4411421079_Fika Amaliatus Sholihah_Journal Review.pptx
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This document summarizes a research article about the relationship between gut microbiota and neurotransmitters in anxiety and depression. The study reviewed evidence that changes in gut microbiota composition are related to mental health conditions. It focused on studies of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine neurotransmission in the brains of stress-related rodent models. The results supported that brain neurotransmitter modulation is linked to anxiety and depression through gut microbiota. However, more research is needed to understand how gut microbiota impacts human neurotransmission and potential applications for therapy.
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Polina Kapoustina 1st student scholarship
This document summarizes recent research on the relationship between gut health and mental health. Several studies in animals and humans are described that demonstrate how probiotic supplementation can positively influence mood, anxiety, depression and stress levels. The animal studies suggest probiotics may affect mental health by influencing neurotransmitters like serotonin and stress hormone levels. The human studies showed probiotics reduced anxiety, depression and stress symptoms in both healthy and chronic fatigue syndrome patients. While more research is still needed, current evidence suggests maintaining gut health through probiotic use could be a potential preventative or supplemental treatment strategy for some mental health issues.
Current Paradigms to Explore the Gut Microbiota Linkage to Neurological Disor...
It has been suggested that an intricate communication link exists between the gut microbiota and the brain and its ability to modulate behaviour of an individual governing homeostasis. Metabolic activity of the microbiota is considered to be relatively constant in healthy individuals, despite diff erences in the composition of microbiota. The metabolites produced by gut microbiota and their homeostatic balance is often perturbed as a result of neurological complications. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to explore the link between gut microbiota and brain function and behaviour through neural, endocrine, and immune pathways. This current review focusses on the impact of altered gut microbiota on brain functions and how microbiome modulation by use of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics might prove benefi cial in the prevention and/or treatment of neurological disorders. It is important to carefully understand the complex mechanisms underlying the gut–brain axis so as to use the gut microbiota as a therapeutic intervention strategy for neurological disorders.
gut brain axis and psychiatry
can gut microbiota be the newer approach for treatment in psychiatric disorders??
Presentation gut microbiota
presentation based on gut microbiota, its variability according to diet and its connection with mind and different psychological disorders.
From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mechanisms a...
From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mechanisms a...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Abstract
The human body hosts an enormous abundance and diversity of microbes, which perform a range of essential and beneficial functions. Our appreciation of the importance of these microbial communities to many aspects of human physiology has grown dramatically in recent years. We know, for example, that animals raised in a germ-free environment exhibit substantially altered immune and metabolic function, while the disruption of commensal microbiota in humans is associated with the development of a growing number of diseases. Evidence is now emerging that, through interactions with the gut– brain axis, the bidirectional communication system between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract, the gut microbiome can also influence neural development, cognition and behaviour, with recent evidence that changes in behaviour alter gut microbiota composition, while modifications of the microbiome can induce depressive-like behaviours. Although an association between enteropathy and certain psychiatric conditions has long been recognized, it now appears that
gut microbes represent direct mediators of psychopathology. Here, we examine roles of gut microbiome in shaping brain development and neurological function, and the mechanisms by which it can contribute to mental illness. Further, we discuss how the insight provided by this new and exciting field of research can inform care and provide a basis for the design of novel, microbiota-targeted, therapies.Neurological influence of Microbes by Antra Sood , Arnav Sood
How Microbes Influence the Brain.This presentation shows gut brain axis and neurological disorders caused by microbes in gut
The Brain gut axis
The document summarizes the brain-gut axis, which refers to the bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal system. It describes the complex interactions between the brain, gut, immune system, and gut microbiota. Key points include that the gut contains as many neurons as the spinal cord, communicates with the brain via the vagus nerve and hormones, and influences mood and behavior. Probiotics and prebiotics can impact mental health by altering microbiota composition and neurochemical signaling along the brain-gut axis.
Microbiomes and depression
According to the document:
1. Microbiome dysbiosis is associated with depression, as certain genera like Proteobacteria increase due to depression-induced inflammation while genera like Coprococcus decrease.
2. Depression and stress can disrupt the gut microbiome composition, reducing diversity.
3. Microbiome restoration through probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal transplants shows promise in improving depression symptoms by regulating the microbiome-gut-brain axis.
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This document summarizes recent research on the relationship between gut health and mental health. Several studies in animals and humans are described that demonstrate how probiotic supplementation can positively influence mood, anxiety, depression and stress levels. The animal studies suggest probiotics may affect mental health by influencing neurotransmitters like serotonin and stress hormone levels. The human studies showed probiotics reduced anxiety, depression and stress symptoms in both healthy and chronic fatigue syndrome patients. While more research is still needed, current evidence suggests maintaining gut health through probiotic use could be a potential preventative or supplemental treatment strategy for some mental health issues.
Current Paradigms to Explore the Gut Microbiota Linkage to Neurological Disor...
It has been suggested that an intricate communication link exists between the gut microbiota and the brain and its ability to modulate behaviour of an individual governing homeostasis. Metabolic activity of the microbiota is considered to be relatively constant in healthy individuals, despite diff erences in the composition of microbiota. The metabolites produced by gut microbiota and their homeostatic balance is often perturbed as a result of neurological complications. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to explore the link between gut microbiota and brain function and behaviour through neural, endocrine, and immune pathways. This current review focusses on the impact of altered gut microbiota on brain functions and how microbiome modulation by use of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics might prove benefi cial in the prevention and/or treatment of neurological disorders. It is important to carefully understand the complex mechanisms underlying the gut–brain axis so as to use the gut microbiota as a therapeutic intervention strategy for neurological disorders.
gut brain axis and psychiatry
can gut microbiota be the newer approach for treatment in psychiatric disorders??
Presentation gut microbiota
presentation based on gut microbiota, its variability according to diet and its connection with mind and different psychological disorders.
From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mechanisms a...
From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: mechanisms a...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
Abstract
The human body hosts an enormous abundance and diversity of microbes, which perform a range of essential and beneficial functions. Our appreciation of the importance of these microbial communities to many aspects of human physiology has grown dramatically in recent years. We know, for example, that animals raised in a germ-free environment exhibit substantially altered immune and metabolic function, while the disruption of commensal microbiota in humans is associated with the development of a growing number of diseases. Evidence is now emerging that, through interactions with the gut– brain axis, the bidirectional communication system between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract, the gut microbiome can also influence neural development, cognition and behaviour, with recent evidence that changes in behaviour alter gut microbiota composition, while modifications of the microbiome can induce depressive-like behaviours. Although an association between enteropathy and certain psychiatric conditions has long been recognized, it now appears that
gut microbes represent direct mediators of psychopathology. Here, we examine roles of gut microbiome in shaping brain development and neurological function, and the mechanisms by which it can contribute to mental illness. Further, we discuss how the insight provided by this new and exciting field of research can inform care and provide a basis for the design of novel, microbiota-targeted, therapies.Neurological influence of Microbes by Antra Sood , Arnav Sood
How Microbes Influence the Brain.This presentation shows gut brain axis and neurological disorders caused by microbes in gut
The Brain gut axis
The document summarizes the brain-gut axis, which refers to the bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the gastrointestinal system. It describes the complex interactions between the brain, gut, immune system, and gut microbiota. Key points include that the gut contains as many neurons as the spinal cord, communicates with the brain via the vagus nerve and hormones, and influences mood and behavior. Probiotics and prebiotics can impact mental health by altering microbiota composition and neurochemical signaling along the brain-gut axis.
Microbiomes and depression
According to the document:
1. Microbiome dysbiosis is associated with depression, as certain genera like Proteobacteria increase due to depression-induced inflammation while genera like Coprococcus decrease.
2. Depression and stress can disrupt the gut microbiome composition, reducing diversity.
3. Microbiome restoration through probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal transplants shows promise in improving depression symptoms by regulating the microbiome-gut-brain axis.
The central nervous system and the gut microbiome
Summary
Neurodevelopment is a complex process governed by both intrinsic and extrinsic signals. While historically studied by researching the brain, inputs from the periphery impact many neurological conditions. Indeed, emerging data suggests communication between the gut and the brain in anxiety,
depression, cognition and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The development of a healthy, functional brain depends on key pre- and post-natal events that integrate environmental cues, such as molecular signals from the gut. These cues largely originate from the microbiome, the consortium of symbiotic bacteria that reside within all animals. Research over the past few years reveals that the gut microbiome plays a role in basic neurogenerative processes such as the formation of the blood-brainbarrier, myelination, neurogenesis, and microglia maturation, and also modulates many aspects of animal behavior. Herein, we discuss the biological intersection of neurodevelopment and the microbiome, and explore the hypothesis that gut bacteria are integral contributors to development and function of the nervous system, and the balance between mental health and disease.
Scientific Journal of Depression & Anxiety
Depression as one of the most prevalent and life-threatening
forms of mental illness affects about 1/5 of the world’s population [1], and the number of patients suffering from it is still increasing [2]. Th e understanding of the pathophysiology and the treatment of this disorder remains greatly challenging to modern medicine.
Scientifi c Journal of Depression & Anxiety
Depression as one of the most prevalent and life-threatening
forms of mental illness affects about 1/5 of the world’s population [1], and the number of patients suffering from it is still increasing [2]. The understanding of the pathophysiology and the treatment of this disorder remains greatly challenging to modern medicine. Though many different antidepressants were commercially available during the past years, not all patients were treated satisfactorily accompanied with some potential side effects of these drugs [3,4]. Th is highlights the imperative to the continuous search for new alternatives for the treatment of depression [5,6]. Some recent studies documented that some specific molecules such as chrysin [6], oxytocin [7], P11 [8], and OTX2 [9] are closely related to depression/depression-like behaviors, which suggests potentially important roles of these molecules in the treatment of depression.
Microbiota and Gut-Brain Axis in Health
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ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONPrebiotic intake reduces the waking .docx
ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION
Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response
and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers
Kristin Schmidt & Philip J. Cowen & Catherine J. Harmer &
George Tzortzis & Steven Errington & Philip W. J. Burnet
Received: 23 July 2014 /Accepted: 10 November 2014 /Published online: 3 December 2014
# The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract
Rationale There is now compelling evidence for a link be-
tween enteric microbiota and brain function. The ingestion of
probiotics modulates the processing of information that is
strongly linked to anxiety and depression, and influences the
neuroendocrine stress response. We have recently demonstrat-
ed that prebiotics (soluble fibres that augment the growth of
indigenous microbiota) have significant neurobiological ef-
fects in rats, but their action in humans has not been reported.
Objectives The present study explored the effects of two
prebiotics on the secretion of the stress hormone, cortisol
and emotional processing in healthy volunteers.
Methods Forty-five healthy volunteers received one of two
prebiotics (fructooligosaccharides, FOS, or Bimuno®-galacto-
oligosaccharides, B-GOS) or a placebo (maltodextrin) daily for
3 weeks. The salivary cortisol awakening response was sam-
pled before and after prebiotic/placebo administration. On the
final day of treatment, participants completed a computerised
task battery assessing the processing of emotionally salient
information.
Results The salivary cortisol awakening response was signif-
icantly lower after B-GOS intake compared with placebo.
Participants also showed decreased attentional vigilance to
negative versus positive information in a dot-probe task after
B-GOS compared to placebo intake. No effects were found
after the administration of FOS.
Conclusion The suppression of the neuroendocrine stress
response and the increase in the processing of positive
versus negative attentional vigilance in subjects supple-
mented with B-GOS are consistent with previous find-
ings of endocrine and anxiolytic effects of microbiota
proliferation. Further studies are therefore needed to test
the utility of B-GOS supplementation in the treatment
of stress-related disorders.
Keywords Cortisol . Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis .
Gut microbiota . Prebiotics . Anxiety . Attention . Emotional
processing
Introduction
The adult human gut microbiota comprises over 1000
species and 7000 bacterial strains and is characterised
by a balanced compositional signature with moderate
inter-individual variability (Gareau et al. 2010; Cryan
and Dinan 2012). Probiotic strains, which have the
ability to confer beneficial effects upon the host, have
received renewed attention in recent years (e.g. Forsythe
and Kunze 2013). A particular focus has been put on
their ability to influence neural and endocrine systems
and behavioural phenotypes (Cryan and O’Mahony
2011; Dinan and Cryan 2012). Their potentia.
Microbiota and mental health with the emphasize of the role of autoantibodies
The document discusses the complex relationship between the gut microbiome and the brain and immune system. It notes that the gut contains trillions of microbes that interact with host genetics and diet to influence health. The gut uses various mechanisms like mucus and antimicrobial peptides to minimize contact between bacteria and epithelial cells. Disruptions to this homeostasis can lead to inflammation and conditions like IBD. Environmental factors like improved hygiene may also impact gut microbes and immune system development. The gut-brain axis allows communication between the two systems through neural, hormonal and immune pathways. Changes to the gut microbiome could influence brain function and behavior. Molecular mimicry between gut bacteria and human proteins may also trigger autoimmune responses impacting the
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3) Many similarities are seen between hibernation in bears and major depression in humans, including neurobiological changes, symptoms, and the underlying metabolic processes. This supports the theory that metabolic depression underlies both.
T h e n e w e n g l a n d j o u r n a l o f m e d i c i n.docx
T h e n e w e n g l a n d j o u r n a l o f m e d i c i n e
n engl j med 358;1 www.nejm.org january 3, 2008 55
review article
Mechanisms of Disease
Major Depressive Disorder
R.H. Belmaker, M.D., and Galila Agam, Ph.D.
From Ben Gurion University of the Negev,
Beersheba, Israel. Address reprint requests
to Dr. Belmaker at Beersheba Mental
Health Center, P.O. Box 4600, Beersheba,
Israel, or at [email protected]
N Engl J Med 2008;358:55-68.
Copyright © 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society.
Depression is related to the normal emotions of sadness and bereavement, but it does not remit when the external cause of these emo-tions dissipates, and it is disproportionate to their cause. Classic severe states
of depression often have no external precipitating cause. It is difficult, however, to
draw clear distinctions between depressions with and those without psychosocial
precipitating events.1 The diagnosis of major depressive disorder requires a distinct
change of mood, characterized by sadness or irritability and accompanied by at least
several psychophysiological changes, such as disturbances in sleep, appetite, or sex-
ual desire; constipation; loss of the ability to experience pleasure in work or with
friends; crying; suicidal thoughts; and slowing of speech and action. These chang-
es must last a minimum of 2 weeks and interfere considerably with work and fam-
ily relations. On the basis of this broad definition, the lifetime incidence of depres-
sion in the United States is more than 12% in men and 20% in women.2 Some have
advocated a much narrower definition of severe depression, which they call melan-
cholia or vital depression.3
A small percentage of patients with major depression have had or will have manic
episodes consisting of hyperactivity, euphoria, and an increase in pleasure seeking.
Although some pathogenetic mechanisms in these cases and in cases of major depres-
sive disorder overlap, a history of mania defines a distinct illness termed bipolar dis-
order.4
Depression is a heterogeneous disorder with a highly variable course, an inconsis-
tent response to treatment, and no established mechanism. This review presents the
major current approaches to understanding the biologic mechanisms of major de-
pression.
G e n e t i c s
Studies comparing concordance rates for major depression between monozygotic and
dizygotic twins suggest a heritability of about 37%,5 which is much lower than the
heritability of bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Some aspects of the normal person-
ality, such as avoidance of harm, anxiousness, and pessimism, are also partly heritable.6
Kendler et al.7 showed that although depression is due in part to heritable depression-
prone personality traits, it is also the result of heritable factors that are independent
of personality. Early-onset, severe, and recurrent depression may have a higher heri-
tability than other forms of depression.8 It is clear from studies of families that majo.
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2) Two studies provided evidence that enteric glia can generate new neurons in the gut after injury, indicating they may serve as neuronal precursors.
3) Research found that neuronal serotonin protects the enteric nervous system and regulates motility and inflammation, while mucosal serotonin contributes to visceral pain. A new
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Every day, parents observe the growing behavioural repertoir
Every day, parents observe the growing behavioural
repertoires of their infants and young children, and
the corresponding changes in cognitive and emotional
functions. These changes are thought to relate to normal
brain development, particularly the development of the
hippocampus, the amygdala and the frontal lobes, and
the complex circuitry that connects these brain regions.
At the other end of the age spectrum, we observe changes
in cognition that accompany aging in our parents. These
changes are related to both normal and pathological
brain processes associated with aging.
Studies in animals and humans have shown that
during both early childhood and old age the brain
is particularly sensitive to stress, probably because it
undergoes such important changes during these periods.
Furthermore, research now relates exposure to early-life
stress with increased reactivity to stress and cognitive
deficits in adulthood, indicating that the effects of stress
at different periods of life interact.
Stress triggers the activation of the hypothalamus-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, culminating in the pro-
duction of glucocorticoids by the adrenals (FIG. 1).
Receptors for these steroids are expressed throughout
the brain; they can act as transcription factors and so
regulate gene expression. Thus, glucocorticoids can have
potentially long-lasting effects on the functioning of the
brain regions that regulate their release.
This Review describes the effects of stress during pre-
natal life, infancy, adolescence, adulthood and old age on
the brain, behaviour and cognition, using data from ani-
mal (BOX 1) and human studies. Here, we propose a model
that integrates the effects of stress across the lifespan,
along with future directions for stress research.
Prenatal stress
Animal studies. In animals, exposure to stress early in
life has ‘programming’ effects on the HPA axis and the
brain1. A single or repeated exposure of a pregnant
female to stress2 or to glucocorticoids3 increases mater-
nal glucocorticoid secretion. A portion of these gluco-
corticoids passes through the placenta to reach the fetus,
increasing fetal HPA axis activity and modifying brain
development4. In rats prenatal stress leads to long-term
increases in HPA axis activity 5. Controlling glucocor-
ticoid levels in stressed dams by adrenalectomy and
hormone replacement prevents these effects, indicating
that elevations in maternal glucocorticoids mediate the
prenatal programming of the HPA axis6.
Glucocorticoids are important for normal brain
maturation: they initiate terminal maturation, remodel
axons and dendrites and affect cell survival7; both sup-
pressed and elevated glucocorticoid levels impair brain
development and functioning. For example, admin-
istration of synthetic glucocorticoids to pregnant rats
delays the maturation of neurons, myelination, glia
and vasculature in the offspring, significantly altering
neuronal structure and synaps ...
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The central nervous system and the gut microbiome
Summary
Neurodevelopment is a complex process governed by both intrinsic and extrinsic signals. While historically studied by researching the brain, inputs from the periphery impact many neurological conditions. Indeed, emerging data suggests communication between the gut and the brain in anxiety,
depression, cognition and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The development of a healthy, functional brain depends on key pre- and post-natal events that integrate environmental cues, such as molecular signals from the gut. These cues largely originate from the microbiome, the consortium of symbiotic bacteria that reside within all animals. Research over the past few years reveals that the gut microbiome plays a role in basic neurogenerative processes such as the formation of the blood-brainbarrier, myelination, neurogenesis, and microglia maturation, and also modulates many aspects of animal behavior. Herein, we discuss the biological intersection of neurodevelopment and the microbiome, and explore the hypothesis that gut bacteria are integral contributors to development and function of the nervous system, and the balance between mental health and disease.
Scientific Journal of Depression & Anxiety
Depression as one of the most prevalent and life-threatening
forms of mental illness affects about 1/5 of the world’s population [1], and the number of patients suffering from it is still increasing [2]. Th e understanding of the pathophysiology and the treatment of this disorder remains greatly challenging to modern medicine.
Scientifi c Journal of Depression & Anxiety
Depression as one of the most prevalent and life-threatening
forms of mental illness affects about 1/5 of the world’s population [1], and the number of patients suffering from it is still increasing [2]. The understanding of the pathophysiology and the treatment of this disorder remains greatly challenging to modern medicine. Though many different antidepressants were commercially available during the past years, not all patients were treated satisfactorily accompanied with some potential side effects of these drugs [3,4]. Th is highlights the imperative to the continuous search for new alternatives for the treatment of depression [5,6]. Some recent studies documented that some specific molecules such as chrysin [6], oxytocin [7], P11 [8], and OTX2 [9] are closely related to depression/depression-like behaviors, which suggests potentially important roles of these molecules in the treatment of depression.
Microbiota and Gut-Brain Axis in Health
This lecture is presented by our volunteer Hina Nawaz, she is from Karachi, Pakistan, and she is covering "Microbiota and Gut-Brain Axis in Health"
For video: https://youtu.be/W2hfl5_FaF8
ORIGINAL INVESTIGATIONPrebiotic intake reduces the waking .docx
ORIGINAL INVESTIGATION
Prebiotic intake reduces the waking cortisol response
and alters emotional bias in healthy volunteers
Kristin Schmidt & Philip J. Cowen & Catherine J. Harmer &
George Tzortzis & Steven Errington & Philip W. J. Burnet
Received: 23 July 2014 /Accepted: 10 November 2014 /Published online: 3 December 2014
# The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com
Abstract
Rationale There is now compelling evidence for a link be-
tween enteric microbiota and brain function. The ingestion of
probiotics modulates the processing of information that is
strongly linked to anxiety and depression, and influences the
neuroendocrine stress response. We have recently demonstrat-
ed that prebiotics (soluble fibres that augment the growth of
indigenous microbiota) have significant neurobiological ef-
fects in rats, but their action in humans has not been reported.
Objectives The present study explored the effects of two
prebiotics on the secretion of the stress hormone, cortisol
and emotional processing in healthy volunteers.
Methods Forty-five healthy volunteers received one of two
prebiotics (fructooligosaccharides, FOS, or Bimuno®-galacto-
oligosaccharides, B-GOS) or a placebo (maltodextrin) daily for
3 weeks. The salivary cortisol awakening response was sam-
pled before and after prebiotic/placebo administration. On the
final day of treatment, participants completed a computerised
task battery assessing the processing of emotionally salient
information.
Results The salivary cortisol awakening response was signif-
icantly lower after B-GOS intake compared with placebo.
Participants also showed decreased attentional vigilance to
negative versus positive information in a dot-probe task after
B-GOS compared to placebo intake. No effects were found
after the administration of FOS.
Conclusion The suppression of the neuroendocrine stress
response and the increase in the processing of positive
versus negative attentional vigilance in subjects supple-
mented with B-GOS are consistent with previous find-
ings of endocrine and anxiolytic effects of microbiota
proliferation. Further studies are therefore needed to test
the utility of B-GOS supplementation in the treatment
of stress-related disorders.
Keywords Cortisol . Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis .
Gut microbiota . Prebiotics . Anxiety . Attention . Emotional
processing
Introduction
The adult human gut microbiota comprises over 1000
species and 7000 bacterial strains and is characterised
by a balanced compositional signature with moderate
inter-individual variability (Gareau et al. 2010; Cryan
and Dinan 2012). Probiotic strains, which have the
ability to confer beneficial effects upon the host, have
received renewed attention in recent years (e.g. Forsythe
and Kunze 2013). A particular focus has been put on
their ability to influence neural and endocrine systems
and behavioural phenotypes (Cryan and O’Mahony
2011; Dinan and Cryan 2012). Their potentia.
Microbiota and mental health with the emphasize of the role of autoantibodies
The document discusses the complex relationship between the gut microbiome and the brain and immune system. It notes that the gut contains trillions of microbes that interact with host genetics and diet to influence health. The gut uses various mechanisms like mucus and antimicrobial peptides to minimize contact between bacteria and epithelial cells. Disruptions to this homeostasis can lead to inflammation and conditions like IBD. Environmental factors like improved hygiene may also impact gut microbes and immune system development. The gut-brain axis allows communication between the two systems through neural, hormonal and immune pathways. Changes to the gut microbiome could influence brain function and behavior. Molecular mimicry between gut bacteria and human proteins may also trigger autoimmune responses impacting the
Presentación plegable molecular
The document discusses two studies: 1) A study that discovered a protein called Nova 1 that modulates gene expression involved in nervous system formation and structure, providing new insights into vertebrate brain evolution. 2) A study that found a link between obesity and insulin resistance, discovering that RNA splicing proteins are decreased in obese individuals, altering gene expression and predisposing them to insulin resistance and potential diabetes. The studies advance understanding of gene regulation and splicing in health and disease.
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Bidirectional communication of gut system. Gut brain axis
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1) The document proposes that metabolic depression, an adaptive process of energy preservation seen in hibernation, is responsible for major depression in humans.
2) It suggests bears are a good animal model for studying depression because they hibernate with only mild hypothermia, unlike other hibernating animals.
3) Many similarities are seen between hibernation in bears and major depression in humans, including neurobiological changes, symptoms, and the underlying metabolic processes. This supports the theory that metabolic depression underlies both.
T h e n e w e n g l a n d j o u r n a l o f m e d i c i n.docx
T h e n e w e n g l a n d j o u r n a l o f m e d i c i n e
n engl j med 358;1 www.nejm.org january 3, 2008 55
review article
Mechanisms of Disease
Major Depressive Disorder
R.H. Belmaker, M.D., and Galila Agam, Ph.D.
From Ben Gurion University of the Negev,
Beersheba, Israel. Address reprint requests
to Dr. Belmaker at Beersheba Mental
Health Center, P.O. Box 4600, Beersheba,
Israel, or at [email protected]
N Engl J Med 2008;358:55-68.
Copyright © 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society.
Depression is related to the normal emotions of sadness and bereavement, but it does not remit when the external cause of these emo-tions dissipates, and it is disproportionate to their cause. Classic severe states
of depression often have no external precipitating cause. It is difficult, however, to
draw clear distinctions between depressions with and those without psychosocial
precipitating events.1 The diagnosis of major depressive disorder requires a distinct
change of mood, characterized by sadness or irritability and accompanied by at least
several psychophysiological changes, such as disturbances in sleep, appetite, or sex-
ual desire; constipation; loss of the ability to experience pleasure in work or with
friends; crying; suicidal thoughts; and slowing of speech and action. These chang-
es must last a minimum of 2 weeks and interfere considerably with work and fam-
ily relations. On the basis of this broad definition, the lifetime incidence of depres-
sion in the United States is more than 12% in men and 20% in women.2 Some have
advocated a much narrower definition of severe depression, which they call melan-
cholia or vital depression.3
A small percentage of patients with major depression have had or will have manic
episodes consisting of hyperactivity, euphoria, and an increase in pleasure seeking.
Although some pathogenetic mechanisms in these cases and in cases of major depres-
sive disorder overlap, a history of mania defines a distinct illness termed bipolar dis-
order.4
Depression is a heterogeneous disorder with a highly variable course, an inconsis-
tent response to treatment, and no established mechanism. This review presents the
major current approaches to understanding the biologic mechanisms of major de-
pression.
G e n e t i c s
Studies comparing concordance rates for major depression between monozygotic and
dizygotic twins suggest a heritability of about 37%,5 which is much lower than the
heritability of bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Some aspects of the normal person-
ality, such as avoidance of harm, anxiousness, and pessimism, are also partly heritable.6
Kendler et al.7 showed that although depression is due in part to heritable depression-
prone personality traits, it is also the result of heritable factors that are independent
of personality. Early-onset, severe, and recurrent depression may have a higher heri-
tability than other forms of depression.8 It is clear from studies of families that majo.
Nrgastro.2011.247
This document summarizes key advances in neurogastroenterology and motility research from 2011. Three main points are:
1) Studies showed that gut microbes and nutrients can affect mood and food intake through the vagus nerve and endocannabinoid signaling. Stress was also found to exacerbate visceral pain through changes in primary afferent neurons and spinal glia.
2) Two studies provided evidence that enteric glia can generate new neurons in the gut after injury, indicating they may serve as neuronal precursors.
3) Research found that neuronal serotonin protects the enteric nervous system and regulates motility and inflammation, while mucosal serotonin contributes to visceral pain. A new
Sindhu A. Research Article
This study investigated the effects of Bacopa monnieri (brahmi) and L-deprenyl on antioxidant enzyme activities and markers of the neuroendocrine-immune system in female Wistar rats. The rats were treated with brahmi or L-deprenyl for 10 days. Both brahmi and L-deprenyl enhanced catalase activity and expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, nerve growth factor, and NF-kB in the spleen. However, only L-deprenyl enhanced ERK1/2 and CREB expression in the spleen. The treatments differentially altered antioxidant enzyme activities in the brain, heart, thymus, mesenteric lymph nodes,
Significance of sprouted broccoli
Neuro inflammation plays a pivotal role in the regulation of aging, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), multiple sclerosis (MS), stroke, depression, dementia, and metabolic anomalies such as hypertension and diabetes. Neuro inflammation is also the pathogenic hallmark of the aging-related neurodegenerative conditions. Therefore, anti-inflammatory strategies and analysis could be efficient prophylactic and therapeutic management strategies for the number of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. CNS disorders may develop owing to the chronic microglial activation. Glial cells, specifically microglia, are immune cells in the CNS that are responsible for the maintenance of normal homeostasis as well as the repair after injury in the brain.
Every day, parents observe the growing behavioural repertoir
Every day, parents observe the growing behavioural
repertoires of their infants and young children, and
the corresponding changes in cognitive and emotional
functions. These changes are thought to relate to normal
brain development, particularly the development of the
hippocampus, the amygdala and the frontal lobes, and
the complex circuitry that connects these brain regions.
At the other end of the age spectrum, we observe changes
in cognition that accompany aging in our parents. These
changes are related to both normal and pathological
brain processes associated with aging.
Studies in animals and humans have shown that
during both early childhood and old age the brain
is particularly sensitive to stress, probably because it
undergoes such important changes during these periods.
Furthermore, research now relates exposure to early-life
stress with increased reactivity to stress and cognitive
deficits in adulthood, indicating that the effects of stress
at different periods of life interact.
Stress triggers the activation of the hypothalamus-
pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, culminating in the pro-
duction of glucocorticoids by the adrenals (FIG. 1).
Receptors for these steroids are expressed throughout
the brain; they can act as transcription factors and so
regulate gene expression. Thus, glucocorticoids can have
potentially long-lasting effects on the functioning of the
brain regions that regulate their release.
This Review describes the effects of stress during pre-
natal life, infancy, adolescence, adulthood and old age on
the brain, behaviour and cognition, using data from ani-
mal (BOX 1) and human studies. Here, we propose a model
that integrates the effects of stress across the lifespan,
along with future directions for stress research.
Prenatal stress
Animal studies. In animals, exposure to stress early in
life has ‘programming’ effects on the HPA axis and the
brain1. A single or repeated exposure of a pregnant
female to stress2 or to glucocorticoids3 increases mater-
nal glucocorticoid secretion. A portion of these gluco-
corticoids passes through the placenta to reach the fetus,
increasing fetal HPA axis activity and modifying brain
development4. In rats prenatal stress leads to long-term
increases in HPA axis activity 5. Controlling glucocor-
ticoid levels in stressed dams by adrenalectomy and
hormone replacement prevents these effects, indicating
that elevations in maternal glucocorticoids mediate the
prenatal programming of the HPA axis6.
Glucocorticoids are important for normal brain
maturation: they initiate terminal maturation, remodel
axons and dendrites and affect cell survival7; both sup-
pressed and elevated glucocorticoid levels impair brain
development and functioning. For example, admin-
istration of synthetic glucocorticoids to pregnant rats
delays the maturation of neurons, myelination, glia
and vasculature in the offspring, significantly altering
neuronal structure and synaps ...
Gut microbiota
The document discusses the gut microbiota and its importance. It notes that the gut contains trillions of microbes, weighing up to 5 lbs, with thousands of bacterial species. The major phyla include Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. The gut microbiota plays key roles in digesting nutrients, preventing pathogenic growth, and supporting metabolic and immune system functions. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is associated with obesity, stress, anxiety, depression, autism and other conditions. Future research on the gut microbiota is needed to better understand its development and impact on health and disease.
Act addiction and evolutionary process, common aspects in pharmaco toxicologi...
Act addiction and evolutionary process, common aspects in pharmaco toxicologi...M. Luisetto Pharm.D.Spec. Pharmacology
This document discusses common physiological pathways involved in both addiction and evolutionary processes in mammals. Specifically:
- Reward mechanisms like dopamine signaling evolved to encourage behaviors important for survival like caring for offspring and are hijacked by addictive substances.
- Studies show similarities in brain regions and neuronal circuits involved in maternal behaviors in early offspring care and those exploited by addictive drugs.
- Understanding these evolutionary similarities can provide insight into addiction and inform treatment approaches by targeting shared neurobiological mechanisms.Gut brain axis and microbiota
The gut-brain axis (GBA) consists of bidirectional communication between the central and the enteric nervous system, linking emotional and cognitive centers of the brain with peripheral intestinal functions. Recent advances in research have described the importance of gut microbiota in influencing these interactions.
The Function Of A Memory
The document discusses the function of memory and how stress and noradrenergic mechanisms affect memory formation and consolidation. It states that the stress response is mediated by the HPA axis and release of catecholamines, which activate pathways that stimulate long-term memory formation. However, exposure to traumatic or chronic stress can impair memory or cause memory-related disorders like PTSD. The noradrenergic system is implicated in emotional memory consolidation. Administering beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists during memory reconsolidation is a possible method for modifying intolerable memories in psychiatric patients. The paper will characterize the effects of the beta-blocker propranolol on stress-mediated memory reconsolidation.
M.Sc Presentation
This study aims to examine the effects of agomelatine, a melatonergic antidepressant, on behavioral, neuroendocrine, and neurochemical disturbances in socially isolated reared rats. The study leader and collaborators will administer agomelatine or comparator drugs like melatonin or S32006 to socially isolated and control rats and assess outcomes related to monoamine levels, HPA axis regulation, oxidative stress, immune function, and cognition. The study aims to demonstrate the face validity, construct validity, and predictive validity of agomelatine treatment in reversing social isolation induced disturbances based on its proposed mechanism of resynchronizing circadian rhythms and modulating monoamine levels.
Plegable biologia molecular
This document summarizes several scientific articles about proteins and their interactions with bacteria and drugs. It discusses how immune system proteins called defensins can modify bacterial toxins and inactivate them, protecting the host. It also describes research into how modifying receptor proteins could help develop new drugs for treating mental disorders. Modulating the interaction between receptors and other proteins like gephyrin could provide insights into alternative treatments.
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4411421079_Fika Amaliatus Sholihah_Journal Review.pptx
- 1. Brain Neurotransmitter Modulation by Gut Microbiota in Anxiety and Depression Fika Amaliatus Sholihah_4411421079
- 2. Journal’s Identity 01 Title 02 03 04 Brain Neurotransmitter Modulation by Gut Microbiota in Anxiety and Depression Authors Fei Huang and Xiaojun Wu Journal name Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology Publised 2021
- 3. Abstract Anxiety and depression are highly prevalent mental illnesses worldwide and have long been thought to be closely associated to neurotransmitter modulation. There is growing evidence indicating that changes in the composition of the gut microbiota are related to mental health including anxiety and depression. In this review, we focus on combining the intestinal microbiota with serotonergic, dopaminergic, and noradrenergic neurotransmission in brain, with special emphasis on the anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in stress-related rodent models. Therefore, we reviewed studies conducted on germ-free rodents, or in animals subjected to microbiota absence using antibiotics, as well as via the usage of probiotics. All the results strongly support that the brain neurotransmitter modulation by gut microbiota is indispensable to the physiopathology of anxiety and depression. However, a lot of work is needed to determine how gut microbiota mediated neurotransmission in human brain has any physiological significance and, if any, how it can be used in therapy. Overall, the gut microbiota provides a novel way to alter neurotransmitter modulation in the brain and treat gut–brain axis diseases, such as anxiety and depression. Keywords: serotonin, dopamine, noradrenaline, gut microbiota, anxiety- and depression-like behavior
- 4. Aim Explain the intestinal microbiota with neurotransmission in brain, with special emphasis on the anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in stress-related rodent models.
- 5. The research is for studies including text words related to microbiota (microbiome or flora) and neurotransmitter, and anxiety or depression. The search was carried out using the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases. Researchers included in vivo studies investigating gut microbiota in relation to anxiety and depression, and in which neurotransmitters are part of the pathophysiology, to facilitate comparisons. Method
- 6. The effects of gut microbiota on the brain is to destroy the gut microbial ecology. Therefore, GF rodents provide a good tool to test the gut microbial colonization from early to adulthood. When considering how the bacteria may affect the brain neurotransmitters, one possible mechanism is that metabolite produced by the intestinal flora can be used as precursors for the synthesis of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system; for instance, B. infantis has been found to increase plasma tryptophan levels, thereby affecting the transmission of brain. The limited evidence available on NE in anxiety- and depression-like behavior suggests that they could be influenced by gut microbiota. Overall, modifications of gut microbiota can affect brain systems of 5- HT, DA, and NE in various rodent models of stress, as well as their anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Result
- 7. The evidence summarized in this section highlights the role of gut microbiota in regulating 5-HT modulation in anxiety- and depression-like behavior in models of stress. More and more evidence supports that treatment for anxiety and depression could take advantage of intervention at the gut microbiota, either through reasonable use of antibiotics or via identification of novel microbial strains that influence the brain serotonergic, dopaminergic, and noradrenergic activity. Conclusion
- 8. Advantages Weakness This journal is possible to indicate a close connection between intestinal symbionts and neurotransmitters in neuropsychiatric diseases, and it seems to be a possible way to communicate along the gut–brain axis. This is still an unsolved question; moreover, the potential mechanisms of how the gut microbiota can affect the anxiety- and depression- like behavior via neurotransmitters are required to validate.
- 10. THANKS