This document summarizes a study that compares the access of group and individual farmer-clients to credit from microfinance institutions in Enugu State, Nigeria. A total of 72 respondents (36 individuals and 36 groups) were surveyed. Regression analysis found that years of experience, farm size, credit history, income, collateral, interest rate, deposit requirements, and distance to the MFI affected access for both groups and individuals. A test of means found a statistically significant difference between the groups' and individuals' access levels. A survey also found that minimum deposits, interest rates, and loan sizes were seen as constraints more by groups, while individuals also saw surety requirements as a hindrance. Overall, group lending was found to provide better access
Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture ...ijtsrd
The study examined constraints to accessing micro-credit/loan scheme of Bank of Agriculture (BOA) among farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for extension service delivery. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used in selecting one hundred (100) respondents for the study. Data were collected using structured interview schedule/questionnaire and analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean scores and standard deviation. The study revealed that micro-credit/ loan scheme (88.6%) were the most patronized among the rural farmers. Others such as ECOWAS, IFAD project and ATHP programme were not patronized at all, probably because the type of projects sponsored by these credit/loan scheme are not important to the respondents. The respondents (farmers) were highly constrained by late release of funds (M= 1.27), grace period too short (M= 1. 17), excessive bureaucracy (M= 1. 14), too short payback period (M= 1. 13), services not regular (M= 1. 13), among others. The Bank of Agriculture staff also noted that they were constrained by late release of approved funds by head quarters of the Bank of Agriculture (M= 1.43), loan diversion (M= 1.27), poor funding of field officers (M= 1.20), lack of awareness by borrowers (M= 1.10) and insufficient staff (M= 0.93). The study recommends that adequate awareness campaign on the availability of micro-credit/loan scheme by Bank of Agriculture should be created in order for the beneficiaries to be knowledgeable about it. It highlights the need for approval of more funds under the scheme and timely release of funds when needed especially during planting season in order to enable the farmers to make judicious use of it for optimum productivity. Mbah Evangeline N | Jiriko, R | Agada, M.O."Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture among Farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for Extension Service Delivery" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd89.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/89/constraints-to-accessing-micro-credit-and-loan-scheme-of-bank-of-agriculture-among-farmers-in-enugu-state-nigeria-implications-for-extension-service-delivery/mbah-evangeline-n
— The study evaluates the efficiency of cooperative societies in credit delivery to agricultural enterprises in Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State. The specific objectives were to; describe the socioeconomic profile of cooperatives societies, identify the sources of finance that are available and utilize for credit by cooperative societies, analyze the efficiency of cooperatives using the arrival rate of loan request and the service rate and identify the challenges militating against cooperatives as a means of providing credit facilities to farmers in the study area. random sampling method was used to select 30 Cooperative Societies in the Local Government Area. Data were obtained using well structured questionnaire and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and queue theory. Results from the study showed that most of the cooperatives were formed in 2011 with 16-20 members at inception, which stood currently at 21-40 members. The benefits derived from the society ranges from, provision of input for production, accessibility of loan and marketing of products. The large proportion of the amount disbursed to member's ranges from 11000-31000naira. The result revealed that the sources of finance available to members was mainly from members contributions .The result further showed that cooperatives were not effective and efficient in queue management because the average idle time (-0.26) and the average traffic intensity was more than one (1.26). Also, findings showed that insufficient funds for disbursement(3.33), lack of qualified personnel (3.23), insincerity of members in credit management (3.16) and changes in government credit policies (3.16) were serious challenges that affected efficient delivery of credit by cooperative societies to agricultural enterprises in the study area, The study therefore recommended capacity building for cooperative members to enable them adequately source for funds and efficiently manage loan disbursement and repayment by members. Also, relevant government and nongovernmental financial institutions should be encouraged to channel credit facilities through cooperatives in other to build their financial base and make credit more accessible to agricultural enterprises.
Determinants of Willingness to Pay for Private Extension Services by Crop Far...Premier Publishers
The study analysed determinants of willingness to pay for private extension services among crop farmers in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from respondents using a structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using simple descriptive statistics and logit regression model. From the results, the mean age of respondents was 39 years. The mean annual income of respondents was N504,811.1 (SD = N767,997.7). Many (49.4%) of the farmers interviewed had between 6 – 10 persons in their households with an average household size of 8 persons. Majority (79.4%) of the respondents were male while only 20.6% of the respondents were female. Socioeconomic factors influencing crop farmers’ willingness to pay for private extension found in the study were age, income, membership of cooperatives and frequency of extension visits. Age was significant at 10% while Income and membership of cooperatives were both significant at 5% respectively. However, frequency of extension visits was significant at 1%. There should be deliberate policies that will draw younger Nigerian into farming as the study reveals that willingness to pay for private extension increases within the younger generation of farmers. Younger farmers have the innovativeness to incorporate vital innovations and modern technologies in farming.
Constraints of rural women to utilize microfinance institutions the case of m...Alexander Decker
This document discusses constraints that rural women face in utilizing microfinance institutions in Ethiopia. It finds that the major constraints identified through interviews and focus groups are: 1) insufficient loan amounts that are not enough to sustain a business, 2) lack of ongoing training and follow up support from microfinance institutions after the initial loan, and 3) unavailability of nearby markets, high costs of inputs, and animal diseases that hamper women's ability to run livestock businesses and make a profit. The study concludes microfinance institutions need to provide larger and more sufficient loans, as well as continued training and support, to better empower women economically.
Working paper 199_-_microcredit_for_the_development_of_the_bottom_of_the_pyra...Dr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the impact of microcredit access on residents in Kibera slum in Nairobi, Kenya. The study used non-randomized controlled trials to compare outcomes between a treatment group that received microcredit access and a control group that did not. A baseline survey was conducted before the treatment, and a follow-up survey 18 months later measured impacts on business, household, institutional, and urban sustainability outcomes. The study found small but significant improvements in business and household outcomes, but little evidence of impacts on urban sustainability. A combination of difference-in-differences and propensity score matching techniques was used to estimate treatment effects while addressing selection bias issues.
This document provides an overview of a study comparing the microfinance programs of Grameen Bank and ASA in Bangladesh. The study was conducted through surveys of beneficiaries and officials in 3 upazilas in Comilla District. It finds that both organizations provide important financial services to low-income clients, helping reduce poverty and empower women. However, the study aims to identify differences in socioeconomic impacts between the programs and factors influencing participation. It also seeks to recommend improvements to better protect vulnerable clients. The document reviews previous literature on microfinance and poverty reduction and outlines the methodology and background of the study area.
11.[41 48]impact of microcredit on income generation capacity of women in the...Alexander Decker
1. The document examines the impact of microcredit access on the income generation capacity of women in the Tamale Metropolitan area of Ghana.
2. It finds that access to microcredit helps improve the income generation capacity of women in the study area based on a cross-sectional research design and primary data collection.
3. The paper recommends that governments and development partners intensify efforts to provide microcredit to women to help lift them out of poverty.
Effect of operational guidelines of bank of agriculture on loan disbursment a...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes loan disbursement and repayment performance across three lending schemes of the Bank of Agriculture in Kwara State, Nigeria from 2000-2010. It finds that:
1) The Macro Loan Scheme had the highest average annual disbursement at N133.5 million, followed by the Special Credit/Collaboration Scheme at N14.85 million and the Direct Lending Scheme at N25.96 million.
2) Loan repayment was also highest on average annually for the Macro Loan Scheme at N161.94 million, followed by the Special Credit/Collaboration Scheme at N22.83 million and the Direct Lending Scheme at N8.35 million.
3) The
Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture ...ijtsrd
The study examined constraints to accessing micro-credit/loan scheme of Bank of Agriculture (BOA) among farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for extension service delivery. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used in selecting one hundred (100) respondents for the study. Data were collected using structured interview schedule/questionnaire and analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean scores and standard deviation. The study revealed that micro-credit/ loan scheme (88.6%) were the most patronized among the rural farmers. Others such as ECOWAS, IFAD project and ATHP programme were not patronized at all, probably because the type of projects sponsored by these credit/loan scheme are not important to the respondents. The respondents (farmers) were highly constrained by late release of funds (M= 1.27), grace period too short (M= 1. 17), excessive bureaucracy (M= 1. 14), too short payback period (M= 1. 13), services not regular (M= 1. 13), among others. The Bank of Agriculture staff also noted that they were constrained by late release of approved funds by head quarters of the Bank of Agriculture (M= 1.43), loan diversion (M= 1.27), poor funding of field officers (M= 1.20), lack of awareness by borrowers (M= 1.10) and insufficient staff (M= 0.93). The study recommends that adequate awareness campaign on the availability of micro-credit/loan scheme by Bank of Agriculture should be created in order for the beneficiaries to be knowledgeable about it. It highlights the need for approval of more funds under the scheme and timely release of funds when needed especially during planting season in order to enable the farmers to make judicious use of it for optimum productivity. Mbah Evangeline N | Jiriko, R | Agada, M.O."Constraints to Accessing Micro-Credit and Loan Scheme of Bank of Agriculture among Farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria: Implications for Extension Service Delivery" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd89.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/89/constraints-to-accessing-micro-credit-and-loan-scheme-of-bank-of-agriculture-among-farmers-in-enugu-state-nigeria-implications-for-extension-service-delivery/mbah-evangeline-n
— The study evaluates the efficiency of cooperative societies in credit delivery to agricultural enterprises in Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State. The specific objectives were to; describe the socioeconomic profile of cooperatives societies, identify the sources of finance that are available and utilize for credit by cooperative societies, analyze the efficiency of cooperatives using the arrival rate of loan request and the service rate and identify the challenges militating against cooperatives as a means of providing credit facilities to farmers in the study area. random sampling method was used to select 30 Cooperative Societies in the Local Government Area. Data were obtained using well structured questionnaire and were analyzed using descriptive statistics and queue theory. Results from the study showed that most of the cooperatives were formed in 2011 with 16-20 members at inception, which stood currently at 21-40 members. The benefits derived from the society ranges from, provision of input for production, accessibility of loan and marketing of products. The large proportion of the amount disbursed to member's ranges from 11000-31000naira. The result revealed that the sources of finance available to members was mainly from members contributions .The result further showed that cooperatives were not effective and efficient in queue management because the average idle time (-0.26) and the average traffic intensity was more than one (1.26). Also, findings showed that insufficient funds for disbursement(3.33), lack of qualified personnel (3.23), insincerity of members in credit management (3.16) and changes in government credit policies (3.16) were serious challenges that affected efficient delivery of credit by cooperative societies to agricultural enterprises in the study area, The study therefore recommended capacity building for cooperative members to enable them adequately source for funds and efficiently manage loan disbursement and repayment by members. Also, relevant government and nongovernmental financial institutions should be encouraged to channel credit facilities through cooperatives in other to build their financial base and make credit more accessible to agricultural enterprises.
Determinants of Willingness to Pay for Private Extension Services by Crop Far...Premier Publishers
The study analysed determinants of willingness to pay for private extension services among crop farmers in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from respondents using a structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using simple descriptive statistics and logit regression model. From the results, the mean age of respondents was 39 years. The mean annual income of respondents was N504,811.1 (SD = N767,997.7). Many (49.4%) of the farmers interviewed had between 6 – 10 persons in their households with an average household size of 8 persons. Majority (79.4%) of the respondents were male while only 20.6% of the respondents were female. Socioeconomic factors influencing crop farmers’ willingness to pay for private extension found in the study were age, income, membership of cooperatives and frequency of extension visits. Age was significant at 10% while Income and membership of cooperatives were both significant at 5% respectively. However, frequency of extension visits was significant at 1%. There should be deliberate policies that will draw younger Nigerian into farming as the study reveals that willingness to pay for private extension increases within the younger generation of farmers. Younger farmers have the innovativeness to incorporate vital innovations and modern technologies in farming.
Constraints of rural women to utilize microfinance institutions the case of m...Alexander Decker
This document discusses constraints that rural women face in utilizing microfinance institutions in Ethiopia. It finds that the major constraints identified through interviews and focus groups are: 1) insufficient loan amounts that are not enough to sustain a business, 2) lack of ongoing training and follow up support from microfinance institutions after the initial loan, and 3) unavailability of nearby markets, high costs of inputs, and animal diseases that hamper women's ability to run livestock businesses and make a profit. The study concludes microfinance institutions need to provide larger and more sufficient loans, as well as continued training and support, to better empower women economically.
Working paper 199_-_microcredit_for_the_development_of_the_bottom_of_the_pyra...Dr Lendy Spires
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the impact of microcredit access on residents in Kibera slum in Nairobi, Kenya. The study used non-randomized controlled trials to compare outcomes between a treatment group that received microcredit access and a control group that did not. A baseline survey was conducted before the treatment, and a follow-up survey 18 months later measured impacts on business, household, institutional, and urban sustainability outcomes. The study found small but significant improvements in business and household outcomes, but little evidence of impacts on urban sustainability. A combination of difference-in-differences and propensity score matching techniques was used to estimate treatment effects while addressing selection bias issues.
This document provides an overview of a study comparing the microfinance programs of Grameen Bank and ASA in Bangladesh. The study was conducted through surveys of beneficiaries and officials in 3 upazilas in Comilla District. It finds that both organizations provide important financial services to low-income clients, helping reduce poverty and empower women. However, the study aims to identify differences in socioeconomic impacts between the programs and factors influencing participation. It also seeks to recommend improvements to better protect vulnerable clients. The document reviews previous literature on microfinance and poverty reduction and outlines the methodology and background of the study area.
11.[41 48]impact of microcredit on income generation capacity of women in the...Alexander Decker
1. The document examines the impact of microcredit access on the income generation capacity of women in the Tamale Metropolitan area of Ghana.
2. It finds that access to microcredit helps improve the income generation capacity of women in the study area based on a cross-sectional research design and primary data collection.
3. The paper recommends that governments and development partners intensify efforts to provide microcredit to women to help lift them out of poverty.
Effect of operational guidelines of bank of agriculture on loan disbursment a...Alexander Decker
The document analyzes loan disbursement and repayment performance across three lending schemes of the Bank of Agriculture in Kwara State, Nigeria from 2000-2010. It finds that:
1) The Macro Loan Scheme had the highest average annual disbursement at N133.5 million, followed by the Special Credit/Collaboration Scheme at N14.85 million and the Direct Lending Scheme at N25.96 million.
2) Loan repayment was also highest on average annually for the Macro Loan Scheme at N161.94 million, followed by the Special Credit/Collaboration Scheme at N22.83 million and the Direct Lending Scheme at N8.35 million.
3) The
Effects of Loan Management Practices on the Financial Performance of Deposit ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Microfinance plays a vital role to a country’s economy since it provides loans to small and medium enterprises which constitute the majority of businesses in most countries. The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of loan management on the financial performance of Deposit Taking SACCOs in Kisii County. The target population of this study was 120 employees of all the six Deposit Taking SACCOs in Kisii County. The study used census technique. Primary data were collected using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed by use of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The study revealed that loan collection policies, credit risk measures and loan default have significant effect on the performance of Deposit Taking SACCOs. The study recommended that the SACCOs should uphold monitoring of loans that are in arrear, also penalize clients for late payment and limit access to repeat loans for defaulters, monitor the flow of borrower's business through the SACCO's account, make regular review of the borrower's reports, be supportive to borrowers whenever they are in difficulties, make frequent contact with borrowers and that they make on-line visits.
Keywords: SACCOs, Loan, Deposit taking, Loan collection, Credit risk, Loan default.
Title: Effects of Loan Management Practices on the Financial Performance of Deposit Taking SACCOs in Kisii County
Author: Gladys Nyanchama Bwoma, Dr. Willy Mwangi Muturi, Dr. Vitalis Abuga Mogwambo
ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Paper Publications
11.the impact of cooperative financing on millenniumAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a research paper that examines the impact of cooperative financing on poverty reduction in Nigeria and its significance to achieving Millennium Development Goals. It finds that cooperative financing through microcredit assistance has a causal relationship with poverty alleviation. The study uses data from cooperative stakeholders in Nigeria and statistical analysis to determine the relationship between cooperative financing methods and poverty reduction. It recommends that government policy should integrate cooperatives' microcredit power into its microfinancing strategy to more effectively combat poverty.
MODELLING THE PREDICTION OF FARMERS' LOAN REPAYMENT IN PRIMARY AGRICUTURAL CO...IAEME Publication
Money, the vital element of economy, is indispensable to Agriculturists too. In India the farming community is subject to various vagaries to continue to be farmers and boost GDP of our Nation. In this Co-operative banks also play an important role despite the low percentage of repayment by farmers promptly coupled with high level of pressure for farmers for loan for continuing agricultural activities while the resource is requiring its cost to make it readily available at the time of all farming activities. There are many socio psychological factors. Affecting recovery of lending institutions resulting in a hard situation for credit societies and banks to continue lending. Here the study is on factors that could predict ways and means of recovery from farmers.
Impact of Microcredit on Socio-Cultural Status of Members of Wshgs; A Study i...iosrjce
Odisha is a mineral rich state in India but the economy of the state mainly dependents on
agricultural. Majority of the population belongs to rural areas; therefore rural sector is the main source of
economic development and manpower in the state. The western part of the state is rich with industrialization
whereas the eastern part of the state is rich with highly futile lands. In eastern part one of the costal district is
Jagatsinghpur. Development of rural areas is essential for the enhancement of overall economy and for the
betterment of rural communities. The aim of the present study was to find the impact of microcredit on sociocultural
status of the WSHG members in rural areas of district Jagatsinghpur. The universe for the present
study was all WSHG of the said district. The Sample of 187 respondents was selected from the targeted
population using the simple random sampling technique. A survey was conducted to carry out the study in which
a close ended structured questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to draw the results
from the study. Through descriptive analysis, the study clearly demonstrated that microcredit has played a
positive role in improving the socio cultural status of members of WSHGs. In this regard the study observed that
microcredit played the positive role in changing and improving the women empowerment in the state.
Factors influencing agricultural credit demand in northern ghanaHudu Zakaria
The greatest challenge to food security is low productivity emanating from slow growth in the agricultural sector and one of the reasons for this is little or no access to financial resources by producers. Credit is one of the empowerment tools that have the potential to boost the productivity, increase food security and change the life of farmers from a situation of abject poverty to a more dignified life in the long run. Using a household survey data from United State Agency for International Development's feed the future initiative; this study employed the logistic regression model to investigate the factors influencing households' demand for agricultural credit placing much emphasis on membership to organization. A total sample size of 2,330 farm households selected from Northern Ghana was used. The results of the logistic regression model revealed significant and positive variables such as age, education, group membership and source of credit. We therefore call on stakeholders to encourage formation of cooperative groups to enable farmers pull resources together or streamline loan application procedures, intensify education of farmers on loan procedures and promote flexibility in types of collateral demanded by financial institutions in order to enhance access.
Wealth creation through micro financing evidence from small scale enterprises...Alexander Decker
The document discusses research on the effect of microfinancing on small scale enterprises in Ghana. It notes that while microfinancing was initially viewed optimistically as a tool for poverty reduction, more recent research has questioned these assumptions and found limited evidence that it consistently improves clients' lives. The study aims to further examine how microfinancing can support small businesses in Ghana and help create wealth.
Ensuring Food Security in Myanmar- Targeting the Land and Credit Markets to S...Sanjan Haque
This document analyzes challenges to ensuring food security in rural Myanmar by examining land property rights and access to credit. It was commissioned by Oxfam Myanmar to suggest policy options to promote agriculture and food security. The report finds that unequal land distribution has left much land idle and exacerbated food insecurity, while the lack of affordable credit beyond state-run banks means over half of farmers borrow expensively from informal sources. It recommends land redistribution, land reform, strengthening property rights enforcement, deregulating banks, expanding microfinance institutions, and building agricultural credit supplier capacity to support smallholder farmers and improve food security outcomes.
Does Microfinance Really Empower? A presentation by Manoj BhusalManoj Bhusal
Microfinance aims to empower the poor through providing financial services like credit and savings. However, the document examines whether microfinance truly empowers poor women in northern Bangladesh through a study. Interviews with long and short-term beneficiaries of microfinance institutions found some increased choices and confidence for long-term beneficiaries but both groups still faced gender inequality and domestic violence. While microfinance provides important financial access, empowerment requires addressing deeper issues like education, skills training, social norms and poverty. Therefore, microfinance alone may not be enough to significantly empower the poor women in this region.
The document discusses constraints to women entrepreneurs' access to microfinance in South-South Nigeria. It identifies four main constraint factors through exploratory factor analysis: 1) Technical factors like transportation costs, lack of trust, and short payback periods. 2) Economic factors such as high interest rates and limited loan amounts. 3) Managerial factors including low loan accessibility and discretionary loan amounts. 4) Social factors such as distance, securing guarantors, and too many loan applications. The study suggests reducing interest rates, increasing access in rural areas, relaxing loan conditions, and prioritizing loans for women entrepreneurs.
Reaching the poorest while alleviating the poverty by micro finance in dera i...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the role of microfinance in alleviating poverty in Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. It begins with background on microfinance and definitions of poverty. The study aims to determine if microfinance has impacted poverty reduction based on factors like income, employment, education, health, and housing. Data was collected through surveys from 96 respondents and analyzed using statistical tools. The results showed microfinance had a positive and significant impact on poverty reduction, though some factors like gender and marital status did not significantly influence outcomes. Overall, microfinance was found to be an effective tool for poverty alleviation in the study area.
Self- Help Groups, a model for Economic Growth in Nagalandpaperpublications3
Abstract: The Economic status of a nation or a state is largely associated by the presence of industries, companies and manufacturing units. The state of Nagaland though surprisingly devoid of the presence of such industries and companies has been making steady progress over the years in its economic status but at a slow phase. The introduction of the Self- help Group scheme in the state in 1999-2000 has been a blessing to the people in many respects. The present paper dwells on the immense contribution made by the SHGs towards the growth of the state’s economy. It brings out to light the role of SHGs in strengthening the economic position of the state, employment opportunities generated and the number of people seriously engaged in the SHGs. The paper attempts to examine the huge potentiality SHGs have in the absence of industries and companies by making a case study of three districts of Nagaland viz. Peren, Kohima and Dimapur districts. It also brings out the SHGs –Bank linkage programmes in the state. For this purpose the paper is divided into three sections. Section I deals with introductory remarks and outlines, the significance of self help groups for employment generation with the infusion of low capital. It also provided an input to analyse the data relating to self help groups from an all India perspective Vis a Vis to self help groups in north eastern states. Section II draws attention of the economic profile of the state and also focus on the sample size for the study emphasising on the impact of self help groups and their contribution to socio- economic development. Section III analyses the findings of the study and provides concluding remarks and suggestions.
Keywords: Bank-linkage, Economic empowerment, income generation, low capital, potentiality. Self help groups, sustainability.
Regionalising loan repayment capacity of small holder cooperative farmers in ...Alexander Decker
1) The document examines the loan repayment capacity of smallholder cooperative farmers in South-South Nigeria. It analyzes data from 96 farmers across 16 cooperatives in Bayelsa and Delta states.
2) The results show that factors like age, education level, loan size, repayment period, net farm income, loan supervision, and farm size positively influence repayment capacity, while gender, household size, and funds spent on equipment have negative influences.
3) The author recommends improving access to farm implements and fertilizer to increase yields and income, implementing effective loan supervision, providing more loans to females, and subsidizing farm equipment costs to enhance repayment capacity.
Self help groups an empowerment model or financial model perceptions of stak...Alexander Decker
This document discusses self-help groups (SHGs) in India and whether they should be considered an empowerment model or a financial model. It provides background on the emergence of SHGs and how they have been promoted both for empowering women and providing alternative credit sources for the poor. The document reviews different perspectives on whether SHGs aim primarily for empowerment or financial intermediation. It discusses how different stakeholders may see SHGs differently depending on their agenda. The study aims to assess stakeholders' perceptions on whether SHGs are an empowerment model or financial model by collecting primary data from selected districts in Assam, India.
Influence of environmental and governance factors on sustainability of microf...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined how environmental and governance factors influence the sustainability of microfinance institutions in Ghana. The study analyzed survey data from 114 microfinance institutions. It found that sustainability had a positive relationship with improved regulatory frameworks, high loan recovery rates, quality staff, and job creation for clients. However, the existence of boards of directors and increased competition did not impact sustainability. The document provides background on microfinance in Ghana and reviews literature on factors like governance, competition, and government interventions that can influence the sustainability of microfinance institutions.
An evaluation of microfinance services on poverty alleviation in kisii county...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the impact of microfinance services on poverty alleviation in Kisii County, Kenya. The study found that the four variables considered (credit facilities, personal savings, training services, and insurance) explained the effects of microfinance institutions on poverty alleviation in the county. Credit facilities had the highest impact, followed by personal savings, training services, and insurance. The study recommends empowering microfinance institutions in the county by providing finances for loans to residents and undertaking regular training on financial management to build capacity. While microfinance has helped many, some question whether it has proven effective at reducing poverty levels due to a lack of data.
An assessment of the performance of microfinance institutions in Alexander Decker
This document assesses the performance of microfinance institutions in Nigeria. It finds that the liabilities of microfinance institutions outweigh their assets, indicating they are more financed through debt than equity. The document provides background on microfinance and poverty in Nigeria. It reviews literature on the impact and challenges of microfinance in reducing poverty. The study uses debt-to-equity ratios from the Mix Market database to test the hypothesis that microfinance institution liabilities exceed their assets, finding support for this hypothesis. It concludes that while microfinance aims to reduce poverty, its own financial instability limits its ability to significantly impact poverty levels in Nigeria.
This study examined the effect of microfinance banks on the performance of women-owned enterprises in Benue State, Nigeria. The study focused on women entrepreneurs who are clients of selected Microfinance Banks in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State. The study specifically examined the effect of microfinance loan services, microfinance saving services and microfinance training services on the performance of women-owned enterprises in Benue State. A survey design was adopted for the study and questionnaire was used for data collection. The population consists of 68 owners of women-owned enterprises in Makurdi metropolis, Benue State. A census sampling method was adopted and the entire population was used for this study. Simple percentages, mean and standard deviation were used for data presentation and analysis while regression analysis was used for test of hypotheses. Findings of the study revealed that microfinance loan services, microfinance saving services and microfinance training services have significant effect on the performance of women-owned enterprises in Benue State. The study concludes that microfinance banks services significantly affect the performance of women-owned enterprises in Benue State. The study recommended amongst others that microfinance banks should always give loans to female entrepreneurs in Benue State with low interest rates in order to encourage them to expand their businesses and improve their standard of living.
Finding a way to enhance impact of islamic microfinance the role of spiritual...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assesses the impact of Islamic microfinance and explores how spiritual and religious capacity building programs provided by Islamic microfinance institutions could potentially strengthen their impact. The study distributed surveys to 400 Muslim microentrepreneurs receiving Islamic microfinancing. It reviews literature on impact assessments of microfinance generally and finds mostly positive impacts on poverty reduction and vulnerability. Literature on spirituality and religiosity suggests they are positively associated with wealth, economic performance, health, and well-being. The study's findings indicate Islamic microfinance provides some positive impacts but limitations, and that higher spirituality and religiosity are linked to greater economic outcomes. It concludes spiritual and religious enhancement programs could enhance the positive impacts of Islamic micro
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
Effects of Loan Management Practices on the Financial Performance of Deposit ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Microfinance plays a vital role to a country’s economy since it provides loans to small and medium enterprises which constitute the majority of businesses in most countries. The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of loan management on the financial performance of Deposit Taking SACCOs in Kisii County. The target population of this study was 120 employees of all the six Deposit Taking SACCOs in Kisii County. The study used census technique. Primary data were collected using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed by use of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The study revealed that loan collection policies, credit risk measures and loan default have significant effect on the performance of Deposit Taking SACCOs. The study recommended that the SACCOs should uphold monitoring of loans that are in arrear, also penalize clients for late payment and limit access to repeat loans for defaulters, monitor the flow of borrower's business through the SACCO's account, make regular review of the borrower's reports, be supportive to borrowers whenever they are in difficulties, make frequent contact with borrowers and that they make on-line visits.
Keywords: SACCOs, Loan, Deposit taking, Loan collection, Credit risk, Loan default.
Title: Effects of Loan Management Practices on the Financial Performance of Deposit Taking SACCOs in Kisii County
Author: Gladys Nyanchama Bwoma, Dr. Willy Mwangi Muturi, Dr. Vitalis Abuga Mogwambo
ISSN 2349-7807
International Journal of Recent Research in Commerce Economics and Management (IJRRCEM)
Paper Publications
11.the impact of cooperative financing on millenniumAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a research paper that examines the impact of cooperative financing on poverty reduction in Nigeria and its significance to achieving Millennium Development Goals. It finds that cooperative financing through microcredit assistance has a causal relationship with poverty alleviation. The study uses data from cooperative stakeholders in Nigeria and statistical analysis to determine the relationship between cooperative financing methods and poverty reduction. It recommends that government policy should integrate cooperatives' microcredit power into its microfinancing strategy to more effectively combat poverty.
MODELLING THE PREDICTION OF FARMERS' LOAN REPAYMENT IN PRIMARY AGRICUTURAL CO...IAEME Publication
Money, the vital element of economy, is indispensable to Agriculturists too. In India the farming community is subject to various vagaries to continue to be farmers and boost GDP of our Nation. In this Co-operative banks also play an important role despite the low percentage of repayment by farmers promptly coupled with high level of pressure for farmers for loan for continuing agricultural activities while the resource is requiring its cost to make it readily available at the time of all farming activities. There are many socio psychological factors. Affecting recovery of lending institutions resulting in a hard situation for credit societies and banks to continue lending. Here the study is on factors that could predict ways and means of recovery from farmers.
Impact of Microcredit on Socio-Cultural Status of Members of Wshgs; A Study i...iosrjce
Odisha is a mineral rich state in India but the economy of the state mainly dependents on
agricultural. Majority of the population belongs to rural areas; therefore rural sector is the main source of
economic development and manpower in the state. The western part of the state is rich with industrialization
whereas the eastern part of the state is rich with highly futile lands. In eastern part one of the costal district is
Jagatsinghpur. Development of rural areas is essential for the enhancement of overall economy and for the
betterment of rural communities. The aim of the present study was to find the impact of microcredit on sociocultural
status of the WSHG members in rural areas of district Jagatsinghpur. The universe for the present
study was all WSHG of the said district. The Sample of 187 respondents was selected from the targeted
population using the simple random sampling technique. A survey was conducted to carry out the study in which
a close ended structured questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to draw the results
from the study. Through descriptive analysis, the study clearly demonstrated that microcredit has played a
positive role in improving the socio cultural status of members of WSHGs. In this regard the study observed that
microcredit played the positive role in changing and improving the women empowerment in the state.
Factors influencing agricultural credit demand in northern ghanaHudu Zakaria
The greatest challenge to food security is low productivity emanating from slow growth in the agricultural sector and one of the reasons for this is little or no access to financial resources by producers. Credit is one of the empowerment tools that have the potential to boost the productivity, increase food security and change the life of farmers from a situation of abject poverty to a more dignified life in the long run. Using a household survey data from United State Agency for International Development's feed the future initiative; this study employed the logistic regression model to investigate the factors influencing households' demand for agricultural credit placing much emphasis on membership to organization. A total sample size of 2,330 farm households selected from Northern Ghana was used. The results of the logistic regression model revealed significant and positive variables such as age, education, group membership and source of credit. We therefore call on stakeholders to encourage formation of cooperative groups to enable farmers pull resources together or streamline loan application procedures, intensify education of farmers on loan procedures and promote flexibility in types of collateral demanded by financial institutions in order to enhance access.
Wealth creation through micro financing evidence from small scale enterprises...Alexander Decker
The document discusses research on the effect of microfinancing on small scale enterprises in Ghana. It notes that while microfinancing was initially viewed optimistically as a tool for poverty reduction, more recent research has questioned these assumptions and found limited evidence that it consistently improves clients' lives. The study aims to further examine how microfinancing can support small businesses in Ghana and help create wealth.
Ensuring Food Security in Myanmar- Targeting the Land and Credit Markets to S...Sanjan Haque
This document analyzes challenges to ensuring food security in rural Myanmar by examining land property rights and access to credit. It was commissioned by Oxfam Myanmar to suggest policy options to promote agriculture and food security. The report finds that unequal land distribution has left much land idle and exacerbated food insecurity, while the lack of affordable credit beyond state-run banks means over half of farmers borrow expensively from informal sources. It recommends land redistribution, land reform, strengthening property rights enforcement, deregulating banks, expanding microfinance institutions, and building agricultural credit supplier capacity to support smallholder farmers and improve food security outcomes.
Does Microfinance Really Empower? A presentation by Manoj BhusalManoj Bhusal
Microfinance aims to empower the poor through providing financial services like credit and savings. However, the document examines whether microfinance truly empowers poor women in northern Bangladesh through a study. Interviews with long and short-term beneficiaries of microfinance institutions found some increased choices and confidence for long-term beneficiaries but both groups still faced gender inequality and domestic violence. While microfinance provides important financial access, empowerment requires addressing deeper issues like education, skills training, social norms and poverty. Therefore, microfinance alone may not be enough to significantly empower the poor women in this region.
The document discusses constraints to women entrepreneurs' access to microfinance in South-South Nigeria. It identifies four main constraint factors through exploratory factor analysis: 1) Technical factors like transportation costs, lack of trust, and short payback periods. 2) Economic factors such as high interest rates and limited loan amounts. 3) Managerial factors including low loan accessibility and discretionary loan amounts. 4) Social factors such as distance, securing guarantors, and too many loan applications. The study suggests reducing interest rates, increasing access in rural areas, relaxing loan conditions, and prioritizing loans for women entrepreneurs.
Reaching the poorest while alleviating the poverty by micro finance in dera i...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study on the role of microfinance in alleviating poverty in Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. It begins with background on microfinance and definitions of poverty. The study aims to determine if microfinance has impacted poverty reduction based on factors like income, employment, education, health, and housing. Data was collected through surveys from 96 respondents and analyzed using statistical tools. The results showed microfinance had a positive and significant impact on poverty reduction, though some factors like gender and marital status did not significantly influence outcomes. Overall, microfinance was found to be an effective tool for poverty alleviation in the study area.
Self- Help Groups, a model for Economic Growth in Nagalandpaperpublications3
Abstract: The Economic status of a nation or a state is largely associated by the presence of industries, companies and manufacturing units. The state of Nagaland though surprisingly devoid of the presence of such industries and companies has been making steady progress over the years in its economic status but at a slow phase. The introduction of the Self- help Group scheme in the state in 1999-2000 has been a blessing to the people in many respects. The present paper dwells on the immense contribution made by the SHGs towards the growth of the state’s economy. It brings out to light the role of SHGs in strengthening the economic position of the state, employment opportunities generated and the number of people seriously engaged in the SHGs. The paper attempts to examine the huge potentiality SHGs have in the absence of industries and companies by making a case study of three districts of Nagaland viz. Peren, Kohima and Dimapur districts. It also brings out the SHGs –Bank linkage programmes in the state. For this purpose the paper is divided into three sections. Section I deals with introductory remarks and outlines, the significance of self help groups for employment generation with the infusion of low capital. It also provided an input to analyse the data relating to self help groups from an all India perspective Vis a Vis to self help groups in north eastern states. Section II draws attention of the economic profile of the state and also focus on the sample size for the study emphasising on the impact of self help groups and their contribution to socio- economic development. Section III analyses the findings of the study and provides concluding remarks and suggestions.
Keywords: Bank-linkage, Economic empowerment, income generation, low capital, potentiality. Self help groups, sustainability.
Regionalising loan repayment capacity of small holder cooperative farmers in ...Alexander Decker
1) The document examines the loan repayment capacity of smallholder cooperative farmers in South-South Nigeria. It analyzes data from 96 farmers across 16 cooperatives in Bayelsa and Delta states.
2) The results show that factors like age, education level, loan size, repayment period, net farm income, loan supervision, and farm size positively influence repayment capacity, while gender, household size, and funds spent on equipment have negative influences.
3) The author recommends improving access to farm implements and fertilizer to increase yields and income, implementing effective loan supervision, providing more loans to females, and subsidizing farm equipment costs to enhance repayment capacity.
Self help groups an empowerment model or financial model perceptions of stak...Alexander Decker
This document discusses self-help groups (SHGs) in India and whether they should be considered an empowerment model or a financial model. It provides background on the emergence of SHGs and how they have been promoted both for empowering women and providing alternative credit sources for the poor. The document reviews different perspectives on whether SHGs aim primarily for empowerment or financial intermediation. It discusses how different stakeholders may see SHGs differently depending on their agenda. The study aims to assess stakeholders' perceptions on whether SHGs are an empowerment model or financial model by collecting primary data from selected districts in Assam, India.
Influence of environmental and governance factors on sustainability of microf...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examined how environmental and governance factors influence the sustainability of microfinance institutions in Ghana. The study analyzed survey data from 114 microfinance institutions. It found that sustainability had a positive relationship with improved regulatory frameworks, high loan recovery rates, quality staff, and job creation for clients. However, the existence of boards of directors and increased competition did not impact sustainability. The document provides background on microfinance in Ghana and reviews literature on factors like governance, competition, and government interventions that can influence the sustainability of microfinance institutions.
An evaluation of microfinance services on poverty alleviation in kisii county...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study on the impact of microfinance services on poverty alleviation in Kisii County, Kenya. The study found that the four variables considered (credit facilities, personal savings, training services, and insurance) explained the effects of microfinance institutions on poverty alleviation in the county. Credit facilities had the highest impact, followed by personal savings, training services, and insurance. The study recommends empowering microfinance institutions in the county by providing finances for loans to residents and undertaking regular training on financial management to build capacity. While microfinance has helped many, some question whether it has proven effective at reducing poverty levels due to a lack of data.
An assessment of the performance of microfinance institutions in Alexander Decker
This document assesses the performance of microfinance institutions in Nigeria. It finds that the liabilities of microfinance institutions outweigh their assets, indicating they are more financed through debt than equity. The document provides background on microfinance and poverty in Nigeria. It reviews literature on the impact and challenges of microfinance in reducing poverty. The study uses debt-to-equity ratios from the Mix Market database to test the hypothesis that microfinance institution liabilities exceed their assets, finding support for this hypothesis. It concludes that while microfinance aims to reduce poverty, its own financial instability limits its ability to significantly impact poverty levels in Nigeria.
This study examined the effect of microfinance banks on the performance of women-owned enterprises in Benue State, Nigeria. The study focused on women entrepreneurs who are clients of selected Microfinance Banks in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State. The study specifically examined the effect of microfinance loan services, microfinance saving services and microfinance training services on the performance of women-owned enterprises in Benue State. A survey design was adopted for the study and questionnaire was used for data collection. The population consists of 68 owners of women-owned enterprises in Makurdi metropolis, Benue State. A census sampling method was adopted and the entire population was used for this study. Simple percentages, mean and standard deviation were used for data presentation and analysis while regression analysis was used for test of hypotheses. Findings of the study revealed that microfinance loan services, microfinance saving services and microfinance training services have significant effect on the performance of women-owned enterprises in Benue State. The study concludes that microfinance banks services significantly affect the performance of women-owned enterprises in Benue State. The study recommended amongst others that microfinance banks should always give loans to female entrepreneurs in Benue State with low interest rates in order to encourage them to expand their businesses and improve their standard of living.
Finding a way to enhance impact of islamic microfinance the role of spiritual...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assesses the impact of Islamic microfinance and explores how spiritual and religious capacity building programs provided by Islamic microfinance institutions could potentially strengthen their impact. The study distributed surveys to 400 Muslim microentrepreneurs receiving Islamic microfinancing. It reviews literature on impact assessments of microfinance generally and finds mostly positive impacts on poverty reduction and vulnerability. Literature on spirituality and religiosity suggests they are positively associated with wealth, economic performance, health, and well-being. The study's findings indicate Islamic microfinance provides some positive impacts but limitations, and that higher spirituality and religiosity are linked to greater economic outcomes. It concludes spiritual and religious enhancement programs could enhance the positive impacts of Islamic micro
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
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Accessibility constraints of small scale fish farmers to formal credit in the...Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes factors that affect small-scale fish farmers' access to formal credit in Nzema East Municipality, Ghana.
- A survey of 80 farmers found that 37.5% had accessed formal credit, while 62.5% had not.
- A logistic regression model identified several significant factors influencing access, including age, education, income, distance to financial institutions, family size, credit awareness, and farming experience.
- Farmers ranked the top constraints to accessing formal credit as short repayment times, high interest rates, high transaction costs, and delays in loan approval.
Determinants of loan repayment evidence from group owned micro and small ente...Alexander Decker
This study examines factors affecting loan repayment among group-owned micro and small enterprises (MSEs) in Mekelle, Ethiopia. The researcher conducted surveys of 62 MSEs financed by a microfinance institution, collecting data on loan repayment performance and borrower characteristics. A binary logistic regression model was used to analyze how sector of operation, group size, group initiation process, and group composition influenced the likelihood of repayment. The results found that sector and initiation process had statistically significant effects, with businesses in services more likely to repay than construction or manufacturing, and self-formed groups more likely to repay than externally formed groups. Group size and composition did not significantly impact repayment. The study aims to provide recommendations to improve MSE loan repayment and economic
A CRITIQUE ON THE EMPIRICS OF MICROFINANCE WHAT DO WE KNOW BY Niels Hermes A...Cynthia Velynne
This critique analyzes two topics: 1) the effectiveness of joint liability group lending in reducing information asymmetries, and 2) the relationship between microfinance institutions' (MFIs) financial performance and outreach. For the first topic, the critique reviews literature showing that group lending factors like formal rules, self-selection, and strong group leaders help reduce moral hazard and improve repayment rates. For the second topic, the critique finds a positive correlation between MFI profitability and number of active clients served based on a quantitative analysis, suggesting no trade-off between financial sustainability and outreach.
A Critique on the Empirics of Microfinance by Niels Hermes and Robert LensinkCypran Akubude
The piece of work is a critique about an article written by two authors, that is Niels Hermes and Robert Lensink. The work looks at the relevance of microfinance in the developing countries and how it can help alleviate poverty.
Socioeconomic Determinants of Loan Repayment among the Agric. Loan Schemebene...iosrjce
The study examined the socioeconomic factors influencing loan repayment among the
beneficiariesagricultural loan scheme in the Unity bank of Nigeria PLc in kaduna metropolis. Multi stage
sampling technique was used in the study in which seven branches of the unity bank of Nigeria plc were
purposively selected and in each branch 10 beneficiaries who collected agric loan in2007/2008 cropping season
were selected using simple random sampling technique making a total sample size of seventy respondents. The
data were collected using structured questionnaire and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics and multiple
regression analysis. The result of the analysis revealed that,majority (75.72%) of the loan beneficiaries were
males and those with age range of 21-40 constituted75.72% with amean age of 38.6. Majority (51.42%) of the
respondents collected above N200,000 as a loan. Beneficiaries who repaid N1, 000-N20, 000and more than
N100, 000 out of the total amount collected constituted 24.29% and 27.14% respectively.The result of the z-test
revealed a significant difference between the amount applied by the farmers and the amount disbursed by the
Unity bank plc. The result of the Double log multiple regression analysis revealed that age of respondent
(p<0.001)><0.01) significantly influence loan repayment by the respondents.
The major problems encountered by the respondents include, high bureaucratic procedures, high rate of interest
and amount given was short of amount applied for. The bank should increase the share of agriculture in the
loanable funds available to it and relaxed the bureaucratic procedures involved before accessing the loan.
Government need to come up with a policy of lowering the interest rate on loans to agricultural sector and
provide efficient extension services to farmers so as to improve the yield obtainable from their farming
enterprise and hence their income
Determinants of Micro Finance Accessibility among Tomato Farmers in Kokona Lo...AI Publications
This study was carried out to access the Determinants of micro finance accessibility among tomato farmers in Kokona Local Government Area in Nasarawa State. Primary data was collected from 60 tomato farmers from six Communities in Kokona Local Government Area using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, percentages, frequency distribution, range and regression analysis. The results indicated that most of the respondents were young and able-bodied who could be productive for agricultural production in a given conducive atmosphere. Majority of the respondents were married and had 30 years and above farming experience. Results of the findings revealed that majority (73.3%) had access to credit while only 26.7% had no access to credit. The result also indicated that majority (80.0%) of the respondents were males while only 20.0% were female. Results from the findings revealed that larger proportion (26.7%) of the respondents had annual income between the range of N100,001- N150,000, while 21.7% had annual income ranging between N200,001- N250,000 and N50,000- N100,000 respectively. The result showed that all of the respondents (100.0%) of the farmers engaged in tomato farming had no access to extension contact.Results also revealed that majority (70.0%) of the respondents had farm sizes ranging from 1-2 hectares. The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that the value of the multiple regressions co-efficient (R2) was found to be 0.896, implying that the regression model accounted for about 89% of none zero variations in the study.The research work concluded by advocating the establishment of financial institutions in each local government headquarters of Nasarawa State for easy accessibility to loan by farmers.
Determinants of Micro Finance Accessibility among Tomato Farmers in Kokona Lo...AI Publications
This study was carried out to access the Determinants of micro finance accessibility among tomato farmers in Kokona Local Government Area in Nasarawa State. Primary data was collected from 60 tomato farmers from six Communities in Kokona Local Government Area using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, percentages, frequency distribution, range and regression analysis. The results indicated that most of the respondents were young and able-bodied who could be productive for agricultural production in a given conducive atmosphere. Majority of the respondents were married and had 30 years and above farming experience. Results of the findings revealed that majority (73.3%) had access to credit while only 26.7% had no access to credit. The result also indicated that majority (80.0%) of the respondents were males while only 20.0% were female. Results from the findings revealed that larger proportion (26.7%) of the respondents had annual income between the range of N100,001- N150,000, while 21.7% had annual income ranging between N200,001- N250,000 and N50,000- N100,000 respectively. The result showed that all of the respondents (100.0%) of the farmers engaged in tomato farming had no access to extension contact.Results also revealed that majority (70.0%) of the respondents had farm sizes ranging from 1-2 hectares. The results of the multiple regression analysis revealed that the value of the multiple regressions co-efficient (R2) was found to be 0.896, implying that the regression model accounted for about 89% of none zero variations in the study.The research work concluded by advocating the establishment of financial institutions in each local government headquarters of Nasarawa State for easy accessibility to loan by farmers.
A study on recent trends and problems in using micro finance services in india 2prjpublications
This document analyzes recent trends and problems in using microfinance services in India based on a study of 100 microfinance users across 7 states. The following key points are made:
1. The volume of microloans distributed and number of active borrowers has declined in recent years after peaking in 2010, indicating reduced use of microfinance services.
2. The average loan size per active borrower has also decreased in recent years, from $100 in 2005 to $155 in 2010 before declining to $155 in 2011.
3. Several reasons are affecting the use of microfinance products, including lack of deployment strategy, institutional support, and lack of promptness among borrowers in repaying loans.
11.the role of micro credit and micro finance institutions (mf is)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the role of microcredit and microfinance institutions (MFIs) in poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. Some key points:
- Microcredit has significantly impacted the lives of millions of poor people, especially women, by providing access to loans for income-generating activities. This has helped reduce poverty.
- Major MFIs in Bangladesh studied include Grameen Bank, BRAC, ASA, and Proshika. Studies of the impact of microcredit from these MFIs found positive results, including increased income, savings, education rates, and reduced infant mortality.
- The study analyzes survey data collected from microcredit beneficiaries in a rural area of Bangladesh to
The oliver twists among women microcredit borrowers, intra household decision...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated factors motivating women microcredit borrowers in Ghana to take multiple loans. The study found:
1) Factors impacting the decision to borrow initially were different than those impacting the decision to take multiple loans, though some variables like household size impacted both decisions.
2) Women who relinquished control of loans to spouses or needed spouse's permission were less likely to take multiple loans.
3) Poorer respondents were also less likely to take multiple loans than wealthier counterparts.
4) The conclusion was that intra-household power dynamics in male-dominated households prevented some women from accessing the full benefits of multiple loans.
The impact of cooperative financing on millenniumAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a research paper that examines the impact of cooperative financing on poverty reduction in Nigeria and progress towards the Millennium Development Goals. It finds that cooperative financing through microcredit has helped alleviate poverty for many. The study analyzes data collected from cooperative organizations and their stakeholders in Nigeria. Regression and other statistical analyses show a causal relationship between cooperative credit assistance and poverty reduction. The paper concludes that Nigerian government policy should better integrate cooperatives into its microfinancing strategies to acknowledge their power in providing credit to the poor.
This is a joint report focussing the impact of microfinance among the clients before and after the Andhra Pradesh crisis arising from the Andhra Pradesh Microfinance Institutions (Regulation of Money lending) Act, 2010. The report highlights the similar findings from quantitative study conducted by the Centre for Microfinance (CMF) at IFMR Research and qualitative study conducted by MicroSave. This paper features findings related to multiple borrowing, household indebtedness, loan purpose and client perspectives on availability of financing. Both studies validate the fact that the members of the community face issues raising credit in the absence of MFIs. Members of the community have reduced their spending on important aspects such as health, education and business because of non availability of adequate credit from alternative sources. Moneylenders are having a field day with the absence of MFIs. Members of the community are falling back to moneylenders who charge usurious rates of interest to meet their credit needs. The study also highlights the failure of MFIs when designing market led products and processes. MFIs, in the process of rapid scale up and single minded pursuit of exponential growth targets, ignored the needs of the clients. The study clearly shows the discomfort of the clients with inflexible repayments, interest rates and behaviour of the staff especially when it comes to repayment.
Sustainability of Microfinance: A Case of Tea SACCOs in Kericho, Buret and Bo...World-Academic Journal
Tea SACCOs are tea based rural SACCOs formed by tea growers, whose functions are to keep member’s savings in form of shares, savings accounts and deposit accounts among others. Little is known about the factors influencing financial sustainability of Tea SACCOs. The study covered all six Tea SACCOs in Kericho, Bomet and Buret districts in the Rift valley province of Kenya. Analysis involved evaluating growth in net worth, administrative efficiency, loan portfolio quality, staff productivity and transaction costs. The study found that the growth of net assets had been on the decline over the years, loan portfolio was poor and default rates were high. According to the indicators evaluated, Tea SACCOs had not yet reached their full potential in outreach and that high transaction costs hindered their financial sustainability.
The Relationship between Microfinance Institutions and Group Lending Model in...ijtsrd
Microfinance is a mechanism for the development of the country with especially focusing on poor women in rural areas. Micro Finance has had several successful initiatives, including the range of outreach, as well as the development of innovative products and local institutions that reach out to marginalized communities. Micro finance has been accepted at the national policy level for poverty reduction. The present paper purports to examine the role of JLGs in microfinance in India. The paper is based on mainly primary data. The research design is descriptive. The data for the present study is based on a major research study on microfinance in the state of Uttar Pradesh conducted in 2019 by the researcher. Chi square test is used to know the level of significance. While many studies relate to microfinance, only a few studies have been conducted so far to assess the effect of JLGs. Against this backdrop, the present paper purports to examine the Relationship between microfinance institutions and group lending model in Uttar Pradesh, India. Reshu Goel | Dr. Megha Aggarwal "The Relationship between Microfinance Institutions and Group Lending Model in Uttar Pradesh, India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31385.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/31385/the-relationship-between-microfinance-institutions-and-group-lending-model-in-uttar-pradesh-india/reshu-goel
Sustainability of Microfinance: A Case of Tea SACCOs in Kericho, Buret and Bo...World-Academic Journal
Tea SACCOs are tea based rural SACCOs formed by tea growers, whose functions are to keep member’s savings in form of shares, savings accounts and deposit accounts among others. Little is known about the factors influencing financial sustainability of Tea SACCOs. The study covered all six Tea SACCOs in Kericho, Bomet and Buret districts in the Rift valley province of Kenya. Analysis involved evaluating growth in net worth, administrative efficiency, loan portfolio quality, staff productivity and transaction costs. The study found that the growth of net assets had been on the decline over the years, loan portfolio was poor and default rates were high. According to the indicators evaluated, Tea SACCOs had not yet reached their full potential in outreach and that high transaction costs hindered their financial sustainability.
This study aims to create a design model of Seaweed Bank. Seaweed banks are designed by combining the financing model of Cooperatives and Banking, but both the initial and subsequent deposits are not in cash, but in the form of commodities (dried seaweed).The study was conducted from 2017 to May 2018 (four seaweed seasons). The results showed that farmers’ revenue (with set aside 5 percent per Planting Season of total revenue) amounted to US$ 433 per year per farmer or US$ 107.161 from 300 farmers. During the famine season, farmers no longer borrow funds from patron but farmers can take it from Seaweed Bank. Farmers’ need of seed that can be provided as much as US$ 96.435 or as many as 296 ropes per farmer and still remaining balance of saving as much as US$ 199.239 in the village. At the normal price US$ 0,942 per kg of dried seaweed there is an addition to the total seaweed value as much as US$ 199.239, which will impact the expected year-end saving to be as much as US$ 18.430
Effect of micro finance on performance of women owned enterprisesfredrickaila
The document discusses a study on the effect of microfinance on the performance of women-owned enterprises in Kisumu City, Kenya. The study surveyed 341 women business owners who received microloans. The results showed that microfinancing had a positive effect on the productivity, profitability, and growth of the women-owned enterprises. Specifically, access to credit and training services through microfinance was found to increase business performance. However, the study also noted that the size of loans provided needed to be larger to have a more meaningful impact. Overall, the findings indicated that microfinancing can improve the success of women entrepreneurs when adequate financial and support services are provided.
11.socioeconomic characteristics of beneficiaries of rural creditAlexander Decker
1) The document examines the socioeconomic characteristics of beneficiaries of rural credit in Pakistan. It analyzes data collected from 320 farmers who received credit.
2) Younger, more educated farmers who visited agricultural information centers were found to make better use of credit and improve their living standards. Farm size and number of times credit was obtained were also significant factors.
3) Middle-aged farmers (31-45 years old) generally improved their standards of living more than younger or older farmers after using credit. Better educated farmers also benefited more.
Similar to Comparative study of access of group and individual farmer (20)
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
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Comparative study of access of group and individual farmer
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
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Comparative Study of Access of Group and Individual Farmer-
Clients to Financial Services of Microfinance Institutions in
Enugu State, Nigeria
Agbo, Festus Ugwuoke (Ph.D)
Department of Agricultural Economics,University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
E-mail: fuagbo4real@yahoo.com
Abstract
This study compares the access of group and individual farmer-clients to the credit services of microfinance
institutions in Enugu State, Nigeria. The study was designed to ascertain specifically the factors that determine
access, the reasons for differences in the levels of access by the respondents as well as their perceptions of the
effects of the credit guidelines of MFIs on their levels of access. A total of 72 respondents, 36 individuals and 36
groups, were randomly selected for the study. Multiple regression analysis, Levene’s test for equality of means
as well as Likert Rating Scale were used for data analysis. Regression result showed that years of experience in
farming, size of farm, credit history, size of income from farming, value of collateral, interest rate, compulsory
deposit requirement and distance to MFIs affected access for both group and individual clients. Levene’s test for
equality of mean scores of the group and the individual clients were statistically significantly (p > 0.05)
different. Likert Rating result indicate that MFI credit guidelines such as minimum deposit requirement, interest
rate and loan size were perceived as constraints by group clients while individual clients perceived, in addition to
these, provision of acceptable surety as hindrances to their access to MFI credit. Group lending option scored
better than the individual option suggesting that insistence on group formation still remains a better approach to
accessing MFI credit.
Keywords: Microfinance, credit access, groups, individuals
1. Introduction
Credit is a necessary input in various aspects of farm operations and lack of it has always been regarded as a
major problem of small scale farmers and other micro-entrepreneurs (FARM, 2006). Even when available,
access to credit is usually very difficult for rural farmers. This difficulty stems from lack of requisite collaterals,
low levels of education and inadequate information about sources and uses of credit facilities (Zeller & Sharma,
2006).
In Nigeria, attempts at institutionalizing agricultural credit as a means of providing finance capital to farmers
began way back in the 1950s (Osamca, 2006). Several agencies and institutions have been used in the past by
government to make credit available to farmers. Examples include the Bank of Agriculture (BOA), the
Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF), the Community Banking Scheme (CBS) and lately the
Microfinance Scheme.
Microfinance institutions gained ascendancy due to the dismal performance of the other schemes. Since their
emergence microfinance institutions (MFIs) have become veritable tools for sourcing finance for agriculture and
other micro-enterprises in Nigeria. A Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) study in the early life of the microfinance
scheme identified as many as 160 registered microfinance institutions in Nigeria with aggregate savings worth
99.4 million naira (CBN, 2004).
Inspite of the gains already made by microfinance institutions in Nigeria there is still huge service deficit. For
instance, less than one million out of the 40 million potential users of microfinance services have been reached
(CBN, 2005). Also the aggregate micro-credit facilities in Nigeria account for only about 0.2 percent of GDP
and less than one percent of total credit to the economy. Another challenge is that most of microfinance funding
goes to the service sector to the detriment of the real sector where vital activities, especially agriculture and
manufacturing, take place. Anyanwu (2004) reported that only 14.1 and 3.5 percent of total MFI funding in
Nigeria went to agriculture and manufacturing respectively while 78.4 percent went to the service sector.
Typically, microfinance is associated with joint liability arising from group lending. Group lending involves
administration of credit among a group whose members differ in character and reaction (Hulme & Mosley,
1996), but possess a common interest of benefitting from the group which represents their pooled resources.
When borrowers form groups and are held liable for each other, lending to the poor farmer clients can be
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profitable even if borrowers do not possess any collateral and lack definite credit history (Gine & Karlan, 2006).
Ghatak & Guinnane (1999) agree that group lending improves the access of the poor to credit facilities.
Interestingly, however, a large part of microfinance institutions do not offer group but individual loans. There is,
currently, a debate taking place in microfinance circles between proponents of group loans (Khandker, 1998;
Navajas, Schreiner, Meyer, Gongales, Vega & Rodrigez, 2000; Mckee, 1989) and proponents of individual loans
(Morduch, 1999; Amendariz de Aghion & Morduch, 2005). Many microfinance institutions, including the
Grameen Bank of Bangladesh, a pioneer microfinance institution, are reported to be moving away from the
concept of group loans (Armendariz de Aghion & Morduch, 2005; Dowla & Barua, 2006).
This study which is our contribution to the on-going debate specifically seeks to:
1. ascertain factors that influence the levels of access to the services of MFIs by group and individual clients
in the study area;
2. determine whether there are differences in the levels of access to the services of MFIs by group and
individual clients; and
3. ascertain the clients’ perception of the effects of MFI credit guidelines on their access to credit which
might suggest a paradigm shift in microfinance administration in Nigeria.
The result of this study is expected to be of immense benefit to the poverty alleviation initiatives of the
government through appropriate targeting of financial assistance to farmers and improvement of credit delivery
by the MFIs. The latent capacity of the poor for agro-entrepreneurship would be significantly enhanced through
the provision of microfinance services to enable them engage in economic activities and be more self-reliant.
2. Materials and Method
2.1 Study Area
Enugu State is the study area. The state which is one of the 36 states in Nigeria lies between latitudes 50
56' and
70
06'N and longitudes 60
53' and 70
55'E (Nwafor, 2003). The state occupies an area of about 12,831 km2
with a
population of 3,257,298 persons (NPC, 2007).
The predominant agricultural practices of people of the state are crop farming in the areas of vegetables, cereals,
roots and tubers. Rearing of domestic animals like poultry, sheep, goats and pigs forms part of the farming
systems.
2.2 Sampling Techniques
Out of the three agricultural zones in the state two, namely Enugu and Nsukka, were randomly selected for the
study.
The microfinance institutions targeted in the study were microfinance banks and formal private microfinance
agencies. Six out of fifteen microfinance banks in the two zones were randomly selected. Out of five formal
microfinance agencies two, namely Nsukka Amalgamated Livestock Traders United Self Help Organisation
(NALT-NUSHO) and Lift Above Poverty Organisation (LAPO), were randomly selected. A list of individual
and group clients of the MFIs was compiled. From this list 36 each of group and individual farmer-clients were
randomly selected as indicated in table 1.
2.3 Data Collection
Data were collected using two sets of structured questionnaire, one for group and the other for individual clients.
The questionnaire captured group and individual characteristic including age/years of business experience,
amount borrowed, interest rates, loan periods as well as problems faced by each category of respondents.
2.4 Analytical Techniques
The objectives of this study were realized using multiple regression analysis, Levene’s test for equality of means
and Likert Rating Scale.
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Regression analysis is concerned with the study of the dependence of one variable (dependent variable) on one
or more other variables (explanatory variables). The dependent variable is assumed to be statistically random or
stochastic. The explanatory variables on the other hand are assumed to have fixed values (in repeated sampling).
In this study multiple regression analysis was used to determine how group/individual characteristics of the
respondents and MFI credit guidelines affected their access to credit from the MFIs. The level of access (Y)
represents the amount of money the groups or individuals were able to borrow from the MFIs. Thus Y(Amount
borrowed) is the dependent variable while the group and individual characteristics like years in business, size of
farm, credit history (amount earlier borrowed and repaid), size of annual income from farm operation, value of
collateral as well as MFI credit guidelines like interest rate, length of grace period, compulsory deposit
requirement, location (distance from MFI), constitute the explanatory variables (Xn).
The model was specified thus
Y = f(X1, X2…. X9) + ε ……………………………………………………………. (1)
The explicit linear functional form of the equation was
Y = b0 + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + b4X4 + b5X5 + b6X6 + b7X7 + b8X8 + b9X9 ……… (2)
Where:
Y = Amount borrowed (₦)
X1 = Years in business
X2 = Size of farm (hectares)
X3 = Credit history (amount [Naira] borrowed and repaid)
X4 = Size of income from farm operations (in Naira)
X5 = Monetary value of collateral (₦)
X6 = Interest rate (%)
X7 = Length of grace period (months)
X8 = Amount of compulsory deposit (₦)
X9 = Distance from MFI (km)
b0 = Intercept
b1-b9 = parameters (co-efficients)
ε = Error term
The mean scores of both the group and individual farmer-clients on the group/individual characteristics that affected
access to MFIs services were obtained and subjected to the Levene’s test for equality of means to ascertain if there
were significant differences in these scores.
The mean scores of the respondents perceptions based on the 5-point scale was 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 15/3 = 3.0. Using
an interval scale of 0.05, the upper limit cut-off was 3 + 0.05 = 3.05, the lower limit was 3 – 0.05 = 2.95. On the basis
of the limit, any mean score below 2.95 (i.e. MS < 2.95) was taken as “Not serious effect”, those between 2.95 and
3.05 were considered of “Serious effect” (i.e. 2.95 < MS < 3.05), while any mean score that is greater than or equal to
3.05 (i.e. MS > 3.05) was considered of “Very serious effect”.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Factors that Affected Level of Access to MFI Credit by Group Clients
Regression analysis (OLS) was used to ascertain the factors that influenced the access of groups and individual clients
to the services of the MFIs. The explanatory variables were years in business (X1), size of farm (X2), credit history
(X3), income from farming (X4), monetary value of collateral (X5), interest rate (X6), length of grace period (X7),
compulsory deposit (X8) and distance from MFI (X9).
The semi-log functional form of the OLS regression gave the best R-squared (R2
) value and highest number of
variables whose co-efficients had correct signs and magnitudes and thus became the lead equation.
The result of the regression analysis for groups (table 2) showed that years of experience in farming business (X1),
size of farm (X2), credit history (X3), size of income from farming (X4), value of collateral (X5), interest rate (X6),
length of grace period (X7), compulsory deposit (X8) and distance from MFIs (X9) affected access of the group clients
to credit from the MFIs.
The relationship between interest rate and access was found to be inverse indicating that the higher the interest rate the
less clients are prepared to borrow. The inverse relationship between access and size of compulsory deposit is also an
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indication that the higher the amount required as compulsory deposit by MFI, the less are clients able and willing to
access their credit facilities.
Years in farming business is an index of experience. Those with many years of experience stand better chances of
accessing MFI credit. This agrees with the result of the regression analysis. The size of farm gives an idea of
economies of scale. Those with larger farm sizes are in a better position to use additional funds more effectively. In
this study size of farm was found to be a positive attribute that enhanced farmers’ access to MFIs credit.
Those who have borrowed in the past and repaid are more likely to be favoured when there is high demand for MFI
funds and available funds are inadequate. Credit history was therefore a positive attribute that affected access to funds
in the study.
Size of farm income is a reflection of the size of farm operations. Just as the size of farm holdings is an attribute that
promotes access to MFI funds so also is the size of income from the farm. The more income the group makes from
farming the higher the equity they can commit into the farming business. Most lenders are more comfortable to lend
when borrowers have commensurate equity participation in the business funded.
Most often MFIs in Nigeria do not ask for collateral but they insist on borrowers’ opening account with them
and having in their account at least one-third of the sum they are applying for. The higher the deposit in the
borrower’s accounts the brighter the chances of accessing MFIs funds. Such funds in the account of the
borrower serve as collateral for the amount borrowed.
Length of grace period, though important, was not found significant in the study. This may be due to the fact
that the grace period offered by the MFIs is usually so short that they make very little impact on clients’ decision
to borrow.
Distance to MFIs locations has some implications. For instance distance affects cost of transportation. It may
also have implications for the awareness of the services of MFIs. It is very likely that groups located nearer to
MFIs may be more aware of MFI services. This may count for them with respect to the degree of their access.
The regression result for the individual clients was not quite different from that of the group (table 3).
Except for higher R2
and stronger t-score for some of the variables the regression results for group and
individual clients follow the same pattern of relationship. However, individual clients are more likely to face
problems with respect to providing collateral and meeting the compulsory deposit requirement. The scale of
operation and income from farming are also likely to be smaller thereby putting individual clients in a position
of disadvantage when compared with their group counterparts.
3.2 Levene’s Test for Equality of Means
To test whether the mean scores of groups and individual clients were significantly different in their basic
attributes like (1) years of experience in farm business (2) size of farm (3) credit history (4) size of income from
farming (5) monetary value of collateral (6) amount of compulsory deposit and (7) distance from MFI the
Levene’s test for equality of means was conducted.
Results from Levene’s test for equality of means (Table 4) indicate that the differences between the means of the
attributes under consideration were statistically significant at 0.05 probability level. The mean differences,
except in the case of distance to MFI, were positive indicating higher scores for group clients. Higher scores
could translate into better access for groups than for individual clients.
3.3 Clients’ Perception of the Lending Policy of the MFIs
Some of the policies that governed MFI credit in the study were (a) compulsory opening and operating an
account with the MFI for at least three months before loan request (b) a minimum deposit in that account of not
less than one-third of the amount requested (c) an interest rate of ₦100 per mille and (d) provision of an
acceptable surety for the loan. Likert scale rating of clients’ perception of these credit guidelines on their access
to MFI credit is presented in table 5.
Both clients did not perceive compulsory account opening as a constraint to their access to MFI credit. However,
both clients saw minimum credit requirement as an impediment to their access to credit. Minimum credit
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requirement also has an implication for loan size. The more deposit one is able to make the higher the loan size
one could obtain. Both clients also saw loan size as a serious constraint possibly because they required bigger
sums than what they could presently obtain due to restrictive lending policies.
Group formation might have accounted for the reason why group clients did not find provision of acceptable
surety as a constraint unlike the case of individual clients. Group liability might have counted in the favour of
the groups pointing to the fact that MFIs are more likely to favour groups more than individuals.
Generally speaking the individual clients appeared to have been more constrained than the group since they
perceived all but only one of the lending policies of the MFIs as very serious obstacles to their access.
4. Conclusion and Recommendations
This study showed that farming experience, size of farm, credit history, size of income from farming, value of
collateral, interest rate, size of compulsory deposit as well as the distance to MFI locations were the factors that
determined clients’ access to MFI credit. Levene’s test for equality of means confirmed that the mean scores on
the factors that determined access to MFI credit by groups and individual clients were statistically significantly
different (P < 0.05).
The MFIs lending policies, with the exception of compulsory account opening requirement, were perceived by
individual clients as very serious constraints to their access to credit. For groups only minimum deposit
requirement, interest rate policy and loan size were perceived as very serious constraints.
Therefore, results from this study do not suggest any need for paradigm shift from lending through groups to
lending through individuals since groups performed better in all the criteria of assessment in the study. Based on
the findings of the study the following recommendations are made:
1. MFIs need to re-visit the factors that have been identified to affect access to their credit services with a view
to modifying areas like insisting on determining the size of loan through the size of compulsory deposit;
2. Credit history should be a more positive and appropriate way for assessing eligibility of clients;
3. Group lending should be emphasised since the group platform offers an alternative avenue for loan
guarantee through group liability.
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Table 1: Number of group and individual farmer clients of microfinance institutions sampled
Enugu Agricultural Zone Nsukka Agricultural Zone
MFIs Group Clients Individual Clients Group Clients Individual Clients
LAPO 7 8 6 7
NALT-NUSHO 6 5 6 5
MFBs 6 6 5 5
Total 19 19 17 17
Table 2: Result of the OLS regression analysis of factors that affected access of group clients to MFI Credit
Y = b0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9
Coef = 0.421 0.798 0.267 0.341 3.270 6.892 -0.381 -0.781 -0.681 3.783
t-score = 0.712 *3.781 *2.537 *5.433 *2.851 *3.873 -*2.771 -0.563 *-2.533 *2.607
Std. error = 0.713 0.218 0.089 0.075 1.421 1.651 0.134 1.231 0.189 1.708
R2
= 0.707
* = Significant at 1% probability
Source: Computed from field survey data (2012)
Table 3: Result of the OLS regression analysis of factors that affected individual clients’ access to
credit from MFIs
Y = b0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9
Coef = 1.483 2.371 2.810 0.570 7.921 5.791 -0.531 -0.520 -0.719 3.462
t-score = *6.812 *2.921 *7.480 *3.560 *2.730 *3.480 -*2.729 0.281 *-2.181 *2.813
Std. error = 0.251 0.715 2.512 0.412 3.132 0.570 1.218 1.322 0.278 1.273
R2
= 0.826
* = Significant at 1% probability
Source: Computed from field survey data (2012)
7. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
198
Table 4: The Levene’s test for equality of means of the attributes of group and individual farmer clients of MFIs
Attributes Mean difference Std Error difference T-score
YOFEXP 8.315 0.682 *3.327
SIZ FARM 3.571 1.355 *4.718
CRHIST 5.180 0.633 *3.201
SIZFCOME 14,892.112 11,218.205 *4.322
MVCOLLAT 29,378.821 18,715.316 *2.812
COMPDEVP 13,171.052 9,237.015 *5.215
DISMFI -21.312 -8.228 *3.670
* = Significant at 0.05 probability level
YOF EXP = Years of farming experience, SIZFARM = Size of farm
CRHIST = Credit history, SIZFCOME = Size of farm income
MVCOLLAT = Monetary value of collateral, COMPDEP = Compulsory deposit
DISMFI = Distance from MFI
Source: Computed from field survey data (2012)
Table 5: Mean distribution of the clients’ perception of the effects of lending policy of MFIs on their access to
MFI credit
Credit policy Mean for group clients Mean for individual clients
Compulsory account opening 2.85* 2.79*
Minimum deposit requirement 3.53*** 3.86***
Interest rate policy 2.98** 3.08***
Loan size 3.18*** 4.26***
Provision of an acceptable surety 2.76* 3.71***
* stands for not serious effect
** stands for serious effect
*** stands for very serious effect
Source: Computed from field survey data (2012)
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