This document discusses communication and globalization. It covers the history of globalization of communication from the 1830s with the telegraph to today's use of electromagnetic waves for radio frequency signals. It also defines different types of globalization including cultural, social, political, and economic. Finally, it outlines several barriers to cross-cultural communication such as cultural relativism, ethnocentrism, stereotypes, lack of knowledge of other cultures, discrimination, and language indifference.

1. Communication and
Globalization
Prof. Michael M. Isidoro

2. Learning Objectives
•Determine culturally appropriate terms,
expressions, and images (sensitivity to
gender, race, class, etc.)
•Recognize the positive and negative effects
of globalization
•Understand the different barriers
obstructing cross-culture communication

3. LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN
MULTICULTURAL SETTING
•GLOBAL COMMUNICATION: message is
sent from one person/group to another
anywhere in the world
•GLOBALIZATION- interconnectedness ->
interdependencies of many different
parts in the world

4. • ”Only in the past couple of centuries, as every human
community has gradually been drawn into a single web of
trade and a global network of information, have we come
to a point where each of us can realistically imagine
contacting any other of our six billion conspecifics and
sending that person something worth having: a radio, an
antibiotic, a good idea.” (Appiah, 2006: x)

5. A. HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION OF
COMMUNICATION
• 1. 1830’S (TELEGRAPH) –electric communication via transatlantic
underwater cables
• • Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of textual messages
where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather
than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message.
• • The earliest true telegraph put into widespread use was the optical
telegraph of Claude Chappe, invented in the late 18th century. The
system was extensively used in France, and European countries
controlled by France.

6. •• The electric telegraph started to replace the optical
telegraph in the mid-19th century. It was first taken up
in Britain in the form of the Cooke and Wheatstone
telegraph, initially used mostly as an aid to railway
signaling.
•• This was quickly followed by a different system
developed in the United States by Samuel Morse.

7. • 2. 19th CENTURY- Emergence of global news networks. Significant in three
ways: 1. News over large territories; 2. Global in scope; 3. Reached big
audiences.
• 3. ELECTRO-MAGNETIC WAVES- radio frequency
• • Today we still use codes to send signals using electromagnetic radiation.
There are two types of signal, analogue and digital. An analogue signal
changes in frequency and amplitude all the time in a way that matches the
changes in the voice or music being transmitted. A digital signal has just two
values – which we can represent as 0 and 1.

8. B. DIFFERENT TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
• 1. CULTURAL- a phenomenon by which the experience of everyday life,
as influenced by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, reflects a
standardization of cultural expressions around the world.
• • refers to the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the
world in such a way as to extend and intensify social relations. This
process is marked by the common consumption of cultures that have
been diffused by the Internet, popular culture media, and international
travel

9. • 2. SOCIAL- Global social relations, mobility, tourism, sense
global of community.
• • pertains to human interaction within cultural communities,
encompassing topics like family, religion, work, and education
• 3. POLITICAL- Supra-national organizations: UN, WTO etc. Supra-
national governance: ’world-police’, Obama phenomenon,
regionalization: EU. Cosmopolitanism

10. • a. Political cosmopolitanism: Supra-national governance, the lessening
power of the nation and the increasing power of supra-national power.
E.g. The United Nations. The world as one nation, world citizenship. (e.g
Kant, 1795, Habermas, 1996)
• b. Socio-cultural cosmopolitanism - A global awareness. Openness
towards diversity and multi-culturalism. Lifestyle. Travelling.” A
willingness to engage with the Other” (Hannerz, 1990; Rantanen, 2005)
• c. ’Pop-cosmopolitanism’ (Jenkins, 2005) – ’Softer’ cosmopolitanism e.g.
fan-communities. Watching anime (alternative cultural experience) ->
learn about Japanese culture

11. • 4. ECONOMICAL- Common discourse. Trade links, instant
money transaction - global business. Global exploitation
exploitation of labor.
• • focuses on the unification and integration of
international financial markets, as well as multinational
corporations that have a significant influence on
international markets.

12. CROSS-CULTURE COMMUNICATION BARRIERS
• A. CULTURAL RELATIVISM- is the idea that a person’s beliefs, values,
and practices should be understood based on that person’s own
culture rather than be judged against the criteria of another.
• • A person from of another ethnic group or cultural group may
express his or her opinion regarding a certain practice of another
ethnic group or cultural group, but it does not mean that what he or
she say is correct if it is based on his or her own cultural background.
• • For example, butchering or eating dogs may be considered immoral
to some cultural groups, but is not to others.

13. • B. ETHNOCENTRISM- is the tendency to regard the beliefs,
standards, and code of one’s own culture or subculture
as superior to those found in other societies.
• • Ethnocentrism thus may serve the socially useful function of
encouraging cohesion and solidarity among group members; it
may also contribute, however, to attitude of superiority,
intolerance, and even contempt for groups with different customs
customs and lifeways.

14. • C. STEREOTYPES - assumption that behavior of a person defines all
members of that group or culture.
• • A standardized mental picture that is held in common by the
members of a group that represents an oversimplified opinion,
prejudiced attitude, or uncritical judgment.
• D. LACK OF KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING OF THER CULTURES-
refers to inadequate information, experience, or exposure to a
certain culture or practice to be able to give objective and clear
explanation or critique.

15. •E. DISCRIMINATION- it is the unjust or
prejudicial treatment of different
categories of people or thins, especially
on the grounds of race, ag, or sex.

16. • Examples of discriminations:
• Age
• Disability
• Sexual orientation
• Status as a parent
• Religious
• National origin
• Pregnancy
• Sexual harassment

17. •F. LANGUAGE INDIFFERENCE- refers to
lack of interest or concern about
learning or understanding different
languages.