Sudhir Singhal from the Indian Institute of Petroleum presented on the topics of automotive emissions and fuel quality in India. He discussed vehicle and fuel statistics in India, initiatives taken to reduce emissions and improve fuel quality, current emission and fuel standards, and comparisons to European standards. Estimates of emission reductions from tightened standards from 2000-2002 showed reductions of thousands of tonnes of CO, HC and NOx. Fuel quality was also improving but still lagged European standards in some areas like sulfur content. More improvements were still needed to reduce air pollution in India.

1. 1
SUDHIR SINGHAL
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM
PRESENTED AT
A WORKSHOP “AIR POLLUTION AS A CLIMATE FORCING”
April 29 ~ May 4, 2002
East - West Centre, Honololu, Hawaii
INDIAN SCENARIO ON AUTOMOTIVE
EMISSIONS AND FUEL QUALITY

2. 2
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
 BACKGROUND STATISTICS
 INDIAN SCENARIO ON AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS
 INDIAN SCENARIO ON FUEL QUALITY
 AUTO FUEL POLICY FOR INDIA
 PARTICULATE MATTER CONTROL
 INDIAN SCENARIO ON ALTERNATIVE FUELS
 COMPARISON OF EMISSIONS FROM TWO AND FOUR
STROKE GASOLINE ENGINES
 STEPS TAKEN TO CHECK FUEL ADULTERATION
 SCENARIO IN 7 MEGA CITIES OF INDIA
 WHAT MORE IS REQUIRED ?

3. 3
BACKGROUND STATISTICS

4. 4
BACKGROUND STATISTICS
 VEHICLE POPULATION IN INDIA
 VEHICLE DISTRIBUTION IN INDIAN METROS
 EMISSIONS FROM VEHICLES
 STATUS OF INDIAN REFINERIES
 PRODUCT PATTERN OF INDIAN REFINERIES
 AUTOMOTIVE FUEL CONSUMPTION IN INDIA
 FUEL QUALITY CONCERNS IN INDIA
 VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY CONCERNS IN INDIA

5. 5
VEHICLE POPULATION IN INDIA
YEAR 2 & 3 PASSENGER MUVs COMMERCIAL TRACTORS
WHEELERS CARS VEHICLES
(x106) (x106) (x106) (x106) (x106)
2000 45 5.5 1.50 2.6 3.2
2005 65.89 7.38 1.65 3.17 4.55
Source :
1. Motor Transport Statistics of India, Transport Research Wing,
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
2. Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers

6. 6
VEHICLE DISTRIBUTION IN INDIAN METROS
2,100,000
450,000
345,000
375,000
2-Wheelers
Source : SIAM
DELHI
MUMBAI
CHENNAI
KOLKATA
Total: 50 Million

7. 7
VEHICLE DISTRIBUTION IN INDIAN METROS
13,500
20,700
12,600
36,000
Source : SIAM
DELHI
MUMBAI
KOLKATA
CHENNAI
Buses

8. 8
VEHICLE DISTRIBUTION IN INDIAN METROS
338,000
324,000
180,000
750,000
Cars
Source : SIAM
calcutta madras delhi bombay
calcutta madras delhi bombay
DELHI
MUMBAI
KOLKATA
CHENNAI
Total:6 Million

9. 9
EMISSIONS FROM VEHICLES
REGULATED EMISSIONS
CO,HC,NOx,PM,VISIBLE SMOKE
UN-REGULATED EMISSIONS
ALDEHYDES, PNAH, SOx, BENZENE
GREEN HOUSE GASES
CH4, N2O, CO2

10. 10
STATUS OF INDIAN REFINERIES
 INDIA IS 7TH LARGEST CONSUMER OF PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS IN THE WORLD
 18 FUEL REFINERIES, TOTAL CAPACITY OF 115
MMTPA
 DEMAND OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS IS  100 MMT

11. 11
PRODUCT PATTERN OF INDIAN REFINERIES
LPG
4 %
LOSS
7 %
OTHER S
7 %
B ITU M EN
3 %
FO/ LSHS
1 1 %
LU B ES
1 %
N A PHTHA
1 0 %
HSD
3 9 %
M S
8 %
SKO
8 %
A TF
2 %
Source : MOP&NG

12. 12
AUTOMOTIVE FUEL CONSUMPTION IN INDIA (IN MILLION TONS)
PRODUCT 91/92 2001/02 2006/07
Gasoline 3.57 7.93 11.57
HSD 22.68 52.47 76.68
Source : Report of Sub-Group for 9th Plan MOP&NG, July 1999

13. 13
FUEL QUALITY CONCERNS IN INDIA
 DIESEL : GASOLINE 7 :1
 GASOLINE USED BY 2&3 WHEELERS 65%
UNIQUE REFINERY CONCERNS

14. 14
VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY CONCERNS IN INDIA
DOMINANCE OF DIESEL & 2-STROKE ENGINES
 DIESEL ENGINES - LOW CO, HIGH NOx & PM
 2-STROKES - HIGH HC, VERY LOW NOx
CONSEQUENCE
 HETROGENEOUS EMISSION COMPOSITION
 COMPLEX EFFECT ON AIR POLLUTION
Extrapolating existing knowledge from other countries
could be misleading & may not lead to expected results

15. 15
INDIAN SCENARIO ON
AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS

16. 16
INDIAN SCENARIO ON AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS
 INITIATIVES TAKEN FOR EMISSIONS REDUCTION
 INDIAN AUTOMOTIVE EMISSION NORMS
 VEHICLE EMISSIONS INVENTORY IN 2001-02

17. 17
INITIATIVES TAKEN FOR EMISSION REDUCTION
1991 - MASS EMISSION NORMS FOR GASOLINE VEHICLES, HOT
START, INDIAN DRIVING CYCLE
1992 - MASS EMISSION NORMS FOR DIESEL VEHICLES
1995 - FITMENT OF CAT CONVERTERS FOR CARS IN 4 METROS
1996 - TIGHTENING OF MASS EMISSION NORMS, EVAPORATIVE
AND CRANKCASE EMISSIONS
1998 - COLD START NORMS, 50% REDUCTION IN EMISSION NORMS
FOR CAT FITTED VEHICLES, FITMENT OF CAT CONVERTERS
IN 42 MAJOR CITIES FOR GASOLINE PASSENGER CARS
CONTD….

18. 18
INITIATIVES TAKEN FOR EMISSION REDUCTION
2000 - INDIA 2000 (EURO-I EQUIVALENT) NORMS FOR
ALL FOUR WHEELERS
BHARAT STAGE-II (EURO-II EQUIVALENT) NORMS
IN NCR FOR PASSENGER CARS AND MUVs
EXTENDED TO MUMBAI, KOLKATA AND CHENNAI
IN 2001
STRINGENT NORMS ON IDC FOR 2 & 3-WHEELERS
2001 - BHARAT STAGE-II (EURO-II EQUIVALENT) NORMS
FOR CVs IN DELHI, KOLKATA, MUMBAI AND
CHENNAI
COMMERCIAL VEHICLES MORE THAN 8 YRS OLD
BANNED IN NCR

19. 19
INDIAN AND EUROPEAN VEHICLE EMISSION NORMS
Vehicle Category Euro-I Euro-II Euro-III Euro-IV
and Emissions 1993 1996 2000 2005
India Bharat* Bharat*
2000 Stage-II (2000) Stage-III(2005)
GASOLINE CARS
CO g/km 2.72 2.20 2.30 1.00
HC+NOx g/km 0.97 0.50 0.2 + 0.15 0.1 + 0.08
* IMPLEMENTED ONLY IN METRO CITIES !

20. 20
INDIAN AND EUROPEAN VEHICLE EMISSION NORMS
Vehicle Category Euro-I Euro-II Euro-III Euro-IV
and Emissions 1993 1996 2000 2005
India Bharat* Bharat*
2000 Stage-II (2000) Stage-III(2005)
DIESEL CARS
CO g/km 2.72 1.0 0.64 0.50
HC+NOx g/km 0.97 0.7 (IDI) 0.56 0.30
0.9 (DI)
PM g/km 0.14 / - 0.08 0.05 0.025
*IMPLEMENTED ONLY IN METRO CITIES!

21. 21
INDIAN AND EUROPEAN VEHICLE EMISSION NORMS
Vehicle Category Euro-I Euro-II Euro-III Euro-IV
and Emissions 1993 1996 2000 2005
India Bharat* Bharat*
2000 Stage-II (2001) Stage-III(2005)
DIESEL HEAVY-DUTY
CO g/kWh 4.5 4.0 2.1 1.50
HC g/kWh 1.1 1.1 0.66 0.46
NOx g/kWh 8.0 7.0 5.0 3.5
PM g/kWh 0.36 0.15 0.10 0.02
* IMPLEMENTED ONLY IN METRO CITIES!

22. 22
INDIAN AND EUROPEAN VEHICLE EMISSION NORMS
Vehicle Category India India India
and Emissions 2000 2005 2008
Gasoline Two-Wheelers
CO g/km 2.0 1.5 1.0
HC+NOx g/km 2.0 1.5 1.0
Gasoline Three-Wheelers
CO g/km 4.0 2.25 1.25
HC+NOx g/km 2.0 2.0 1.25
Diesel Two & Three-Wheelers
CO g/km 2.72 1.0 0.50
HC+NOx g/km 0.97 0.85 0.50
PM g/km 0.14 0.10 0.05
Norms still under discussion; Indian Driving Cycle; With D.F.

23. 23
VEHICLE EMISSION INVENTORY IN 2001-02 (,000 TONNES)
VEHICLE TYPE CO HC NOx
(%)
PASSENGER CARS 887 122 83
24 7 4
TWO & THREE WHEELERS 1625 1127 15
45 69 1
DIESEL VEHICLES 1122 391 1806
31 24 95

24. 24
GASOLINE CARS
143.5
94.5
1305.5
276.5
248.5
133
91
1057
185.5
CO
HC
Nox
SAVING
INDIA 2000
BS II
AN ESTIMATION OF EMISSION INVENTORY CONTROL IMPOSED BY
GRADUALLYTIGHTENING OF EMISSION NORMS
DURATION-2000~2001,2001~2002.
2-WHEELERS
4141
2772
9230
5518
2305
1377
844
6925
3616
CO
HC
Nox
SAVING
INDIA 1996
INDIA 2000
(,00 TONNES)
(,00 TONNES)
VEHICLE EMISSION INVENTORY IN 2001-02 (,000 TONNES)
IIP ESTIMATES

25. 25
DIESEL VEHICLES
15000
95200
2040
61200
15000
5000
6800
0
13500
2960
54400
108700
CO
HC
Nox
PM
SAVING
INDIA 2000
BS II
AN ESTIMATION OF EMISSION INVENTORY CONTROL
IMPOSED BY GRADUALLYTIGHTENING OF EMISSION NORMS
DURATION-2000~2001,2001~2002.
(,00 TONNES)
VEHICLE EMISSION INVENTORY IN 2001-02 (,000 TONNES)
IIP ESTIMATES

26. 26
INDIAN SCENARIO
ON FUEL QUALITY

27. 27
INDIAN SCENARIO ON FUEL QUALITY
 INITIATIVES TAKEN FOR FUEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
 FUEL QUALITY CONCERNS IN INDIA
 PRESENT FUEL QUALITY STATUS IN INDIA
 COMPARISON OF INDIAN AND EUROPEAN GASOLINE
SPECIFICATIONS
 COMPARISON OF INDIAN AND EUROPEAN DIESEL
SPECIFICATIONS

28. 28
INITIATIVES TAKEN FOR FUEL QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
UNLEADED GASOLINE
INTRODUCED IN 1995 AND 100% IN 2000
1% BENZENE CONTENT IN GASOLINE
INTRODUCED IN NCT IN 2000, EXTENDED TO NCR & MUMBAI IN 2001
0.05 % SULPHUR CONTENT IN GASOLINE
INTRODUCED IN NCR IN 2000, EXTENDED TO MUMBAI, KOLKATA AND
CHENNAI IN 2001
0.05 % SULPHUR CONTENT IN DIESEL
INTRODUCED IN THE NCT IN 2000 AND EXTENDED TO NCR, MUMBAI,
KOLKATA & CHENNAI IN 2001

29. 29
FUEL QUALITY CONCERNS IN INDIA
 NATIONAL CONSUMPTION : DIESEL : GASOLINE 7 :1
 DELHI CONSUMPTION : DIESEL : GASOLINE 1 : 2
 GASOLINE USED BY 2&3 WHEELERS IS 2/3rd OF THE TOTAL
PRODUCTION
REGION SPECIFIC SOLUTIONS ARE REQUIRED
DUE TO LARGE VARIATIONS

30. 30
PRESENT FUEL QUALITY STATUS IN INDIA
 PRESENTLY, BIS 2000 SPECIFICATIONS FOR GASOLINE AND
DIESEL ARE FOLLOWED IN INDIA
 IN THE METRO-CITIES, EURO-II EQUIVALENT FUEL IS SUPPLIED.
THE ONLY DIFFERENCE BEING THE SULPHUR CONTENT, WHICH
IS 500 PPM FOR BOTH, GASOLINE AND DIESEL IN THE METRO
CITIES; AND, 1000 PPM FOR GASOLINE AND 2500 PPM FOR
DIESEL IN THE REST OF THE COUNTRY
 ADDITIONALLY, GASOLINE WITH BENZENE CONTENT OF 1.0
VOL.-% MAX. HAS BEEN INTRODUCED IN THE NCR OF DELHI AND
GREATER MUMBAI
 GASOLINE WITH BENZENE CONTENT OF 3.0 VOL.-% MAX. HAS
BEEN INTRODUCED IN KOLKATA AND CHENNAI

31. 31
COMPARISON OF INDIAN AND EUROPEAN GASOLINE SPECIFICATIONS
Characteristics India Bharat Bharat Euro-II Euro-III Euro-IV
2000 Stage-II Stage-III1993 2000 2005
RVP, kpa, max. 60 60 60 - 60 -
Aromatics, vol.-%, max. - - 42 - 42 35
Benzene, vol.-%, max. 5* 3/5* 1 5 1 -
Olefins, vol.-%, max. - - 21/18 - 18 -
Oxygen, wt.-%, max. - - 2.7 - 2.7 -
Sulphur, ppm, max. 1000 500 150 500 150 50
Lead, g/l 0.013 0.013 0.005 0.013 0.005 -
RON, min. 84 (AKI) 88/93 91/95 95 95 -
MON, min. - 84/88 81/85 85 85 -
(AKI)
Density @ 15ºC, kg/m3 710-770 710-770 720-775 725-780 720-775 -
* Benzene content in presently supplied gasoline, in the NCR of Delhi and

32. 32
COMPARISON OF INDIAN AND EUROPEAN DIESEL
SPECIFICATIONS
Characteristics India Bharat Bharat Euro-II Euro-III Euro-IV
2000 Stage-II Stage-III1993 2000 2005
Cetane number, min. 48 48 51 49 51 -
Cetane index, min. - 46 46 46 46 -
Sulphur, ppm 2500* 500 350 500 350 50
PAH, wt.-%, max. - - 11 - 11 -
Viscosity @40ºC, cSt 2.0-5.0 2.0-5.0 2.0-4.5 2.0-4.5 2.0-4.5 -
Density, kg/m3, max. 860 860 845 860 845 -
T85, ºC 350 350 - 350 - -
T95, ºC 370 370 360 370 360 -

33. 33
AUTO FUEL POLICY FOR INDIA

34. 34
AUTO FUEL POLICY FOR INDIA
 CONSTITUTION OF THE EXPERT COMMITTEE
 TOR OF THE EXPERT COMMITTEE
 ROAD MAP FOR FUTURE AUTO FUEL QUALITY
 ROAD MAP FOR FUTURE EMISSION NORMS
 FUTURE MEASURES RECOMMENDED FOR EMISSION
REDUCTION

35. 35
CONSTITUTION OF THE EXPERT COMMITTEE
 IN A MEETING TAKEN BY THE PRIME MINISTER OF INDIA ON 30TH
AUGUST 2001, IT WAS DECIDED THAT A COMMITTEEE OF
EXPERTS OF NATIONAL REPUTE MAY BE CONSTITUTED TO
MAKE RECOMMENDATIONS TO THE GOVT. ON AN APPROPRIATE
AUTO FUEL POLICY
 AN EXPERT COMMITTEE HEADED BY DR. R. A. MASHELKAR, DG,
CSIR, WAS CONSTITUTED ON 13TH SEPTEMBER 2001, TO
RECOMMEND AN “AUTO FUEL POLICY” FOR INDIA
 THE COMMITTEE COMPRISED EMINENT EXPERTS IN THE FIELDS
OF ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY, VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY, PUBLIC
FINANCE, MANAGEMENT AND KEY MINISTRIES

36. 36
TOR OF THE EXPERT COMMITTEE
 RECOMMEND AN “AUTO FUEL POLICY” FOR INDIA AND DEVISE A
ROAD MAP FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT
1. THE VEHICULAR EMISSION NORMS
2. ETHANOL BLENDING OF GASOLINE
3. USE OF BIO-FUELS IN TRANSPORTATION
 SUGGEST SUITABLE AUTO FUELS FOR THE COUNTRY AND THEIR
SPECIFICATIONS CONSIDERING THE FOLLOWING
1. AVAILABILITY AND LOGISTICS OF FUEL SUPPLIES
2. PROCESSING ECONOMICS OF AUTO FUELS
3. POSSIBILITIES OF MULTI-FUEL USE IN DIFFERENT VEHICLES
 RECOMMEND FUEL MIXES, PRICE FOR MINIMUM SOCIAL COST OF
MEETING A GIVEN LEVEL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
 SUGGEST FISCAL MEASURES TO REMOVE PRICE DISTORTIONS
 ADVISE INSTITUTIONAL MEANS OF CERTIFICATION
 ANY OTHER RELATED ISSUES; HOLISTIC VIEW TO BE TAKEN

37. 37
ROAD MAP FOR FUTURE FUEL QUALITY
 AT PRESENT, EURO-II EQUIVALENT GASOLINE AND
DIESEL IS SUPPLLIED IN FOUR METROS
 SUPPLY OF EURO-II EQUIVALENT GASOLINE AND
DIESEL WOULD BE EXTENDED TO BANGALORE,
HYDERABAD AND AHEMADABAD BY END OF 2003
AND IN THE ENTIRE COUNTRY FROM APRIL 1, 2005
 EURO-III EQUIVALENT GASOLINE AND DIESEL WOULD
BE SUPPLIED IN 7 MEGA CITIES FROM APRIL 1, 2005
AND IN THE ENTIRE COUNTRY BY 2010
 EURO-IV EQUIVALENT GASOLINE AND DIESEL IS
PROPOSED TO BE SUPPLIED IN 7 MEGA CITIES FROM
APRIL 1, 2010

38. 38
ROAD MAP FOR FUTURE EMISSION NORMS
(i) Bharat Stage-II Norms presently applicable in four mega cities of
Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata & Chennai to be extended to other three
mega cities of Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad as early as
possible but not later than the end of 2003.
(ii) Bharat Stage-II norms to be introduced in the entire country from
1st April, 2005.
(iii) Euro-III equivalent emission norms for all categories of vehicles
(excluding two and three wheelers) to be introduced in seven
mega cities from 1st April, 2005.
(iv) Euro-III equivalent emission norms for all categories of vehicles
(excluding two and three wheelers) to be extended to other parts
of the country from 2010.
(v) Stringent emission norms based on IDC proposed for two and
three wheelers applicable from year 2005 and 2008.

39. 39
FUTURE MEASURES RECOMMENDED FOR EMISSION
REDUCTION
 DYNAMIC AUTO FUEL POLICY
 APPROPRIATE INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM
 MULTI-FUEL AND MULTI-TECHNOLOGY OPTION
 ENCOURAGEMENT TO ALTERNATIVE FUELS
 FISCAL REGIME FOR ECONOMIC PRICING OF AUTO FUELS
 INSPECTION & CERTIFICATION FOR IN-USE VEHICLES
 FUEL QUALITY SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM
 EMISSION WARRANTY FOR NEW VEHICLES
 R&D SUPPORT FOR NEW CONCEPT VEHICLE TECHNOLOGIES
 FUEL ECONOMY STANDARDS FOR NEW VEHICLES

40. 40
PARTICULATE MATTER CONTROL

41. 41
PARTICULATE MATTER CONTROL
 TIGHTENING OF PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSION
NORMS FOR DIESEL VEHICLES
 MEASURES TO REDUCE PARTICULATE MATTER
FROM 2-STROKE GASOLINE VEHICLES
 MEASURES TO REDUCE RESUSPENDED DUST

42. 42
TIGHTENING OF PM NORMS FOR DIESEL VEHICLES
VEHICLE CATEGORY PM EMISSION NORMS
INDIA BHARAT BHARAT
2000 STAGE-II STAGE-III
DIESEL CARS, g/km - 0.08 (IDI) 0.05
0.10 (DI)
DIESEL HEAVY-DUTY, g/kWh 0.36 0.15 0.10

43. 43
MEASURES TO REDUCE PM FROM 2-STROKE GASOLINE
VEHICLES
 DISPENSING OF GASOLINE PRE-MIXED WITH 2-T OIL
 USE OF LOW SMOKE SYNTHETIC OILS
 BETTER OILS TO ALLOW LOW OIL FUEL RATIO
 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF VEHICLES

44. 44
MEASURES TO REDUCE RESUSPENDED DUST
 CONSTRUCTION OF EXPRESSWAYS / HIGHWAYS
 CONSTRUCTION OF BYPASSES
 ROAD MAINTENANCE
 CLEANLINESS DRIVE

45. 45
INDIAN SCENARIO ON
ALTERNATIVE FUELS

46. 46
INDIAN SCENARIO ON ALTERNATIVE FUELS
 ALTERNATIVE FUELS UNDER CONSIDERATION
 STATUS ON THE USE OF CNG
 STATUS ON THE USE OF LPG
 STATUS ON THE USE OF ALCOHOLS
 EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT FUELS
 EMISSIONS FROM INDIAN VEHICLES RUNNING ON
DIFFERENT FUELS

47. 47
ALTERNATIVE FUELS UNDER CONSIDERATION
 COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG)
 LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)
 ALCOHOLS
 DME
 HYDROGEN
 FUEL CELLS
 ELECTRICITY
 BIOFUELS

48. 48
STATUS ON THE USE OF CNG
 PRESENTLY BEING USED IN DELHI AND MUMBAI IN BUSES,
TAXIS AND 3-WHEELERS
 AROUND 100 CNG DISPENSING STATIONS COMMISSIONED IN
DELHI
 IN DELHI, ABOUT 3400 BUSES, 2500 LCVs, FEW CARS & TAXIS,
AND MANY 3-WHEELERS ARE RUNNING ON CNG
 PRESENT DAILY CNG CONSUMPTION IN DELHI IS ABOUT 0.95
MILLION KG WHICH WOULD GROW TO 1.6 MILLION KG BY THE
END OF THE YEAR DUE TO CONVERSION OF ALL CITY BUSES
 IN MUMBAI, AROUND 23,400 VEHICLES ARE RUNNING ON CNG
WHICH ARE MOSTLY TAXIS, FEW 3-WHEELERS AND 22 BUSES
 PRESENT DAILY CNG CONSUMPTION IN MUMBAI IS 0.11
MILLION KG

49. 49
STATUS ON THE USE OF LPG
 LPG HAS BEEN APPROVED AS AUTO FUEL IN INDIA
 FEW PASSENGER CARS HAVE BEEN CONVERETED
ON LPG
 CONVERSION OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES ON LPG
WOULD START SHORTLY IN DELHI AND MUMBAI
 LPG IS ALSO USED AS DOMESTIC FUEL AND IS IN
DEFICIT
 PRESENT AVAILABILITY IS AROUND 7 MMT AGAINST
THE REQUIREMENT OF AROUND 8 MMT, BALANCE
BEING IMPORTED

50. 50
STATUS ON THE USE OF ALCOHOLS
 LAB AND DEMONSTRATION STUDIES CONDUCTED ON USE
OF ALCOHOLS IN INDIAN VEHICLES
 3 PILOT PROJECTS FOR BLENDING AND TRIAL MARKETING OF
5% ETHANOL IN GASOLINE COMPLETED SUCCESSFULLY
 GOVT. OF INDIA DECIDED TO INTRODUCE GASOLINE BLENDED
WITH 5% ETHANOL ALL OVER THE COUNTRY
 PILOT PROJECTS INITIATED WITH USE OF 10% ETHANOL IN
GASOLINE
 PRESENT ETHANOL PRODUCTION IS 1.3 BILLION LITRES WITH
SURPLUS PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF 1.5 MILLION LITRES

51. 51
EMISSIONS FROM DIFFERENT FUELS
GASOLINE DIESEL CNG LPG
CO, g/km 2.30 0.71 0.87 1.54
HC, g/km 0.18 0.16 0.35 0.19
NOx, g/km 0.33 1.07 0.11 0.24
PM, g/km - 0.13 - -
SOURCE : TNO STUDY IN 1995.. S-SMALL; M-MEDIUM;
H-LARGE DELIVERY VANS

52. 52
EMISSIONS FROM INDIAN VEHICLES RUNNING ON
DIFFERENT FUELS
CO HC NOx PM
PASSENGER CRS
GASOLINE gm/km 2.85 0.272 0.408
DIESEL gm/km 8.3 1.2 4.9 1.1
CNG gm/km 0.786 1.55 0.92
THREE WHEELERS
GASOLINE gm/km 2.27 2.68 0.06
CNG gm/km 0.1 2.07 0.25
HEAVY DUTY VEHICLES
DIESEL gm/kWh 1.3 0.5 6.6 0.36
CNG gm/kWh 1.46 1.958 6.68

53. 53
COMPARISON OF EMISSIONS FROM
TWO AND FOUR STROKE
GASOLINE ENGINES

54. 54
COMPARISON OF EMISSIONS FROM TWO AND FOUR
STROKE GASOLINE ENGINES
EMISSION EMISSION RATE, g/km
2-STROKE 4-STROKE
HC 3.34 0.72
CO 2.01 1.87
NOx 0.03 0.72
PM ? ?
F.C., km/l 53.4 72.7

55. 55
STEPS TAKEN TO CHECK
FUEL ADULTERATION

56. 56
STEPS TAKEN TO CHECK FUEL ADULTERATION
 ADULTERTION OF GASOLINE AND DIESEL IS DONE DUE TO
PRICE DIFFERENTIAL BETWEEN THESE PRODUCTS AND PDS
KEROSENE / PARALLEL MARKETING SCHEME KEROSENE /
SOLVENTS / NAPHTHA / USED LUBE OIL, ETC. FOLLOWING
 STEPS BEING TAKEN TO CHECK ADULTERATION
 FILTER PAPER TEST, DENSITY CHECKS, BLUE DYEING OF PDS
KEROSENE, MARKING OF PDS KEROSENE
 REGULAR/SURPRISE INSPECTION BY MOBILE LABORATORIES
 ESTABLISHMENT OF FUEL TESTING LABORATORY
 ESTABLISHMENT OF ANTI-ADULTERATION CELL
 TAMPER-PROOF TANKERS
 MULTI-POINT SEALING OF DISPENSING PUMPS

57. 57
SCENARIO IN SEVEN MEGA CITIES
OF INDIA

58. 58
SCENARIO IN SEVEN MEGA CITIES OF INDIA
 DETAILED URBAN ROAD TRAFFIC AND AIR
POLLUTION STUDY INITIATED IN SEVEN
MEGA CITIES
 DELHI SAMPLE RESULTS SHOWN

59. 59
Urban Road Traffic and Air
Pollution (URTRAP)
CENTRAL ROAD RESEARCH INSTITUTE, New Delhi
In association with
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING REASEARCH INSTITUTE, Nagpur
and
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PETROLEUM, Dehradun

60. 60
This Presentation Includes
• Findings of Delhi Study
 Traffic Loads
 Pattern of Pollution Load
 Impact of CNG Buses
 Impact of LSD (500 ppm)
 Impact of CNG Autos and Taxis

61. 61
Road Network of Delhi
Arterial Roads 497km
Sub Arterial Roads 213km
Distri.utors/Collector 1454
Access Roads 6764
Total 8928 km

62. 62
Estimated Traffic Load on Delhi Roads

63. 63
Estimated Vehicle Kilometers travelled on
different categorie of Roads and Fuel type Used
Fuel Type(%)
Petrol Diesel CNG
1 Arterial Roads 322 72.41 12.34 15.25
2 Sub Arterial Roads 37 72.81 13.48 13.71
3 Distributors/Collector 195 75.19 12 12.81
4 Access Roads 237 76.56 9.4 14.03
S.No. Road Category Veh-km (in Lakhs)

64. 64
(Figures are in Lakhs)
Type of
Vehicle
Total Vehicle-
km./day (Road
side count)
Total Vehicle-
km/day (Fuel
Station)
Estimated
Population of
Vehicles on
Road
Cars+Taxi 323.87 258.86 6.93
Two Wheelers 338.39 370.24 10.62
Auto 93.52 56.33 0.87
Bus 25.12 23.49 0.15
Goods Vehicles 27.62 27.42 0.65
Total 808.53 736.33 19.21
Comparison of Estimated Vehicle-kms by type of vehicle

65. 65
Travel Pattern of Cars

66. 66
Travel Pattern of Two Wheelers

67. 67
Travel Pattern of Autos

68. 68
Travel Pattern of Goods Vehicles

69. 69
Travel Pattern of CNG Buses

70. 70
Travel Pattern of Diesel Buses

71. 71
CO NOX HC PM
1986 - 1990 6.50 0.03 3.90 0.23
1991 -1995 6.50 0.03 3.90 0.23
1996 - 2000 4.00 0.06 3.30 0.10
2001 -2005 2.20 0.07 2.13 0.05
1986 - 1990 3.00 0.31 0.80 0.07
1991 -1995 3.00 0.31 0.80 0.07
1996 - 2000 2.60 0.30 0.70 0.06
2001 -2005 2.20 0.30 0.70 0.05
1986 - 1990 14.00 0.05 8.30 0.35
1991 -1995 14.00 0.05 8.30 0.35
1996 - 2000 8.60 0.09 7.00 0.15
2001 -2005 4.30 0.11 2.05 0.08
1986 - 1990 9.80 1.80 1.70 0.06
1991 -1995 9.80 1.80 1.70 0.06
1996 - 2000 3.90 1.10 0.80 0.05
2001 -2005 1.98 0.20 0.25 0.05
1986 - 1990 7.30 2.77 0.37 0.84
1991 -1995 7.30 2.77 0.37 0.84
1996 - 2000 1.20 0.69 0.37 0.42
2001 -2005 0.90 0.50 0.13 0.07
1986 - 1990 8.70 3.15 0.34 0.80
1991 -1995 8.70 3.15 0.34 0.80
1996 - 2000 6.90 2.49 0.28 0.50
2001 -2005 5.10 1.28 0.14 0.20
1986 - 1990 5.50 9.50 1.78 1.50
1991 -1995 5.50 9.50 1.78 1.50
1996 - 2000 4.50 8.40 1.21 0.80
2001 -2005 3.60 6.30 0.87 0.28
1986 - 1990 5.50 19.00 1.78 3.00
1991 -1995 5.50 19.00 1.78 3.00
1996 - 2000 4.50 16.30 1.21 1.60
2001 -2005 3.60 12.60 0.87 0.64
LCV
HCV
Buses
Two
Wheelers
(4 Stroke)
Three
Wheelers
(2 Stroke)
Passenger
Cars
(Petrol
Driven)
Passenger
Cars
(Diesel
Driven)
Year
Vehicle
Type
Type of Pollutant in gm / km
Two
Wheelers
(2 Stroke)
Source: CPCB, New Delhi
Emission Factors of Petrol and Diesel Driven Vehicles

72. 72
CO NOX HC
1996 - 2000 Three Wheelers (2 Stroke) 0.10 0.25 2.07
1992 -1996 3.85 0.71 1.19
1996 - 2000 0.79 0.92 1.55
1996 - 2000 5.6* 8.92* 2.2*
Beyond 2000 1.46* 6.68* 1.958*
HCV including Buses
Year Vehicle Type
Passenger Car
Type of Pollutant in gm / km
Source: IIP, Dehradun
Emission Factor for CNG Vehicles
* EF of HCV is expressed in gm/kw-hr

73. 73
DETERIORATION FACTORS
1.19
1.097
1.475
1.2
0-5
1.255
1.17
1.7
1.3
5-10
1.275
1.28
-
1.4
10-15
-
1.355
-
-
15-20
MUVs
(CO,HC,NOx
&PM)
Cars-wheeler
(CO,HC,NOx
&PM)
3-wheeler
(CO,HC,NOx
&PM)
2-wheeler
(CO,HC,NOx
&PM)
Age
GASOLINE VEHICLES
Source: CPCB, New Delhi

74. 74
DETERIORATION FACTORS
1.19/1.095
1.255/1.125
1.275/1.1
-
MUV/LCV
1.35/1.17
1.595/1.33
1.80/1.475
-
Trucks
1.19/1.015
1.355/1.18
-
-
Buses
1.187/1.095
1.263/1.133
-
-
Taxis
1.097/1.05
1.17/1.085
1.28/1.14
1.355/1.18
Cars
0-5
PM/CO
5-10
PM/CO
10-15
PM/CO
15-20
PM/CO
Vehicles
DIESEL VEHICLES
Source: CPCB, New Delhi

75. 75
CO NOx HC PM Total
1 No Vehicle on CNG and
LSD*
473.0 101.0 204.0 15.3 793.3
2 Observed Proportion of
Buses on CNG and
Diesel Vehicles without
LSD*
477.0 106.0 208.0 14.2 805.2
3 No Buses on CNG and
Diesel Vehicles with
LSD*
473.0 101.0 204.0 14.3 792.3
4 Proportion of Buses as
Observed on CNG,
LSD* for Diesel Vehicles
and Autos and Taxis on
Petrol
477.0 106.0 208.0 13.6 804.6
5 Observed Proportion of
Buses on CNG, Diesel
Vehicles on LSD*, Autos
and Taxis on CNG
(Business as Usual)
422.0 108.0 183.0 12.6 725.6
Sl. No. Envisaged Scenarios
Type of Pollutant (in Metric Tonnes Per Day)
* LSD - Low Sulphur Diesel
Estimated Pollution Loads with Different Existing Fuel Options
Considering Deterioration Factors

76. 76
Distribution of Vehicles by Age (at Fuel Station)
0
5
10
15
20
25
1984&
Before
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Year of Make
Percentage
of
Vehicles
NTC
OTC
Taxi
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1984&
Before
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Year of Make
Percentage
of
Vehicles
LCV
HCV
MAV
2 Wheelers
0
4
8
12
16
20
1984&before
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Year of Make
Percentage
of
Vehicles
Cars
Goods Vehicles

77. 77
Pollution Load (CO)

78. 78
Pollution Load (NOx)

79. 79
Pollution Load (HC)

80. 80
Pollution Load (PM)

81. 81
Estimated Contribution of Different Fuels and
Vehicle Types for PM reduction as on today
CNG_Bus
22.6%
LSD
25.8%
CNG(3W+Taxi)
51.6%

82. 82
SPM (in ug/m3)
0
200
400
600
800
Ashram1 Ashram2 CP1 CP2
Locations
SPM(ug/m3)
SPM (in g/m3) SO2 (in ug/m3)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Ashram1 Ashram2 CP1 CP2
Locations
SO2(ug/m
3)
SO2 (in g/m3)
NOx (in ug/m3)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Ashram1 Ashram2 CP1 CP2
Locations
NO2(ug/m3)
NOx (in g/m3) CO (in mg/m3)
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
Ashram1 Ashram2 CP1
Locations
CO(m
g/m
3)
CO (in g/m3)
Observed Pollution Levels Before and After
Supreme Court Order of 5th April, 2002
Before After

83. 83
Distribution of Vehicles by Age (at Fuel Station)
0
5
10
15
20
25
1984&
Before
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Year of Make
Percentage
of
Vehicles
NTC
OTC
Taxi
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1984&
Before
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Year of Make
Percentage
of
Vehicles
LCV
HCV
MAV
2 Wheelers
0
4
8
12
16
20
1984&before
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Year of Make
Percentage
of
Vehicles
Cars
Goods Vehicles

84. 84
WHAT MORE IS REQUIRED ?

85. 85
WHAT MORE IS REQUIRED ?
 PRESENT SULPHUR CONTENT OF 500 PPM IN GASOLINE AND
DIESEL TO BE PROGRESSIVELY BROUGHT DOWN TO LESS
THAN 10 PPM REQUIRING REFINERIES UPGRADATION
 SPECIFIC AIR QUALITY MODELS TO BE DEVELOPED FOR
VARIOUS MEGA CITIES TO DECIDE THE CONTROL MEASURES
TO MAINTAIN THE REQUIRED LEVEL OF AIR QUALITY, IN A
HOLISTIC MANNER
 A BODY SIMILAR TO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OF U.S. TO BE CREATED IN INDIA FOR CONTINUOUS
MONITORING OF EMISSION & FUEL QUALITY RELATED ISSUES
AND TO LAY DOWN TIME SCHEDULES FOR THE ENTIRE
COUNTRY
 2-T ENGINE TO BE IMPROVED OR REPLACED

86. 86
FINAL TARGET -
AIR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
Vehicle
Technology
Fuel
Quality
Emission
Regulations
Air
Quality
Monitoring
CLEAN
AIR

87. 87
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