The document discusses values and value systems. It defines values as principles or ideals that guide individuals and societies. Values are formed from life experiences, culture, beliefs, and important people and things in our lives. Meaning in life comes from building our values out of these influences. A person must consciously choose and act upon their values. The document also examines theories about the origins of values and common Filipino cultural values.

1. VALUESVALUES
Marites Rustia
Soc. Sci. 12

2. NatureNature
All values are important. Life is aAll values are important. Life is a
blend, and a person is a blend of allblend, and a person is a blend of all
the influences that have touched histhe influences that have touched his
life.life.
Meaning is not something you stumbleMeaning is not something you stumble
across, like the answer to a riddle oracross, like the answer to a riddle or
the price in a treasure hunt.the price in a treasure hunt.

3.  Meaning is something you build into yourMeaning is something you build into your
life. You build itlife. You build it
 out of your own pastout of your own past
 out of the experience of humankind as it is passed on toout of the experience of humankind as it is passed on to
youyou
 out of your talent and understandingout of your talent and understanding
 out of the things you believe inout of the things you believe in
 out of the things and people you loveout of the things and people you love
 out of the values for which you are willing to sacrificeout of the values for which you are willing to sacrifice
somethingsomething
The ingredients are there. YOU ARE THE ONLYThe ingredients are there. YOU ARE THE ONLY
ONE who can put them together into that uniqueONE who can put them together into that unique
pattern THAT WILL BE YOUR LIFE.pattern THAT WILL BE YOUR LIFE. LET IT BE ALET IT BE A
LIFE THAT HAS DIGNITY AND MEANING FORLIFE THAT HAS DIGNITY AND MEANING FOR
YOU.YOU.

4. MeaningMeaning
 Etymologically, value comes from theEtymologically, value comes from the
latin wordlatin word “valere”“valere” which meanswhich means to beto be
strong, to be worth.strong, to be worth.
 Values are those standards by which aValues are those standards by which a
group of society judges the desirabilitygroup of society judges the desirability
and importance of persons, ideas,and importance of persons, ideas,
actions or objects.actions or objects.

5.  Values are principles or ideas in whichValues are principles or ideas in which
groups and individuals may believe stronglygroups and individuals may believe strongly
and which guide their respective behaviors.and which guide their respective behaviors.
 Values are ideals, customs, institutions, etc.Values are ideals, customs, institutions, etc.
of a society toward which the members ofof a society toward which the members of
the group have an affective regard.the group have an affective regard.
 Values are broad principles which hold to beValues are broad principles which hold to be
good and true. They color our perceptions ofgood and true. They color our perceptions of
our surroundings which form the core or ourour surroundings which form the core or our
personalities.personalities.

6. VALUE CLARIFICATIONVALUE CLARIFICATION
PROCESSPROCESS
There are seven aspects of values that have toThere are seven aspects of values that have to
be defined and presented in order to say what thebe defined and presented in order to say what the
person has chosen is a value.person has chosen is a value.
Values are not called full values unless they goValues are not called full values unless they go
through the cognitive, affective, and behavioralthrough the cognitive, affective, and behavioral
processes.processes.
Cognitive(Cognitive( Choosing)Choosing)
1.1.Value is chosen freelyValue is chosen freely
2.2.It is chosen among alternatives and withIt is chosen among alternatives and with
consideration of the consequences of theconsideration of the consequences of the
choice.choice.

7. Affective(Affective( Affirming/prizing)Affirming/prizing)
3. There is celebration, the person is happy for his3. There is celebration, the person is happy for his
choice.choice.
4. There is public affirmation of the choice4. There is public affirmation of the choice
((Takes care of it and uses it, must be loved and valued)Takes care of it and uses it, must be loved and valued)
Bahavioral(Bahavioral( Acting)Acting)
5. The value must be acted upon; it must be5. The value must be acted upon; it must be
evident in one’s behavior.evident in one’s behavior.
6. Acting must be repeatedly done in some6. Acting must be repeatedly done in some
fashion to a variety of similar experiences.fashion to a variety of similar experiences.
7. Value should enhance and not impede the7. Value should enhance and not impede the
development of the emotional and spiritual being.development of the emotional and spiritual being.

8. IMPORTANCE/FUNCTIONS
OF VALUES
1.1. Values provide the framework within whichValues provide the framework within which
judgment are made. Values are guide forjudgment are made. Values are guide for
behavior.behavior.
2.2. Values gives purpose and direction to theValues gives purpose and direction to the
lives of the people.lives of the people.
3.3. Values give meaning and significance to lifeValues give meaning and significance to life
and to the totality of society.and to the totality of society.
4.4. Values define what are important to people,Values define what are important to people,
what are worth living for, if need be, whatwhat are worth living for, if need be, what
are worth dying for.are worth dying for.

9. 5.5. Values provide for the gap betweenValues provide for the gap between
knowledge and action. (It is not the mostknowledge and action. (It is not the most
knowledgeable person who puts intoknowledgeable person who puts into
practice what he knows. We do not do whatpractice what he knows. We do not do what
we know; we do what we want.)we know; we do what we want.)
6.6. Values have a primodal place in education,Values have a primodal place in education,
in the total formation of the person.in the total formation of the person.

10.  Values are principles or ideas in whichValues are principles or ideas in which
groups and individuals may believe stronglygroups and individuals may believe strongly
and which guide their respective behaviors.and which guide their respective behaviors.
 Values are ideals, customs, institutions, etc.Values are ideals, customs, institutions, etc.
of a society toward which the members ofof a society toward which the members of
the group have an affective regard.the group have an affective regard.

11. THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN ORTHEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OR
SOURCES OF VALUES.SOURCES OF VALUES.
1.1. The Inner Man or Mentalistic Theory ofThe Inner Man or Mentalistic Theory of
Values (William James)Values (William James)
- all our obligations, all of what we call good
and what we call bad, do not exist as good
and bad per se. They are our construction
and are for each of us but a product of each
individuals wants, needs and desires. It is
the product of each heart and mind.

12. 2.2. The Outer Man or Behavioral Theory ofThe Outer Man or Behavioral Theory of
Values (B. F. Skinner)Values (B. F. Skinner)
- Values come from your personalValues come from your personal
experiencesexperiences
3.3. The Labeling Theory or Cultural RelativismThe Labeling Theory or Cultural Relativism
Theory of ValuesTheory of Values
- things, ideas, events, behavior are neither- things, ideas, events, behavior are neither
good nor bad per se. It is the society whichgood nor bad per se. It is the society which
labels them as either good or bad.labels them as either good or bad.
Different societies have different norms orDifferent societies have different norms or
standards as basis for what is valuable andstandards as basis for what is valuable and

13. CLASSIFICATION OFCLASSIFICATION OF
VALUESVALUES
1. Economic Values1. Economic Values –– objects with materialobjects with material
valuevalue
(Ex. Money, house, car)(Ex. Money, house, car)
2. Behavioral Values2. Behavioral Values –– internalized guides tointernalized guides to
behaviorbehavior
a. Instrumental values(means) or the mode ofa. Instrumental values(means) or the mode of
behavior. Ex. Studying hardbehavior. Ex. Studying hard
b. Terminal values(outcome/end) or the resultsb. Terminal values(outcome/end) or the results
of behavior. Ex. Knowledge and skills;goodof behavior. Ex. Knowledge and skills;good
gradesgrades

14. 3 . Social Values3 . Social Values – values arising from– values arising from
interpersonal relations.interpersonal relations.
a. Prescriptive valuesa. Prescriptive values (thou shall values)(thou shall values)
ex. Thou shall not kill, thou shallex. Thou shall not kill, thou shall
love thy neighborlove thy neighbor
b. Proscriptive valuesb. Proscriptive values (thou shall not values)(thou shall not values)
ex. Thou shall not killex. Thou shall not kill
4. Non-social4. Non-social or Self-concern Valuesor Self-concern Values
ex. Taking a bath everyday,ex. Taking a bath everyday,
amicable dispositionamicable disposition
5. Moral and Spiritual Values5. Moral and Spiritual Values – ethical values– ethical values
and Godly valuesand Godly values

15. Key Values that DominateKey Values that Dominate
the Philippine Way of Lifethe Philippine Way of Life
1. Non-Rationalism vs. Rationalism1. Non-Rationalism vs. Rationalism
Non-rationalismNon-rationalism – involves the belief in the– involves the belief in the
supremacy of nature and forces outside ofsupremacy of nature and forces outside of
oneself like the belief in ghost, spirits, gods andoneself like the belief in ghost, spirits, gods and
supernatural beings.supernatural beings.
Ex.Ex. (Filipino maxims or sayings)(Filipino maxims or sayings)
Bahala naBahala na swerteswerte napasubonapasubo
Iginuhit ng tadhanaIginuhit ng tadhana kapalarankapalaran
Gulong ng paladGulong ng palad malasmalas

16. RationalismRationalism – is the belief that one can actively– is the belief that one can actively
control and manipulate his or her destiny bycontrol and manipulate his or her destiny by
systematic planning, studying, and traning. Asystematic planning, studying, and traning. A
person is responsible for determining his or herperson is responsible for determining his or her
success or failuresuccess or failure
Ex.Ex. (Filipino maxims or sayings)(Filipino maxims or sayings)
KasipaganKasipagan
pagplaplano sa buhaypagplaplano sa buhay
pagtitiwala sa sarilipagtitiwala sa sarili
walang kamalasan sa taong may kasipaganwalang kamalasan sa taong may kasipagan
kung ano ang itinanim siya mong aanihinkung ano ang itinanim siya mong aanihin

17. 2. Personalism and Impersonalism2. Personalism and Impersonalism
PersonalismPersonalism – refers to the tendency to give– refers to the tendency to give
due importance to interpersonal relations indue importance to interpersonal relations in
working arrangements. Kinship, friendship,working arrangements. Kinship, friendship,
intimacy are considered in getting things done.intimacy are considered in getting things done.
ex. Kaibiganex. Kaibigan
compadrecompadre
utang na loobutang na loob
aregloareglo
hiyahiya
pakiusappakiusap

18. ImpersonalismImpersonalism – refers to the tendency to– refers to the tendency to
eliminate the influence of friendship or kinshipeliminate the influence of friendship or kinship
in working relations.in working relations.
3. Particularism and Universalism3. Particularism and Universalism
When a person’s concern is centered on
subgroups made up of relatives, friends,
colleagues, religious affiliates or members, that
individual is called particularistic.
When one’s main concern is the advancement
of the collective national good, he is said to be
universalistic.

19. General Filipino ValuesGeneral Filipino Values
a.a. Bahala naBahala na
b.b. Utang na loobUtang na loob
c.c. Amor propioAmor propio
d.d. FatalismFatalism
e.e. SIR (Smooth interpersonal relationship)SIR (Smooth interpersonal relationship)
f.f. Use of euphemismUse of euphemism
g.g. PakikisamaPakikisama
h.h. Hiya or shameHiya or shame
i.i. PaggalangPaggalang
j.j. PakikialamPakikialam
k.k. Tungkulin ng panganay sa pamilyaTungkulin ng panganay sa pamilya
l.l. Segurista attitude (prenda muna bago utang)Segurista attitude (prenda muna bago utang)
m.m. Filipino timeFilipino time

20. n. Man. Maňňana habitana habit
o. Ningas cogon tendencyo. Ningas cogon tendency
p. Palabra de honor (pagtupad sa sinabi o pangako)p. Palabra de honor (pagtupad sa sinabi o pangako)
q. Colonial mentalityq. Colonial mentality
r. Compadre systemr. Compadre system
s. Lagay systems. Lagay system
t. Walang lamangan mentalityt. Walang lamangan mentality
u. Pagkamatiisinu. Pagkamatiisin
v. Crab mentalityv. Crab mentality
w. baka-sakali attitudew. baka-sakali attitude
x. High regard for womenx. High regard for women
y. Fiesta syndromey. Fiesta syndrome
z. The “z. The “awa”awa” mentalitymentality

21. THANK
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