The document discusses the evolution of telephony from 1876 to the present, including the development of mobile telephony. It describes the public switched telephone network and how it connects to subscribers. It also covers multiple access procedures used in mobile networks, including FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and SDMA. Finally, it discusses technologies that enabled mobile computing through telephony networks, such as computer telephony interface, intelligent networks, and interactive voice response systems.
This document discusses mobile computing through telephony and satellite communication systems. It covers the evolution of telephony from 1876 to present day. It describes the public switched telephone network and different multiple access procedures used in mobile networks like FDMA, TDMA, CDMA and SDMA. It also discusses low earth orbit satellites, medium earth orbit satellites, geostationary earth orbit satellites and satellite phone companies. Finally, it describes how mobile computing is enabled through computer telephony interface and interactive voice response systems using voice and DTMF inputs.
This document discusses mobile computing through telephony and mobile networks. It covers the evolution of telephony from 1876 to present day, describing technologies like the public switched telephone network, multiple access procedures for mobile networks including FDMA, TDMA, CDMA and SDMA. It also discusses topics like satellite communication systems, satellite phones, computer telephony interface, interactive voice response service, and voice XML.
The Iridium satellite system allows for global mobile communications through a constellation of 66 low Earth orbit satellites. It uses a digitally switched network architecture to provide telephone service anywhere on Earth. Each satellite is crosslinked to four other satellites to relay digital information and determine the best routing path for calls through inter-satellite links and ground-based gateways. The unique feature of the Iridium system is its crosslinks that allow two-way global communications even when the destination location is unknown.
This document provides an overview of mobile communication and cellular technologies. It begins with learning objectives which are to refresh basics of cellular technologies, understand functioning in a cellular environment, and explain technical aspects of cellular telecommunications. The document then outlines the course agenda which will cover topics like access methods, multiple access techniques, mobile services, evolution of cellular communication standards like GSM and CDMA, cellular networks, and wireless data technologies. It dives into concepts like electromagnetic waves, frequency division multiple access, time division multiple access, duplexing, cellular architecture with frequency reuse, and elements of mobile communication systems.
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) technology allows for wireless communication via satellite using small dish antennas. A VSAT network consists of a central hub with a large antenna that communicates with multiple remote VSAT sites. The hub controls and monitors the network, sending data to the satellite which amplifies and redirects the signals to the VSATs. VSAT offers advantages like flexibility, lower installation costs than terrestrial networks, and ability to access areas without terrestrial infrastructure. Common applications of VSAT include corporate networks, internet access, distance education, and retail/banking networks. VSAT uses multiple access techniques like TDMA to allow efficient sharing of satellite bandwidth among sites.
Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or the entire communication path.
Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or the entire communication path.
Wireless and mobile communication transmits voice and data using electromagnetic waves. It uses frequencies between 300 kHz to 300 GHz, with different technologies operating at different frequency bands. Wireless communication allows transmission of information between moving stations, enabling applications such as mobile phones and wireless networking.
This document discusses mobile computing through telephony and satellite communication systems. It covers the evolution of telephony from 1876 to present day. It describes the public switched telephone network and different multiple access procedures used in mobile networks like FDMA, TDMA, CDMA and SDMA. It also discusses low earth orbit satellites, medium earth orbit satellites, geostationary earth orbit satellites and satellite phone companies. Finally, it describes how mobile computing is enabled through computer telephony interface and interactive voice response systems using voice and DTMF inputs.
This document discusses mobile computing through telephony and mobile networks. It covers the evolution of telephony from 1876 to present day, describing technologies like the public switched telephone network, multiple access procedures for mobile networks including FDMA, TDMA, CDMA and SDMA. It also discusses topics like satellite communication systems, satellite phones, computer telephony interface, interactive voice response service, and voice XML.
The Iridium satellite system allows for global mobile communications through a constellation of 66 low Earth orbit satellites. It uses a digitally switched network architecture to provide telephone service anywhere on Earth. Each satellite is crosslinked to four other satellites to relay digital information and determine the best routing path for calls through inter-satellite links and ground-based gateways. The unique feature of the Iridium system is its crosslinks that allow two-way global communications even when the destination location is unknown.
This document provides an overview of mobile communication and cellular technologies. It begins with learning objectives which are to refresh basics of cellular technologies, understand functioning in a cellular environment, and explain technical aspects of cellular telecommunications. The document then outlines the course agenda which will cover topics like access methods, multiple access techniques, mobile services, evolution of cellular communication standards like GSM and CDMA, cellular networks, and wireless data technologies. It dives into concepts like electromagnetic waves, frequency division multiple access, time division multiple access, duplexing, cellular architecture with frequency reuse, and elements of mobile communication systems.
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) technology allows for wireless communication via satellite using small dish antennas. A VSAT network consists of a central hub with a large antenna that communicates with multiple remote VSAT sites. The hub controls and monitors the network, sending data to the satellite which amplifies and redirects the signals to the VSATs. VSAT offers advantages like flexibility, lower installation costs than terrestrial networks, and ability to access areas without terrestrial infrastructure. Common applications of VSAT include corporate networks, internet access, distance education, and retail/banking networks. VSAT uses multiple access techniques like TDMA to allow efficient sharing of satellite bandwidth among sites.
Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or the entire communication path.
Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or the entire communication path.
Wireless and mobile communication transmits voice and data using electromagnetic waves. It uses frequencies between 300 kHz to 300 GHz, with different technologies operating at different frequency bands. Wireless communication allows transmission of information between moving stations, enabling applications such as mobile phones and wireless networking.
Chapter 1 AI is used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM):.pptxfilembarketema
Certainly! Here are some examples of how AI is used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM):
Chatbots: AI-powered chatbots are used in CRM systems to provide automated customer support and assistance. Chatbots can handle a wide range of customer inquiries, answer frequently asked questions, and provide relevant information in real-time. They can engage in natural language conversations, understand customer intent, and provide personalized recommendations or solutions.
Sentiment Analysis: AI algorithms can analyze customer interactions, such as emails, social media posts, and chat transcripts, to determine customer sentiment and emotions. Sentiment analysis helps CRM systems understand customer satisfaction levels, identify potential issues or concerns, and take proactive measures to address them.
Personalization: AI enables CRM systems to deliver personalized experiences to customers. By analyzing customer data, purchase history, browsing behavior, and preferences, AI algorithms can generate personalized product recommendations, targeted marketing campaigns, and customized offers to enhance customer engagement and satisfaction.
Lead Scoring and Qualification: AI can assist in lead scoring and qualification processes. By analyzing historical data and customer behavior patterns, AI algorithms can predict the likelihood of a lead converting into a customer. This helps sales teams prioritize their efforts and allocate resources effectively to high-potential leads, improving conversion rates and sales efficiency.
Predictive Analytics: AI algorithms can analyze customer data and historical patterns to make predictions about customer behavior, such as likelihood to churn or cross-sell/up-sell opportunities. These predictions help CRM systems identify the most effective strategies for customer retention and revenue growth.
Voice and Speech Analytics: AI-powered voice and speech analytics tools can analyze customer calls and extract valuable insights. These tools can identify keywords, sentiment, and speech patterns to understand customer needs, identify common issues, and provide feedback for agent training and process improvement.
Social Media Monitoring: AI algorithms can monitor social media platforms to track brand mentions, customer feedback, and sentiment. This helps CRM systems identify customer concerns, engage in social listening, and respond promptly to customer queries or complaints, improving overall customer satisfaction and brand reputation.
Customer Segmentation: AI can assist in segmenting customers based on various criteria, such as demographics, purchase history, interests, and behavior. This enables CRM systems to tailor marketing campaigns, promotions, and communication strategies to specific customer segments, improving targeting and response rates.
Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) Prediction: This helps CRM
Orbits : types of satellites : frequency used link establishment, MA techniques used in satellite communication, earth station; aperture actuators used in satellite – Intelsat and Insat: fibers – types:
sources, detectors used, digital filters, optical link: power line carrier communications: SCADA
The document discusses various concepts related to mobile communication systems including satellite communication, digital audio broadcasting (DAB), digital video broadcasting (DVB), GSM, UMTS, DECT, TETRA and more. It provides definitions, explanations and diagrams related to key concepts such as satellite orbits and latency, DAB/DVB modulation techniques and protocols, GSM network architecture and protocols, UMTS architecture and handover types, DECT system architecture, and applications of TETRA system.
Wireless communication allows transmission of data and voice through electromagnetic waves without wires. It provides flexibility and mobility as users can connect from anywhere. Common wireless technologies include WiFi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks which operate at different frequencies and have varying range, bandwidth, and capabilities. While wireless provides connectivity without physical limitations, it also faces challenges such as security, infrastructure costs, and signal interference.
Telecommunication involves the transmission of information using technology. It has basic elements including a transmitter, transmission medium, and receiver. Telecommunication occurs through various channels and technologies like telephone networks, cellular networks, and the internet. Common concepts include modulation, multiplexing, circuit switching, and packet switching. Modern cellular technologies progression includes 2G, 3G, LTE, and VoLTE networks that provide improved data speeds and services. ADSL uses frequencies on copper telephone lines to provide faster internet speeds than traditional modems.
Wireless communication allows for freedom from wires and global connectivity. It transmits voice and data using radio waves without physical connections. Common wireless technologies include radio frequencies, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks. Wireless communication provides flexibility but also has disadvantages like security issues and signal interference. Major wireless systems include cellular networks for phone calls over large areas, wireless LANs for local connectivity, satellite systems for global coverage, paging systems for brief messages, and personal area networks like Bluetooth.
This summary provides an overview of the history and technology of mobile, cellular, and personal communications systems:
Mobile radio systems evolved from two-way radios used by public services to cellular networks that enabled widespread mobile phone use. Cellular networks overcome issues with conventional mobile networks by reusing frequencies in adjacent hexagonal cells controlled by base stations and switching offices. Personal communications systems (PCS) operate in different frequency bands than early cellular networks and use digital technologies like TDMA and CDMA to further improve spectrum efficiency. These advances have enabled mobile networks to support additional features and the growth of wireless communication.
Early Mobile Telephone System Architecture.docxPaulMuthenya
This document discusses several key aspects of cellular network architecture and technology:
- Traditional mobile networks used one powerful transmitter, while cellular networks use many low-power transmitters divided into cells to increase capacity and allow handoffs between transmitters.
- Modern networks divide both rural and urban areas into cells using specific deployment guidelines.
- Mobile networks employ different multiple access techniques including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously.
This document provides information about cellular networks and cellular technology. It discusses how cellular networks work using a network of cells with radio signals and base stations to allow communication between mobile devices. It also describes some key aspects of cellular networks including frequency reuse, multiple access methods like FDMA and TDMA, signal encoding, handovers between cells, and provides an example of cellular networks using mobile phone networks.
This document provides an overview of VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) network technology. It describes the key components of a VSAT network including the outdoor and indoor units, hub station, and satellite. The outdoor unit includes the antenna, transceivers, and amplifiers while the indoor unit includes the multiplexer/demultiplexer, modem, and interfaces. VSAT networks can be configured in a star topology with all traffic routed through the central hub or in a mesh topology allowing direct terminal-to-terminal communication. Common applications of VSAT networks include corporate networks, broadcasting, and interactive data services between distributed sites.
This document provides an overview of VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) network technology. It describes the key components of a VSAT network including the outdoor and indoor units, hub station, and satellite. The outdoor unit includes the antenna, transceivers, and amplifiers while the indoor unit includes the multiplexer/demultiplexer, modem, and interfaces. VSAT networks can be configured in a star topology with all traffic routed through the central hub or in a mesh topology allowing direct terminal-to-terminal communication. Common applications of VSAT networks include corporate networks, broadcasting, and interactive data services between distributed sites.
The document discusses the telecommunication systems used by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC). It describes the key components which include fiber optic transmission, public information displays, public address systems, master clocks, CCTV, radio systems, and telephone exchanges. It focuses on the radio communication system, which uses TETRA technology. The radio system allows voice communication between train operators, station controllers in the Operational Control Center, and other staff via mobile and fixed radios installed across the DMRC network.
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a set of standards that defines an end-to-end digital telephone network. It uses existing telephone wiring to transmit digital signals faster than modems. ISDN components include terminal equipment, terminal adapters, network terminations, and exchange terminations. Reference points define the interfaces between these components. Private networks use non-routable IP addresses to connect local devices without needing public IP addresses.
Satellite systems provide global coverage without the need for wiring infrastructure. They can broadcast TV and radio signals and provide telecommunication services. Early systems included Syncom (1963), the first geostationary satellite, and Intelsat (1965), the first commercial geostationary system. Modern systems include Iridium (66 satellites at 780km), Globalstar (48 satellites at 1414km), and proposed systems like Teledesic (288 satellites at 700km) that provide voice and data services from low Earth orbit. Handover between satellites and ground stations allows mobility but introduces complexity in routing calls and data.
Wireless communication allows for freedom from wires and instantaneous communication without physical connections. It provides global coverage for communication that can reach areas where wiring is infeasible or costly. Wireless communication transmits voice and data using radio waves without wires. It uses different frequency channels that can transmit information independently and in parallel. While wireless communication provides mobility and flexibility, it also faces security and physical obstruction issues compared to wired communication.
Human: Thank you for the summary. It effectively captured the key points about wireless communication in just 3 sentences as requested.
Cellular networks divide geographic areas into smaller cells to increase capacity and reuse frequencies. Each cell has a base station that transmits and receives from mobile devices within its cell. As mobile devices move between cells during calls, the network performs handovers to transfer the call seamlessly between base stations. Common cellular technologies include GSM, CDMA, and LTE that use techniques like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA to allow frequency reuse and multiple access across cells.
1) 2G networks like GSM were the first digital cellular networks, providing improved voice quality and support for SMS text messaging.
2) GSM networks consist of a Network Switching Subsystem (NSS), Base Station Subsystem (BSS), and Mobile Station (MS). The NSS includes components like the MSC, HLR, VLR that manage calls and subscriber data. The BSS includes the BSC and BTS to handle radio transmissions.
3) GSM networks operate in various frequency bands like 900MHz, 1800MHz, and 1900MHz, using technologies like TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to share the spectrum.
This document discusses various elements of telecommunications systems including synchronous and asynchronous communications, channel characteristics, transmission media types, wireless options from short to long range, cellular transmission standards from 3G to 4G, hardware components, VPNs, DSL, VoIP, videoconferencing, EDI, and GPS applications. Synchronous communication provides instant delivery while asynchronous has delayed delivery. Channels can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex. Transmission media include guided or wireless options. Wireless ranges from short to satellite and includes standards like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular.
1. The document discusses various topics related to mobile communication and networks including definitions of key terms like base station, control channel, and handoff.
2. It explains concepts like frequency reuse, which allows the same set of frequencies to be reused in different cells by limiting each cell's coverage area.
3. Channel assignment strategies and handoff strategies are covered, distinguishing between fixed and dynamic channel assignment and soft and hard handoffs.
4. Propagation models are summarized, including free space propagation models which predict signal strength over large transmitter-receiver distances with clear line of sight.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Chapter 1 AI is used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM):.pptxfilembarketema
Certainly! Here are some examples of how AI is used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM):
Chatbots: AI-powered chatbots are used in CRM systems to provide automated customer support and assistance. Chatbots can handle a wide range of customer inquiries, answer frequently asked questions, and provide relevant information in real-time. They can engage in natural language conversations, understand customer intent, and provide personalized recommendations or solutions.
Sentiment Analysis: AI algorithms can analyze customer interactions, such as emails, social media posts, and chat transcripts, to determine customer sentiment and emotions. Sentiment analysis helps CRM systems understand customer satisfaction levels, identify potential issues or concerns, and take proactive measures to address them.
Personalization: AI enables CRM systems to deliver personalized experiences to customers. By analyzing customer data, purchase history, browsing behavior, and preferences, AI algorithms can generate personalized product recommendations, targeted marketing campaigns, and customized offers to enhance customer engagement and satisfaction.
Lead Scoring and Qualification: AI can assist in lead scoring and qualification processes. By analyzing historical data and customer behavior patterns, AI algorithms can predict the likelihood of a lead converting into a customer. This helps sales teams prioritize their efforts and allocate resources effectively to high-potential leads, improving conversion rates and sales efficiency.
Predictive Analytics: AI algorithms can analyze customer data and historical patterns to make predictions about customer behavior, such as likelihood to churn or cross-sell/up-sell opportunities. These predictions help CRM systems identify the most effective strategies for customer retention and revenue growth.
Voice and Speech Analytics: AI-powered voice and speech analytics tools can analyze customer calls and extract valuable insights. These tools can identify keywords, sentiment, and speech patterns to understand customer needs, identify common issues, and provide feedback for agent training and process improvement.
Social Media Monitoring: AI algorithms can monitor social media platforms to track brand mentions, customer feedback, and sentiment. This helps CRM systems identify customer concerns, engage in social listening, and respond promptly to customer queries or complaints, improving overall customer satisfaction and brand reputation.
Customer Segmentation: AI can assist in segmenting customers based on various criteria, such as demographics, purchase history, interests, and behavior. This enables CRM systems to tailor marketing campaigns, promotions, and communication strategies to specific customer segments, improving targeting and response rates.
Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) Prediction: This helps CRM
Orbits : types of satellites : frequency used link establishment, MA techniques used in satellite communication, earth station; aperture actuators used in satellite – Intelsat and Insat: fibers – types:
sources, detectors used, digital filters, optical link: power line carrier communications: SCADA
The document discusses various concepts related to mobile communication systems including satellite communication, digital audio broadcasting (DAB), digital video broadcasting (DVB), GSM, UMTS, DECT, TETRA and more. It provides definitions, explanations and diagrams related to key concepts such as satellite orbits and latency, DAB/DVB modulation techniques and protocols, GSM network architecture and protocols, UMTS architecture and handover types, DECT system architecture, and applications of TETRA system.
Wireless communication allows transmission of data and voice through electromagnetic waves without wires. It provides flexibility and mobility as users can connect from anywhere. Common wireless technologies include WiFi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks which operate at different frequencies and have varying range, bandwidth, and capabilities. While wireless provides connectivity without physical limitations, it also faces challenges such as security, infrastructure costs, and signal interference.
Telecommunication involves the transmission of information using technology. It has basic elements including a transmitter, transmission medium, and receiver. Telecommunication occurs through various channels and technologies like telephone networks, cellular networks, and the internet. Common concepts include modulation, multiplexing, circuit switching, and packet switching. Modern cellular technologies progression includes 2G, 3G, LTE, and VoLTE networks that provide improved data speeds and services. ADSL uses frequencies on copper telephone lines to provide faster internet speeds than traditional modems.
Wireless communication allows for freedom from wires and global connectivity. It transmits voice and data using radio waves without physical connections. Common wireless technologies include radio frequencies, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks. Wireless communication provides flexibility but also has disadvantages like security issues and signal interference. Major wireless systems include cellular networks for phone calls over large areas, wireless LANs for local connectivity, satellite systems for global coverage, paging systems for brief messages, and personal area networks like Bluetooth.
This summary provides an overview of the history and technology of mobile, cellular, and personal communications systems:
Mobile radio systems evolved from two-way radios used by public services to cellular networks that enabled widespread mobile phone use. Cellular networks overcome issues with conventional mobile networks by reusing frequencies in adjacent hexagonal cells controlled by base stations and switching offices. Personal communications systems (PCS) operate in different frequency bands than early cellular networks and use digital technologies like TDMA and CDMA to further improve spectrum efficiency. These advances have enabled mobile networks to support additional features and the growth of wireless communication.
Early Mobile Telephone System Architecture.docxPaulMuthenya
This document discusses several key aspects of cellular network architecture and technology:
- Traditional mobile networks used one powerful transmitter, while cellular networks use many low-power transmitters divided into cells to increase capacity and allow handoffs between transmitters.
- Modern networks divide both rural and urban areas into cells using specific deployment guidelines.
- Mobile networks employ different multiple access techniques including FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously.
This document provides information about cellular networks and cellular technology. It discusses how cellular networks work using a network of cells with radio signals and base stations to allow communication between mobile devices. It also describes some key aspects of cellular networks including frequency reuse, multiple access methods like FDMA and TDMA, signal encoding, handovers between cells, and provides an example of cellular networks using mobile phone networks.
This document provides an overview of VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) network technology. It describes the key components of a VSAT network including the outdoor and indoor units, hub station, and satellite. The outdoor unit includes the antenna, transceivers, and amplifiers while the indoor unit includes the multiplexer/demultiplexer, modem, and interfaces. VSAT networks can be configured in a star topology with all traffic routed through the central hub or in a mesh topology allowing direct terminal-to-terminal communication. Common applications of VSAT networks include corporate networks, broadcasting, and interactive data services between distributed sites.
This document provides an overview of VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) network technology. It describes the key components of a VSAT network including the outdoor and indoor units, hub station, and satellite. The outdoor unit includes the antenna, transceivers, and amplifiers while the indoor unit includes the multiplexer/demultiplexer, modem, and interfaces. VSAT networks can be configured in a star topology with all traffic routed through the central hub or in a mesh topology allowing direct terminal-to-terminal communication. Common applications of VSAT networks include corporate networks, broadcasting, and interactive data services between distributed sites.
The document discusses the telecommunication systems used by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC). It describes the key components which include fiber optic transmission, public information displays, public address systems, master clocks, CCTV, radio systems, and telephone exchanges. It focuses on the radio communication system, which uses TETRA technology. The radio system allows voice communication between train operators, station controllers in the Operational Control Center, and other staff via mobile and fixed radios installed across the DMRC network.
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) is a set of standards that defines an end-to-end digital telephone network. It uses existing telephone wiring to transmit digital signals faster than modems. ISDN components include terminal equipment, terminal adapters, network terminations, and exchange terminations. Reference points define the interfaces between these components. Private networks use non-routable IP addresses to connect local devices without needing public IP addresses.
Satellite systems provide global coverage without the need for wiring infrastructure. They can broadcast TV and radio signals and provide telecommunication services. Early systems included Syncom (1963), the first geostationary satellite, and Intelsat (1965), the first commercial geostationary system. Modern systems include Iridium (66 satellites at 780km), Globalstar (48 satellites at 1414km), and proposed systems like Teledesic (288 satellites at 700km) that provide voice and data services from low Earth orbit. Handover between satellites and ground stations allows mobility but introduces complexity in routing calls and data.
Wireless communication allows for freedom from wires and instantaneous communication without physical connections. It provides global coverage for communication that can reach areas where wiring is infeasible or costly. Wireless communication transmits voice and data using radio waves without wires. It uses different frequency channels that can transmit information independently and in parallel. While wireless communication provides mobility and flexibility, it also faces security and physical obstruction issues compared to wired communication.
Human: Thank you for the summary. It effectively captured the key points about wireless communication in just 3 sentences as requested.
Cellular networks divide geographic areas into smaller cells to increase capacity and reuse frequencies. Each cell has a base station that transmits and receives from mobile devices within its cell. As mobile devices move between cells during calls, the network performs handovers to transfer the call seamlessly between base stations. Common cellular technologies include GSM, CDMA, and LTE that use techniques like FDMA, TDMA, and CDMA to allow frequency reuse and multiple access across cells.
1) 2G networks like GSM were the first digital cellular networks, providing improved voice quality and support for SMS text messaging.
2) GSM networks consist of a Network Switching Subsystem (NSS), Base Station Subsystem (BSS), and Mobile Station (MS). The NSS includes components like the MSC, HLR, VLR that manage calls and subscriber data. The BSS includes the BSC and BTS to handle radio transmissions.
3) GSM networks operate in various frequency bands like 900MHz, 1800MHz, and 1900MHz, using technologies like TDMA and FDMA to allow multiple users to share the spectrum.
This document discusses various elements of telecommunications systems including synchronous and asynchronous communications, channel characteristics, transmission media types, wireless options from short to long range, cellular transmission standards from 3G to 4G, hardware components, VPNs, DSL, VoIP, videoconferencing, EDI, and GPS applications. Synchronous communication provides instant delivery while asynchronous has delayed delivery. Channels can be simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex. Transmission media include guided or wireless options. Wireless ranges from short to satellite and includes standards like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular.
1. The document discusses various topics related to mobile communication and networks including definitions of key terms like base station, control channel, and handoff.
2. It explains concepts like frequency reuse, which allows the same set of frequencies to be reused in different cells by limiting each cell's coverage area.
3. Channel assignment strategies and handoff strategies are covered, distinguishing between fixed and dynamic channel assignment and soft and hard handoffs.
4. Propagation models are summarized, including free space propagation models which predict signal strength over large transmitter-receiver distances with clear line of sight.
Similar to 440301087-3-Mobile-Computing-through-Telephony-pptx.pptx (20)
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
2. Evolution of Telephony
1876 – First telephone system by Alexander GrahamBell
1892 – Strowger switch installed as first automatic telephone
exchange
1960 – Electronic Switching System (ESS) developed byAT&T
1962 – Carrier system went digital
1960’s and 1970’s – Stored program telephone exchanges
1980’s – Wireless telephony emerged
1990’s – Mobile telephony flourished commercially across the
world
3. Public Switched Telephone Network
Three categories of nodes – local exchanges, transit exchanges,
and international exchanges.
Local exchanges are used for subscriber connection.
Transit exchanges switch traffic within and between different
geographical areas.
International exchanges switch traffic to telecommunication
networks in foreign countries and other distant networks.
Last mile – a physical wire (also known as local loop) that is
laid from local exchange to the device at subscriber premises.
Last mile is absent in case of GSM or Will network.
4. Multiple Access Procedures
We need to control simultaneous access of radio channel in
order to avoid collisions.
In a connection oriented communication, collisions are
undesirable.
For effective utilization, channel has to be utilized intelligently
by the use of multiplexing.
Four major types of multiple access procedures are Frequency
Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time Division Multiple
Access (TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA).
5. Frequency Division Multiple Access
The available frequency band is divided into channels of equal
bandwidth so that each communication is carried on a different
frequency.
FDMA was used in all the first generation analogmobile
networks like TACS in UK and AMPS in USA.
6. Time Division Multiple Access
It needs precise synchronization between transmitter and
receiver.
The whole frequency bandwidth is subdivided into sub – bands
using FDMA techniques. TDMA is then used in each ofthese
sub – bands to offer multiple access.
TDMA is more expensive than FDMA.
GSM uses TDMA.
7. Code Division Multiple Access
CDMA uses spread spectrum technique where each subscriber
uses the whole system bandwidth.
In CDMA, all subscribers in a cell use the same frequency
band simultaneously.
To separate the signals in CDMA, each subscriber is assigned
an orthogonal code called chip.
CDMA is a broadband system.
8. Space Division Multiple Access
SDMA is a technique where we use different part of the space
for multiplexing.
SDMA is used in radio transmission and is more useful in
satellite communications to optimize the use of radio spectrum by
using directional properties of antennas.
In SDMA, antennas are highly bidirectional while allowing
duplicate frequencies to be used at the same time for multiple
surface zones on Earth.
SDMA requires careful choice of zones for eachtransmitter
and also requires precise antenna alignment.
9. Satellite Communication Systems
Every communications satellite involves the transmission of
information from an originating ground station to the satellite
followed by a retransmission of the information from the satellite
back to the ground called the uplink and the downlink
respectively. Hence, the satellite must have a receiver with receive
antennas, and a transmitter with transmit antennas.
It must also have some methods for connecting the uplink to
the downlink for retransmission with amplification; also, it must
have electrical power through solar energy to run all of the
electronics. The downlink may either be to a select number of
ground stations or may be broadcast to everyone over a large area.
11. Satellite Communication Systems
A properly designed satellite antenna will concentrate mostof
the transmitter power within a designated area using space
division multiplexing.
One of the biggest differences between a low earth satellite and
a geosynchronous satellite is in their antennas. All antennas in use
today radiate energy preferentially in some direction.
The most important application for communication satellites
was in intercontinental long distance telephony. The fixed Public
Switched Telephone Network relays telephone calls from land line
telephones to an earth station, where they are then transmitted to a
geostationary satellite.
The downlink follows an analogous path.
12. Low Earth Orbit Satellite
A Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite typically orbits around the
earth about 400 kilometers above the earth’s surface with a time
period of about 90 minutes.
These satellites are only visible from within a radius of roughly
1000 kilometers from the sub-satellite point. Sub-satellite point is
the point of intersection of earth’s surface with the straight line
from the satellite to the center of earth.
The greatest advantage of LEO satellite is that it does not need
high powered rockets—making it less expensive to launch.
Also, due to its proximity to the ground, LEO does not require
high signal strength.
13. Medium Earth Orbit Satellite
A Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), sometimes called Intermediate
Circular Orbit (ICO), is the region of space around the earth above
low earth orbit of 2,000 kilometres and below geostationary orbit
of 35,786 kilometers.
The most common use for satellites in this region is for
navigation, such as the GPS (with an altitude of 20,200
kilometers), Communications satellites that cover the North and
South Pole are also put in MEO.
The orbital periods of MEO satellites range from about 2 to 24
hours. The MEO orbit has a moderate number of satellites.
14. Geostationary Earth Orbit Satellite
In geostationary satellite, the orbit of the artificial satellite is
such that the orbital speed of the satellite is same as the speed of
earth’s rotation. Though the satellite is moving at a high
speed, from earth it will always appear to be stationary—this is
the reason for calling it geo-stationary.
The GEO satellite could view approximately 42% of the earth.
Therefore, a system of three GEO satellites, with the ability to
relay messages from one GEO to the other could interconnect
virtually all of the earth except the polar regions.
15. Satellite Phones
Initially satellite communication was being used for broadcast
to stationary TV receivers, and transmission of telephone
channels.
However, demand on mobile phone made some companies to
look into satellite phones that will connect a subscriber directly
through the communication satellite, where the satellite will
function as the transceiver station connecting the mobilephone.
17. Mobile Computing through Telephone
Computer Telephony Interface (CTI) – accessing applications
through voice interface
Intelligent Networks (IN) – solving problem of multiple and
geographically bounded numbers
CTI achieved through Interactive Voice Response Service
(IVRS)
IVRS – known as Voice Response Unit in USA
Audiotex systems – systems based on IVRS and VRU
Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) – extensively used in IVRS
19. Benefits of CTI
Easy integration with existing telephone and computer systems
irrespective of whether they are state – of – the – art databases or
legacy systems
Independent of the local and culture as the same application can
be adapted for other languages very quickly
Very effective for rural population and senior citizens who are
not computer savvy
Comprehensive voice – processing capabilities designed
specifically for small, middle and large – size businesses
Provide customized application development tools that are ideal
for different size and types of businesses
20. How CTI is different?
The only difference is User Interface
Input through DTMF (Dual Tone Multi Frequency) telephone
keypad
Input through rotary telephone
Input through voice
Output is always audible sound
21. Interactive Voice Response Service
• Enterprise E-mail / Data
• Flight related information
• Legacy data
Dial 6542222
• Pre-recorded voice prompts guide the user
to get the relevant information
• User inputs data using the telephone keypad
IVRS
DATA
25. Dialogic architecture for IVRS
Network
Interface
Network
Interface
UserApplication
Other
Dialogic
Libraries
Global CallAPI
Call Control Libraries
ANAPII CAPI PDKR T ISDN DM3CC SS7
Device Drivers
Operating Systems
Firmware
Firmware
Telecom
Network
26. IVRS enables solutions like …
Text to speech conversion
Voice / music messaging
Inbound and outbound call processing
Audiotex premium rate services
Intelligent call directing and routing
Voice mail
Billing information and fax on demand.
Reminder service
28. IVRS – Interface to exchange
Physical Interface :
Analog : RJ 11
Digital : 2Mbps E1 interface (75 ohm / 120 ohm)
Digital Signaling :
ISDN-Primary Rate Interface
R2-MFC
SS#7
29. Features of IVRS – I
Touch tone input (DTMF)
Caller identification detection
Multiple application hosting
DNI based application routing
Out dialing
Call transfer
Audio recording
Text – to – speech conversion
30. Features of IVRS – II
CDR
GUI based remote monitoring
Call statistics (Web Interface)
Database access
Data access through Internet
Support of standard voice file format (.vox, .wav, etc)
31. Features of IVRS – III
Input through
- Telephone keypad
- Rotary dial
- Voice recognition
Numeric input (avoid alphabetic input)
- Convert numeric input to other types of input through menu
Alphabetic input can be OK if played back
Output through
- Synthesized voice
- Text – to - speech
32. Using IVRS through telephone keys
Alphabets A, B and C on key 2
Alphabets C, E and F on key 3
Alphabets G, H and I on key 4
Alphabets J, K and L on key 5
Alphabets M, N and O on key 6
Alphabets P,Q, R and S on key 7
Alphabets T, U and V on key 8
Alphabets W, X, Y and Z on key 9
34. Synthesized Voice
Prerecorded syllables or part of the response recorded into
separate files and stored in persistent storage
As and when necessary, these files will be played through
programming logic the way we do convert numeric to text in a
bank cheque
Example: 123 = one.vox + hundred.vox + twenty.vox +
three.vox
where .vox is pre – recorded voice
35. Voice driver andAPI’s
Used to communicate and control voice hardware on IVRS
system
Can make calls, answer calls, identify caller, play and record
sound from phone line and detect DTMF signals
Can tear down a call detect that caller has hung up
Offers API’s to record transaction details
36. IVRS Programming
Voice libraries are supported by Dialogic to interface with
voice driver
Voice libraries exist for single and multithreaded applications
C function libraries exist for a number of purposes
Standard run time library provides a set of common functions
independent of device and applicable to Dialogic devices
37. Single threaded programming model
Enables a program to control multiple voice channels within a
single thread
Allows development of applications where multiple tasks
need to be coordinated simultaneously
Supports both polled and call back event management
38. Multithreaded programming model
Uses functions that block application execution until the
function completes
Applications control each channel from a separate thread or a
process
Enables IVRS system to assign distinct applications to different
channels dynamically in real time
39. VoiceAPI’s
Dialogic provides API’s to use voice board
API’s are available for:
- Device management
- Configuration functions
- I/O functions
- Play and record functions
- Tone detection and generation functions
- Call control functions
40. Dialogic IVRS functions
dx_open( )
dx_close( )
dx_wtcallid( )
dx_getdig( )
dx_play( )
dx_playvox( )
dx_playwav( )
dx_rec( )
dx_recvox( )
dx_recwav( )
dx_dial( )
- opens a voice channel
- closes a voice channel
- waits for rings and reports Caller ID
- gets digits from channel digit buffer
- plays recorded voice data
- plays a single .vox file
- plays a single .wave file
- records voice data
- records voice data to a single .vox file
- records voice data to a single .wave file
- dials an ASCII string of digits
42. IVRS applications – I
Virtual Receptionist:
Having a hard time finding someone to answer the phones and
route calls? Active call center can answer and screen yourphone
calls, take messages, or even route.
Automated Information Retrieval:
Give yourself more time to deal with important issues. Create
simple touch tone menus that will allow your customers to
retrieve directions, contact information, store hours, special
promotions, and more.
43. Interactive Voice Response with content from databases:
Integrate with your databases and deliver retrieved information
back to the caller. For example, a caller might request his order
status by entering their order number via touch – tone.
Need to send SMS:
With this revolutionary technology, you can send SMS from your
landline phone to any mobile in the world.
IVRS applications – II
44. Hands free and eyes free communication
Voice messaging and voice enabled infotainment services
Prepaid and calling card call management
Self configuring systems
Flight schedules & status
Voice mail and voice portals
Telebanking
Binary downloads
Songs on request
Telephone directory
Call centres
IVRS applications – III
46. Voice XML
XML based mark up language for creating distributedvoice
applications
Creates audio dialogs that feature synthesized speech, digitized
audio, spoken voice recognition and DTMF key input
Helps creation of web based voice applications that users can
access over telephone
47. Features of Voice XML dialogs
Spoken input
DTMF input
Recording of spoken input
Synthesized speech output
Recorded audio output
Dialog flow control
Scoping of input
50. Voice server manages several voice browser sessions.
Each voice browser session includes one instance of voice
browser, speech recognition engine and text – to – speech engine.
Voice browser renders and interprets Voice XML documents.
Voice and telephone are needed to access web information and
services over voice browser.
Voice XML application defines a series of dialogs between user
and computer.
The user is always in a dialog at any time and each dialog
determines the next dialog to transition to.
Transitions are specified using URI’s.
Voice XML in web environment
51. Essentials of Voice XML
First line will always contain <?xml> element.
Second line will always contain <vxml> element.
Every Voice XML tag <tag> must have a associated </tag>.
Last line should contain </vxml>.
Prompts, grammar, form, events and links are building elements
of a Voice XML document.
52. Prompts in Voice XML
Information is presented through audio prompts.
Prompts can be either pre – recorded audio or synthesized
speech.
<prompt> is used to generate TTS.
Any text within body of prompt element is spoken.
The software shall read out ―Wouldyou like coffee, tea, milk or
nothing?‖ in
<prompt> Would you like coffee, tea, milk or nothing </prompt>
53. Grammar in Voice XML
Every dialog has one or more speech or DTMF grammars
associated with it.
<grammar> is used to define what the caller can say to the
application at any given time.
Three types of grammar are supported: Inline, External and
Built – in.
Inline grammars are defined right in the Voice XMLdocument.
External grammars are specified in another file and referenced
from within Voice XML document code.
Built – in grammars are pre – specified grammars.
54. Forms in Voice XML
Forms are a way of developing dialog with the caller.
A Voice XML form is a process to present informationand
gather input from the caller.
A Voice XML form is a collection of one or more fields thatthe
caller fills in by saying something.
Fields tell the caller what to say and define words and phrases
that the caller can say.
Based on the caller’s input, the application takes an appropriate
action.
55. Events in Voice XML
Events is Voice XML is a mechanism to handle situations
thrown by the platform under a variety of circumstances such as
when the user does not respond, requests help, etc.
56. Links in Voice XML
Links support a mixed initiative.
It specifies a grammar that is active whenever the user is in the
scope of the link. If user input matches the link’s grammar, control
transfers to link’s destination URI.
Links can be used to throw an event to go to a destination URI.
57. Example of Voice XML document
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<vxml version="1.0">
<form id="add_funds">
<field name="amount" type="currency">
<prompt>How much?</prompt>
</field>
<field>
<prompt>Charge to credit card or tuition
bill?</prompt>
<grammar> credit card | credit | tuition | tuition
bill</grammar>
</field>
</form>
</vxml>
58. Elements of Voice XML – I
<assign>
<audio>
<block>
<break>
<catch>
<choice>
<clear>
Assign a variable a value
Play an audio clip within a prompt
Container of (non – interactive) executable code
JSML element to insert a pause in output
Catches an event
Define a menu item
Clears one or more form item variables
<disconnect>Disconnect a session
<div>
<dtmf>
<else>
<elseif>
<emp>
JSML elements
Specify a touch – tone key grammar
Used in <if> elements
Used in <if> elements
JSML element to change speech output
60. <noinput>
<nomatch>
<object>
<option>
<param>
<prompt>
<property>
<pros>
<record>
<reprompt>
<return>
<sayas>
<script>
Catches a no – input event
Catches a no – match event
Interacts with a custom extension
Specifies an option in a <field>
Parameter in <object> or <subdialog>
Queues TTS and audio output to the user
Control implementation platform settings
JSML element to change the prosody of speech
Records an audio sample.
Plays a field prompt when a field is re-visited
Returns from a sub – dialog
Modifies how a word or phrase is spoken
Specifies a block of ECMA script
<subdialog> Invokes another dialog as a sub – dialog of the
current one
Elements of Voice XML – III
61. Elements of Voice XML – IV
<submit>
<throw>
<transfer>
<value>
<var>
<vxml>
Submit values to a document server
Throws an event
Transfers the caller to another destination
Inserts the value of a expression in a prompt
Declares a variable
Top – level element in each Voice XML document
62. JSpeech Markup Language (JSML)
JSML defines a specific set of elements to mark up text to be
spoken, and defines the interpretation of those elements so that there
is a common understanding between synthesizers and documents
producers of how marked up text will be spoken.
JSML elements provide a speech synthesizer with detailed
information on how to 'speak' text and thus, enables improvements in
the quality, naturalness and understandability of synthesized speech
output.
JSML defines elements that describe the structure of a
document, provide pronunciations of words and phrases, indicate
phrasing, emphasis, pitch and speaking rate, and control other
important speech characteristics.
JSML is designed to be simple to learn and use, to be portable
across different synthesizers and computing platforms, and to be
applicable to a wide range of languages.
63. Telephony Application Programming
Interface
In Telephony Application Programming Interface (TAPI), a
developer can develop voice based services without going too
deep into it.
Speech Application Programming Interface (SAPI) is also one
such standard.
The use of available API’s of TAPI and SAPI shall save the
programmer of the pain of trying to program hardware directly.
TAPI includes interface for convergence of both traditional
PSTN and IP telephony.
64. Benefits of TAPI
Simple user interfaces to set up calls
GUI to set up conference call
See whom you are talking to
Make voice attachments with electronic mails
Users can hear voice attachments when reading mails
Send and receive faxes
Set and configure group and security measures