3.2 probability and heredity 2
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1. The document discusses genetics and probability. It introduces concepts like Punnett squares, genotypes, phenotypes, dominance, and codominance. 2. A Punnett square is a chart that can be used to predict the possible combinations of alleles in offspring from a genetic cross based on the parents' genotypes. 3. Genotypes describe an organism's genetic makeup in terms of its alleles, while phenotypes describe visible traits. Homozygous means two of the same allele, heterozygous means two different alleles.
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Mendel's laws of heredity part 1 (pp.253-254) - answer key
Mendel's laws of heredity part 1 (pp.253-254) - answer key
Similar to 3.2 probability and heredity 2
Unit 1 Notes
This document provides an overview of basic concepts in biological inheritance and genetics, including:
- Traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes. Offspring inherit characteristics from both parents, introducing variation.
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants in the 1800s and established the principles of heredity, including that traits are inherited in discrete units (genes) and genes assort independently.
- Monohybrid and dihybrid crosses examine the inheritance of one or two traits, respectively. Punnett squares are used to determine possible genotypes and phenotypic ratios in offspring. Probability rules apply to predicting inheritance of traits.
AP BIOLOGY MENDELIAN GENETICS AND 2 Student Packet.pdf
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments on pea plants that demonstrated basic principles of heredity. He found that traits are transmitted through discrete factors (now called genes) and that these factors assort and segregate independently during the formation of gametes. Mendel's work established the foundations of classical or Mendelian genetics, including the laws of segregation and independent assortment. Later, scientists developed additional genetic concepts and tools, such as genetic linkage maps and the chi-square test, which allow for more sophisticated analysis of inheritance patterns.
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The document discusses hereditary genetics and how traits are passed from parents to offspring through chromosomes, DNA, genes, and alleles. It explains that chromosomes contain DNA and genes which provide the code and instructions for building an organism. The document also covers Mendel's experiments with pea plants and how his findings helped establish the basic principles of heredity and genetics.
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The document discusses a simulation of a population of bunnies in England, where some bunnies have a recessive allele that causes them to lack fur. Over generations, as the harsh winters cause the hairless bunnies to die off at higher rates, the frequency of the recessive allele decreases. The results demonstrate natural selection, as the recessive allele becomes less common as it confers a lower chance of survival in that environment.
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Guided notes covering material from Topic 3.4 of the updated IB Biology syllabus for 2016 exams. Notes sequence and prompts are based on the Oxford IB Biology textbook by Allott and Mindorff.
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This document summarizes key concepts about heredity and genetics covered in Chapter 5, including:
1) Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring through alleles contained in DNA. Gregor Mendel studied heredity through pea plant experiments.
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The document discusses the mechanisms of inheritance and genetic variation through sexual reproduction. It begins by explaining that offspring inherit genes from their parents in the form of DNA contained within chromosomes. These chromosomes are passed from parents to offspring during fertilization. In humans, somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes in two sets, while gametes like eggs and sperm contain one set of 23 chromosomes. The number of chromosome sets is reduced from two to one during meiosis in gamete formation, and is restored to two upon fertilization, maintaining the chromosome number between generations. This alternation between diploid and haploid number of chromosome sets, along with the mixing of parental chromosomes during fertilization, contributes to genetic variation in offspring.
Human body cells contain 46 chromosomes- The first 22 pairs are called.pdf
Human body cells contain 46 chromosomes. The first 22 pairs are called autosomes, and they
contain numerous genes that affect the traits of the individual. The last pair, number 23, are the
sex chromosomes. The sex chromosomes determine gender (i.e., either male or female), but there
are other genes on this pair of chromosomes as well. Males sex chromosomes are XY, while
female sex chromosomes are XX . The gametes in a human (either egg cells or sperm cells)
contain only 23 chromosomes. Fertilization, the fusion of an egg and a sperm, restores the total
of 46 chromosomes in a human zygote. Non-gamete cells are called somatic cells, and they have
all 46 chromosomes in them. 1. Your sex chromosomes: XX Just as in Mendel's pea plant
experiments, genes in humans can be dominant or recessive, and the results of "crosses" can be
predicted using Punnett squares. A phenotype is the physical expression of a gene (made up of a
pair of alleles). The genotype is the actual genetic makeup of the allele pair. An individual
having two identical alleles for a gene is said to be homozygous. There can be homozygous
dominant or homozygous recessive combinations. Dominant traits are represented by capital
letters; recessive by lower case letters. An individual having non-identical alleles for a gene is
said to be heterozygous. Note that the phenotype of a heterozygous individual is determined by
the dominant gene. Dominant alleles tend to cover up the presence of any recessive alleles. In a
case of alleles that show simple dominance / recessiveness, it is not possible to know if an
individual who possesses a dominant trait has the homozygous dominant or the hatarnzunniic
nanntune haced an nhanntuns tha onlv nne wo knnwe for rertain is the Accessibility: Investigate
Example: What phenotypes and genotypes could one expect from a cross between two pea
plants, one true-breeding for yellow seeds and the other true-breeding for green seeds? Yellow
seeds are dominant to green. Complete the Punnett square below. Y The true-breeding The true-
breeding green seed plant yellow seed plant can only contribute can only contribute a recessive
allele. a dominant allele. Many human traits are controlled by a single pair of alleles and through
simple dominant and recessive rules. Example: Tongue rolling - If you can roll your tongue
lengthwise, you have the trait controlled by the dominant allele. Let " R " represent the dominant
allele in your genotype and r represent the recessive allele. If you have the dominant phenotype,
how do you know if you are homozygous dominant or heterozygous. That depends upon
knowing if one of your parents couldn't roll their tongue. For example, my Dad cannot roll his
tongue but I can. So, my genotype is Rr for this trait. If you do know know about your parents,
then you have to put both possible genotypes for yourself, i.e. RR or Rr . 2. What is your
phenotype (roller or non-roller)? 3. What is your genotype? A. If you and your parents can both
ro.
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY introduction for lab.pptx
These notes are intended for studies and you should also read other works by different persons to have and gain more knowledge
Genetics
This document provides definitions and explanations of key genetics concepts such as genotype, phenotype, Punnett squares, dominant and recessive traits, alleles, and genetic disorders. It uses examples like plant height, eye color, and genetic conditions to illustrate these concepts and how Punnett squares can be used to predict the possible genotypes of offspring from parents with known genotypes. Interactive elements engage the reader to apply their understanding, such as prompting them to draw and describe a Punnett square.
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This document discusses genotypes and phenotypes, including dominant and recessive alleles. It provides examples of genetic crosses involving one or two traits, including Punnett squares. It also summarizes several autosomal dominant and recessive genetic disorders, describing their symptoms, causes, and treatments. Key points covered include how genotypes determine phenotypes, gamete formation, single-trait and two-trait genetic crosses, and details on disorders like cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria, Huntington's disease, and albinism.
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The document discusses genetics and heredity. It defines key terms like chromosomes, genes, alleles, traits, dominant and recessive genes. It explains that chromosomes contain DNA and genes, which determine traits. Parents pass one of each homologous chromosome to offspring, determining the genes and traits inherited. The interaction of alleles, like dominant/recessive or blending in incomplete dominance, determines the expressed traits or phenotype.
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Breaking down Biology into simpler bits is the most effective way to learn hence this presentation aims to simplify the concept of 'Linked Inheritance' which makes understanding Inheritance better.
4.5 Theoretical Genetics
This document provides an overview of theoretical genetics concepts including:
1) It defines key genetics terms and concepts discovered by Gregor Mendel through his pea plant experiments, including genes, alleles, dominance, segregation, and Punnett squares.
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Lec 02 Factors influencing Human Growth and Development
These slides are prepared for students of BS Social Work. Social Workers come across clients in different age groups and categories. This subject helps them put the client into social, physical, psychological, and emotional perspectives.
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Inheritance Presentation
This document provides an overview of hereditary genetics and how traits are passed from parents to offspring through chromosomes, DNA, genes, and alleles. It discusses key concepts like dominant and recessive alleles, genotypes and phenotypes, and how Gregor Mendel used pea plants to discover the laws of inheritance through experiments with traits like flower color and plant height. It also explains techniques like punnett squares that are used to predict the probability of different traits being expressed in offspring.
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This document provides an introduction to Mendelian genetics and probability concepts. It discusses three laws of genetics from Gregor Mendel's experiments: 1) the law of segregation which states that alleles separate during gamete formation, 2) the law of independent assortment which states that different genes randomly sort their alleles during gamete formation, and 3) the law of dominance which states that heterozygous individuals express the dominant phenotype. It also defines probability as the chance of a particular outcome occurring and discusses how random sampling error can cause deviations from predicted probabilities with small sample sizes but larger samples are more likely to match expected probabilities. An upcoming laboratory exercise will have students conduct experiments with cards, coins, and dice to examine the influence
Genetics Notes
Genetics is the study of genes and heredity. The document discusses key genetics concepts including chromosomes, DNA, genes, alleles, dominant and recessive traits, Punnett squares, sex-linked inheritance, and pedigrees. It provides examples to illustrate genetic inheritance patterns and the use of tools like Punnett squares and pedigrees to predict offspring traits.
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The document discusses probability and Punnett squares for predicting outcomes of genetic crosses. It explains that Punnett squares show all possible combinations of alleles from parents and their probabilities. For example, a cross with traits of tall (T) and short (t) has a 3:1 probability of producing tall offspring based on dominant and recessive alleles. The document also distinguishes between phenotype (observed traits) and genotype (genetic makeup including alleles).
Tutorial01 (1)
The document provides an overview of basic genetics concepts including genes, chromosomes, DNA, genotypes, phenotypes, dominant and recessive traits, and patterns of inheritance. It discusses Mendel's laws of inheritance and how they can be used to calculate inheritance probabilities. It also summarizes different modes of inheritance including autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, X-linked, codominant, and mitochondrial inheritance and provides examples for each.
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AP BIOLOGY MENDELIAN GENETICS AND 2 Student Packet.pdf
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Lec 02 Factors influencing Human Growth and Development
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3.2 probability and heredity 2
- 1. Chapter 3 Genetics: The science of heredity Miss Luzma Fabre
- 2. Introduction Toss a coin and describe the probability 2 possibilities: heads or tails Each of these events is equally likely to occur (50%)
- 3. Section 2: Probability and heredity Probability is a number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur It can be described as a fraction or percentage Example: ½ or 50%
- 4. Independence of events Suppose you toss a coin 5 times and it lands with heads up each time. What is the probability that it will land with heads up on the next toss? 1 in 2, or 50% Each event occurs independently
- 5. Probability and genetics Mendel recognized that the principles of probability can be used to predict the results of genetic crosses A Punnett square is a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
- 6. How to make a Punnett square Male parent´s alleles Female parent´s alleles
- 7. Using a Punnett square You can use a Punnett square to calculate the probability that offspring with a certain combination of alleles will result In a genetic cross, the allele that each parent will pass on to its offspring is based on probability
- 8. What tool can be used to predict the results of a cross?
- 9. Phenotypes and genotypes An organism´s phenotype is its physical appearance, or visible traits. Ex: blue eyes An organism´s genotype is its genetic makeup, or allele combinations. Ex: bb
- 10. An organism that has 2 identical alleles for a trait is said to be homozygous. Ex: SS, ss An organism that has 2 different alleles for a trait is heterozygous (hybrid). Ex: Ss
- 11. Describe the genotypes given as: Homozygous recessive, homozygous dominant or heterozygous Dd dd DD
- 12. In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue (b)*. A brown-eyed man marries a blue- eyed woman and they have three children, two of whom are brown-eyed and one of whom is blue-eyed. Draw the Punnett square that illustrates this marriage. What is the man’s genotype? What are the genotypes of the children?
- 13. Bb bb b Bb Genotype of male parent: Bb Phenotype: brown eyes Genotype of children: Bb and bb Phenotype of children: brown and blue
- 14. What are the phenotypes of the following genotypes? In other words, what eye color will they have? BB Bb bb
- 15. Codominance For some alleles, an inheritance pattern called codominance exists In codominance, the alleles are neither dominant nor recessive. As a result, both alleles are expressed in the offspring.
- 16. Codominance
Editor's Notes
- A Punnett square, a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
- http://www.svusd.k12.ca.us/schools/lhhs/mccormacks/apbiowebpage/Assignments/genetics%20wkst.pdf