3gwireless
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The document discusses providing seamless handoff between heterogeneous wireless networks. It proposes using mobile IP with extensions to allow a multimode terminal to handoff between a wireless local area network (WLAN) and a wireless wide area network (WWAN). A testbed was built to evaluate handoff delays and packet loss when switching between the networks. Results showed handoff delays of around 600ms for WLAN to WWAN and 1040ms for WWAN to WLAN, with small packet loss.
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Wireless Communication and Networking
by WilliamStallings Chapter : 2Transmission Fundamentals
Chapter 2
Electromagnetic Signal
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Can also be expressed as a function of frequency
Signal consists of components of different frequencies
Time-Domain Concepts
Analog signal - signal intensity varies in a smooth fashion over time
No breaks or discontinuities in the signal
Digital signal - signal intensity maintains a constant level for some period of time and then changes to another constant level
Periodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern that repeats over time
s(t +T ) = s(t ) -¥< t < +¥
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Aperiodic signal - analog or digital signal pattern that doesn't repeat over time
Peak amplitude (A) - maximum value or strength of the signal over time; typically measured in volts
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Time-Domain Concepts
Period (T ) - amount of time it takes for one repetition of the signal
T = 1/f
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Wavelength () - distance occupied by a single cycle of the signal
Or, the distance between two points of corresponding phase of two consecutive cycles
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General sine wave
s(t ) = A sin(2ft + )
Figure 2.3 shows the effect of varying each of the three parameters
(a) A = 1, f = 1 Hz, = 0; thus T = 1s
(b) Reduced peak amplitude; A=0.5
(c) Increased frequency; f = 2, thus T = ½
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When the horizontal axis is time, as in Figure 2.3, graphs display the value of a signal at a given point in space as a function of time
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At a particular instant of time, the intensity of the signal varies as a function of distance from the source
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Any electromagnetic signal can be shown to consist of a collection of periodic analog signals (sine waves) at different amplitudes, frequencies, and phases
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Julio zakaria s xii ipa s
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Mathias anarbin xii ipa
Dokumen ini membahas tentang pengukuran dan ketidakpastian dalam fisika. Ia menjelaskan tentang pengukuran besaran fisika seperti panjang, massa, dan waktu dengan menggunakan alat yang tepat serta mempertimbangkan aspek ketepatan, kesalahan, ketelitian, dan kepekaan. Dokumen ini juga mendefinisikan panjang sebagai jarak yang ditempuh cahaya dalam 1/299.792.458 detik.
Andres suryama xii ipa
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Maylinda adriani putri xiiia
Ringkasan dokumen ini adalah:
(1) Dokumen ini membahas tentang pengukuran dan ketidakpastian dalam fisika;
(2) Menguraikan kompetensi dasar dan indikator keberhasilan tentang pengukuran besaran fisika seperti panjang, massa, dan waktu;
(3) Mengidentifikasi besaran-besaran pokok fisika dan satuan-satuannya.
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Abstract : Wireless communications is the fastest growing segment of the communications industry. Everyone wants the quality of services anytime & anywhere. Wireless networks can integrate various heterogeneous radio access technologies as GSM, WLAN, Wimax etc. WiMAX is an IP based, wireless broadband access technology that provides performance similar to 802.11/Wi-Fi networks with the coverage and QOS (quality of service) of cellular networks. WiMAX is also an acronym meaning "Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX). The main promise of interconnecting these heterogeneous networks is to provide high performance in achieving a high data rate and support real time applications. These services require various networks (such as CDMA2000 and Wireless LAN) to be integrated into IP-based networks, which further require a seamless vertical handoff to 4th generation wireless networks. When a mobile host (MH) changes its point of attachment, its IP address gets changed. MH should be able to maintain all the existing connections using the new IP address. This process of changing a connection from one IP address to another one in IP network is called handoff. Vertical handoff is switching from one network to another while maintaining the session. Vertical Handoff (VHO) is a major concern for different heterogeneous networks. VHO can be user requested or based on some criteria already designed by the researcher of that particular algorithm. The main objective is to implement efficient & effective handoff scheme between two heterogeneous network ie. 802.11 WLAN & CDMA. Keywords - CDMA , 4G, Vertical Handoff, WLAN
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