321
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY: A CRITICAL
REVIEW FROM ISLAMIC THEORIES OF
ADMINISTRATION1
Jafar Paramboor
Mohd Burhan Ibrahim
Abstract
Early management theory consisted of numerous attempts at getting
to know some newcomers to industrial life at the end of the
nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, in
Europe and United States. As far as these newcomers were
concerned, almost all fields of industry expected that they could open
a new way of pattern in the area of conceptualizing the management
field with new ideas and thoughts. One of these newcomers was the
scientific management theory, the theory of Frederic Winslow Taylor
(1896-1915). This paper is a critical review on scientific
management theory looking from the descriptive and normative
angles of Islamic theories of administration. Starting from the
background of the author, and his theory, the paper highlights some
of the criticisms arose from the West, followed by Islamic dimensions
on the theory of administration, focusing on the individual and social
aspects. The paper argues that the values should be taken from
Islamic theories of administration which refers to the present world
as well as hereafter. Further, some of the implications and possible
areas of practicing Islamic theory of administration in higher
education management are presented.
Keywords: Scientific Management Theory, Islamic Theories of
Administration, Shurah, Adl, Itqan, Fard Kifayah, Khilafah
1 Article received: August 2018; Article submitted: November 2018; Article
accepted: December 2018
JAFAR PARAMBOOR
322
Introduction
The fundamental aim of management should be to ensure the
maximum prosperity for the employer as well as the employee. The
term “maximum prosperity” refers to not only large dividends for the
company or owner, but also the development of every branch of the
business to its highest state of quality, so that the prosperity may be
permanent. Likewise, maximum prosperity to the employee refers to
not only higher wages than are usually received by them, but also to
the development of each man to his state of maximum competence,
so that he may be capable of doing the highest grade of work
according to his natural potentials.2
Early management theory consisted of numerous attempts at
getting to know some newcomers to industrial life at the end of the
nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, in
Europe and United States. As far as these newcomers were
concerned, almost all the field of industry expected that they could
open a new pattern in the area of conceptualizing management field
with new ideas, and thoughts. One of these newcomers was the
scientific management theory, the theory of Frederic Winslow Taylor
(1896-1915).3
Taylor rested his philosophy on four basic principles:
1. The development of a true scien ...
Frederick Taylor was an influential management theorist who developed the theory of scientific management in the early 20th century. His philosophy maintained that maximum efficiency could be attained through specialization of labor, improving organization, and implementing results from time and motion studies. While Taylorism aimed to improve efficiency, later theorists like Elton Mayo concluded that social and informal workplace factors have a greater influence on employee productivity. The essay argues that human relations theory, which takes these social factors into account, is more relevant to modern business compared to Taylor's scientific management approach.
Frederick Taylor developed the theory of scientific management in the late 19th/early 20th century. He believed that tasks could be optimized through precise procedures developed by studying workers. This aimed to replace traditional management based on rules of thumb. While controversial at the time due to its focus on efficiency over worker autonomy, elements of scientific management like task optimization and analysis are now ubiquitous in industry. However, critics argue it can make work repetitive and reduce job satisfaction. Overall, Taylor's theory revolutionized management approaches even if aspects have been modified over time.
This document provides an overview of the historical development of the science of management. It discusses three key phases: the Classic Term represented by Taylor, Fayol and Weber; the Neo-classic Term focusing more on the human factor; and Modern Management Approaches. Taylor's Scientific Management principles aimed to increase productivity but were criticized for overlooking the human element. Fayol built on Taylor's work developing principles for large organization management. Weber proposed a bureaucracy approach emphasizing standardized procedures.
Scientific managment and bureauractricapproach part 1 misba4u
The document discusses the concept of scientific management developed by Frederick Taylor in the early 20th century. Taylor believed work could be optimized through scientific analysis to determine the most efficient processes. This involved breaking down jobs into small, simple tasks and establishing a staff of specialists to determine optimum work methods. While it increased efficiency, workers found the work boring and skills were de-emphasized. There was also worker resentment over the loss of control and autonomy. However, Taylor's ideas still influence modern management practices like work standardization and productivity measurement.
Scientific managment and bureauractricapproachmisba4u
The document discusses the concept of scientific management developed by Frederick Taylor in the early 20th century. Taylor believed work could be optimized through scientific analysis to determine the most efficient processes. This involved breaking down jobs into small, simple tasks and establishing a staff of specialists to determine optimum work methods. While it increased efficiency, workers found the work boring and skills were de-emphasized. There was also worker resentment over the loss of control and autonomy. However, Taylor's ideas still influence modern management practices like work standardization and productivity measurement.
The Theory Of Management And The Scientific Management...Rochelle Schear
The document discusses several influential management theories, including scientific management theory proposed by Frederick Taylor and administrative management theory developed by Henri Fayol. Taylor's theory focused on analyzing workflows to improve efficiency through specialization, while Fayol emphasized the importance of coordination and hierarchy within work groups. Both theories influenced the development of modern management practices but have also received criticism for being too rigid or not considering human factors.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of management theories from the classical school to modern schools of thought. It summarizes the key contributors and principles of scientific management, bureaucratic management, and administrative management under the classical school. The behavioral school emphasized the human element, while the modern school integrated tools and theories from other disciplines and recognized contingent factors. Overall, the document traces the evolution of management theories from an efficiency focus on work processes to considerations of human and situational factors.
Scientific management aimed to improve economic efficiency, especially labor productivity, through analyzing and optimizing workflows. Pioneered by Frederick Taylor in the early 1900s, it involved developing scientific methods for each task to replace rule-of-thumb practices, scientifically selecting and training workers, and cooperating between workers and management. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth expanded on Taylor's work through motion and time studies to further reduce inefficiency and improve worker satisfaction. Scientific management transformed industries by standardizing best practices and rationalizing production processes.
Frederick Taylor was an influential management theorist who developed the theory of scientific management in the early 20th century. His philosophy maintained that maximum efficiency could be attained through specialization of labor, improving organization, and implementing results from time and motion studies. While Taylorism aimed to improve efficiency, later theorists like Elton Mayo concluded that social and informal workplace factors have a greater influence on employee productivity. The essay argues that human relations theory, which takes these social factors into account, is more relevant to modern business compared to Taylor's scientific management approach.
Frederick Taylor developed the theory of scientific management in the late 19th/early 20th century. He believed that tasks could be optimized through precise procedures developed by studying workers. This aimed to replace traditional management based on rules of thumb. While controversial at the time due to its focus on efficiency over worker autonomy, elements of scientific management like task optimization and analysis are now ubiquitous in industry. However, critics argue it can make work repetitive and reduce job satisfaction. Overall, Taylor's theory revolutionized management approaches even if aspects have been modified over time.
This document provides an overview of the historical development of the science of management. It discusses three key phases: the Classic Term represented by Taylor, Fayol and Weber; the Neo-classic Term focusing more on the human factor; and Modern Management Approaches. Taylor's Scientific Management principles aimed to increase productivity but were criticized for overlooking the human element. Fayol built on Taylor's work developing principles for large organization management. Weber proposed a bureaucracy approach emphasizing standardized procedures.
Scientific managment and bureauractricapproach part 1 misba4u
The document discusses the concept of scientific management developed by Frederick Taylor in the early 20th century. Taylor believed work could be optimized through scientific analysis to determine the most efficient processes. This involved breaking down jobs into small, simple tasks and establishing a staff of specialists to determine optimum work methods. While it increased efficiency, workers found the work boring and skills were de-emphasized. There was also worker resentment over the loss of control and autonomy. However, Taylor's ideas still influence modern management practices like work standardization and productivity measurement.
Scientific managment and bureauractricapproachmisba4u
The document discusses the concept of scientific management developed by Frederick Taylor in the early 20th century. Taylor believed work could be optimized through scientific analysis to determine the most efficient processes. This involved breaking down jobs into small, simple tasks and establishing a staff of specialists to determine optimum work methods. While it increased efficiency, workers found the work boring and skills were de-emphasized. There was also worker resentment over the loss of control and autonomy. However, Taylor's ideas still influence modern management practices like work standardization and productivity measurement.
The Theory Of Management And The Scientific Management...Rochelle Schear
The document discusses several influential management theories, including scientific management theory proposed by Frederick Taylor and administrative management theory developed by Henri Fayol. Taylor's theory focused on analyzing workflows to improve efficiency through specialization, while Fayol emphasized the importance of coordination and hierarchy within work groups. Both theories influenced the development of modern management practices but have also received criticism for being too rigid or not considering human factors.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of management theories from the classical school to modern schools of thought. It summarizes the key contributors and principles of scientific management, bureaucratic management, and administrative management under the classical school. The behavioral school emphasized the human element, while the modern school integrated tools and theories from other disciplines and recognized contingent factors. Overall, the document traces the evolution of management theories from an efficiency focus on work processes to considerations of human and situational factors.
Scientific management aimed to improve economic efficiency, especially labor productivity, through analyzing and optimizing workflows. Pioneered by Frederick Taylor in the early 1900s, it involved developing scientific methods for each task to replace rule-of-thumb practices, scientifically selecting and training workers, and cooperating between workers and management. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth expanded on Taylor's work through motion and time studies to further reduce inefficiency and improve worker satisfaction. Scientific management transformed industries by standardizing best practices and rationalizing production processes.
Websites1. American Society for Quality (n.d). Pareto chart. R.docxmelbruce90096
Websites
1. American Society for Quality (n.d). Pareto chart. Retrieved from http://asq.org/learn-about-quality/cause-analysis-tools/overview/pareto.html
2. American Society for Quality (n.d). Six sigma. Retrieved from http://asq.org/sixsigma/
Discussions
To participate in the following discussions, go to this week's Discussion link in the left navigation.
1. Process Selection: Product Design and Capacity
How is process selection related to product design and capacity determination? Your initial post should be 200-250 words.
Guided Response:
Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts in a substantive manner. Include examples, applications, and/or relationships between product and process design. Provide suggestions and alternatives to your classmates.
2. Monique Food Processing Company and Capacity
Read Problem 6: The “Monique Food Processing Company” in Chapter 8 of your text.
Monique Food Processing Company produces light snacks that can be heated in a microwave. The following steps are included in the process:
Steps
Description
Capacity (Units/Hour)
1
Prepare food
200
2
Measure and place in plastic pouch
175
3
Prepare cardboard box
200
4
Insert pouch into box
300
5
Shrink-wrap box
200
201
A .What is the system capacity, and which is the bottleneck department?
B How much slack (unused capacity) is available in other departments?
C How much system capacity can be gained by adding capacity to the bottleneck?
D What are the key factors that determine when to add capacity?
E Why would an organization want to reduce its capacity?
Make and include calculations. Answer questions a - e. Your initial post should be 200-250 words
Theories of management originated in the early 1900s. They have influenced how we view management today. Write a short essay (minimum 500-600 words) that explores one of the early theories of management and addresses the following questions in the Discussion Area. Be sure to incorporate your weekly readings and cite your sources using proper APA guidelines (including in-text citations and references). Respond with meaningful feedback that adds value to the discussion to two classmates before the end of the week.
1. Describe the early theory.
2. Compare the differences between the theory you have chosen and at least one current approach/theory of management. In your comparison, include a minimum of two similarities and two differences.
3. Explain the impact technology and innovation have on the role of a manager.
4. Develop a plan for your approach to management that includes the skills and attributes a manager must possess. In this plan, explain how you would implement each function of management in your role as a manager.
Notes from the class.
The practice of management can be traced to 3000 b.c., to the first government organizations developed by the Sumerians and Egyptians, but the formal study of management is relatively recent.12 The early stud.
Frederick Winslow Taylor is considered the father of scientific management. During the late 19th century, he pioneered the study of work processes and identified defects in management approaches. He proposed four principles of scientific management: developing a true science of work, scientifically selecting workers, providing scientific training for workers, and ensuring cooperation between management and workers. Taylor's philosophy aimed to increase efficiency by applying scientific methods to management problems and standardizing work conditions. While criticized for its mechanical view of work, Taylor's work laid the foundations for modern management techniques and the systematic study of labor.
The document outlines the evolution of management thought from the classical era through modern approaches. It discusses how the Industrial Revolution led to new management challenges and the rise of "captains of industry". Scientific management pioneered by Taylor emphasized efficiency. The human relations movement studied social factors in work and the Hawthorne studies influenced this. Later approaches included systems thinking, contingency theory based on situational factors, and a focus on quality. McGregor proposed Theory X and Theory Y models of managerial assumptions about human motivation.
Principle of Management lecture 05_classabir hossain
The document discusses the evolution of management thought from the pre-scientific period through classical, neo-classical, and modern theories. It covers key contributors and concepts including Taylor's scientific management principles, Fayol's administrative management principles, Weber's bureaucratic model, and the human relations movement led by Elton Mayo and the Hawthorne Experiments. The principles of management, importance of management theories, and criticism of scientific management are also summarized across multiple sections.
The document discusses the evolution of management thought and principles of management. It covers classical management theories including scientific management by Taylor which emphasized scientific approach, planning and standardization. It also discusses Fayol's administrative management theory and Max Weber's bureaucratic model. Criticisms of scientific management are provided such as its negative impact on workers. Contributions of other theorists such as Gilbreths, Gantt and Emerson to scientific management are also summarized. The principles of management are important for effective organization and management of departments.
The Application Of Scientific Management In Today’S...Melissa Williams
Frederick Taylor developed the theory of scientific management in the early 20th century based on four key principles: 1) replacing rule-of-thumb work methods with scientifically studied methods, 2) selecting and training suitable workers, 3) giving detailed instructions and supervision, and 4) dividing tasks between managers and workers. While revolutionary at the time, some argue Taylor's principles are outdated today due to changes in work environments and management approaches, though others maintain the principles can still provide benefits if adapted to modern contexts.
Taylorism, Scientific Management, Is A Theory Of...Tara Smith
Frederick Taylor developed the theory of Scientific Management in the late 19th/early 20th century. The theory emphasized maximizing work efficiency through analyzing and establishing optimized workflows. Its main objective was to improve economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. One of Taylor's key contributions was introducing the concept of a "science of work" to replace the traditional "rule of thumb" approach. The principles of Scientific Management focused on replacing traditional work methods with those based on scientific study, selecting and training suitable workers, providing detailed instructions on work methods, and dividing tasks between managers and workers. While Scientific Management improved productivity, it was criticized for reducing worker autonomy and satisfaction.
Theory and Principle of Scientific Management/TaylorismBigin Gyawali
Scientific management theory is a method for improving workforce efficiency through scientific analysis of work processes. It was pioneered by Frederick Taylor in the late 19th/early 20th century as a response to issues in industrialization. Taylor's five principles of scientific management focus on using science over rules of thumb, achieving harmony between workers and management, implementing mental revolutions in attitudes, encouraging cooperation over individualism, and developing each person's greatest efficiency.
This document provides a summary of the history of office spaces from the 1920s to the present day, focusing on key developments and trends. It discusses how Charles Lane opened the first Lane Office in 1922. It then outlines some of the major developments in each decade, including Frederick Taylor's scientific management principles in the 1920s, the rise of cubicles in the 1980s as a cheap way to cram employees together, the virtual office trend in the 1990s, and modern designs striving for flexibility and privacy. The document explores how office design has evolved with technological and business changes over the last century.
The document outlines Toyota's 7 business principles that guide its global operations: 1) Follow the law and conduct fair business practices, 2) Respect local cultures and contribute to communities, 3) Provide safe, high-quality products to improve lives, 4) Create advanced technologies and outstanding products/services, 5) Foster creativity and teamwork while valuing trust, 6) Pursue growth and harmony with global communities through innovation, 7) Work with partners for stable, long-term growth and mutual benefits. These principles guide Toyota's global vision of continuous innovation, environmental protection, and collaborative relationships.
This report focuses on the different types of organisational behavior and how they apply to Morrison's supermarkets. It looks at the work of F.W. Taylors Scientific Management and Motivation (Hertzberg and McGregor). Complete with Harvard referencing and 3,191 words, 21 pages.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of management theory from 1890-2000. It discusses several important historical events and developments that influenced management theory, including Adam Smith's publication of The Wealth of Nations and the Industrial Revolution. The document then summarizes several major management theories that developed over this period, including Scientific Management Theory, Administrative Management Theory, Behavioral Management Theory, Management Science Theory, and Organizational Environmental Theory. It provides details on the key theorists and concepts associated with each theory.
The document provides an overview of four schools of management theory: classical, behavioral, human resources, and management science. It describes the classical school in depth, noting it focuses on efficiency. Three branches are identified: scientific management, bureaucratic management, and administrative management. Scientific management is defined as analyzing and improving workflows, while bureaucratic management emphasizes hierarchy, specialization, rules/procedures, and competence-based decisions.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor and Fayol's classical management theories, noting their contributions to efficiency and top-level management principles.
3) The study aims to combine elements of Taylor's emphasis on breaking tasks into detail and Fayol's focus on managerial roles and activities to determine an optimal approach for the Nigerian banking context.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
During the last hundred years, management evolved into a more scientific discipline with standardized principles and practices. This evolution can be studied in three parts: 1) Early Classical approaches like scientific management and administrative management, 2) Neo-Classical approaches like the human relations movement, and 3) Modern approaches like quantitative and systems approaches. Frederick Taylor is considered the father of scientific management, developing concepts like time and motion studies, differential piece rates, separation of planning from doing, and scientific worker recruitment and training. While scientific management increased productivity, it was criticized for reducing skill variety and increasing worker monotony and resentment.
Classical & Neo classical theory of managementOliviaJustin
This document provides an overview of several management theories: classical theory, scientific management, administrative management, bureaucratic management, neo-classical theory, human relations theory, and behavioral science approach. It defines each theory, discusses their key contributors like Taylor, Fayol, and Mayo, and summarizes their main principles and concepts. The document traces the evolution of management thought from a focus on efficiency under classical theory to consideration of human factors in neo-classical, human relations, and behavioral theories.
Reference Material - Unit 1-3 to 5.pdf bookRashiGarg73
This document outlines the course content for Organizational Behaviour (DSE-1), including five units that will be covered. Unit I discusses theories of organization, including classical, neo-classical, and modern organization theory. It also covers organizational behavior. Unit III focuses on motivation, including content theories, process theories, and theories of motivation. Unit IV examines leadership, power and conflict, and authority. Finally, Unit V looks at organizational culture, organizational development, and stress. Theories discussed include scientific management, administrative management, and bureaucracy from the classical perspective.
School of management thought -evolution of management thoughts by various contributors all the approaches - early classical approach , neo classical approach and modern approach .
4.1 EXPLORING INCENTIVE PAY4-1 Explore the incentive pay a.docxlorainedeserre
4.1 EXPLORING INCENTIVE PAY
4-1 Explore the incentive pay approach.
Incentive pay
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/bm01#bm01goss212) or
variable pay
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/bm01#bm01goss462)
rewards employees for partially or completely attaining a predetermined work objective.
Incentive or variable pay is defined as compensation, other than base wages or salaries that
fluctuate according to employees’ attainment of some standard, such as a preestablished
formula, individual or group goals, or company earnings.
Effective incentive pay systems are based on three assumptions:
Individual employees and work teams differ in how much they contribute to the
company, both in what they do as well as in how well they do it.
The company’s overall performance depends to a large degree on the performance of
individuals and groups within the company.
To attract, retain, and motivate high performers and to be fair to all employees, a
company needs to reward employees on the basis of their relative performance.
Much like seniority and merit pay approaches, incentive pay augments employees’ base pay,
but incentive pay appears as a one-time payment. Employees usually receive a combination
of recurring base pay and incentive pay, with base pay representing the greater portion of
core compensation. More employees are presently eligible for incentive pay than ever before,
as companies seek to control costs and motivate personnel continually to strive for exemplary
performance. Companies increasingly recognize the importance of applying incentive pay
programs to various kinds of employees as well, including production workers, technical
employees, and service workers.
Some companies use incentive pay extensively. Lincoln Electric Company, a manufacturer of
welding machines and motors, is renowned for its use of incentive pay plans. At Lincoln
Electric, production employees receive recurring base pay as well as incentive pay. The
company determines incentive pay awards according to five performance criteria: quality,
output, dependability, cooperation, and ideas. The company has awarded incentive payments
every year since 1934, through prosperous and poor economic times. In 2014, the average
profit sharing payment per employee was $33,984.
Coupled with average base
pay, total core compensation for Lincoln employees was $82,903. Over the past 10 years,
Lincoln’s profit-sharing payments averaged approximately 40 percent of annual salary.
1
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/ch04lev1sec11#ch04end1)
2
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/ch04lev1sec11#ch04end2)
3
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/ch04lev1sec11#ch04end3)
4
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/ch04lev1sec11#ch04end4)
4.1 Exploring Incentive Pay
4/15/20, 8:49 PM
Page 1 ...
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Websites
1. American Society for Quality (n.d). Pareto chart. Retrieved from http://asq.org/learn-about-quality/cause-analysis-tools/overview/pareto.html
2. American Society for Quality (n.d). Six sigma. Retrieved from http://asq.org/sixsigma/
Discussions
To participate in the following discussions, go to this week's Discussion link in the left navigation.
1. Process Selection: Product Design and Capacity
How is process selection related to product design and capacity determination? Your initial post should be 200-250 words.
Guided Response:
Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts in a substantive manner. Include examples, applications, and/or relationships between product and process design. Provide suggestions and alternatives to your classmates.
2. Monique Food Processing Company and Capacity
Read Problem 6: The “Monique Food Processing Company” in Chapter 8 of your text.
Monique Food Processing Company produces light snacks that can be heated in a microwave. The following steps are included in the process:
Steps
Description
Capacity (Units/Hour)
1
Prepare food
200
2
Measure and place in plastic pouch
175
3
Prepare cardboard box
200
4
Insert pouch into box
300
5
Shrink-wrap box
200
201
A .What is the system capacity, and which is the bottleneck department?
B How much slack (unused capacity) is available in other departments?
C How much system capacity can be gained by adding capacity to the bottleneck?
D What are the key factors that determine when to add capacity?
E Why would an organization want to reduce its capacity?
Make and include calculations. Answer questions a - e. Your initial post should be 200-250 words
Theories of management originated in the early 1900s. They have influenced how we view management today. Write a short essay (minimum 500-600 words) that explores one of the early theories of management and addresses the following questions in the Discussion Area. Be sure to incorporate your weekly readings and cite your sources using proper APA guidelines (including in-text citations and references). Respond with meaningful feedback that adds value to the discussion to two classmates before the end of the week.
1. Describe the early theory.
2. Compare the differences between the theory you have chosen and at least one current approach/theory of management. In your comparison, include a minimum of two similarities and two differences.
3. Explain the impact technology and innovation have on the role of a manager.
4. Develop a plan for your approach to management that includes the skills and attributes a manager must possess. In this plan, explain how you would implement each function of management in your role as a manager.
Notes from the class.
The practice of management can be traced to 3000 b.c., to the first government organizations developed by the Sumerians and Egyptians, but the formal study of management is relatively recent.12 The early stud.
Frederick Winslow Taylor is considered the father of scientific management. During the late 19th century, he pioneered the study of work processes and identified defects in management approaches. He proposed four principles of scientific management: developing a true science of work, scientifically selecting workers, providing scientific training for workers, and ensuring cooperation between management and workers. Taylor's philosophy aimed to increase efficiency by applying scientific methods to management problems and standardizing work conditions. While criticized for its mechanical view of work, Taylor's work laid the foundations for modern management techniques and the systematic study of labor.
The document outlines the evolution of management thought from the classical era through modern approaches. It discusses how the Industrial Revolution led to new management challenges and the rise of "captains of industry". Scientific management pioneered by Taylor emphasized efficiency. The human relations movement studied social factors in work and the Hawthorne studies influenced this. Later approaches included systems thinking, contingency theory based on situational factors, and a focus on quality. McGregor proposed Theory X and Theory Y models of managerial assumptions about human motivation.
Principle of Management lecture 05_classabir hossain
The document discusses the evolution of management thought from the pre-scientific period through classical, neo-classical, and modern theories. It covers key contributors and concepts including Taylor's scientific management principles, Fayol's administrative management principles, Weber's bureaucratic model, and the human relations movement led by Elton Mayo and the Hawthorne Experiments. The principles of management, importance of management theories, and criticism of scientific management are also summarized across multiple sections.
The document discusses the evolution of management thought and principles of management. It covers classical management theories including scientific management by Taylor which emphasized scientific approach, planning and standardization. It also discusses Fayol's administrative management theory and Max Weber's bureaucratic model. Criticisms of scientific management are provided such as its negative impact on workers. Contributions of other theorists such as Gilbreths, Gantt and Emerson to scientific management are also summarized. The principles of management are important for effective organization and management of departments.
The Application Of Scientific Management In Today’S...Melissa Williams
Frederick Taylor developed the theory of scientific management in the early 20th century based on four key principles: 1) replacing rule-of-thumb work methods with scientifically studied methods, 2) selecting and training suitable workers, 3) giving detailed instructions and supervision, and 4) dividing tasks between managers and workers. While revolutionary at the time, some argue Taylor's principles are outdated today due to changes in work environments and management approaches, though others maintain the principles can still provide benefits if adapted to modern contexts.
Taylorism, Scientific Management, Is A Theory Of...Tara Smith
Frederick Taylor developed the theory of Scientific Management in the late 19th/early 20th century. The theory emphasized maximizing work efficiency through analyzing and establishing optimized workflows. Its main objective was to improve economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. One of Taylor's key contributions was introducing the concept of a "science of work" to replace the traditional "rule of thumb" approach. The principles of Scientific Management focused on replacing traditional work methods with those based on scientific study, selecting and training suitable workers, providing detailed instructions on work methods, and dividing tasks between managers and workers. While Scientific Management improved productivity, it was criticized for reducing worker autonomy and satisfaction.
Theory and Principle of Scientific Management/TaylorismBigin Gyawali
Scientific management theory is a method for improving workforce efficiency through scientific analysis of work processes. It was pioneered by Frederick Taylor in the late 19th/early 20th century as a response to issues in industrialization. Taylor's five principles of scientific management focus on using science over rules of thumb, achieving harmony between workers and management, implementing mental revolutions in attitudes, encouraging cooperation over individualism, and developing each person's greatest efficiency.
This document provides a summary of the history of office spaces from the 1920s to the present day, focusing on key developments and trends. It discusses how Charles Lane opened the first Lane Office in 1922. It then outlines some of the major developments in each decade, including Frederick Taylor's scientific management principles in the 1920s, the rise of cubicles in the 1980s as a cheap way to cram employees together, the virtual office trend in the 1990s, and modern designs striving for flexibility and privacy. The document explores how office design has evolved with technological and business changes over the last century.
The document outlines Toyota's 7 business principles that guide its global operations: 1) Follow the law and conduct fair business practices, 2) Respect local cultures and contribute to communities, 3) Provide safe, high-quality products to improve lives, 4) Create advanced technologies and outstanding products/services, 5) Foster creativity and teamwork while valuing trust, 6) Pursue growth and harmony with global communities through innovation, 7) Work with partners for stable, long-term growth and mutual benefits. These principles guide Toyota's global vision of continuous innovation, environmental protection, and collaborative relationships.
This report focuses on the different types of organisational behavior and how they apply to Morrison's supermarkets. It looks at the work of F.W. Taylors Scientific Management and Motivation (Hertzberg and McGregor). Complete with Harvard referencing and 3,191 words, 21 pages.
This document provides an overview of the evolution of management theory from 1890-2000. It discusses several important historical events and developments that influenced management theory, including Adam Smith's publication of The Wealth of Nations and the Industrial Revolution. The document then summarizes several major management theories that developed over this period, including Scientific Management Theory, Administrative Management Theory, Behavioral Management Theory, Management Science Theory, and Organizational Environmental Theory. It provides details on the key theorists and concepts associated with each theory.
The document provides an overview of four schools of management theory: classical, behavioral, human resources, and management science. It describes the classical school in depth, noting it focuses on efficiency. Three branches are identified: scientific management, bureaucratic management, and administrative management. Scientific management is defined as analyzing and improving workflows, while bureaucratic management emphasizes hierarchy, specialization, rules/procedures, and competence-based decisions.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor and Fayol's classical management theories, noting their contributions to efficiency and top-level management principles.
3) The study aims to combine elements of Taylor's emphasis on breaking tasks into detail and Fayol's focus on managerial roles and activities to determine an optimal approach for the Nigerian banking context.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
During the last hundred years, management evolved into a more scientific discipline with standardized principles and practices. This evolution can be studied in three parts: 1) Early Classical approaches like scientific management and administrative management, 2) Neo-Classical approaches like the human relations movement, and 3) Modern approaches like quantitative and systems approaches. Frederick Taylor is considered the father of scientific management, developing concepts like time and motion studies, differential piece rates, separation of planning from doing, and scientific worker recruitment and training. While scientific management increased productivity, it was criticized for reducing skill variety and increasing worker monotony and resentment.
Classical & Neo classical theory of managementOliviaJustin
This document provides an overview of several management theories: classical theory, scientific management, administrative management, bureaucratic management, neo-classical theory, human relations theory, and behavioral science approach. It defines each theory, discusses their key contributors like Taylor, Fayol, and Mayo, and summarizes their main principles and concepts. The document traces the evolution of management thought from a focus on efficiency under classical theory to consideration of human factors in neo-classical, human relations, and behavioral theories.
Reference Material - Unit 1-3 to 5.pdf bookRashiGarg73
This document outlines the course content for Organizational Behaviour (DSE-1), including five units that will be covered. Unit I discusses theories of organization, including classical, neo-classical, and modern organization theory. It also covers organizational behavior. Unit III focuses on motivation, including content theories, process theories, and theories of motivation. Unit IV examines leadership, power and conflict, and authority. Finally, Unit V looks at organizational culture, organizational development, and stress. Theories discussed include scientific management, administrative management, and bureaucracy from the classical perspective.
School of management thought -evolution of management thoughts by various contributors all the approaches - early classical approach , neo classical approach and modern approach .
Similar to 321 SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY A CRITICAL REVIEW FROM.docx (20)
4.1 EXPLORING INCENTIVE PAY4-1 Explore the incentive pay a.docxlorainedeserre
4.1 EXPLORING INCENTIVE PAY
4-1 Explore the incentive pay approach.
Incentive pay
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/bm01#bm01goss212) or
variable pay
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/bm01#bm01goss462)
rewards employees for partially or completely attaining a predetermined work objective.
Incentive or variable pay is defined as compensation, other than base wages or salaries that
fluctuate according to employees’ attainment of some standard, such as a preestablished
formula, individual or group goals, or company earnings.
Effective incentive pay systems are based on three assumptions:
Individual employees and work teams differ in how much they contribute to the
company, both in what they do as well as in how well they do it.
The company’s overall performance depends to a large degree on the performance of
individuals and groups within the company.
To attract, retain, and motivate high performers and to be fair to all employees, a
company needs to reward employees on the basis of their relative performance.
Much like seniority and merit pay approaches, incentive pay augments employees’ base pay,
but incentive pay appears as a one-time payment. Employees usually receive a combination
of recurring base pay and incentive pay, with base pay representing the greater portion of
core compensation. More employees are presently eligible for incentive pay than ever before,
as companies seek to control costs and motivate personnel continually to strive for exemplary
performance. Companies increasingly recognize the importance of applying incentive pay
programs to various kinds of employees as well, including production workers, technical
employees, and service workers.
Some companies use incentive pay extensively. Lincoln Electric Company, a manufacturer of
welding machines and motors, is renowned for its use of incentive pay plans. At Lincoln
Electric, production employees receive recurring base pay as well as incentive pay. The
company determines incentive pay awards according to five performance criteria: quality,
output, dependability, cooperation, and ideas. The company has awarded incentive payments
every year since 1934, through prosperous and poor economic times. In 2014, the average
profit sharing payment per employee was $33,984.
Coupled with average base
pay, total core compensation for Lincoln employees was $82,903. Over the past 10 years,
Lincoln’s profit-sharing payments averaged approximately 40 percent of annual salary.
1
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/ch04lev1sec11#ch04end1)
2
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/ch04lev1sec11#ch04end2)
3
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/ch04lev1sec11#ch04end3)
4
(http://content.thuzelearning.com/books/Martocchio.7916.16.1/sections/ch04lev1sec11#ch04end4)
4.1 Exploring Incentive Pay
4/15/20, 8:49 PM
Page 1 ...
38 u December 2017 January 2018The authorities beli.docxlorainedeserre
38 u December 2017 / January 2018
T
he authorities believe he slipped across the United States-Mexico
border sometime during the summer of 2016, likely deep in the
night. He carried no papers. The crossing happened in the rugged
backcountry of southeastern Arizona, where the main deterrent to
trespassers is the challenging nature of the terrain—not the metal
walls, checkpoints, and aerial surveillance that dominate much of the border.
But the border crosser was des-
ert-hardy and something of an expert
at camouflage. No one knows for cer-
tain how long he’d been in the United
States before a motion-activated cam-
era caught him walking a trail in the
Dos Cabezas Mountains on the night
of November 16. When a government
agency retrieved the photo in late Feb-
ruary, the image was plastered across
Arizona newspapers, causing an imme-
diate sensation.
The border crosser was a jaguar.
Jaguars once roamed throughout
the southwestern United States, but
are now quite rare. A core population
resides in the mountains of northern
Mexico, and occasionally an adventur-
ous jaguar will venture north of the bor-
der. When one of these elusive, graceful
cats makes an appearance stateside,
Mrill Ingram is The Progressive’s online media editor.
‘The Border Is
a Beautiful Place’
For Many, Both Sides of the
Arizona-Mexico Border Are Home
B
O
R
D
ER
A
R
TS
C
O
R
R
ID
O
R
By Mrill Ingram
Artists Ana Teresa Fernández in Agua Prieta, Mexico, and Jenea Sanchez in Douglas, Arizona, worked with dozens of community members to paint sections
of the border fence sky blue, “erasing” it as a symbolic act of resistance against increasing violence and oppression of human rights along the border.
https://apnews.com/79c83219af724016b8cfa2c505018ac4/agency-reports-rare-jaguar-sighting-mountains-arizona
The Progressive u 39
usually via a motion-triggered camera,
it may get celebrity status.
“We’ve had positive identifications
of seven cats, alive and well, in the last
twenty years in the United States,” says
Diana Hadley of the Mexico-based
Northern Jaguar Project, which works
with people in both countries to pro-
tect the big cat. One of those cats be-
came known as El Jefe, after he took
up residence in 2011 in the Santa Rita
Mountains south of Tucson, Arizona.
His presence was proof that the United
States still had enough wild habitat to
support a jaguar.
The new cat was especially excit-
ing because, based on size and shape,
observers initially thought it might
be female. “A lot of people in Arizona
would be very happy to have jaguars
from Mexico breeding in Arizona,” re-
marks Hadley.
In September 2017, the Arizo-
na-based Center for Biological Di-
versity released new video of the cat,
apparently a male, caught on a mo-
tion-triggered camera ambling through
the oak scrub forest in the Chiricahua
Mountains. He’s been named Sombra,
or Shadow, by schoolkids in Tucson.
Such things will no longer ...
3Prototypes of Ethical ProblemsObjectivesThe reader shou.docxlorainedeserre
This document outlines key concepts related to recognizing and analyzing ethical problems. It discusses how to distinguish ethical questions from clinical or legal ones, and introduces the common features of ethical problems - a moral agent, a course of action, and an outcome. It uses the story of a veteran, Bill, missing therapy appointments as an example, with his therapist Kate feeling uncertain about what to do.
4-5 Annotations and Writing Plan - Thu Jan 30 2111Claire Knaus.docxlorainedeserre
4-5 Annotations and Writing Plan - Thu Jan 30 21:11
Claire Knaus
Annotations:
Bekalu, M. A., McCloud, R. F., & Viswanath, K. (2019). Association of Social Media Use With Social Well-Being, Positive Mental Health, and Self-Rated Health: Disentangling Routine Use From Emotional Connection to Use. Health Education & Behavior, 46(2_suppl), 69S-80S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198119863768
It seems that this source is arguing the effect of social media on mental health. This source uses this evidence to support the argument: Provided studies focusing on why individuals use social media, types of social network platforms, and the value of social capital. A counterargument for this source is: Studies that focus more on statistical usage rather than emotion connection. Personally, I believe the source is doing a good job of supporting its arguments because it provides an abundance of study references and clearly portrays the information and intent. I think this source will be very helpful in supporting my argument because of the focus on emotional connection to social media and its effects on mental health.
Matsakis, L. (2019). How Pro-Eating Disorder Posts Evade Filters on Social Media. In Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. (Reprinted from How Pro-Eating Disorder Posts Evade Filters on Social Media, Wired, 2018, June 13) Retrieved from https://link-gale-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/apps/doc/UAZKKH366290962/OVIC?u=nhc_main&sid=OVIC&xid=2c90b7b5
It seems that this source is arguing that social media platforms are not doing enough to eliminate harmful pro-ED posts. This source uses this evidence to support the argument: Information about specific platforms and what they have done to moderate content, links for more information, and what constitutes as harmful content. A counterargument for this source is that it is too difficult for platforms to remove the content and to even find it. In addition, it is believed there may be harmful effects on vulnerable people posting this type of content. Personally, I believe the source is doing a good job of supporting its arguments because it provides opposing viewpoints as well as raising awareness of some of the dangers of social media posts. I think this source will be very helpful in supporting my argument because it provides information on specifically what is being done to moderate this type of content on social media, and what some of the difficulties in moderating are.
Investigators at University of Leeds Describe Findings in Eating Disorders (Pro-ana versus Pro-recovery: A Content Analytic Comparison of Social Media Users' Communication about Eating Disorders on Twitter and Tumblr). (2017, September 4). Mental Health Weekly Digest, 38. Retrieved from https://link-gale-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/apps/doc/A502914419/OVIC?u=nhc_main&sid=OVIC&xid=5e60152f
It seems that this source is arguing that there are more positive, anti-anorexia posts on social media than harmful, pro-ED content. ...
3Moral Identity Codes of Ethics and Institutional Ethics .docxlorainedeserre
This document discusses codes of ethics and institutional ethics structures in healthcare organizations. It begins by outlining the key learning objectives which focus on understanding the importance of codes of ethics and how they reflect an organization's values. It then discusses the role of codes of ethics in shaping an organization's moral identity and standards of conduct. The document provides examples of codes from the American Medical Association and Trinity Health. It emphasizes that codes of ethics should apply to all healthcare workers and cover areas like cultural competence, privacy, and nondiscrimination. Institutional ethics committees and review boards also help address ethical issues.
3NIMH Opinion or FactThe National Institute of Mental Healt.docxlorainedeserre
3
NIMH: Opinion or Fact
The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) was formed in 1946 and is one of 27 institutes that form the National Institute of Health (NIH) (NIMH, 2019). The mission of the NIMH is “To transform the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses through basic and clinical research, paving the way for prevention, recovery, and cure.” (NIMH, 2019). There are many different mental illnesses discussed on the NIMH website to include Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The NIMH website about ADHD is effective at providing the public general information and meets the criteria of authority, objectivity, and currency.
The NIMH website about ADHD provides an overview of ADHD, discusses signs and symptoms, and risk factors. The NIMH continues with information about treatment and therapies. Information provided by the NIMH is intended for both children and adults. The NIMH concludes on the page with studies the public can join and more resources for the public such as booklets, brochures, research and clinical trials.
As described by Jim Kapoun authority can be identified by who or what institution/organization published the document and if the information in the document is cited correctly (Cornell, 2020). The information on the website is published by the NIMH which is the lead research institute related to mental health for the last 70 plus years (NIMH, 2019). On the page related to ADHD the NIMH references the program of Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD) and provides a hyperlink to access the resources available with the agency (NIMH,2019). This link can be found under the support groups section in the treatment and therapies. On the website to the right of the area describing inattention the NIMH has a section on research. In this block there is a link to “PubMed: Journal Articles about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)” which will take you to a search of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) published by PubMed on ADHD (NIMH, 2019). Throughout the entire page the NIMH provides sources and hyperlinks to the sources as citations. Based on the reputation of the NIMH and the citations to the source material the website meets the criteria of authority.
According to Kapoun objectivity can be identified looking for areas where the author expresses his or her opinion (Cornell, 2020). Information provided on the NIMH page about ADHD does not express the opinion of the author. The author produces only factual information based on research. The NIMH makes it a point not to mention the names of medications when discussing treatments and only explains the medications fall in two categories stimulants and non-stimulants (NIMH, 2019). In this same area the NIMH provides hyperlinks to the NIMH Mental Health Medication and FDA website for information about medication. The extent at which the NIMH goes to not provide an opinion on the website meet ...
4.1
Updated April-09
Lecture Notes
Chapter 4
Enterprise Excellence
Implementation
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE
4.2
Updated April-09
Learning Objectives
• Management & Operations Plans
• Enterprise Excellence Projects
• Enterprise Excellence Project decision Process
• Planning the Enterprise Excellence Project
• Tollgate Reviews
• Project Notebook
4.3
Updated April-09
MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS PLANS
• The scope and complexity of the
implementation projects will vary from the
executive level, to the management level, to
the operational level
• Each plan, as it is developed and deployed,
will include projects to be accomplished
• Conflicts typically will occur amongst
requirements of quality, cost, and schedule
when executing a project
4.4
Updated April-09
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE PROJECTS
• An Enterprise Excellence project will be one of three
types:
1. Technology invention or innovation
2. New product, service, or process development
3. Product, service, or process improvement
• Enterprise Excellence uses the scientific method
• The scientific method is a process of organizing
empirical facts and their interrelationships in a
manner that allows a hypothesis to be developed and
tested
4.5
Updated April-09
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE PROJECTS
• The scientific method consists of the
following steps:
1. Observe and describe the situation
2. Formulate a hypothesis
3. Use the hypothesis to predict results
4. Perform controlled tests to confirm the hypothesis
4.6
Updated April-09
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE PROJECTS
• Figure 4.1 shows the project decision process
4.7
Updated April-09
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE PROJECT
DECISION PROCESS
• Inventing/Innovating Technology:
Technology development is accomplished using
system engineering
This system approach enables critical functional
parameters and responses to be quickly transferred
into now products, services, and processes
The process is a four-phase process (I2DOV):
Invention & Innovation – Develop – Optimize – Verify
4.8
Updated April-09
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE PROJECT
DECISION PROCESS
• Development of Products, Services, and
Processes
The Enterprise Excellence approach for developing
products, services, and processes is the Design for
Lean Six Sigma strategy.
This strategy helps to incorporate customer
requirements and expectations into the product
and/or service.
Concept – Design – Optimize - Verify (CDOV) is a
specific sequential design & development process
used to execute the design strategy.
4.9
Updated April-09
ENTERPRISE EXCELLENCE PROJECT
DECISION PROCESS
• Improving Products, Services, and Processes:
Improving products, services and processes usually
involves the effectiveness and efficiency of operations.
A product or service is said to be effective when it meets
all of its customer requirements.
Effectiveness can be simply expressed as "doing the
right things the first time ...
3Type your name hereType your three-letter and -number cours.docxlorainedeserre
3
Type your name here
Type your three-letter and -number course code here
The date goes here
Type instructor’s name here
Your Title Goes Here
This is an electronic template for papers written in GCU style. The purpose of the template is to help you follow the basic writing expectations for beginning your coursework at GCU. Margins are set at 1 inch for top, bottom, left, and right. The first line of each paragraph is indented a half inch (0.5"). The line spacing is double throughout the paper, even on the reference page. One space after punctuation is used at the end of a sentence. The font style used in this template is Times New Roman. The font size is 12 point. When you are ready to write, and after having read these instructions completely, you can delete these directions and start typing. The formatting should stay the same. If you have any questions, please consult with your instructor.
Citations are used to reference material from another source. When paraphrasing material from another source (such as a book, journal, website), include the author’s last name and the publication year in parentheses.When directly quoting material word-for-word from another source, use quotation marks and include the page number after the author’s last name and year.
Using citations to give credit to others whose ideas or words you have used is an essential requirement to avoid issues of plagiarism. Just as you would never steal someone else’s car, you should not steal his or her words either. To avoid potential problems, always be sure to cite your sources. Cite by referring to the author’s last name, the year of publication in parentheses at the end of the sentence, such as (George & Mallery, 2016), and page numbers if you are using word-for-word materials. For example, “The developments of the World War II years firmly established the probability sample survey as a tool for describing population characteristics, beliefs, and attitudes” (Heeringa, West, & Berglund, 2017, p. 3).
The reference list should appear at the end of a paper (see the next page). It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text. A sample reference page is included below; this page includes examples (George & Mallery, 2016; Heeringa et al., 2017; Smith et al., 2018; “USA swimming,” 2018; Yu, Johnson, Deutsch, & Varga, 2018) of how to format different reference types (e.g., books, journal articles, and a website). For additional examples, see the GCU Style Guide.
References
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS statistics 23 step by step: A simple guide and reference. New York, NY: Routledge.
Heeringa, S. G., West, B. T., & Berglund, P. A. (2017). Applied survey data analysis (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Chapman & Hall/CRC Press.
Smith, P. D., Martin, B., Chewning, B., ...
3Welcome to Writing at Work! After you have completed.docxlorainedeserre
3
Welcome to Writing at Work! After you have completed the reading for the week, write an email to introduce yourself to your peers. The name of your thread should be what you would include in the subject of the email.
As you compose your email, keep in mind the following:
· You are addressing a group you will work with in a professional capacity for at least 15 weeks. Let us know something about you, but don't share anything you wouldn't want repeated.
· You should include what you perceive to be your relative strengths with regard to writing at work. What types of tasks would you feel most comfortable taking on?
· You should also include what aspects of writing at work make you feel least comfortable. What types of tasks would you not be as suited for?
· What do you hope to learn in the next several months?
Next, in an attachment, choose one of the following two prompts and write a letter, taking into account the purpose, audience, and appropriate style for the task.
1. Your organization has been contracted to complete a project for an important client, and you were charged with managing the project. It has unfortunately become clear that your team will not meet the deadline. Your supervisor has told you to contact the client in writing to alert them to the situation and wants to be cc'd on the message. Write a letter, which you will send via email, addressing the above.
2. After a year-long working relationship, your organization will no longer be making use of a freelancer's services due to no fault of their own. Write a letter alerting them to this fact.
Name:
HRT 4760 Assignment 01
Timeliness
First, you will choose one particular organization where you will conduct each of your 15 different observational assignments. Stick with this same organization throughout your coursework. (Do not switch around assignment locations at different organizations or locations.) The reason for continuing your observational assignments at the same organization is to give you a deeper understanding of this particular organization across the 15 different assignments. As you read on, you will get a more complete understanding as to how these 15 assignments come together.
Tip: Many students choose the organization where they are currently working. This works particularly well. If you are working there, you have much opportunity to gain access to the areas that will give you a more complete understanding of the quality of entire service package (the 15 different elements) that the organization offers to its customers.
This is one of a package of 15 different assignments that comprise the Elements of Service, which you will study this term. For this assignment, you will observe elements of service in almost any particular service establishment. A few examples of service establishments would include, but not be limited to these: Hotel, resort, private club, restaurant, airline, cruise line, grocery store, doctor’s office, coffee house, and scores of oth ...
3JWI 531 Finance II Assignment 1TemplateHOW TO USE THIS TEMP.docxlorainedeserre
3
JWI 531 Finance II Assignment 1Template
HOW TO USE THIS TEMPLATE:
This is a template and checklist corresponding to your Assignment 1 paper: Enterprise Risk Management and Moat Strength. See below for an explanation of the color-coding in this template:
· All green text includes instructions to support your writing. You should delete all green text before submitting your final paper.
· All blue text indicates areas where you need to replace text with your own information. Replace the blue text with your own words in black.
· Headings and subheadings are written in black, bold type. Keep these in your paper.
TIPS:
· Write in the third person, using “he” or “she” or “they”, or using specific names. Do not use the second person “you”.
· The body of this paper has one-inch margins and uses a professional font (size 10-12); we recommend Arial or Times New Roman fonts.
· The Assignment template is already formatted with all needed specifications like margins, appropriate font, and double spacing.
· Before submitting your paper, use Grammarly to check for punctuation and usage errors and make the required corrections. Then read aloud to edit for tone and flow.
· You should also run your paper through SafeAssign to ensure that it meets the required standards for originality.
FINALIZING YOUR PAPER
Your submission should be a maximum of 4 pages in length. The page count doesnotinclude the Cover Page at the beginning and the References page at the end. The final paper that you submit for grading should be in black text only with all remaining green text and blue text removed. Assignment 1: Enterprise Risk Analysis and Moat Strength
Author’s Name
Jack Welch Management Institute
Professor’s Name
JWI 531
Date
Introduction
An Introduction should be succinct and to the point. Start your Introduction with a general and brief observation about the paper’s topic. Write a thesis statement, which is the “road map” for your paper - it helps your reader to navigate your work. In your thesis statement, be specific about the major areas you plan to address in your paper.
The headings below should guide your introduction, since they identify the topics to be addressed in your paper. The introduction is not a graded part of your rubric but it helps your reader to understand what your assignment will be about. We recommend that you write this part of your Introduction after you complete the other sections of your paper. It only needs to be one paragraph in length.
Analysis and Recommendations
You must answer each of the following questions in your paper. Keep your responses focused on the topic. Straying off into additional areas, even if they are interesting, will not earn additional marks, and may actually detract from the clarity of your responses.
I. Where is each company in its corporate lifecycle (startup, growth, maturity or decline)? Explain.
Before writing your response to this question, make sure you understand what characterizes ea ...
3Big Data Analyst QuestionnaireWithin this document are fo.docxlorainedeserre
3
Big Data Analyst Questionnaire
Within this document are four different questions. Each question is structured in the following manner:
1) Premise
- Contains any needed background information
2) Request
- The actual question, what you are to solve
3) Notes
- A space if you feel like including notes of any kind for the given question
Please place your answer for each question in a separate file, following this naming convention:
Name_Qn.docx, where n = the question number (i.e., 1, 2 ...). So the file for the first question should be named ‘Name_Q1.docx’.
When complete, please package everything together and send email responses to the designated POCs.
Page | 1
Premise:
You have a table named “TRADES” with the following six columns:
Column Name
Data Type
Description
Date
DATE
The calendar date on which the trade took place.
Firm
VARCHAR(255)
A symbol representing the Broker/Dealer who conducted the trade.
Symbol
VARCHAR(10)
The security traded.
Side
VARCHAR(1)
Denotes whether the trade was a buy (purchase) or a sell (sale) of a security.
Quantity
BIGINT
The number of shares involved in the trade.
Price
DECIMAL(18,8)
The dollar price per share traded.
You write a query looking for all trades in the month of August 2019. The query returns the following:
DATE
FIRM
SYMBOL
SIDE
QUANTITY
PRICE
8/5/2019
ABC
123
B
200
41
8/5/2019
CDE
456
B
601
60
8/5/2019
ABC
789
S
600
70
8/5/2019
CDE
789
S
600
70
8/5/2019
FGH
456
B
200
62
8/6/2019
3CDE
456
X
300
61
8/8/2019
ABC
123
B
300
40
8/9/2019
ABC
123
S
300
30
8/9/2019
FGH
789
B
2100
71
8/10/2019
CDE
456
S
1100
63
Questions:
1) Conduct an analysis of the data set returned by your query. Write a paragraph describing your analysis. Please also note any questions or assumptions made about this data.
2) Your business user asks you to show them a table output that includes an additional column categorizing the TRADES data into volume based Tiers, with a column named ‘Tier’. Quantities between 0-250 will be considered ‘Small’, quantities greater than ‘Small’ but less than or equal to 500 will be considered ‘Medium’, quantities greater than ‘Medium’ but less than or equal to 500 will be considered ‘Large’, and quantities greater than ‘Tier 3’ will be considered ‘Very Large’ .
a. Please write the SQL query you would use to add the column to the table output.
b. Please show the exact results you expect based on your SQL query.
3) Your business user asks you to show them a table output summarizing the TRADES data (Buy and Sell) on week-by-week basis.
a. Please write the SQL query you would use to query this table.
b. Please show the exact results you expect based on your SQL query.
Notes:
1
Premise:
You need to describe in writing how to accomplish a task. Your audience has never completed this task before.
Question:
In a few paragraphs, please describe how to complete a task of your choice. You may choose a task of your own liking or one of the sample tasks below:
1) How to make a p ...
3HR StrategiesKey concepts and termsHigh commitment .docxlorainedeserre
3
HR Strategies
Key concepts and terms
High commitment management •
High performance management •
HR strategy •
High involvement management •
Horizontal fi t •
Vertical fi t •
On completing this chapter you should be able to defi ne these key concepts.
You should also understand:
Learning outcomes
T • he purpose of HR strategy
Specifi c HR strategy areas •
How HR strategy is formulated •
How the vertical integration of •
business and HR strategies is
achieved
How HR strategies can be set out •
General HR strategy areas •
The criteria for a successful HR •
strategy
The fundamental questions on •
the development of HR strategy
How horizontal fi t (bundling) is •
achieved
How HR strategies can be •
implemented
47
48 Human Resource Management
Introduction
As described in Chapter 2, strategic HRM is a mindset that leads to strategic actions and reac-
tions, either in the form of overall or specifi c HR strategies or strategic behaviour on the part
of HR professionals. This chapter focuses on HR strategies and answers the following ques-
tions: What are HR strategies? What are the main types of overall HR strategies? What are the
main areas in which specifi c HR strategies are developed? What are the criteria for an effective
HR strategy? How should HR strategies be developed? How should HR strategies be
implemented?
What are HR strategies?
HR strategies set out what the organization intends to do about its human resource manage-
ment policies and practices and how they should be integrated with the business strategy and
each other. They are described by Dyer and Reeves (1995) as ‘internally consistent bundles of
human resource practices’. Richardson and Thompson (1999) suggest that:
A strategy, whether it is an HR strategy or any other kind of management strategy must
have two key elements: there must be strategic objectives (ie things the strategy is sup-
posed to achieve), and there must be a plan of action (ie the means by which it is pro-
posed that the objectives will be met).
The purpose of HR strategies is to articulate what an organization intends to do about its
human resource management policies and practices now and in the longer term, bearing in
mind the dictum of Fombrun et al (1984) that business and managers should perform well in
the present to succeed in the future. HR strategies aim to meet both business and human needs
in the organization.
HR strategies may set out intentions and provide a sense of purpose and direction, but they are
not just long-term plans. As Gratton (2000) commented: ‘There is no great strategy, only great
execution.’
Because all organizations are different, all HR strategies are different. There is no such thing as
a standard strategy and research into HR strategy conducted by Armstrong and Long (1994)
and Armstrong and Baron (2002) revealed many variations. Some strategies are simply very
general declarations of intent. Others go into much more detail. ...
3Implementing ChangeConstruction workers on scaffolding..docxlorainedeserre
3
Implementing Change
Construction workers on scaffolding.
hxdbzxy/iStock/Thinkstock
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to do the following:
Summarize the nine steps in Ackerman and Anderson’s road map for change.
Analyze Cummings and Worley’s five dimensions of leading and managing change.
Describe how to align an organization with its new vision and future state.
Explain how roles/relationships and interventions are used to implement change.
Examine ways to interact with and influence stakeholders.
Change is the law of life and those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future.
—John F. Kennedy
Alan Mulally was selected to lead Ford in 2006 after he was bypassed as CEO at Boeing, where he had worked and was expected to become CEO. Insiders and top-level managers at Ford, some of whom had expected to become CEO, were initially suspicious and then outraged when Mulally was hired. They questioned what someone from the airplane industry would know about the car business (Kiley, 2009).
Chair William (Bill) Clay Ford, Jr.—who selected Mulally as CEO—told Ford’s officers that the company needed a fresh perspective and a shake-up, especially since it had lost $14.8 billion in 2008—the most in its 105-year history—and had burned through $21.2 billion, or 61%, of its cash (Kiley, 2009). Because Ford knew that the company’s upper echelon culture was closed, bureaucratic, and rejected outsiders and new ways of thinking, he was not surprised by his officers’ reactions. However, Ford’s managers had no idea that the company was fighting for its life. To succeed, Mulally would need Chair Ford’s full endorsement and support, and he got it.
The company’s biggest cultural challenge was to break down the silos that various executives had built. As we will discuss more in Chapter 4, silos are specific processes or departments in an organization that work independently of each other without strong communication between or among them. A lack of communication can often stifle productivity and innovation, and this was exactly what was happening at Ford.
Mulally devised a turnaround strategy and developed it into the Way Forward Plan. The plan centralized and modernized plants to handle several models at once, to be sold in several markets. The plan was designed to break up the fiefdoms of isolated cultures, in which leaders independently developed and decided where to sell cars. Mulally’s plan also kept managers in positions for longer periods of time to deepen their expertise and improve consistency of operations. The manager who ran the Mazda Motor affiliate commented, “I’m going into my fourth year in the same job. I’ve never had such consistency of purpose before” (as cited in Kiley, 2009, “Meetings About Meetings,” para. 2).
Mulally’s leadership style involved evaluating and analyzing a situation using data and facts and then earning individuals’ support with his determinatio ...
3Assignment Three Purpose of the study and Research Questions.docxlorainedeserre
3
Assignment Three: Purpose of the study and Research Questions
RES 9300
Recently, Autism has become a serious health concern to parents. According to Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2018), about one in fifty nine United States children has been identified with autism spectrum disorder with one in six children developing developmental disability ranging from mild disabilities such as speech and language impairments to serious developmental disabilities, such as intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, and autism (CDC,2018). World Health Organization (2019) estimates that 1 in 160 children globally has autism making it one of the most prevalent diseases. Despite the disease prevalence, most population has little knowledge about the disease. Many health practitioners have proposed early care as a means to control the disease effects.
Purpose Statement
The purpose of this study is to determine whether early intervention services can help improve the development of children suffering from autism. This study also aims to explore the general public awareness and perception about autism disorder.
Research Questions
(1) How should service delivery for autistic patients be improved to promote their health? (2) What impact does early intervention services have on development of children suffering from autism? (3) How can public knowledge on autism improve support and care for autistic patients? (4) What effect will early intervention have on patient’s social skills?
References
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Data & Statistics. Retrieved From https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html
World Health Organization. (2019). Autism Spectrum Disorders. Fact Sheet. Retrieved From https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders
3
Assignment Two: Theoretical Perspective and Literature Review
RES 9300
Literature Map
Parenting an Autism Child
(Dependent Variable)
9
Mothers/Father Role
Education
Religious Beliefs
Gender/Age
Financial Resources
Maternal Relationship
Region
Public Awareness
Support
Ethnicity
Independent Variables
Secondary Source I Will Be Using In My Literature Review
Mother/Father Roles
Glynn, K. A. (2015). Predictors of parenting practices in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder.
Religious Beliefs
Huang, C. Y., Yen, H. C., Tseng, M. H., Tung, L. C., Chen, Y. D., & Chen, K. L. (2014). Impacts of autistic behaviors, emotional and behavioral problems on parenting stress in caregivers of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(6), 1383-1390.
Education
Brezis, R. S., Weisner, T. S., Daley, T. C., Singhal, N., Barua, M., & Chollera, S. P. (2015). Parenting a child with autism in India: Narratives before and after a parent–child intervention program. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 39(2), 277-298.
Financial Resources
Zaidm ...
380067.docxby Jamie FeryllFILET IME SUBMIT T ED 22- .docxlorainedeserre
380067.docx
by Jamie Feryll
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380067by Jamie Feryll380067ORIGINALITY REPORT380067WRITECHECK REPORT
Interpretations of Iron Age Architecture Brochs in Society/Social Identity
Archaeology is a historical field which has advanced over the years based on more discoveries still being experienced by the archaeologists who seek them. According to Kelly and Thomas (2010; p.5), the concession that life existed in more ancient times than stipulated by biblical scholars and human culture allowed the archaeologists to dig deeper into genealogical data. Iron Age architecture and social/society identity relate to one another. For instance, the population, based on their identity and perception will construct buildings that directly reflect their beliefs. This essay will discuss these archaeological concepts of Iron Age architecture and society/social identity. Need a paragraph on brochs and how many and where they are across Scotland with patcialur focus on the atlantc region, this is not relevant for masters essay. Must define broch from its architecture and how long it would take to build and note famous ones and note the ones that will be referred to in this essay – this could be Perhaps incorpated into the next paragraph.
Iron Age architecture has over the years been dominated by differing archaeological concepts and debates. It was defined by settlements and settlement structures such as duns, brochs, wheelhouses, hillforts, stone-built round houses and timber. The social and societal identity which is identified through material remains indicates aspects of differentiation, regional patterns and segregation. According to Kelly and Thomas (2010; p.28), people who existed in Iron Age Scotland were isolated. This is demonstrated by the presence of a burial followed by an assembled chariot at Newbridge. Northern and western Scotland have been the source of the well-structured developments that have provided cultural, architectural and social data over time. Maes Howe, which is the largest Orkney burial cairn, located between Stromne ...
39Chapter 7Theories of TeachingIntroductionTheories of l.docxlorainedeserre
This document summarizes theories of teaching from several influential learning theorists. It discusses how theorists like Thorndike, Guthrie, Skinner, Hull, Tolman, and Gagné viewed the role of the teacher based on their behavioral and cognitive learning theories derived from animal and child studies. They generally saw teaching as managing external conditions to ensure specified behavioral changes in learners. The document then contrasts this with theories of teaching from adult learning theorists like Rogers, who rejected the notion that teaching is controlling learning and saw the teacher's role differently.
38 Monthly Labor Review • June 2012TelecommutingThe.docxlorainedeserre
38 Monthly Labor Review • June 2012
Telecommuting
The hard truth about telecommuting
Telecommuting has not permeated the American workplace, and
where it has become commonly used, it is not helpful in reducing
work-family conflicts; telecommuting appears, instead, to have
become instrumental in the general expansion of work hours,
facilitating workers’ needs for additional worktime beyond the
standard workweek and/or the ability of employers to increase or
intensify work demands among their salaried employees
Mary C. Noonan
and
Jennifer L. Glass
Mary C. Noonan is an Associate
Professor at the Department of
Sociology, The University of Iowa;
Jennifer L. Glass is the Barbara
Bush Regents Professor of Liberal
Arts at the Department of Sociol-
ogy and Population Research
Center, University of Texas at
Austin. Email: [email protected]
uiowa.edu or [email protected]
austin.utexas.edu.
Telecommuting, defined here as work tasks regularly performed at home, has achieved enough
traction in the American workplace to
merit intensive scrutiny, with 24 percent
of employed Americans reporting in recent
surveys that they work at least some hours
at home each week.1 The definitions of
telecommuting are quite diverse. In this ar-
ticle, we define telecommuters as employ-
ees who work regularly, but not exclusively,
at home. In our definition, at-home work
activities do not need to be technologically
mediated nor do telecommuters need a
formal arrangement with their employer to
work at home.
Telecommuting is popular with policy
makers and activists, with proponents
pointing out the multiple ways in which
telecommuting can cut commuting time
and costs,2 reduce energy consumption
and traffic congestion, and contribute to
worklife balance for those with caregiving
responsibilities.3 Changes in the structure
of jobs that enable mothers to more effec-
tively compete in the workplace, such as
telecommuting, may be needed to finally
eliminate the gender gap in earnings and
direct more earned income to children,
both important public policy goals.4
Evidence also reveals that an increasing num-
ber of jobs in the American economy could be
performed at home if employers were willing
to allow employees to do so.5 Often, employees
can perform jobs at home without supervision
in the “high-tech” sector, in the financial sector,
and many in the communication sector that are
technology dependent. The obstacles or barriers
to telecommuting seem to be more organiza-
tional, stemming from the managers’ reluctance
to give up direct supervisory control of workers
and from their fears of shirking among workers
who telecommute.6
Where the impact of telecommuting has
been empirically evaluated, it seems to boost
productivity, decrease absenteeism, and increase
retention.7 But can telecommuting live up to its
promise as an effective work-family policy that
helps employees meet their nonwork responsi-
bilities? To do so, tel ...
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
How to Setup Default Value for a Field in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, we can set a default value for a field during the creation of a record for a model. We have many methods in odoo for setting a default value to the field.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
Brand Guideline of Bashundhara A4 Paper - 2024khabri85
It outlines the basic identity elements such as symbol, logotype, colors, and typefaces. It provides examples of applying the identity to materials like letterhead, business cards, reports, folders, and websites.
Creative Restart 2024: Mike Martin - Finding a way around “no”Taste
Ideas that are good for business and good for the world that we live in, are what I’m passionate about.
Some ideas take a year to make, some take 8 years. I want to share two projects that best illustrate this and why it is never good to stop at “no”.
Creative Restart 2024: Mike Martin - Finding a way around “no”
321 SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY A CRITICAL REVIEW FROM.docx
1. 321
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY: A CRITICAL
REVIEW FROM ISLAMIC THEORIES OF
ADMINISTRATION1
Jafar Paramboor
Mohd Burhan Ibrahim
Abstract
Early management theory consisted of numerous attempts at
getting
to know some newcomers to industrial life at the end of the
nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century,
in
Europe and United States. As far as these newcomers were
concerned, almost all fields of industry expected that they could
open
a new way of pattern in the area of conceptualizing the
management
field with new ideas and thoughts. One of these newcomers was
the
scientific management theory, the theory of Frederic Winslow
Taylor
(1896-1915). This paper is a critical review on scientific
management theory looking from the descriptive and normative
angles of Islamic theories of administration. Starting from the
background of the author, and his theory, the paper highlights
2. some
of the criticisms arose from the West, followed by Islamic
dimensions
on the theory of administration, focusing on the individual and
social
aspects. The paper argues that the values should be taken from
Islamic theories of administration which refers to the present
world
as well as hereafter. Further, some of the implications and
possible
areas of practicing Islamic theory of administration in higher
education management are presented.
Keywords: Scientific Management Theory, Islamic Theories of
Administration, Shurah, Adl, Itqan, Fard Kifayah, Khilafah
1 Article received: August 2018; Article submitted: November
2018; Article
accepted: December 2018
JAFAR PARAMBOOR
322
Introduction
The fundamental aim of management should be to ensure the
maximum prosperity for the employer as well as the employee.
The
term “maximum prosperity” refers to not only large dividends
3. for the
company or owner, but also the development of every branch of
the
business to its highest state of quality, so that the prosperity
may be
permanent. Likewise, maximum prosperity to the employee
refers to
not only higher wages than are usually received by them, but
also to
the development of each man to his state of maximum
competence,
so that he may be capable of doing the highest grade of work
according to his natural potentials.2
Early management theory consisted of numerous attempts at
getting to know some newcomers to industrial life at the end of
the
nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century,
in
Europe and United States. As far as these newcomers were
concerned, almost all the field of industry expected that they
could
open a new pattern in the area of conceptualizing management
field
with new ideas, and thoughts. One of these newcomers was the
scientific management theory, the theory of Frederic Winslow
Taylor
(1896-1915).3
Taylor rested his philosophy on four basic principles:
1. The development of a true science of management so that the
best method for performing each task could be determined.
2. The Scientific selection of workers so that the each worker
would be given responsibility for the task for which he or she
4. was best suited.
3. The scientific education and development of workers.
4. Intimate friendly cooperation between management and
laborers.
By analyzing these four principles in the light of literature
some of the fundamental concepts of the scientific management
theory could be detailed. Scientific management theory arose in
part
from the need to increase productivity. In the United States
2 Robert Kanigel, “Taylor-Made (19th-Century Efficiency
Expert Frederick
Taylor),” The Sciences 37, no. 3 (1997): 1–5.
3 Ibid.
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY:
A CRITICAL REVIEW FROM ISLAMIC THEORIES OF
ADMINISTRATION
323
especially, skilled laborers was in short supply at the beginning
of the
twentieth century. The only way to expand the productivity was
to
raise the efficiency of workers. Therefore, Frederick W. Taylor,
Henry Gantt, and Frank and Lillian Gilberth devised the body of
principles known as scientific management theory. The success
of
these principles required “a complete mental revolution” on the
5. part
of management and laborers. In other words, he believed that
both
the laborer and the management have a role-which is called a
common interest-in increasing productivity in any organization;
and
this should be done without any disputes between the two.4
Taylor based his management system on production line time
studies. Instead of relying on traditional work methods, he
analyzed
and timed a number of workers’ movements while they were
performing various jobs. Using time study, he broke each job
down
into its components and designed the quickest and best method
of
performing each component. He also encouraged employers to
pay
more productive workers higher rate than others using a
“scientifically correct” rate that would benefit both the
company and
workers. Thus, the workers were urged to surpass their previous
performance standards to earn more pay. He called this
initiative as
differential rate system.
The fundamental principles of scientific management are
applicable to all kinds of human actions; to the management of
our
homes, farms, business, religious institutions, universities,
colleges,
schools, other formal and informal types of educational
institutions,
and governmental departments.5 Taylor argued that the
principles
could be applied almost universally. Not only did his thinking
6. have
an impact on various fields, but also Taylor’s scientific
management
served as a conceptual reference point for many school
leadership
and reform movements.6 In many ways, Taylor was not merely
the
father of scientific management, but he also normalized a way
of
4 Ibid.
5 Carl R. Metzgar, “The Principles of Scientific
Management/The One Best Way:
Frederick Winslow Taylor & the Enigma of Efficiency,”
Professional Safety, (2004):
49.
6 David B. Tyack, The One Best System: A History of American
Urban Education
(Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1974).
JAFAR PARAMBOOR
324
thinking about the nature of technology. By introducing his
technological perspectives, he envisioned that the present and
future
generations could overcome the problems of the past. However,
looking into an ethical and value-based perspective, specifically
from
Islamic theories of administration, this paper finds a concluding
answer to whether or not Taylor was aware of the mentioned
7. dimensions.
About the Author
Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) was born in
Germantown,
Pennsylvania on March 20. He was the son of a prosperous, rich
lawyer and mother who traced her Puritan ancestral background
to an
ancestor in Plymouth, Massachusetts who had immigrated to
this
country in the year 1629.7 Fredrick or Fred, as he was often
called,
was encouraged by his family to follow his father into the law
profession. He attended Phillips Exeter to prepare for the
Harvard
law exams and with hard work he soon passed the exams with
honors.
At this point in his career, for some reasons Fred chose to or
was forced to turn away from entering Harvard law school
because of
poor health and eyesight. Instead, sometime around 1874, Fred
took
up a four-year position as an apprentice pattern maker and
machinist
with the Enterprise Hydraulic Works of Philadelphia. There
were
some thoughts that his move from law school to another level,
zero
wage apprenticeship, was perhaps not because of his lack of
eyesight
but a result of his thinking that he should not remain in his
father’s
choice of a profession for him.8 Fred embarked on an
apprenticeship
8. in manufacturing that would lead to a lifetime career always
close to
manufacturing. Then after, Fred moved from Enterprise
Hydraulic
Works to Midvale Steel as a common day laborer in 1878. From
7 Paul L. Govekar, and Michele A. Govekar, “The Parable of
the Pig Iron: Using
Taylor’s Story to Teach the Principles of Scientific
Management,” Journal of Higher
Education Theory and Practice 12, no. 2 (2012): 73–83.
8 Lewis A. Myers Jr., “One Hundred Years Later: What Would
Frederick W. Taylor
Say?” International Journal of Business & Social Science 2, no.
20 (2011): 8–11;
Daniel A. Wren, and Arthur G. Bedeian, The Evolution of
Management Thought
(New York: Wiley, 2008).
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY:
A CRITICAL REVIEW FROM ISLAMIC THEORIES OF
ADMINISTRATION
325
there, he immediately got promoted from common day laborer
to
clerk, to machinist running a lathe, to gang boss of all lathe
machinists. Three years later, he became foreman of the
machine
shop; next he was promoted to master mechanic in charge of
repairs
and maintenance throughout the plant, and finally to chief
9. engineer
all in the short period of six years.9 During his time at Midvale,
Taylor enrolled in a correspondence course offered by Stevens
Institute of Technology of Hoboken, New Jersey. Taylor
attended
Stevens only to take examinations, and graduated with a degree
in
Mechanical Engineering in 1883.
In the following part of this paper, the background of the
theory and the main idea of the critique will be elucidated, by
presenting some of its weaknesses. The main idea of the theory
to be
criticized comes from the Islamic point of view as everything
has to
be a permanent value to be judged from here in order to
smoothly
survive in the hereafter. As far as the scientific management
theory is
concerned the paper argues that the value and ethics in both
holistic
and atomistic perspectives lacks when it comes to the individual
and
social role of human as an administrator, being both manager
and
employee.
Background of Scientific Management Theory
As mentioned earlier, there are certain fundamental principles
for
scientific management theory, as Taylor has highlighted
throughout
his different works. Firstly, he states about upbringing of the
true
science of management in any field of employment, so that the
10. method of performance for each task can be easily determined.
Through this concept, Taylor suggested that a true and clear
picture
of the notion of science in the management field should be
raised in
order to keep the current and further betterment of the employee
as
well as the employer.10 It is emphasized that the worker should
always be approached in a cooperative manner, unlike other
theories
of management like that of bureaucracy. Then only the
employer can
9 Tyack, The One Best System . . .
10 Frederick Winslow Taylor, The Principles of Scientific
Management (New York:
Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1911).
JAFAR PARAMBOOR
326
expect some creative outcomes from the former throughout his
whole
performance.
Secondly, the author articulates on the selection of the workers
and employees in a scientific manner and he justifies this
principle
contenting that there will be a proper distribution of the
responsibilities to the employees. To put it differently, each one
of
11. the workers is to be given the best suited tasks and they have
the
responsibility of undertaking it. The selection will be in a
scientific
context, and as such, it differs from other competing theories.
Thirdly, the scientific education and development of the
workers are emphasized. According to Taylor, it is important to
have
a grip or supporting system for better education and the
development
of the employee. In a broad sense, the author meant that the
physical
and mental development of the worker has to be always
prioritized.
The final dimension of the theory is an intimate friendly
cooperation between the laborer and the employee. This
principle is
closely related to the welfare of the employee and relationships
with
his master as both the worker and the employer have to be in a
cooperative manner. Here, the absence of a relationship with the
permanent reality, the God, makes things contradictory to the
Islamic
conception of an ideal administration process. That is to say,
while the
theorist conceptualized an intimate relation and cooperation
with the
employee, he has ignored the other end of the hierarchy with
regards to
the relation, which is faith and trust in God. To comprehend this
point,
the Islamic concept of administration of khilafah, which refers
to the
idea vicegerency to God, will be briefly explained while
12. discussing the
third implication of this review paper.
Critical Review on Scientific Management Theory from Islamic
Theories of Administration
A significant amount of literature is available on scientific
management theory. However, the dearth regarding some
critical
reviews on the theory from an Islamic point of view still exists
despite the factual significance, strength and weakness of the
theory
is found in previous literatures which have discussed the theory
from
different angles. The following part highlights some of the
criticisms
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY:
A CRITICAL REVIEW FROM ISLAMIC THEORIES OF
ADMINISTRATION
327
from the available literature and demonstrates the stance of
Islam
with regards to administration and related theories.
Both the Qur’an and Sunnah (the Prophetic tradition) consider
administration as a sort of obligation with which a man needs to
fill
the gap between him and his surroundings. The surroundings
here
can be referred to his own individual range of living and also
13. his
social grounds that make him a ‘living man’. As indicated by
Prophet
Muhammad, everybody plays the part of an administrator amid
his
life compass. It makes him answerable everlastingly and he will
be
gotten some information about it in hereafter.
The limitedness, flexibility and openness11 inclined with the
two mentioned references of Islam provide chances for the
researchers to conceptualize all human-related actions within an
Islamic framework, creating and locating the necessity of
human life
in its proper place. Thus, using both of these references the
scholars
of Islam have been ready to find out the theoretical frameworks
for
the administrative strategies in Islam. Finding out new ideas
without
making any contradiction with Shari’ah was specifically true in
the
case of political and administrative systems for which the verses
of
the Qur’an narrations from the Prophet are limited, broad, that
is
holistic in nature,12 and flexible which can be interpreted
according
to situatedness. This fact leads the researchers to conceptualize
Islamic values and moral dimensions inculcated in sovereignty,
fundamental rights, the security of life, principles of the state,
government and administration, rights of the states over the
citizens,
the administration of justice, international relation matters, and
the
principles of negotiation (shurah).
14. Looking from Western perspectives, some negative
impressions from both employers and employees regarding
scientific
management theory have been identified.13 The foremost thing
is
unemployment. Workers feel that management reduces
employment
11 Muhammad Abdullah Al-Buraey, Administrative
Development, an Islamic
Perspective: The Possible Role of the Islamists in Development
of the Muslim World
(London: KPI. 1981).
12 Ibid.
13 Stephen P. Waring, Taylorism Transformed: Scientific
Management Theory Since
1945 (North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press,
1994).
JAFAR PARAMBOOR
328
opportunities from them through replacement workers. By
increasing
human productivity, fewer workers are needed to do work. In
fact,
they as workers are insecure in their posts and they always have
the
thought of less chance of surviving. For the betterment of the
productivity as well as the creativity, the safety and security of
15. the
employee in terms of his job opportunity is important. 14 The
negotiation (shurah)15 aspect of Islam contrasts with the theory
in
this respect. In administration field, the leader has an
accountability
of consulting his followers whenever a decision is going to be
made.
This is to avoid all potential disparities among the former and
later.
Negotiation is one of the characteristics of an ideal leader, as
God has
admonished His messenger (3: 159) to consult his followers in
matters.16
Exploitation is another issue which lies in this particular
theory.17 Workers always feel that, they are being exploited as
they
are not given due share in increasing profits which is due to
their
productivity. Wages do not rise in proportion as rise in
production.
Wage payment creates uncertainty and insecurity in them. That
is to
say without a standard outcome, there is no any guarantee of
increasing their wage rate. This is in contrast with the Islamic
concept of giving reasonable wage to the employee before his
sweats
wet out of his body. The productive way of allowing reasonable
wage, which is due to the right of the labour, is to be
undertaken by
the employer. Otherwise, the ethics and values with regards to
the
14 M. Thenmozhi, “Evolution of Management Theory.”
National Programme on
16. Technology Enhanced Learning, 2007,
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/IIT-MADRAS/
Management_Science_I/Pdfs/1_2.pdf.
15 Ahmad Al-Raysuni, A- Shura: The Qur'anic Principle of
Consultation (Herndon,
VA: International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2012); Niklas
Potrafke, “Islam and
Democracy,” Public Choice 151, no. 1-2 (2012): 185–92,
doi:10.1007/s11127-
010-9741-3.; “The Principle of Shura and the Role of the Umma
in Islam,”
I-Epistemology. Accessed November 30, 2015. http://i-
epistemology.net/politics-a-
government/330-the-principle-of-shura-and-the-role-of-the-
umma-in-islam.pdf.;
“Shura/Consultation: A Strategy For Governance,” Forum on
Public Policy.
Accessed November 30, 2015. http://forumonpublicpolicy. com/
summer09/
archivesummer09/mansir.pdf.)
16 Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Meanings of the Holy Qur ’ an,
(Brentwood,
Md.:Amana Corp, 1992).
17 Waring, Taylorism Transformed . . .
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/IIT-MADRAS/
http://forumonpublicpolicy/
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY:
A CRITICAL REVIEW FROM ISLAMIC THEORIES OF
ADMINISTRATION
329
laborer would be neglected. This idea derives from the
17. Prophetic
tradition, as he has been reported saying that ‘Pay those who
work
for you their wages as soon as they have completed their work,
even
before their sweat dries.’18
In spite of these mentioned weaknesses, negligence of
employee unions is also a problem in the scientific management
theory, according to the perspectives of workers. It is viewed19
that
everything is fixed and predetermined by management.
Therefore, it
leaves no room for unions to bargain as everything is
standardized
such as standard output, standard working conditions, and
standard
time. This creates a rift between efficient and inefficient
workers
according to their wage differences. As for the workers, they do
not
want the powerless unions so that they cannot achieve their
proposed
goals in developing their organizational culture and behavior.
The
fixed and fully structured nature of an organization will
decrease the
creativity among workers and both the capable and incapable
workers will have to be maximized to the same root of behavior
without having a proper agenda of behavioral progression in
their
institution. This will gradually lead to the worst outcome of the
organization causing an imbalance among the laborers.
In Islamic worldview, this is referred to a situation of injustice
whereby, equal treatment to employers in same range lacks. The
18. concept of adl,20 which means justice, plays a key role in
assuring
that the laborers are being treated with equal importance to
everyone
as an organizational member. The Qur’an has emphasized on
practicing justice in every human action, including
administrative
matters; it is viewed as a regular social practice in Islamic way
of
life, where all human beings have the right to get justice from
the
authority irrespective of any demographic variations. This is
manifested in the following verses of the Qur’an:
18 Muhammad ibn Yazid ibn Majah, Sunan Ibn-I-Mājah (Delhi:
Kitab Bhavan,
2003).
19 Carl Metzgar, “The Principles of Scientific Management . . .
20 “Islamic Concepts of Justice and Injustice,” Oxford
Scholarship Online. Accessed
November 30, 2015.
http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/
9780198298854.001.0001/acprof-9780198298854-chapter-9.
JAFAR PARAMBOOR
330
“O ye who believe! Be ye staunch in justice, witnesses
for Allah, even though it be against yourselves or (your)
parents or (your) kindred, whether (the case be of) a rich
man or a poor man, for Allah is nearer unto both (than
19. ye are). So follow not passion lest ye lapse (from truth)
and if ye lapse or fall away, then lo! Allah is ever
informed of what ye do.”21
In addition to this, the Qur’an talks against exploiting human
being,
without giving any value or freedom of rights, as follows:
“Verily We have honored the children of Adam. We
carry them on the land and the sea, and have made
provision of good things for them, and have preferred
them above many of those whom We created with a
marked preferment.”22
These verses highlight the cardinal place of human on this
planet as a
minimal form of divine attributes. Therefore, Islam opposes the
negligence of human values, taking labor from others regardless
of
their emotional dimensions as human beings. Allah has given
respect
to mankind because of his intellect and maturity.23 In other
words,
the scientific management theory violates the dignity of human
kind,
his freedom of expression, rights of a laborers, justice and
fairness
and right of choice, when it comes to the predetermination of
management policies by authority.
The theory of scientific management is time consuming, 24
because it always needs mental revision and in times it may
require
complete reorganizing of the institution. A lot of time is
required for
work, study, standardization of the firm and its specialization.
20. While
the workers proceed giving their energy to make the institutions
productive, they have to suffer concentrating the overloaded
entities
21 Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Meanings of the Holy Qur ’ an . . .
22 Ibid.
23 Abu Al-Hasan 'Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib Mawardi, Al-
Nukat Wa Al- ’Uyun,
(n.p: Turath For
Solution
s, 2013), https://drive.google.com/file/d/
0Bw9eKauIMdWPVnk0R0ZLM05xaFk/view?ts=565c25ea.
2015)
24 Robert Kanigel, “Taylor-Made . . .
https://www.google.com.my/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inautho
r:%22Abu+Al-
Hasan+%27Ali+Ibn+Muhammad+Ibn+Habib+Mawardi%22
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY:
A CRITICAL REVIEW FROM ISLAMIC THEORIES OF
ADMINISTRATION
21. 331
within the organization. 25 This makes difficulties even in
their
personal matters. Time consuming works lead to deterioration
of the
quality of the product as well as the institution. 26 The quality
is
determined in every field by looking to the outcome of the firm.
As for
various disciplines of business and management, such as
accounting
cost control, compensation management, human resources
management, organized laborer relations, operations process
control
management, operations service sector management, quality
management, and technology management, the quality of the
product
and the organizations is a much concerned entity. In Islamic
worldview, itqan, which is being perfect in quality,27 is in line
with
promoting quality in work. Moving towards excellence is
normatively
presented in the following Prophetic idea that Allah loves those
who
22. do things perfectly. This implies that once timeframe influences
negatively on quality of work, it should be solved accordingly.
Although the Western theories of administration make the
headways towards a better understanding and contribute to
developing performance, these theories have their own
shortcomings
as some of them focus only on economic motives.28 In other
words,
workers are not allowed to get their rights and human needs.
Some
others emphasize on organizational aspects ignoring the ethics
and
values to be inculcated in an institution. This will consequently
lead
to corruption in political, religious, ethical and personal
connections,
and exploitation and abuse of administrative positions.
Al-Buraey has criticized these theories, including scientific
management theory, highlighting three negative factors. Firstly,
almost all Western theories ignore the morals and ethical values
without placing the ultimate reality, the God, in the highest
position of
23. 25 M. Thenmozhi, “Evolution of Management Theory . . .
26 Metzgar, “The Principles of Scientific Management . . .
27 Ahmad A. Ajarimah, “Major Challenges of Global
Leadership in the
Twenty-First Century,” Human Resource Development
International 4, no.1 (2001):
9–19, doi:10.1080/13678860122512.; Abdi O. Shuriye, and
Ibrahim A. Adam, “The
Concept of Itqan and Culture in Muslim Professional Life,” in
Ethics of Engineering
Education, ed. Abdi O. Shuriye, Ahmad Faris Ismail, and
Azweeda Dahakan @
Ghazali (Kuala Lumpur: IIUM Press, 2009), 99–105.
28 Ali Mohd Jubran Saleh, Educational Administration: An
Islamic Perspective
(Kuala Lumpur: A.S. Nordeen, 2002).
JAFAR PARAMBOOR
332
24. value-hierarchy. Although he admits that only certain theories
are
exceptional from this, these exceptional cases are not
considering
values and morals from a religious perspective, which give
emphasis
on the other worldly life. Rather, they are labeled as universal
ethics
which has no permanent existence in the case of human
narrative.
Looking from Islamic point of view, if the values are
underpinned by
religious norms, the believers, in this case the workers can
ensure their
moral aspects of living as responsible employees.
Secondly, Western theories have studied the administration
separating it from an individualistic perspective. That is to say,
the
environmental changes have not affected the existence and
practice
of any of these theories which lead to the negligence of changes
occurred in individual behavior.
Thirdly, he states, a holistic approach toward the Western
25. theories of administration, including scientific management
theory,
have severely lacked throughout all the studies conducted.
Western
theories are based on micro studies. For instance, scientific
management theory concentrated mainly on the economic
factors and
regarded them as the major motivation for the organizational
community members. This view is in line with the view29 that,
Western theories do not interfere with religion, whereby
intrinsic
motivational aspects have a significant role to play. In Islamic
ideology, a Muslim is entrusted with certain duties and
responsibilities to fulfill, and intrinsically motivated by mainly
two
primary sources which are Qur’an and Prophetic traditions. The
Divine and Prophetic promises for those who fulfill their duties
in
proper manner are expected from hereafter, which implies the
material benefits are not worthy compared to the other world.
Thus,
there should be an ultimate goal for both the employee and
employer,
which is fulfilling their respective duties to satisfy their God.
26. Mintzberg argues, as he was a great critic of Taylor, that the
social values are left behind in scientific management theory,
being
the workers are always forced to focus merely on the efficiency
and
29 Thomas Kenneth Frizelle, “Developing a Critical Dialog for
Educational
Technology: Understanding the Nature of Technology and the
Legacy of Scientific
Management in Our Schools” (PhD dissertation, University of
Washinton, 2012).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mintzberg
SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY:
A CRITICAL REVIEW FROM ISLAMIC THEORIES OF
ADMINISTRATION
333
productivity. 30 Consequently, less quantifiable social benefits
are
27. overloaded. Social values are not to be ignored by any means as
human is a social animal with a nature of dependence on his
surrounding humans. That is why the concept of fardh kifayah
(collective obligation) has a key part in Islamic worldview, as it
manifests the collective responsibility of a society other than
individual liabilities.31 Once fardh kifayah is fulfilled by a
group,
everyone in the society is rewarded as part of the Divine justice.
Hence, social values, which lead to social justice, are positively
approached from Islamic theories of administration.
Implications
Based upon the known facts, shortcomings and negative
impressions
about the theory of scientific management specifically, and
western
theories in general, we can make the following points
comparing the
theories with Islamic concept of administration: Firstly, the
scientific
management theory has no any ultimate value or goals while
Islamic
administration theories have absolute and clear values and
goals,
28. relating the concept of responsibility, justice and collective
obligation
with complete Islamic code of ethics.
Secondly, the theory proposed by Taylor is materialistic in
nature, without concerns on the spiritual dimensions of
individual as
well as the society. Islamic theories of administration oppose
this
concept as it always emphasizes on true belief in akhirah
(hereafter)
which reminds the believer about the ultimate goal to
accomplish. In
other words, akhirah should be a way for the believer to be
intrinsically motivated while performing his duty as an
administrator
as well as a laborer.
Thirdly, the theory concentrates on the relationship between
the administrator and the worker while Islam has a permanent
view
of making the relationship not only between the worker and
employer
but also between them and the ultimate reality i.e., God. The
notion
29. 30 Henry Mintzberg, “The Case for Corporate Social
Responsibility,” Journal of
Business Strategy 4, no. 2 (1983): 3–15, doi:10.1108/eb039015.
31 “Fard Al-Kifayah,” Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Accessed
November 30, 2015.
http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e625.
JAFAR PARAMBOOR
334
of vicegerency 32 proposes that, everyone of the mankind is a
khalifah, vicegerent and representative of God to implement
justice
and proper conduct on the earth. Thus, once a man comes to
existence, his nature seeks a spiritual connection between
himself and
his God before any other connections take place. The process of
being a khalifah starts from the moment and it continues until
the
30. other world, akhirah. The point is that the primary concern of
any
khalifah should be to revive his particular connectedness with
God,
which may happen through different ways. In the case of an
employer and employee, this happens through a sense of
acknowledgement and mutual respect which are to be timely
cultivated and nourished.
Possible Areas to Practise Islamic Theories of Administration in
Higher Education Management
The theoretical dimensions of Islamic theories of administration
indicate that for the purpose of quality assurance in higher
education
sector, it is by all means practical to enact each of these
aspects.
However, it cannot be overlooked that there is a need to have
experienced leaders with adequate knowledge and skills in
Islamic
theories at least in its minimal form. The flexibility and holistic
approach of Islamic worldview toward the field of
administration
enlarge the scope for the practitioners, planners, and policy
31. makers of
higher education institutions to apply and envision an Islamic,
yet
universal way of practicing the theory. Based on this
assumption, the
following section of this paper proposes some plausible areas of
practicing the mentioned dimensions of Islamic theories
pertaining to
administration, in higher education management field.
Shurah (negotiation): With regards to the management of
higher education, to conceptualize and implement this particular
dimension is a collective responsibility for all members of the
administrative body as well academic and non-academic staff.
In
other words, the role of the administrative authority is to
provide
each of the organizational members adequate chances for
32 Fadzli Adam, “The Concept Of Khilafah According To
Selected Sunni And
Shi'i Qur’anic Commentaries”, (PhD dissertation, University of
Leeds, 2001).
32. SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT THEORY:
A CRITICAL REVIEW FROM ISLAMIC THEORIES OF
ADMINISTRATION
335
consultation and negotiation. Once, the former have fulfilled
this
criteria, it can be asserted that they have gone through the
process of
fulfilling fard kifayah, of which all the members of institutional
community are in charge. In the case of the followers, here the
academic and non-academic staff, they should initiate to have a
culture of negotiation, not only among themselves, but also
between
them and their authority in order to avoid possible disparities
between the two. This would possibly decrease the level of
bureaucracy in any organization as both groups of the leaders
and
followers apply a standard way of communication.
Adl (justice): Conceptualizing justice is easy; however, when it
comes to practice, especially in organizational contexts whereby
33. social interactions are frequent, the theories often fail.
Nevertheless,
its normative importance is comparatively greater than all other
dimensions discussed. Practising justice should be a culture of
administrative body while they deal with any area of managing
their
institution, for instance, in the promotion of staffs, giving
wages and
allowances, and asking for overtime jobs.
Itqan (being perfect or at least excellent in nature): This is
more related to the internal and external quality assurance of
any
higher educational institution. Institutional quality-oriented
culture,
institutional strategic marketing, faculty competencies and
practices,
traditional academic values, contemporary ethos, enrollment of
students and their contributions to learning, competitiveness of
students, learning experience, and social-cultural orientation are
among the notable factors of quality assurance.33 In order for
the
institutions to be competitive in performance, implementing a
culture
of itqan in all these dimensions is a need in higher education
34. management context.
Itqan is also applicable to human resource management of
higher education institutions. The administrators should be
concerned
with recruiting the best potential candidates who are suitable for
performing the assigned task in the best possible way. This
would
automatically influence the institutional quality performance.
33 Peter Materu, Higher Education Quality Assurance in Sub-
Saharan Africa
Practices Higher Education Quality Assurance in Sub-Saharan
Africa (Washington
DC: The World Bank, 2007).
JAFAR PARAMBOOR
336
Khilafah (the vicegerency approach): This aspect is practical in
relation to the management body as well as the institutional
35. staff in a
sense that both should be aware of the supreme authority, God,
who
has appointed them to play their role as his vicegerents. Being
aware
of God, who is at the highest level of management hierarchy,
would
ease the proper development of mutual recognition and
cooperation
among the organizational members. This would also ease the
process
of envisioning the ultimate purpose, of an individual as a
vicegerent
of God, which is satisfying the later by fulfilling his
expectations in
all possible ways. Thus, as for the administrators, they should
perform at their highest level in fulfilling all the individual and
social
needs of their staff in an organizational context whereas the
staff
should do justice to their tasks assigned to them with proper
conduct.
Conclusion
36. Presented here is a critical view on the theory of scientific
management looking from the Islamic theories of
administration. The
theory has been criticized by previous literatures, mainly from
the
West, due to several reasons including the problem of
unemployment, exploitation of laborers, negligence of employee
union as well as human values, problem of time constraint and
mere
focus on economic motives, lack of holistic approach, and
negligence
of social values. By critically analyzing all these negative
aspects
referring to the concept of shurah, adl, itqan, and khilafah, some
of
the remarkable dimensions in the administrative theories of
Islam,
this paper found that scientific management theory has also
ignored
the concept of justice, trust, love, empathy, humility, from an
individualistic perspective, and awareness of a collective
responsibility, ultimate purpose, and superior authority from an
holistic perspective. Hence, it could be argued that in order to
avoid a
spiritual vacuum which is prevalent in all types of
37. organizational
settings, the mentioned dimensions should be positively
practised in
at least Islamic higher educational institutions.
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Assignment 2: Project Paper (Template)cOVER pAGE
On the cover page, include the following:
Assignment 2
Student’s Name
HUM 112
Professor’s Name
Date Introduction
38. In your introduction section, complete each step listed in the
bullets below. Your answer should be 1–2 paragraphs in length:
· Identify the author and artist.
· Provide a short overview of the author’s life. Make sure the
biographical details you discuss relate to the work you are
discussing.
· Identify the speech or writing you will be talking about in this
paper.
BACKGROUND
In your background section, complete each step listed in the
bullets below. Your answer should be 1–2 paragraphs:
· Describe the historical events (also known as context) that
were occurring at the time that the author or artist created the
work.
· Discuss your thoughts on how the historical events may have
led the author to create the work.
EVIDENCE
In your evidence section, complete each step listed in the
bullets below. Your answer should be 1–2 paragraph in length.
· Explain the main point of the work you picked.
39. · Identify the most important example the author uses to support
the main point.
DISCUSSION
In your discussion section, complete each step listed in the
bullets below. Your answer should be one paragraph in length.
· Explain who the author or artist was trying to reach with the
work (also known as the audience).
· Identify what the author was trying to convince the audience
to believe or do.
CONCLUSION
In your conclusion section, complete each step listed in the
bullets below. Your answer should be 1–2 paragraphs in length.
· Explain how the author’s words relate to our situation today.
· Discuss whether you believe any of the author’s statements
about race relations, political equality, or social equality remain
true, today and why.
40. SOURCES LIST PAGE
On the sources list page, include the following:
· A title (type Sources at the top)
· Include a numbered list of sources used in your paper
SOURCES
1. Henry Sayre. (2015). The humanities: Culture, continuity and
change, Volume 2 (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson
Education.
2.
Revised 02/14/2020
2