This document discusses various forms of drug dosages for systemic and external administration. It describes solid dosage forms like powders, granules, tablets, enteric coated tablets, and capsules. It also discusses liquid dosage forms for enteral administration like solutions, syrups, suspensions, emulsions, and drops. Liquid dosage forms for parenteral administration like IV solutions and injections are also covered. Finally, it lists various external drug dosage forms like eye drops, liniments, lotions, ointments, plasters, gels, inhalants, suppositories, and transdermal drug delivery systems. The document provides details on the composition, purpose, and examples of different drug dosage forms.

1. Demonstrate understanding of
the use of various
forms(oral/local/parenteral;
solid/liquid)

2. Introduction
 The branch of pharmacy that deals with the design of drug dosages or drug dosage
forms is known as pharmaceutics.
 The formulation based on which a dosage form is produced is known as recipe and the
final product of this recipe is known as dosage.
 These additional substances of the formulation are usually inert but serve specific
purposes and they are named accordingly.
 Excipients-These are inactive substances used for increasing the bulk of the dosage form
if the active principle is very small. Eg -Lactose, Starch etc.
 Vehicles- In case of liquid preparations this is the solvent otherwise this is a broad term
used for substances used for carrying the active principle of a dosage form.

3. Forms of Drug Dosages for systemic Adminstration
 Solid dosage forms
I. Powder
II. Granules
III. Tablets
IV. Enteric coated tablets
V. Capsule
VI. Pellets

4. Powder
 This is the simplest form of a drug.
 The active principle is finely pulverized and dispensed for administration.
 Powders may be simple where only one component i.e.active principle is present or may
be compound where more than one components are mixed together.
 It may also be effervescent where gas is released when the powders is dissolved in liquid
like Eno.
Granules
 When small amount of powder is bound together with or without the help of a binding
agent,the dosage form is called as granules.
 These granules may be administered as such or dissolved in liquid before consumption.
Example- Vitamin D3 granules

5. Tablets
 When a specific quantity of powder is compressed in the shape of discs,the product is
known as tablet.
 This is the most common form of drug dosages and is available in various shapes, sizes and
colours.
 This may be of various types
i. Simple tablet
ii. Dispersed tablet
iii. Sustained release tablets on controlled release tablet

6. Enteric coated tablets
 The biggest drawback of the tablets is that a huge amount of active principle is destroyed by
gastric acid,this problem is overcome in enteric coated where the tablet is coated with afilm
of a material that is resistant to gastric acid this covering is dissolved in the alkaline
atmosphere of intestine thus releasing the active drug there.
 Capsule
 The outer coating of a capsule is made up of an inert,tasteless,palatable and digestible
material like cellulose.
 Covering contains a fixed amount of usually a very unpalatable drug.
 Capsules are also available in several type like-
i. Simple capsule
ii. Sustained release capsules

7. Pellets
 These are special tablets which are meant for transplantation in the subcutaneous tissue so
as to be absorbed over a periods of weeks , months or sometimes years. Example-
contraceptive pellets for transportation
 Multiple units pellet system(MUPS) is also available for oral administration that delivers
drug for a prolonged period.
Example- Proton pump inhibitors.

8. Liquid dosage forms
A. For enteral administration
i. Aqueous solutions
ii. Syrup
iii. Linctus
iv. Aqueous suspension
- Mixtures
- Emulsion
v. Drops
vi. Enema

9. B.For parenteral adminstration
 The dosage forms for parenteral administration are costlier because they need to be
sterile.
1. Solutions for intravenous administration- They need to be clear without any suspended
particles.
2. Liquids for intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal administration-
These can be sterilized solutions or suspensions of the drug.

10. Forms of Drug Dosages for external use
i. Eye/ Ear drops
ii. Liniments
iii. Lotion
iv. Ointment
v. Paste
vi. Plaster
vii. Gels
viii. Inhalants
ix. Suppositories, Pessaries and Bougies
x. Transdermal drug delivery system