationship between variance ratio method (“F” value) from low-
yielding and high-yielding is the most used method to define the DRIS norms. The method
“F” value is defined on the data bank divided into two groups (non-reference and
reference), and the choice of ratio directly (A/B) or inverse (B/A) defined by relationship
between variances from the two populations, in which the ratio chosen will result arises
from the following analysis (Jones, 1981; Letzsch, 1985; Walworth & Sumner, 1987):
6. Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) to Assess the Nutritional State of Plants 133
If:
−
>
−
Then: the dual ratio that will make part of the DRIS norms will be A/B, on the another it will
be B/A. S2 is the variance of the dual ratio of the reference population and non-reference.
Besides the selection of forward or reverse ratio to compose the DRIS norms, the same
principle can be selected with regard to the significance of F value, which can be 1%, 5% or
10% (Wadt, 1999), and feasible to use all dual ratio, which was selected by the largest ratio of
variances, without the rigour of significance (Beaufils, 1973; Jones, 1981; Walworth &
Sumner, 1987; Serra, 2011).
One can observe on literature that there are not any consensus about which methodology is
more efficient to use. Jones (1981) did not select for significance, but he selected by the
biggest reason of variances, as well as Raghupathi et al. (2005); Guindani et al. (2009); Sema
et al. (2010); Serra et al. (2012). However, Wadt (2005) used the “F” value for the selection of
dual ratio with a significance of 10%, excluding from the norms the dual ratio that was with
significance above this value.
When selecting the dual ratio by significance of the “F” value, the sum of DRIS indexes does
not give a zero value, in this case some nutrients can remain with a larger number of dual
ratio than those with fewer ratios. However, Wadt et al. (1999) concludes that the rigour of
the selection by the significance of “F” value generates greater efficiency for the diagnosis, in
studies made with coffee crop (Coffea canephora Pierre).
Variable Average s Criteria Variable Average s Criteria
r F ADR r F ADR
N/P
N/K
N/Ca
N/Mg
N/S
N/B
N/Zn
N/Cu
N/Mn
N/Fe
P/N
P/K
P/Ca
P/Mg
P/S
P/B
15,1416
2,2317
1,5598
10,5226
4,5765
0,7503
1,6754
3,9724
1,0587
0,4701
0,0671
0,1500
0,1048
0,7003
0,3080
0,0504
1,8617
0,4022
0,3095
1,8856
2,2252
0,2404
0,3502
2,1953
0,4183
0,1493
0,0087
0,0354
0,0265
0,1316
0,1597
0,0181
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
S/B
S/Zn
S/Cu
S/Mn
S/Fe
B/N
B/P
B/K
B/Ca
B/Mg
B/S
B/Zn
B/Cu
B/Mn
B/Fe
Zn/N
0,1970
0,4561
1,2012
0,2917
0,1299
1,4916
22,6312
3,3058
2,2463
15,3008
6,3151
2,4320
6,1969
1,5206
0,6875
0,6224
0,1001
0,2180
1,0183
0,1646
0,0691
0,5351
8,8362
1,2388
0,6303
4,6670
3,1483
0,8360
4,6239
0,6858
0,2750
0,1281
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
7. Biomass Now – Sustainable Growth and Use
134
Variable Average s Criteria Variable Average s Criteria
r F ADR r F ADR
P/Zn
P/Cu
P/Mn
P/Fe
K/N
K/P
K/Ca
K/Mg
K/S
K/B
K/Zn
K/Cu
K/Mn
K/Fe
Ca/N
Ca/P
Ca/K
Ca/Mg
Ca/S
Ca/B
Ca/Zn
Ca/Cu
Ca/Mn
Ca/Fe
Mg/N
Mg/P
Mg/K
Mg/Ca
Mg/S
Mg/B
Mg/Zn
Mg/Cu
Mg/Mn
Mg/Fe
S/N
S/P
S/K
S/Ca
S/Mg
0,1117
0,2613
0,0694
0,0316
0,4611
6,9883
0,7088
4,8383
2,0914
0,3446
0,7636
1,7900
0,4861
0,2175
0,6615
10,0208
1,4559
6,9029
2,8917
0,4830
1,0873
2,5864
0,6904
0,3071
0,0980
1,4705
0,2179
0,1516
0,4404
0,0723
0,1626
0,3909
0,0994
0,0464
0,2829
4,2903
0,6233
0,4192
2,8927
0,0251
0,1369
0,0246
0,0112
0,0758
1,4438
0,1301
1,1228
1,0735
0,1226
0,1646
1,0192
0,2024
0,0769
0,1095
2,0527
0,2605
1,3999
1,2685
0,1436
0,2011
1,5065
0,2674
0,0926
0,0173
0,2403
0,0517
0,0351
0,2311
0,0256
0,0387
0,2223
0,0321
0,0165
0,1438
2,2582
0,3228
0,1857
1,3862
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Zn/P
Zn/K
Zn/Ca
Zn/Mg
Zn/S
Zn/B
Zn/Cu
Zn/Mn
Zn/Fe
Cu/N
Cu/P
Cu/K
Cu/Ca
Cu/Mg
Cu/S
Cu/B
Cu/Zn
Cu/Mn
Cu/Fe
Mn/N
Mn/P
Mn/K
Mn/Ca
Mn/Mg
Mn/S
Mn/B
Mn/Zn
Mn/Cu
Mn/Fe
Fe/N
Fe/P
Fe/K
Fe/Ca
Fe/Mg
Fe/S
Fe/B
Fe/Zn
Fe/Cu
Fe/Mn
9,3606
1,3733
0,9508
6,4829
2,7703
0,4551
2,4792
0,6445
0,2898
0,3491
5,2285
0,7498
0,5274
3,7280
1,6651
0,2730
0,5869
0,3843
0,1679
1,1626
17,1314
2,5865
1,7850
11,6390
5,4646
0,8287
1,9123
4,6606
0,5444
2,3817
36,101
5,3725
3,7003
25,7109
10,9353
1,7883
3,9554
9,4342
2,6114
1,9666
0,3150
0,1766
1,4814
1,4366
0,1419
1,5065
0,2446
0,1007
0,2056
3,1722
0,3941
0,2854
2,4233
1,2996
0,2010
0,3864
0,3414
0,1328
0,6971
9,3481
1,6147
1,0510
5,9153
5,1483
0,4293
1,1921
4,0784
0,3329
0,8848
14,2700
2,5203
1,6352
13,4116
7,3733
0,9809
1,6004
6,2703
1,7679
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Data obtained from doctorate thesis of Serra (2011).
Table 1. DRIS norms, following the methodology of “F” values (Jones, 1981; Letzsch, 1985; Walworth &
Sumner, 1987), “r” value (Nick, 1998) and all dual ratio (ADR) (Serra, 2011)
8. Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) to Assess the Nutritional State of Plants 135
4. DRIS index
Several changes in the methodology of DRIS indexes calculation were proposed in order to
increase the accuracy in the nutritional diagnosis for several crops. The calculation of the
functions or standard deviation units can be defined by the methodology originally
developed by Beaufils (1973), Jones (1981) or Elwali & Gascho (1984), there are some
conflicting results in the literature regarding the effectiveness of each method of calculation.
According to Mourão Filho (2004), there is still no clear definition of what would be the best
recommendation to calculate the functions or standard deviation units for the DRIS.
According to Serra (2011), the use of the methodology proposed by Jones (1981) when
compared with Beaufils (1973) and Elwali & Gascho (1987) showed better efficacy on DRIS
index for cotton crop (Gossypium hirsutum r latifolium). The measure of the efficacy used by
Serra et al. (2011) was the relation between yield and nutritional balance index (NBI).
Beaufils (1973):
For A/B < a/b;
( = 1 −
/
/
∙
100 ∙
%
f(A/B)=0, for A/B = a/b
For A/B > a/b;
( =
/B
a/b
− 1 ∙
100 ∙
%
Jones (1981):
( =
B
− ∙
Elwali & Gascho (1984):
For A/B < a/b-1s
( = 1 −
/
/
∙
100 ∙
%
f(A/B)=0, to the range between a/b-1s to a/b+1s
For A/B > a/b+1s
( =
/B
a/b
− 1 ∙
100 ∙
%
After defining the functions DRIS, the DRIS index is calculated and for each nutrient a DRIS
index is determined, which may have positive or negative values, that represent the
arithmetic average of functions in which the nutrient is involved, when the result is negative
9. Biomass Now – Sustainable Growth and Use
136
(below zero), this means deficiency and when the positive value indicates excess, as
proposed by Beaufils (1973):
=
∑ − ∑
n=number of DRIS functions of each dual ratio defined by criteria of chosen of the norms, in
that the A nutrient is involved.
The sum of DRIS index in module of the nutrients in a sample diagnosed, generates the
nutritional balance index (NBI), in an increasing scale, the higher NBI the greater nutritional
imbalance in the plant and consequently low productivity, and the correlation between NBI
and yield is considered one measure of the effectiveness of the system DRIS (Beaufils, 1973;
Nachtigall & Dechen, 2007b; Guindani et al., 2009).
Mourão Filho (2004) concludes that researches on DRIS are still incipient, therefore, many
accurately factors must still be better studied, factors such as the criteria for choosing the
reference populations, the combination of methods to be used, so there is a need to more
refined studies on these aspects.
5. Nutritional Balance Index (NBI)
When assessing the nutritional status of plants, looking up the nutritional balance of the
plant, however, this goal can not be reached when using the traditional methods of
nutritional diagnosis, such as the sufficiency range and critical level, because, both of them
lead into account only the individual concentrations of nutrients in the plant, with no
relationship among these nutrients.
The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) provides the relationship
between nutrients through dual ratio (A/B and/or B/A). Thus it is feasible by calculating
DRIS index to obtain the nutritional balance (Baldock & Schulte, 1996). In addition to the
DRIS index, which may take positive and negative values, there is the nutritional balance
index (NBI), which is the sum in modulus of the DRIS indices from a sample and thus the
lower the value of the NBI would be more nutritionally balanced in the crop.
Despite of the diagnosis of nutritional status, the DRIS can be a useful tool to indicate
situations where yield is limited by other factors than nutritional, however, it does not
discriminate the factors that would be limiting the yield. In crops that have low yield and
low NBI it is expected that other factors were limiting productivity, not being a limitation by
the nutritional status of the plant (Beaufils, 1973).
The Nutritional Balance Index (NBI) was calculated by summing the value in module of the
index generated in the sample. This NBI may be useful to indicate the nutritional status of
the plant. The higher the NBI, the greater the nutritional imbalance (Beaufils, 1973; Mourão
Filho, 2003). The average NBI generates NBIa (Nutritional Balance Index average), according
to the formula below:
10. Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) to Assess the Nutritional State of Plants 137
= | | + | | + | | + ⋯ + | |
=
Where: n is the number of DRIS index involved in the analysis.
The NBI has been used to prove the effectiveness of the DRIS system in diagnosing the
nutritional status of the plant, because the greater the relationship between NBI and yield
better the diagnostic system response, to point out the nutritional status of plants (Silveira et
al. 2005b) (Figure 1). Guindani et al. (2009) used the NBI to select the reference population to
compose DRIS norms relating to the NBI tracks yield and the yield range that had the
highest coefficient of determination (R2) was selected as the reference population.
Figure 1. Relationship between the relative dry mass (DM) production of Signal grass and Nutritional
Balance Index (NBI) obtained by the method of Jones for combinations of methods choice of ratio order
among nutrients (F and R values) in the first growth using the norm of the first growth (a), in the first
growth using the general norm (b), in the second growth using the norm of the second growth (c) and
in the second growth using the general norm (d) (Silveira et al., 2005b).
6. Interpretation of DRIS index
The interpretation of DRIS index is the identification of nutrients that are limiting the crop
yield from the presenting in nutritionally balanced or non-limiting. DRIS index can provide
all null values or null values, positive and negative. However, the probability of having all
zero values is small, therefore, it is necessary that all dual ratios show the same mean value
of the standards. What happens under the conditions of analysis with the DRIS system is the
presence of null values, positive and negative (Beaufils, 1973).
Null values mean that the average deviation for a given nutrient, are equidistant and
cancelled in the expression of the final value for the DRIS index. It is said therefore that this
11. Biomass Now – Sustainable Growth and Use
138
nutrient is in a state of nutritional balance (Walworth & Sumner, 1984). After determination of
DRIS index is necessary to interpretate these positive and negative values of a particular
nutrient, it would be a situation in which the nutrient would be in excess (+) or deficiency (-).
6.1. Interpretation of DRIS index values by the order of the value
The usual method that is used for the interpretation of DRIS index is the ordering of the
values of the indices, the ordering is more limiting disabilities by the most limiting excess.
By this method of ordering of the index establish that the lowest DRIS index and negative has
been considered the most limiting, the second lowest, the second most limiting disability and
until the most limiting excess, which would have the DRIS index greater and positive
(Walworth & Sumner 1987; Bataglia & Santos, 1990). These criteria have been used both to
evaluate the accuracy of the method (Jones, 1981) and for nutritional surveys, when there is the
DRIS as a tool for identifying classes of farms and the distribution of nutritional status
(Beaufils, 1973; Eymar et al., 2001; Hundal et al., 2005, Silva et al., 2009; Sema et al., 2010).
6.2. Interpretation of DRIS index by nutrient application potential response
The interpretation of DRIS index for the nutrient application potential response, was
originated by Wadt (1996). This method of interpretation consists on grouping five
categories of nutrient application potential response (NAPR), by comparing the rates of each
nutrient DRIS with the nutrient balance index average (NBIa), which is the arithmetic
average of the module of all DRIS index. The NBIa was chosen to be a value that reflects the
average of the deviations of each dual ratio relative to the reference value (Wadt, 1996), as
seen in Table 2.
The nutrient status of "highest deficiency" represents the situation where there is greater
likelihood of positive response with the addition of the nutrient to soil. This positive
response should be represented by higher crop yields, or by improving the quality of the
agricultural product into a commercially desired degree. In turn, the status of "deficiency"
also indicates that it is likely to increase in crop yield with the application of the nutrient,
however, this probability is lower than the nutrient with the highest degree of deficiency
("highest deficiency") (Wadt, 1996).
The status "balanced" means that no crop response is expected in relation to the application
of the nutrient in soil, there would be no response or a response of the crop "null". The
nutrient status of "highest excess" represents the situation where the application of the
nutrient may result in negative response on the crop yield, decreased productivity. Finally,
the status of "excess" indicates that the addition of nutrients in soil may also result in
negative response of the crop and its yield, but that this effect on yield can be controlled by
higher nutrient excess (Wadt, 1996).
As recommended by Wadt (1996) the central concept for the addition of the nutrient to soil
by the nutrient application potential response is that this increase should be considered as
an adjustment in the fertilizer to soil. For example, when it is sure that the nutrient is in a
12. Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) to Assess the Nutritional State of Plants 139
†the NAPR was calculated according to Wadt (1996).
††NBIa = Nutritional Balanced Index average.
Table 2. Criteria to interpret the DRIS index (I DRIS) by nutrient application potential response
(NAPR†) (Wadt, 1996).
status of balance and adds it to the crop, it will not result in improved yield, yet, it does not
mean that this nutrient should be excluded from the fertilizer recommendation, but that
should be kept at fertilization at the same dosages that had been used.
For extraction of nitrogen in the soil, the extractants that have been used do not show a good
correlation between the contents extracted by plants with the growth of plants or amount
absorbed, and the fertilizer recommendations arising from fertilization of tables that are
constructed by means of average curves response generated under field conditions, with
data from multiple trials and different locations. Thus, it is expected that the diagnostic
system allows adjustments to the amount of each nutrient to be applied, and the
interpretation of DRIS index for the nutrient application potential response a useful tool for
this purpose.
The nutritional diagnosis would be a complementary tool for the recommendation of the
nutritional need of crops, however, it is not feasible to take off the use of soil analysis,
because it is essential to check the evolution of soil fertility, and ability to supply nutrients
(Wadt, 1996).
Nutricional Criteria Type of nutrient application
potential response
Deficiency
Deficiency-prone
Sufficient
Excess-prone
Excess
I DRIS A< 0,
| I DRIS A | > NBIa ††
and IA is
the index of lower value.
I DRIS A < 0 and
| I DRIS A | > NBIa
| I DRIS A | = NBIa
I DRIS A > 0 and
| I DRIS A | > NBIa
I DRIS A> 0,
| I DRIS A | > NBIa and IA is
the index of higher value.
Positive, with higher probability
(p)
Positive, with low probability
(pz)
Null
(z)
Negative, with a low probability (nz)
Negative, with a higher probability
(n)
13. Biomass Now – Sustainable Growth and Use
140
The use of nutrient application potential response (NAPR) for interpreting the DRIS index is
well seen in Brazil, where, Wadt (1996), Dias et al. (2011), Serra et al. (2010a,b) and Serra
(2011) (Figure 2) used to interpret the DRIS index in assessing the nutritional status of the
cotton crop, Dias et al. (2011) used the NAPR in the cupuaçu crop (Theobroma grandiflorum).
Figure 2. Percentage of plots diagnosed with the method of interpretation of DRIS index named
nutrient application potential response (NAPR) (Wadt, 1996): (n) Negative response, with a higher
probability; (nz) Negative response, with a low probability; (z) Nula response; (pz) Positive response,
with low probability; (p) Positive response, with higher probability. (1) norms with all dual ratio; (2)
norms with F value; (3) norms with r value (Serra, 2011).
7. Interpretation of leaf contents by Beaufils ranges
The determination of the Beaufils ranges consists in optimal ranges of nutrients for the
assessment of leaf nutrients (Table 3 and 4). This method consists of determining the ranges by
means of statistical models of the relationship between leaf concentrations and DRIS index,
and, Beaufils (1973) found that from the optimal values of DRIS index were determined
intervals of standard deviation of DRIS index for each range of nutritional assessment.
Following this criterion, the range that would include the nutrients that would be deficiency
was below - 4/3 standard deviation (s); deficiency-prone between - 4/3 to 2/3 s; sufficient
between - 2/3 to 2/3 s and a excess-prone 2/3 to 4/3 s; excessive greater than 4/3 s (Table 3).
Thus, it creates the Beaufils ranges, which can be used to interpretate the nutrient
concentration in chemical analysis of leaves (Table 3 and 4). As such use, recommended for
the specific regions where they were certain, because if extrapolated to other region, it is
expected that the results do not follow a favorable response.
Ca Fe
Mn
Cu
Zn
B
S
Mg
K
P
1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
N
JONES (1981)
%
OF
COMMERCIAL
COTTON
FIELDS
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
p
pz
z
nz
n
14. Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) to Assess the Nutritional State of Plants 141
Serra et al. (2012)
Table 3. Beaufils ranges determined for the nutritional diagnosis of cotton plants based on DRIS norms
(NL transformation and F value) (Serra et al., 2012).
Nutrient Norm Deficiency Tendency
to
deficiency
Sufficient Tendency
to
excess
Excess
g kg-1
N
P
K
Ca
Mg
S
NL
F value
NL
F value
NL
F value
NL
F value
NL
F value
NL
F value
<42.5
<42.6
<2.5
<2.5
<17.2
<17.2
<25.2
<25.3
<3.6
<3.6
<4.8
<5.2
42.5 – 43.9
42.6 – 43.9
2.5 – 2.8
2.5 – 2.8
17.2 – 19.0
17.2 – 19.0
25.2 – 27.5
25.3 – 27.5
3.6 – 4.0
3.6 – 4.0
4.8 – 8.7
5.2 – 8.9
43.9 – 46.7
43.9 – 46.7
2.8 - 3.3
2.8 – 3.3
19.0 - 22.6
19.0 - 22.6
27.5 - 32.1
27.5 - 32.0
4.0 - 4.8
4.0 - 4.8
8.7 - 16.5
8.9 - 16.3
46.7 – 48.1
46.7 - 48.1
3.3 - 3.5
3.3 - 3.5
22.6 - 24.4
22.6 - 24.4
32.1 - 34.4
32.0 - 34.3
4.8 - 5.3
4.8 - 5.2
16.5 - 20.4
16.3 – 20.0
>48.1
>48.1
>3.5
>3.5
>24.4
>24.4
>34.4
>34.3
>5.3
>5.2
>20.4
>20.0
mg kg-1
B
Zn
Cu
Mn
Fe
NL
F value
NL
F value
NL
F value
NL
F value
NL
F value
<40.8
<41.2
<21.7
<21.8
<3.9
<3.7
<14.9
<14.9
<52.3
<52.6
40.8 – 53.6
41.2 – 53.8
21.7 – 24.9
21.8 – 24.9
3.9 – 9.8
3.7 - 9.8
14.9 – 33.4
14.9 – 33.4
52.3 – 80.2
52.6 – 80.4
53.6 - 79.4
53.8 - 79.2
24.9 - 31.2
24.9 - 31.2
9.8 – 22.0
9.8 - 22.0
33.4 - 70.8
33.4 - 70.8
80.2 - 136.5
80.4 - 136.3
79.4 - 92.2
79.2 - 91.8
31.2 - 34.4
31.2 - 34.3
22.0 – 27.9
22.0 – 28.1
70.8 - 89.3
70.8 - 89.4
136.5 - 164.4
136.3 - 164.1
>92.2
>91.8
>34.4
>34.3
>27.9
>28.1
>89.3
>89.4
>164.4
>164.1
15. Biomass Now – Sustainable Growth and Use
142
Serra et al. (2012)
Table 4. Percentage of plots diagnosed by Beaufils ranges as deficient, deficiency-prone, sufficient,
excess-prone or excess leaf nutrient contents of cotton, based on the criteria of natural log
transformation (NL) and F value (Serra et al., 2012).
8. Conclusion
The DRIS developed by Beaufils (1973) had among its objectives, to correct the problem of
correlation with the sampling time of the plant nutrients, and using dual ratio that promote
the relationship among. Hence, improving efficacy of plant nutritional diagnosis allows the
determination of the evaluation of the nutritional balance.
Nutrient Norm Deficiency Deficiency-
prone
Sufficient Excess-
prone
Excess
% of plots
N
P
K
Ca
Mg
S
NL
F value
NL
F value
NL
F value
NL
F value
NL
F value
NL
F value
19.44
19.44
7.41
7.41
16.67
16.67
19.44
19.44
12.04
12.04
2.78
7.41
15.74
15.74
19.44
19.44
14.81
14.81
17.59
17.59
9.26
9.26
54.63
50.93
38.89
39.81
45.37
45.37
44.44
44.44
46.30
43.52
31.48
31.48
21.30
20.37
9.26
8.33
12.04
12.04
13.89
13.89
7.41
10.19
18.52
14.81
11.11
2.78
16.67
16.67
15.74
15.74
10.19
10.19
9.26
9.26
28.70
32.41
10.19
18.52
% of plots
B
Zn
Cu
Mn
Fe
NL
F value
NL
F value
NL
F value
NL
F value
NL
F value
13.89
14.81
25.00
25.93
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.93
0.93
33.33
32.41
25.93
25.00
36.11
37.96
22.22
22.22
37.04
37.04
32.41
32.41
25.93
25.93
42.59
40.74
55.56
55.56
50.00
50.00
9.26
9.26
10.19
8.33
11.11
11.11
11.11
11.11
2.78
2.78
11.11
11.11
12.96
14.81
10.19
10.19
11.11
11.11
9.26
9.26
16. Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) to Assess the Nutritional State of Plants 143
With the advent of Diagnose and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) by Beaufils
(1973), researchers were setting to this system of nutritional diagnosis in order to increase
their efficiency. However, evolution has brought a number of possibilities for calculation of
DRIS’ norms and functions, that are needed to be tested to determine the best combination
of methodology.
The use of DRIS is still being widely disseminated in the world, DRIS brings results
consistently good in assessing the nutritional status of plants, showing the nutritional
balance, a fact which is not observed with traditional systems (sufficiency range and critical
level).
Author details
Ademar Pereira Serra and Davi José Bungenstab
Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation – Embrapa, Brazil
Marlene Estevão Marchetti, Franklyn Clawdy Nunes Guimarães, Vanessa Do Amaral
Conrad and Henrique Soares de Morais
Agrarian Science Faculty, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados – UFGD, Brazil
Maria Anita Gonçalves da Silva
Agrarian Science Faculty, Universidade Estadual de Maringá – UEM, Brazil
Rosilene Pereira Serra
Federal University of Mato Grosso, Brazil
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