2. CULTUR
E• Customs, beliefs, traditions, values, ceremonies, ways of life,
knowledge, art, morals, laws and any other capabilities and
habits of a particular group/ society at a particulartime.
• NOT attributed to Genetics – transmitted throughSocial
Learning
• It makes > animal existence, unique to human beings (maybe
some other species), defines level of sophistication
• Applicable to all societies
• Types
• Material Culture
• Non-Material Culture
5. NORMS FOLKWAYS MORES LAWS VALUES
• RULES
GUIDING
BEHAVIO
R
MEMBER
OF
SOCIETY,
• KNOWLE
GE OF
HOW TO
OPERATE
IN THE
WORLD
• SUBCATEGORY
NORMS FOR
BASIC/ CASUAL
INTERACTION IN
SOCIETY
• GENERAL IN
CHARACTER,
RANGE,
• UNCONSCIOUS
• LOOK PRACTICAL
• SUBCATEGORY OF
GOVERNED BY
WHAT IS RIGHT OR
• GREATER SIGNIFICANCE
WELFARE OF SOCIETY
• MAY LEAD TO LAWS -
STEALING
• MAY SEEM IRRATIONAL
OUTSIDERS
• MAY DIFFER B/W
• SUBCATEGORY
NORMS -RULES
ESTABLISHED BY
AUTHORITY,
ENFORCED BY
LEGAL BODY
• MAINTAIN SOCIAL
ORDER AND
RELATED TO
OF OTHERS,
HARM
• PERSON’S
SENSE OF
RIGHT OR
WRONG,
INDIVIDUAL
NATURE
• THEY TEND
INFLUENCE
ATTITUDE &
BEHAVIOUR
• TYPES-
RELIGIOUS,
SOCIAL
RESUL
OF
VIOLAT
ON
SEEN WITH
OR FROWNED
SOCIETY
MAY INCUR SEVERE
PUNISHMENTS- SOCIETAL
DISAPPROVAL – BANISH
SOCIETY/ VILLAGE
SPECIFIC
FINE,
EGS. • STANDING IN LINE
• WEARING
APPROPRIATE
OCCASION
• CIVIL
• DRUG USE
• EXTREME DRESSING
• INTER-CASTE
• PULLING TRAIN
• TRAFFIC LAWS
• TREATING
PEOPLE
RESPECT
NON-MATERIAL
CULTURE
6. ELEMENTS OF
CULTURE1. NORMS, FOLKWAYS,
MORES, VALUES
2. SYMBOLS &
SYMBOLIC ACTIONS
Bowing Head,
Shaking Hands,
Namaste (Signals For
Correct Behaviour)
Flag, Statue,Anthem,
Pictures, Artifacts,
Clothing
3. BELIEFS,
ASSUMPTIONS –
Ways of Understanding
The World
Ways of Worship,
Clothing, Eating
Help in
Communication
Act as Blinkers – May
lead to Ethnocentrism
7. ELEMENTS OF
CULTURE4. RITUAL, RITES, CEREMONIES,
CELEBRATIONS –Repetitive Set of
Actions in Specific Circumstances
with Specific Meaning
Festivals – Harvest Cycles, Religious
Birth, Marriage, Death
Others - Promotion, Retirement,
Birthday, Anniversary
5. LANGUAGE –
Sound Patterns, Words/Sentences &
Their Meanings, Ideas
Source of Communication, Entrance
to a Culture
6. STORIES, MYTHS, LEGENDS,
JOKES
Knowledge, Lessons Passed on to
Next Generation
Good, Bad, Innocent
Legends to Scare – For Some
Purpose
8. • CULTURE – ENVIRONMENT –
MAN
• INDIA –
• Festivals- Lodhi, Onam
• Food Needed Based On
Climate – makke di roti, sarson da
sag (winters), water melon, citrus
fruits, oranges (summers)
• Clothing – phiran +angithi,
colourful turbans-rajasthan
• Agriculture/ Knowledge –
• purvai chal rahi hai, pachua
• what crop to sow when,
where
• rain water harvesting -tank
irrigation in the south
• ITALY, MEDITERRANEAN –
olive oil and wine (olives and
grapes)
• CENTRAL ASIA – meat
CULTURE AS AN ADAPTIVE SCREEN
B/W
ENVIRONMENT & MAN
9. • CULTURE
o MATERIAL CULTURE
o NON-MATERIAL CULTURE
NORMS
FOLKWAYS
MORES
LAWS
VALUES
o ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
o CULTURE AS ANADAPTIVE
SCREEN BETWEEN
ENVIRONMENT & MAN
10. CULTURAL
IDENTITY• Identity or FEELING OF
BELONGING to a group.
• Related to
NATIONALITY,
ETHNICITY, RELIGION,
SOCIAL CLASS,
GENERATION,
LOCALITY or any kind of
SOCIAL GROUP that
has its own distinct culture.
• Characteristic of the
INDIVIDUAL and
GROUP OF MEMBERS
sharing the same cultural
identity.
• EG: Country, African-
Americans, worker
class(proletariats), next
generation, Facebook
generation, Dwarka, social
group
11. CULTURAL
DIVERSITY• Existence of
variety of
societies/
cultures in a
region
• Different cultures
respecting each
other’s
differences
• Destructive
nature of
globalisation for
cultural diversity
12. CULTURAL
ETHNOCENTRISM &
CULTURAL RELATIVISMCULTURAL
ETHNOCENTRISM
• Tendency to look at the
world primarily from the
perspective of one’s own
culture.
• Suspicion of outsiders.
• Superiority feeling for
one’s own race, ethnic
group or some aspect of
culture
CULTURAL RELATIVISM
• Suggests that there are
no ‘better’ or ‘worse’
cultures, just different
cultures.
• Dependent on context,
and should be treated as
such, without judgement
of the other.
• Controversial
CHILD MARRIAGE
POLYGAMY
FOOD CHOICES
CLOTHES
ORNAMENTS
13. CULTURAL
UNIVERSALS• Institutions, languages, social
practices (such as kinship, genderand
marriage), expressive forms (such
as art, music, dance, ritual, religion),
and technologies (such
as cooking, shelter, clothing)
• Common to cultures worldwide,
regardless of history, geography,
origins.
SHELTER
MARRIAGE LANGUAGE
DANCE
14. • CULTURE IDENTITY
• CULTURAL DIVERSITY
• CULTURAL ETHNOCENTRISM
& CULTURAL RELATIVISM
• CULTURAL UNIVERSALS
15. SOCIAL & CULTURAL
CHANGEDEFINITION
• Society is a web of social
relationships. Hence social change
means change in the system of
social relationships.
• Eg-awareness, attitude change,
participation
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL
& CULTURAL CHANGE
• UNIVERSAL
• SPEED AND FORM differs in societies,
form unpredictable
• It is a COMMUNITY CHANGE not an
individual change
• 3 PATTERNS of social change.
• LINEAR CHANGE - generally leads to
progress (change for good) Eg. Car –
Train – Ship - Plane
• FLUCTUATING CHANGE – change may
be upward & downward. Eg.
Demographic change, Economic change.
• CYCLICAL CHANGE – change is in a
cycle. Eg. Fashion, Economics (Karl
Marx – ownership of private property).
16. FACTORS OF SOCIAL &
CULTURAL CHANGE
e,
1. TECHNOLOGICAL
FACTORS
• MECHANIZATION –
• Chance for women to work,
• Destruction of cottage
industry
• ATOMIC ENERGY –
• Renewable Energy
• Hazard, Pollution
• TRANSPORT –
• Cart, Bicycle, Bike/ Scooter,
Car, Train, Boat/ Ship/
Submarine, Plane, Rocket –
• Trade, Globalisation,
• Wars, Epidemic– Ebola/
Sars/ Zika
• COMMUNICATION/
TECHNOLOGY
• Telegraph, Radio, TV, Mobil
Internet,
• Awareness, Recreation,
Globalisation
• Decreasing Socialisation,
Physical Exercise
17. FACTORS OF SOCIAL &
CULTURAL CHANGE
2. DEMOGRAPHIC
FACTORS
• GENDER RATIO –
Polygamy/ Dowry,
Polyandry/ Bride Valuation
• AGE GROUP PYRAMID
• AGE OF MARRIAGE
• BIRTH RATE (China)/
DEATH RATE
• IMMIGRATION (Increase
Population, Poverty,
Unemployment, Disease)
• Bangladesh,
Germany
• EMIGRATION (Brain Drain,
Decrease Population, Less
Work Force)
• MIGRATION –
• Better Opportunities
• Challenges –Slums,
Strain on
infrastructure,
Alcoholism, Stress,
Crime, Diseases
POLYGAMY CHILD MARRIAGE
MIGRATION
BIRTH RATE
18. FACTORS OF SOCIAL &
CULTURAL CHANGE
3. NATURAL FACTORS
• NATURAL CALAMITIES – Floods (River
Course Change, Erosion, Deforestation),
Epidemics, Earthquake, Drought –
o People Attitude/ Behaviour/
Reconstruction/ Socio-economic
Development –Selfish/ Helpful, Eg.
Himalayan Tsunami
o Demographic Change- Adapt/
Migration/ Perish (Food/ Water/ Disease)
o Technology / Architecture-2004
Tsunami, San Andreas Fault/ Japan
• CLIMATE CHANGE/ CLIMATE –
o Sea Level Rise, Frequent Natural
Calamities – Economic, Social – Island
Countries
o Climate – Untimely rains, temperatures,
Economic Activity – Agriculture-farmer
suicides
• BIOLOGICAL – Zika/ Ebola/ SARS–
o Social- Health
o Economic – Africa, Brazil
HIMALAYAN TSUNAMI
GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE, SAN FRANCISCO
OAKLAND BAY BRIDGE, SAN FRANCISCO
SEA LEVELRISE
19. FACTORS OF SOCIAL &
CULTURAL
CHANGE
4. SOCIO-ECONOMIC
FACTORS –
• FOOD PRODUCTION
METHOD
• DIVISION OF LABOUR –
EQUALITY LEVEL
• OWNERSHIP OF
RESOURCES
• EDUCATION
aw
• Type of Settlement/ Society:
Hunter gatherers –
pastoral/horticulturists –
Agriculture - Industrialisation
• System: Feudalism -
Capitalism – Communism
• Other Issues: Family Size, l
and order issues,economic
growth, health, work force
equality, housing issue
FAMILY SIZE
HUNTER GATHERERS
AGRICULTURAL
LAW & ORDER
20. FACTORS OF SOCIAL &
CULTURAL CHANGE
5. Intercultural Contact –
War, Trade, Tourism –
Centres Of Change
o CULTURAL DIFFUSION -The
spread of cultural traits fromone
society to another
o ROUTES
o Land/ Sea – Silk Road
~200BC – China-
Mediterranean (Chinese
Silk Trade) – Political/
Economic/ Cultural/
Technology/ Disease
o Sea- Singapore, Colombo-
String of Pearls, Suez
Canal- Trade
o CONVERSELY – Conservative,
Stable, Resistance To Change-
Most Primitive Tribes Have
Been Those Who WereThe
Most Isolated like The Polar
Eskimos
21. FACTORS OF SOCIAL &
CULTURAL
CHANGE
5. Intercultural Contact
SUEZ CANAL
SINGAPORE
COLOMBO
LOCATIONS –
ESKIMO PEOPLE
22. • SOCIAL & CULTURALCHANGE
• DEFINITION
• CHARACTERISTICS
• UNIVERSAL
• SPEED & FORM
• COMMUNITY CHANGE
• PATTERNS
• FACTORS
• TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS – MECHANIZATION,ATOMIC
ENERGY, TRANSPORT, COMMUNICATION
• DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS – GENDER RATIO, AGE GROUP
PYRAMID, AGE OF MARRIAGE, BIRTH RATE/ DEATH RATE, IMMIGRATION,
EMIGRATION, MIGRATION
• NATURAL FACTORS – NATURAL CALAMITIES, CLIMATE CHANGE,
BIOLOGICALFACTORS
• SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS - FOOD PRODUCTION METHOD,
DIVISION OF LABOUR, OWNERSHIP OF RESOURCES, EDUCATION
23. RESISTANCE TO SOCIAL
CHANGEFactor causing Resistance Example of Resistance offered to
Change
Possible Type of
Resistance
1 Habits/ Routines/ Attitudes/
Values/ Emotional
Connections
Opposition To Woman Suffrage In The
United States Lasted For More Than
Years
Political Resistance
2 Religion/ Tradition/ Rituals –
Slow, Unwilling
Material Aspects Accepted From
Culture But Not Marriage Practices
Good Resistance -
Family Education of
Values
3 Misunderstanding/ Lack Of
Poor Communication/ Lack Of
Competence –
Upgradation to Computer Systems –
Staff Resentment - 20 Year Method,
For Better Skills
Low Motivation,
Reduced Efficiency
4 Fear Of The Unknown/ Low
Temporary Fad
Galileo’s Theory Concerning The
System And The Movement Of Earth
Opposed In The Beginning
Public Humiliation,
Punishment
5 New Inventions - Imperfection/
Needs Demonstration Of
Workability
Opposition Came In The British
For The Use Of Steam Energy In
Naval Ships
Public Humiliation,
Discourage Idea,
Funding
24. RESISTANCE TO SOCIAL
CHANGEFactor causing Example of Resistance offered to
Change
Possible Type of
6 Utility/ Cost /
Compatibility/ Benefits
& Rewards/ Economic
Disparity And Difficulty
Opposition to New Technology/ Drug
Therapy – Scepticism about benefits
affordability
Media Outrage,
Demonstrations, Public
Appeals, Petitions
7 Cross-cultural Contact/
Cultural Diffusion
Rapid Change Vs Isolated AreasAre
Centres Of Stability, Conservatism
Resistance To Change. Eskimo Vs
Singapore/ Suez Canal
Isolated Areas Keep away
from outsiders, suspicion,
even violence, closed
strict customs
8 Structure Of Society –
Authoritarian Society Vs
Individualistic,
Society
Indian Society, Which Is Traditional,
And Tightly Structured, Does Not
Changes Easily.
Restrict outsiders, Set
examples like honour
strict customs
9 Resistance is Easier
than the Change
Resistance to Removal Of Evil
such As Child Marriage,
Taboos On Intercaste Marriages
Silence, Panchayat
in support of traditions,
Family Education
10 Vested Interest Capitalists May Oppose Labour Laws
Against Exploitation/ Minimum Wages/
Hiring /Firing Rules
Political, Stopping Salary,
Other Exploitation
25. THEORY OF CULTURAL
LAGCultural Lag:
• Different parts of a culture,
changing at different rates.
• Technological Culture evolves
faster than Non-Material
Culture (ideas, beliefs, values, and
norms).
• Example 1 – Technological
evolution of machines to lengthen
life span/ Euthanasia vs Ethical
questions of decisions regarding
taking/ granting life. Aruna
Shanbaug Case, India
• Example 2 - Your 83-year old
grandmother has been using a
computer for some time now. As a
way to keep in touch, you
frequently send emails of a few
lines to let her know about your
day. She calls after every email, to
respond point by point, but she has
never e-mailed a response back.
26. CULTURE
SHOCKCulture Shock:
The disorientation a person may feel
when experiencing an unfamiliar way
of life due to being in a new culture.
Examples –
• Food Choices
• Language Barrier / Lack of
Communication
• Ways of dressing/ ornaments
• Strange Customs
• Feeling homesick
Food choices
Clothes/ Ornaments
“I wish they’d print the sizes in English.”
27. • RESISTANCE TO SOCIAL CHANGE
1) HABITS/ ROUTINES
2) RELIGION, TRADITIONS, RITUALS
3) LACK OF CLARITY/ POOR COMMUNICATION
4) FEAR
5) NEW INVENTIONS
6) BENEFITS/AFFORDABILITY
7) CULTURAL DIFFUSION
8) STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY
9) RESISTANCE IS EASIER THAN THE CHANGE
10) VESTED INTEREST
• THEORY OF CULTURAL LAG
• CULTURAL SHOCK
28. DISCOVERY &
INVENTIONSDiscovery:
o Fire – Type Of Food, Protection, Warmth,
Experimentation With Metals –Weapons,
Chemical Experimentation
o Food/ Agriculture–
Weeds – Edible Vs Poisonous,
Flowers/ Fruits/Vegetables/ Grain/
Fodder
Agricultural Cycles – Winds Bringing
Rain, Time Of Sowing/ Harvesting, Soil
Types
o Gravity –
Weight On Earth/ Moon/ In Water
Tidal Waves – High/ Low Tide Warnings
Flight, Hot Air Balloons, AirPlanes
Nasa Astronaut Scott Kelly Grew40
Mm, spent > A Year InSpace
o Distant Star –
Knowledge Of The Universe,
Expansion Of Science, Space
Exploration –Comets,Asteroids
Increase Understanding Of Our Own
Planet-materials, Origins, Layers Of
The Earth
29. DISCOVERY &
INVENTIONSInventions:
o Wheel
o Transport : Cycle - Chariot –
Car - Train – Plane
o Machinery : Gears, Engines -
Mechanization
o Pottery Wheel – Livelihood,
Utensils
o Persian Wheel : Irrigation
o Telegraph - Telephone- Mobile-
Internet
o Electricity – Electronic Gadgets
o Television – Awareness, Change
in Socialization
o Computer – Opportunities, Lead to
further inventions, Increase rate of
growth
o Mobile Phones – Communication,
Social Change
30. IDEAS &
IDEOLOGIESIDEAS
• Collection of thoughts/ concepts
• Mental representational image of objects
• An idea arises in a reflexive, spontaneous
manner, even without thinking or serious reflection
• A new or original idea can often lead to innovation
IDEOLOGY
• Set of beliefs and ideas characteristic of a social group
or individual, many times the dominant groups
• These help the groups make sense of their world and.
provide them with ways of dealing with it
• Found in societies where there are inequalities between
groups
• The ideological system legitimizes the differential power
held by groups.
• Examples –
• Cultural & Social Ideologies - Individualism,
Feminism, Racism, Ecological Ideology, Religion,
Work Ethic
• Political Ideologies – Maoism (Mao Zedong, revolutionary
power of peasants), Communism (collective ownership of
property, one political party), Neo-Liberalism (free trade,
privatisation, deregulation)
31. CULTURE
ARCHITECTUR
E/BUILT ENVIRONMENT –
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
CULTURE ARCHITECTURE
o SYMBOLS
o SYMBOLIC ACTIONS/
PROXEMICS/ GESTURES
o RELIGION/ WORSHIP
o ARTS/ KNOWLEDGE/
SKILLS
o LITERATURE/
EDUCATION
32. CULTURE
ARCHITECTUR
E/ BUILT ENVIRONMENT –
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPARCHITECTURE CULTURE
o CITY PLANNING – Roads,
Built Density, Open Spaces,
Progression/ Division of
Spaces – Interactions,
Attitudes, Behaviour
o EDUCATION/
PRESERVATION HERITAGE -
Indo-Saracenic architecture –
Indian/ Islamic/ Gothic
o DEVELOPMENT – TOURISM
– Riverfront Development
Ahmedabad, Cleanliness
34. CULTURE AS A PROCESS–
6 CONCEPTS
1. Culture is a set of rules for
behaviour
• Rules Influence people,
produce behaviour
• Rules Give meaning to events
& experiences of life
• Eg.-Food, Clothing, Greetings
2. Culture is characteristic of
groups
• Individual characteristics/
personality are based on their
history/ experiences
• But culture = group
phenomenon
3. Culture is learned
• Born with biological capability to
learn
• What learnt – dependson
cultural rules of teachers
• Culture – not confuse with looks
• Many cultures can be learnt
GREETINGS
CLOTHING CHOICE
FOOD
PREFERENCES
GROUP PHENOMENON CULTURE NOT α LOOKS
35. CULTURE AS A PROCESS–
6 CONCEPTS
4. Individual members of a culture are embedded to
different degrees within their culture
• Different levels of learning b/w people
• Behaviour also differs- even if learning same
• Depend on teaching, experiences
5. Cultures borrow and share
rules
• Unique cultures, Cultural Diffusion
• Culture A = Culture B(w.r.t.
Language)
• Culture A ≠ Culture B(w.r.t.Role of
Women)
6. Members of a cultural group
may be proficient at cultural
behaviour but unable to
describe the rules
• Following culture- natural process/
SUEZ CANAL
SINGAPORE
COLOMBO
LOCATION
S –
ESKIMO
PEOPLE
