Microstructure and sliding wear behaviour of stircast ti gr and ti –fe metal ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The type and weight percentage of reinforcement play important role in microstructure and sliding wear resistance of the composite. The low melting point nonferrous metal matrix composites Tin- Graphite and Tin-Iron metal matrix composites are cast by the liquid stir casting technique with up to 5 and 15 weight percentages of carbon and iron respectively as reinforcements. The sliding wear characteristics are important if the specimens are used as bearing materials for light duty applications. The specimens are polished and etched for microstructure examination to verify the homogeneous dispersion of reinforcements in the matrix. The microstructure examination reveals the uniform dispersion of reinforcements in the matrix. The specimens are also subjected to dry sliding wear on Pin –on –disc wear testing equipment and the weight loss method technique was used to find specific wear rate at the respective sliding distance. The cumulative specific wear rates and friction coefficients are plotted against sliding distance. The specific wear rate curves show the necessity of an optimum weight percentage of reinforcements in the composite to reduce the wear rate. The frictional coefficient versus sliding distance curves show the decrease in frictional force at higher sliding distances as the weight percentage of particulates increases. At higher sliding distances, in case of the Tin –Graphite composite the surface of the specimen observed to be smooth which makes the graphite particles to expose as flakes and act as solid lubricant to reduce wear. The scanning electron microscope image of the surface which is normal to the sliding surface also studied to verify the flake formation during wear. Both mild and severe wear regions are observed.
Keywords: particulate, metal matrix composites, stir casting, specific wear rate, friction coefficient.
Influence of the speed in advance and the laser’s power on the zone affected ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The Laser cutting is a very important manufacturing technology. But this method has some
disadvantages, among which we find the emergence of a Thermically Affected Zone ZAT can dramatically alter
the characteristics of the processed material which affects its behaviour during its use. For this, we have tried in
this article to study the effect of the forward speed and the laser power in this area (thickness, hardening). In
this context, tests were made on steel C45 where we relied on the method of experiment plans to create a
mathematical model Significant coefficients are obtained by carrying out a variance analysis ANOVA on the
level of 5% of significance. We find that the speed in advance and the power of the laser have a great effect on
the ZAT.
Keywords: Cutting, Laser CO2, Heat Affected Zone.
Abrasive jet micro-machining (AJM), in which abrasive particles are accelerated by air and directed toward a target, has been used to make components for micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) and micro-fluidic capillary electrophoresis devices. One of the disadvantages of AJM is that the compressed air jet used to propel the erodent particles diverges significantly after the nozzle exit, increasing the size of the blast zone and the width of the smallest channel or hole that can be machined without the use of a patterned erosion-resistant mask that defines the micro-feature edges. Abrasive slurry jet micro-machining (ASJM) is similar to AJM except that pressurized water, instead of air, is used to accelerate the suspended abrasive particles such as garnet or alumina (Al2O3). In both AJM and ASJM, the material removal occurs by erosion. However, for the same jet dimension and low speed, slurry jets have a much lower divergence angle than air jets, allowing for the micro-machining of small features without the use of patterned masks.
XCT to assess defects in titanium ALM partsFabien Léonard
Additive layer manufacturing (ALM) has the potential to allow engineers almost complete freedom of design, with reduced material wastage and tooling costs, as well as shorter lead times on new designs. Unfortunately, most ALM processes invariably lead to porosity in the material deposited. The ALM
process investigated here, selective electron beam melting (SEBM) of a powder bed, is no exception. Although it is known that defects do arise, with this process their dependence on the part geometry and the adopted build strategy has not been resolved. This is of key importance, because experiments have shown porosity can make an order of magnitude difference to the fatigue life of ALM components. X-ray computed tomography (CT) is an ideal tool for fully characterising in 3D the defects seen within ALM parts and has been applied here to study the effect of geometry and build direction on defects in titanium components. The most industrially, realistic worst case scenario was employed using an Arcam machine with a small raster pattern misalignment in order to study all the characteristic flow types possible in the SEBM process. For most of the test samples studied, XCT revealed large elongated pores (> 100 μm) to be present, which grew at a distance of around 1 mm from an edge, following the build direction. The position of this defect type correlated with the misaligned overlap region between the slow contour passes of the electron beam around the periphery of the sample outline and the hatching in fill region of a section. Smaller voids caused by gas entrapment were also resolved by XCT but they appeared to be mostly randomly distributed.
Assessment by X-ray CT of the effect of geometry and build direction on defec...Fabien Léonard
Additive layer manufacturing (ALM) has the potential to allow engineers almost complete freedom of design, with reduced material wastage and tooling costs, as well as shorter lead times on new designs.
Unfortunately, most ALM processes invariably lead to porosity in the material deposited. The ALM
process investigated here, selective electron beam melting (SEBM) of a powder bed, is no exception.
Although it is known that defects do arise, with this process their dependence on the part geometry and
the adopted build strategy has not been resolved. This is of key importance, because experiments have
shown porosity can make an order of magnitude difference to the fatigue life of ALM components.
X-ray computed tomography (CT) is an ideal tool for fully characterising in 3D the defects seen within
ALM parts and has been applied here to study the effect of geometry and build direction on defects in
titanium components. The most industrially, realistic worst case scenario was employed using an
Arcam machine with a small raster pattern misalignment in order to study all the characteristic flow
types possible in the SEBM process. For most of the test samples studied, XCT revealed large
elongated pores (> 100 μm) to be present, which grew at a distance of around 1 mm from an edge,
following the build direction. The position of this defect type correlated with the misaligned overlap
region between the slow contour passes of the electron beam around the periphery of the sample
outline and the hatching in fill region of a section. Smaller voids caused by gas entrapment were also
resolved by XCT but they appeared to be mostly randomly distributed.
Microstructure and sliding wear behaviour of stircast ti gr and ti –fe metal ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The type and weight percentage of reinforcement play important role in microstructure and sliding wear resistance of the composite. The low melting point nonferrous metal matrix composites Tin- Graphite and Tin-Iron metal matrix composites are cast by the liquid stir casting technique with up to 5 and 15 weight percentages of carbon and iron respectively as reinforcements. The sliding wear characteristics are important if the specimens are used as bearing materials for light duty applications. The specimens are polished and etched for microstructure examination to verify the homogeneous dispersion of reinforcements in the matrix. The microstructure examination reveals the uniform dispersion of reinforcements in the matrix. The specimens are also subjected to dry sliding wear on Pin –on –disc wear testing equipment and the weight loss method technique was used to find specific wear rate at the respective sliding distance. The cumulative specific wear rates and friction coefficients are plotted against sliding distance. The specific wear rate curves show the necessity of an optimum weight percentage of reinforcements in the composite to reduce the wear rate. The frictional coefficient versus sliding distance curves show the decrease in frictional force at higher sliding distances as the weight percentage of particulates increases. At higher sliding distances, in case of the Tin –Graphite composite the surface of the specimen observed to be smooth which makes the graphite particles to expose as flakes and act as solid lubricant to reduce wear. The scanning electron microscope image of the surface which is normal to the sliding surface also studied to verify the flake formation during wear. Both mild and severe wear regions are observed.
Keywords: particulate, metal matrix composites, stir casting, specific wear rate, friction coefficient.
Influence of the speed in advance and the laser’s power on the zone affected ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The Laser cutting is a very important manufacturing technology. But this method has some
disadvantages, among which we find the emergence of a Thermically Affected Zone ZAT can dramatically alter
the characteristics of the processed material which affects its behaviour during its use. For this, we have tried in
this article to study the effect of the forward speed and the laser power in this area (thickness, hardening). In
this context, tests were made on steel C45 where we relied on the method of experiment plans to create a
mathematical model Significant coefficients are obtained by carrying out a variance analysis ANOVA on the
level of 5% of significance. We find that the speed in advance and the power of the laser have a great effect on
the ZAT.
Keywords: Cutting, Laser CO2, Heat Affected Zone.
Abrasive jet micro-machining (AJM), in which abrasive particles are accelerated by air and directed toward a target, has been used to make components for micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) and micro-fluidic capillary electrophoresis devices. One of the disadvantages of AJM is that the compressed air jet used to propel the erodent particles diverges significantly after the nozzle exit, increasing the size of the blast zone and the width of the smallest channel or hole that can be machined without the use of a patterned erosion-resistant mask that defines the micro-feature edges. Abrasive slurry jet micro-machining (ASJM) is similar to AJM except that pressurized water, instead of air, is used to accelerate the suspended abrasive particles such as garnet or alumina (Al2O3). In both AJM and ASJM, the material removal occurs by erosion. However, for the same jet dimension and low speed, slurry jets have a much lower divergence angle than air jets, allowing for the micro-machining of small features without the use of patterned masks.
XCT to assess defects in titanium ALM partsFabien Léonard
Additive layer manufacturing (ALM) has the potential to allow engineers almost complete freedom of design, with reduced material wastage and tooling costs, as well as shorter lead times on new designs. Unfortunately, most ALM processes invariably lead to porosity in the material deposited. The ALM
process investigated here, selective electron beam melting (SEBM) of a powder bed, is no exception. Although it is known that defects do arise, with this process their dependence on the part geometry and the adopted build strategy has not been resolved. This is of key importance, because experiments have shown porosity can make an order of magnitude difference to the fatigue life of ALM components. X-ray computed tomography (CT) is an ideal tool for fully characterising in 3D the defects seen within ALM parts and has been applied here to study the effect of geometry and build direction on defects in titanium components. The most industrially, realistic worst case scenario was employed using an Arcam machine with a small raster pattern misalignment in order to study all the characteristic flow types possible in the SEBM process. For most of the test samples studied, XCT revealed large elongated pores (> 100 μm) to be present, which grew at a distance of around 1 mm from an edge, following the build direction. The position of this defect type correlated with the misaligned overlap region between the slow contour passes of the electron beam around the periphery of the sample outline and the hatching in fill region of a section. Smaller voids caused by gas entrapment were also resolved by XCT but they appeared to be mostly randomly distributed.
Assessment by X-ray CT of the effect of geometry and build direction on defec...Fabien Léonard
Additive layer manufacturing (ALM) has the potential to allow engineers almost complete freedom of design, with reduced material wastage and tooling costs, as well as shorter lead times on new designs.
Unfortunately, most ALM processes invariably lead to porosity in the material deposited. The ALM
process investigated here, selective electron beam melting (SEBM) of a powder bed, is no exception.
Although it is known that defects do arise, with this process their dependence on the part geometry and
the adopted build strategy has not been resolved. This is of key importance, because experiments have
shown porosity can make an order of magnitude difference to the fatigue life of ALM components.
X-ray computed tomography (CT) is an ideal tool for fully characterising in 3D the defects seen within
ALM parts and has been applied here to study the effect of geometry and build direction on defects in
titanium components. The most industrially, realistic worst case scenario was employed using an
Arcam machine with a small raster pattern misalignment in order to study all the characteristic flow
types possible in the SEBM process. For most of the test samples studied, XCT revealed large
elongated pores (> 100 μm) to be present, which grew at a distance of around 1 mm from an edge,
following the build direction. The position of this defect type correlated with the misaligned overlap
region between the slow contour passes of the electron beam around the periphery of the sample
outline and the hatching in fill region of a section. Smaller voids caused by gas entrapment were also
resolved by XCT but they appeared to be mostly randomly distributed.
Patented solution to improve ESD robustness of SOI MOS transistorsSofics
Multi‐finger SOI MOS devices exhibit a low ESD failure current, related to the thin Si‐film and the complete isolation of the transistor body regions, causing non ]uniform conduction in bipolar snapback mode. The traditional layout approaches (silicide blocked junctions, increased gate length) are compared and a novel layout concept is proposed to improve uniform triggering.
Excellent ESD performance around 3mA/um2 is achieved for minimum dimension, fully silicided devices in a 90nm SOI technology.
Dry Sliding Wear Behaviour of Rheocat Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg AlloyDr. Manal Abdullatif
In this study, the effect of improved microstructure of Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg alloys by using semisolid process on hardness and dry sliding wear behaviour were investigated. The microstructures of conventional cast alloy were totally dendritic, while in rheocasting the dendrit-ic transfer to fine globular microstructures after using cooling slope casting. Tribological tests were carried out by using a pin-on-disc apparatus in dry sliding conditions. Wear tests were at low sliding speed 1ms-1 ,applied load at 50N and three different sliding distance (i.e., 1.8Km, 5.4Km and 9Km) respectively. An optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope were used to examine the micro-structure and to understand the wear mechanism on the worn surface of both samples. The results showed that, the wear resistance of rheocast alloy was improved and higher than that those produce by conventional casting. The volume loss of rheocast alloy show reduc-tion more than 18% at 1.8Km and 10% at 9Km compared to as-cast alloy. Moderate wear regimes were appeared in both alloys, accord-ing to the range of wear rate. The friction coefficient had increased due to increase in the contact point between pin and disc materials. The dominant wear mechanism for conventional and rheocasting alloys was adhesion wear and abrasive wear respectively.
8. Nicole Player, MGT - Creating a Mine with Datamine Scenario Planning and S...Kristy Marshall
Creating a Mine with Datamine Scenario Planning and Sustained Value Delivery
Contact sales@dataminesoftware.com to enquire about Datamine software solutions.
5. Pedro Ladeira, Datamine - Probability of Achieving Certain Economic Outcom...Kristy Marshall
Probability of Achieving Certain Economic Outcomes (Summit); New Mine Design Technologies
Contact sales@dataminesoftware.com to enquire about Datamine software solutions.
Recently released: the new Supervisor 8.13! Designed by Geologists, for Geologists - we're excited to release Sequential Gaussian Simulation in the latest release. Visit https://snowdengroup.com/supervisor-software/ for more information.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
3. MINING FACTORS
AIM: Simulate mined (and delivered) parcel
Mineralisation
Dilution
Methods
1. Mathematical factors
2. Reblocking
3. Mineable Shape Optimiser (MSO)*
*MSO is an automated UG stope design tool. Using constraints
and detailing design parameters it produces optimised shape to
maximise the value of an orebody.
4. Blockmodel
Two LODES: Grey = 3.0 g/t Au, Red = 5.0 g/t Au
• Blue section widths: Grey = 3.8 m, Red = 2.0 m, Separation = 8.2 m
• Green section widths: Grey = 2.0 m, Red = 1.0 m, Separation = 1.4 m
Y
X
Z
100 m
100 m
Z
Y
Y
Tonnes & Grade: 121,716 t @ 3.7 g/t Au
5. MATHEMATICAL DILUTION
Plan section (50mbs) Cross section
3.5 m
1.5 m
LODE 2
Assumptions:
• 0.5m HW/FW
• Based on LODE 1
Calculation:
𝐷𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑜𝑟𝑒
− 1
𝐷𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
3.5 + 0.5 + 0.5
3.5
− 1
Y
X
0.5m
0.22m
Z
X
LODE 1
Tonnes & Grade: 156,492 t @ 2.9 g/t Au
Dilution: 28.6%
6. REBLOCKING
Plan section
Parcel Assumptions:
• Truck capacity = 60.1m3
• Cell Z = 2.5m (flitch height)
• Cell Y = 5.0m (strike)
• Cell X = 5.0m (width)
Calculation:
• 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 5.0𝑚 𝑥 5.0𝑚 𝑥 2.5𝑚
• 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 62.5 𝑚3
Reporting:
• Au >= 0.5 g/t
Y
X
5.0 m
5.0 m
Cross section
Z
X
Tonnes & Grade: 293,300 t @ 1.5 g/t Au
Dilution: 151.4%
7. MSO
MSO Assumptions:
• Au Cut-off grade = 0.5g/t
• HW dilution = 0.5m
• FW dilution = 0.5m
• Pillar width = 5.0m (min)
• MMW = 2.0m (3.0m inc dil)
Y
X
0.5 m 0.5 m
Waste
Pillar
Z
X
3.0 m MMW
Plan section Cross section
Tonnes & Grade: 212,554 t @ 2.1 g/t Au
Dilution: 75.0%
8. MSO SETTINGS
1. New scenario
2. Raw model
3. Control
surface
1. COG
Au >= 0.5g/t
1. Framework YZ
2. Sections U=5m
3. Levels V=2.5m
1. Apparent Width 2m
2. Min Pillar 5.0m
3. FW Dilution 0.5m
4. HW Dilution 0.5m
5. Dip 90o
6. Strike 0o-30o
7. Use Narrow Ore
6.5 m
0.5m
0.5m
2.5 m
9. MSO ORE FRACTION
Using ‘TRIVAL’, print numerical ore fraction field (MINED) on blockmodel
(Field represents proportion lying in/out [1/0] of MSO wireframes)
Model must be matched
to MSO Y/Z dimensions to
prevent overlap
Evaluation occurs
in the X direction
only
Plan Cross Section
MSO shape
boundary
12. CONCLUSION
129,367 t @ 2.8 g/t Au
Dilution 30%
182,350 t @ 1.6 g/t Au
Dilution 150%
153,953 t @ 2.2 g/t Au
Dilution 75%
Mathematical
Reblocking MSO
