The cardiac action potential normally originates in the sinoatrial node and is then conducted throughout the heart in a specific sequence. The action potential causes cardiac muscle cells to contract. In cardiac muscle, the action potential has a long plateau phase due to calcium ion influx through L-type calcium channels. This calcium triggers further calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, initiating muscle contraction. The cardiac action potential has distinct phases including upstroke, initial repolarization, plateau, final repolarization, and resting potential.
The document discusses the cardiovascular system, including:
1) The anatomy and structure of the heart, including cardiac muscle cells, intercalated disks, and pacemaker cells.
2) The cardiac action potential and its differences from skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle has a prolonged plateau phase.
3) The cardiac cycle and events in the heart, including diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole, and regulation by electrical signals.
4) Key concepts like automaticity, refractory periods, the roles of different heart valves, and how the heart pumps blood through pressure changes.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The document discusses the anatomy and function of the heart. Key points include:
- Cardiac muscle cells are self-exciting and contract rhythmically through an action potential involving sodium and potassium ion channels.
- The cardiac cycle involves five stages: ventricular filling, atrial systole, isovolumic ventricular contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumic ventricular relaxation.
- The heart is regulated by the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes which coordinate contractions and timing of the cardiac cycle through electrical impulses.
ORIGIN OF THE HEARTBEAT & THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE HEART.pptxshreya730959
The heartbeat originates in the sinoatrial (SA) node, which acts as the heart's natural pacemaker. Impulses from the SA node spread through the conduction system to the atria and ventricles. The SA node discharges spontaneously at the fastest rate, setting the heartbeat. Impulses pass from the SA node through the atria to the atrioventricular (AV) node and bundle of His, then via Purkinje fibers to ventricular muscle. Vagal stimulation slows the heartbeat by inhibiting the SA and AV nodes, while sympathetic stimulation increases the heart rate by facilitating impulse propagation. Digitalis depresses the conduction system like vagal stimulation and is used clinically to improve heart function and control
Cardiac muscle has three types of membrane ion channels that play important roles in causing the voltage changes of the action potential. They are (1) fast sodium channels, (2) slow sodium-calcium channels, and (3) potassium channels
Depolarization: First, the action potential of cardiac muscle is caused almost entirely by sudden opening of large numbers of so-called fast sodium channels that allow tremendous numbers of sodium ions to enter the cardiac muscle fiber from the extracellular fluid. These channels are called “fast” channels because they remain open for only a few thousandths of a second and then abruptly close. After depolarization, there's a brief repolarization that takes place with the efflux of potassium through fast acting potassium channels.
Plateau: Secondly, another entirely different population of slow calcium channels, which are also called calcium-sodium channels. This second population of channels differs from the fast sodium channels in that they are slower to open and, even more important, remain open for several tenths of a second. During this time, a large quantity of both calcium and sodium ions flows through these channels to the interior of the cardiac muscle fiber, and this maintains a prolonged period of depolarization, causing the plateau in the action potential.
Repolarization: When the slow calcium-sodium channels do close at the end of 0.2 to 0.3 second and the influx of calcium and sodium ions ceases, the membrane permeability for potassium ions also increases rapidly; this rapid loss of potassium from the fiber immediately returns the membrane potential to its resting level, thus ending the action potential.
This document provides an overview of basic cardiovascular physiology. It discusses the electrical and mechanical properties of the heart, including cardiac action potentials, refractory periods, the generation and propagation of cardiac impulses, and the effects of ions on cardiac function. It also summarizes the cardiac cycle and its phases, heart sounds, pressure changes during the cycle, and the coordinated control of the heart through the autonomic nervous system.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the cardiac conduction system and mechanisms of arrhythmia formation. It describes:
1) The key structures of the cardiac conduction system including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, bundle branches and Purkinje fibers.
2) The electrophysiology of the cardiac action potential and the roles of ion channels and intracellular calcium handling.
3) The two main mechanisms that can cause arrhythmias - disorders of impulse formation from abnormal automaticity or triggered activity, and disorders of impulse conduction from conduction block or reentry. Abnormalities in calcium regulation are implicated in several arrhythmia conditions.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and circulation, which transports blood throughout the body. The heart is a double pump with four chambers that uses electrical signals and muscle contraction to circulate blood in two loops. Cardiac muscle cells generate action potentials via ion channels that trigger coordinated contractions and allow the heart to function as a syncytium. The cardiac cycle is regulated to supply the body's needs.
This document provides information on hemodynamics, cardiac electrophysiology, and the pharmacology of drugs acting on the cardiovascular system. It discusses topics like blood flow forces in the circulatory system, cardiac output, the generation and conduction of electrical impulses in the heart, electrocardiography, and the mechanisms of action and effects of cardiac glycosides like digoxin.
The document discusses the cardiovascular system, including:
1) The anatomy and structure of the heart, including cardiac muscle cells, intercalated disks, and pacemaker cells.
2) The cardiac action potential and its differences from skeletal muscle. Cardiac muscle has a prolonged plateau phase.
3) The cardiac cycle and events in the heart, including diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole, and regulation by electrical signals.
4) Key concepts like automaticity, refractory periods, the roles of different heart valves, and how the heart pumps blood through pressure changes.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The document discusses the anatomy and function of the heart. Key points include:
- Cardiac muscle cells are self-exciting and contract rhythmically through an action potential involving sodium and potassium ion channels.
- The cardiac cycle involves five stages: ventricular filling, atrial systole, isovolumic ventricular contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumic ventricular relaxation.
- The heart is regulated by the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes which coordinate contractions and timing of the cardiac cycle through electrical impulses.
ORIGIN OF THE HEARTBEAT & THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF THE HEART.pptxshreya730959
The heartbeat originates in the sinoatrial (SA) node, which acts as the heart's natural pacemaker. Impulses from the SA node spread through the conduction system to the atria and ventricles. The SA node discharges spontaneously at the fastest rate, setting the heartbeat. Impulses pass from the SA node through the atria to the atrioventricular (AV) node and bundle of His, then via Purkinje fibers to ventricular muscle. Vagal stimulation slows the heartbeat by inhibiting the SA and AV nodes, while sympathetic stimulation increases the heart rate by facilitating impulse propagation. Digitalis depresses the conduction system like vagal stimulation and is used clinically to improve heart function and control
Cardiac muscle has three types of membrane ion channels that play important roles in causing the voltage changes of the action potential. They are (1) fast sodium channels, (2) slow sodium-calcium channels, and (3) potassium channels
Depolarization: First, the action potential of cardiac muscle is caused almost entirely by sudden opening of large numbers of so-called fast sodium channels that allow tremendous numbers of sodium ions to enter the cardiac muscle fiber from the extracellular fluid. These channels are called “fast” channels because they remain open for only a few thousandths of a second and then abruptly close. After depolarization, there's a brief repolarization that takes place with the efflux of potassium through fast acting potassium channels.
Plateau: Secondly, another entirely different population of slow calcium channels, which are also called calcium-sodium channels. This second population of channels differs from the fast sodium channels in that they are slower to open and, even more important, remain open for several tenths of a second. During this time, a large quantity of both calcium and sodium ions flows through these channels to the interior of the cardiac muscle fiber, and this maintains a prolonged period of depolarization, causing the plateau in the action potential.
Repolarization: When the slow calcium-sodium channels do close at the end of 0.2 to 0.3 second and the influx of calcium and sodium ions ceases, the membrane permeability for potassium ions also increases rapidly; this rapid loss of potassium from the fiber immediately returns the membrane potential to its resting level, thus ending the action potential.
This document provides an overview of basic cardiovascular physiology. It discusses the electrical and mechanical properties of the heart, including cardiac action potentials, refractory periods, the generation and propagation of cardiac impulses, and the effects of ions on cardiac function. It also summarizes the cardiac cycle and its phases, heart sounds, pressure changes during the cycle, and the coordinated control of the heart through the autonomic nervous system.
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the cardiac conduction system and mechanisms of arrhythmia formation. It describes:
1) The key structures of the cardiac conduction system including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His, bundle branches and Purkinje fibers.
2) The electrophysiology of the cardiac action potential and the roles of ion channels and intracellular calcium handling.
3) The two main mechanisms that can cause arrhythmias - disorders of impulse formation from abnormal automaticity or triggered activity, and disorders of impulse conduction from conduction block or reentry. Abnormalities in calcium regulation are implicated in several arrhythmia conditions.
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and circulation, which transports blood throughout the body. The heart is a double pump with four chambers that uses electrical signals and muscle contraction to circulate blood in two loops. Cardiac muscle cells generate action potentials via ion channels that trigger coordinated contractions and allow the heart to function as a syncytium. The cardiac cycle is regulated to supply the body's needs.
This document provides information on hemodynamics, cardiac electrophysiology, and the pharmacology of drugs acting on the cardiovascular system. It discusses topics like blood flow forces in the circulatory system, cardiac output, the generation and conduction of electrical impulses in the heart, electrocardiography, and the mechanisms of action and effects of cardiac glycosides like digoxin.
The heart contains specialized pacemaker cells that generate electrical impulses to trigger contractions without external stimulation. The sinoatrial node acts as the primary pacemaker, initiating impulses that spread through the atria and atrioventricular node before reaching the ventricles via Purkinje fibers. Pacemaker and contractile cardiac cells have distinct action potentials involving ion channel openings and closings that cause membrane depolarization and repolarization. The electrocardiogram detects the changing electrical potentials during cardiac excitation to analyze the heart's rhythm and timing.
Anatomy and physiology of the cardiac system
The electrocardiogram a, curves and interpretation of the first and second heart sounds. Generation of action potential within the myocardium ,the gap junctions and how they propagate electrical pilese from sinoatrial mode and ectopoic heartbeat.
The document summarizes cardiac conduction and the action potential in heart cells. It discusses:
- Two types of heart cells: electrical pacemaker cells and contractile myocardial cells
- The cardiac action potential involves depolarization and repolarization through ion channel openings and closings in four phases: upstroke, plateau, repolarization, and rest.
- The cardiac conduction system generates and conducts electrical impulses, starting from the sinoatrial node and traveling through specialized conduction pathways to the atria and ventricles.
- Abnormalities in rate or rhythm can occur if the sinoatrial node or other conduction tissues assume control of pacing.
The document discusses the electrical activity of the heart, including:
1) Cardiac action potentials are longer than skeletal muscle potentials, allowing the heart to contract as a whole rather than through summation.
2) Depolarization during a cardiac action potential results from an increase in sodium conductance, followed by a plateau phase from high calcium conductance.
3) Excitation spreads from the pacemaker region through gap junctions between cardiomyocytes, traveling through specialized conduction pathways to coordinate atrial and ventricular contractions.
4) The electrocardiogram reflects the summed electrical activity of the heart, with distinct waves associated with atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization.
Cardiac muscle fibers are striated like skeletal muscle but arranged in a latticework connected by intercalated discs. This allows cardiac muscle to function as a syncytium where action potentials can rapidly spread from cell to cell. The action potential in cardiac muscle is prolonged due to slow calcium channels remaining open, causing calcium and sodium influx and preventing early repolarization. This prolonged plateau allows for the longer contraction of cardiac muscle. Transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum release calcium ions during an action potential to trigger contraction via excitation-contraction coupling.
The document summarizes electrical activity in the heart. It discusses:
1) How electrical signals originate in the sinoatrial node and propagate through the heart, causing atrial and ventricular contraction.
2) The action potentials that occur in the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, Purkinje fibers, and ventricles.
3) How the electrocardiogram (ECG) records these electrical signals to examine cardiac excitation and contraction.
The document summarizes the cardiac conduction system and electrocardiogram (ECG). It describes how the conduction system initiates and propagates electrical signals throughout the heart to coordinate contractions. Specialized pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node initiate signals that spread through atria and ventricles via pathways like the atrioventricular node and bundle of His. This electrical activity generates currents detectable by ECG, which can provide information on conduction abnormalities and heart health.
The document contains photographs and descriptions of the pulmonary valve viewed from above as it opens and closes. Figure 2A shows the valve partly open as blood flows from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk. Figure 2B shows the valve almost completely closed as the pressure in the pulmonary trunk is greater than in the right ventricle, forcing the valve cusps together.
The electrical activity of the heart originates in the sinoatrial node and spreads through the conduction system to the ventricles. The P-wave represents atrial depolarization, the QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, and the T-wave represents ventricular repolarization. The sequence and direction of the depolarization wavefront determines the deflections seen on an electrocardiogram.
The electrical activity of the heart originates in the sinoatrial node and spreads through the conduction system to the atria and ventricles. The sinoatrial node acts as the natural pacemaker and initiates an electrical impulse around 65 times per minute that generates the P wave on an electrocardiogram. The impulse then travels to the atrioventricular node which delays transmission to the ventricles, allowing time for the atria to empty blood. It is then conducted by the bundle of His and Purkinje fibers to the ventricles producing the QRS complex on an EKG. The ventricles contract and repolarize, shown as the T wave. An EKG examines the sequence and timing
Conductivity and excitabilitry limu ms 2017.2 nd yearcardilogy
This document discusses the cardiac conduction system and action potentials in cardiac muscle fibers. It begins by outlining the objectives, which are to illustrate the action potential shape in cardiac muscle and discuss the mechanisms underlying it. It then describes the main components of the cardiac conduction system, including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and Purkinje fibers. The document discusses the phases of the cardiac action potential and the ion channels involved in each phase. It also addresses factors that affect excitability and conductivity in cardiac muscle fibers.
Ppt cvs phsiology a small review for anaesthetistdrriyas03
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and heart function. It describes the heart as a pump that circulates blood through vessels to distribute essential substances and remove waste. The cardiovascular system transports 5 liters of blood per minute through a network of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Precise regulation of the cardiovascular system is achieved through neural, hormonal, and local control mechanisms.
This document provides an overview of cardiovascular physiology. It begins with a brief history of the field and introduces the concept of the heart as a pump. It then discusses the anatomy of the heart including the chambers, valves, conduction system, and cardiac muscle structure. Next, it covers the autorhythmic pacemaker cells, cardiac action potentials, excitation-contraction coupling, and the cardiac cycle. It also discusses neural and hormonal control of the heart, coronary circulation, hemodynamic calculations, and cardiac reflexes.
The document summarizes cardiac physiology, including:
1) The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, with the heart serving as a pump that establishes blood pressure.
2) The heart has two main functions - generating blood pressure and routing blood flow between the pulmonary and systemic circulations to ensure one-way flow.
3) An electrocardiogram (ECG) provides a non-invasive record of the heart's electrical activity and can help identify conditions like arrhythmias.
Konduksi Listrik Jantung dan Gangguannya
1) The document discusses the electrical conduction system of the heart, including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, Bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.
2) It explains how electrical impulses are normally generated by the sinoatrial node and conducted through the conduction system to coordinate heart contractions.
3) Abnormalities in the heart's electrical rhythm or conduction can cause arrhythmias or dysrhythmias such as bradycardia or tachycardia. The document discusses potential causes and manifestations of arrhythmias.
Cvs 2. Electrical properties of Cardiac MuscleRameshKumar1814
Electrical properties of myocardium such as cardiac action potential, refractory period, cardiac impulse generation, pacemaker potentials are described
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through the vessels to supply all body tissues with oxygen and nutrients. It does this through the cardiac cycle of heart contraction and relaxation. The cardiac output, determined by heart rate and stroke volume, affects how much blood is pumped. Several factors influence stroke volume like preload, contractility, and afterload. Diseases that can affect the cardiovascular system include hypertension, arrhythmias, ischemia, heart failure, hyperlipidemia, and strokes.
Properties of cm, plateau potential & pacemaker by Pandian M this PPT for I ...Pandian M
Describe the properties of cardiac muscle including its morphology, electrical, mechanical and metabolic functionsSLOs: After attending lecture & studying the assigned materials, the student will: 1.Describe the general features of cardiac muscle.2.Discuss the light and electron microscopic appearance of cardiac muscle, characteristic features of sarcotubular system.3.Enlist the electrical properties of heart muscle.4.Explain the phases of cardiac muscle action potential5.Explain the nodal action potential.6.Differentiate between cardiac muscle A.P. and nodal A.P., effect of nervous innervation and ions on AP.7.Enumerate and explain the mechanical properties of heart muscle, metabolic functions, characteristic features.
A synapse is the junction between neurons that allows electrical or chemical signals to pass from one cell to another. At a chemical synapse, an action potential in the presynaptic neuron causes neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, causing ion channels to open and potentially triggering an action potential in that cell. Precise transmission of signals across synapses is crucial for normal nervous system function.
A synapse is the junction between neurons that allows electrical or chemical signals to pass from one cell to another. At a chemical synapse, an action potential in the presynaptic neuron causes neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, causing ion channels to open and potentially triggering an action potential in that cell. Precise transmission of signals across synapses is crucial for normal nervous system function.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
The heart contains specialized pacemaker cells that generate electrical impulses to trigger contractions without external stimulation. The sinoatrial node acts as the primary pacemaker, initiating impulses that spread through the atria and atrioventricular node before reaching the ventricles via Purkinje fibers. Pacemaker and contractile cardiac cells have distinct action potentials involving ion channel openings and closings that cause membrane depolarization and repolarization. The electrocardiogram detects the changing electrical potentials during cardiac excitation to analyze the heart's rhythm and timing.
Anatomy and physiology of the cardiac system
The electrocardiogram a, curves and interpretation of the first and second heart sounds. Generation of action potential within the myocardium ,the gap junctions and how they propagate electrical pilese from sinoatrial mode and ectopoic heartbeat.
The document summarizes cardiac conduction and the action potential in heart cells. It discusses:
- Two types of heart cells: electrical pacemaker cells and contractile myocardial cells
- The cardiac action potential involves depolarization and repolarization through ion channel openings and closings in four phases: upstroke, plateau, repolarization, and rest.
- The cardiac conduction system generates and conducts electrical impulses, starting from the sinoatrial node and traveling through specialized conduction pathways to the atria and ventricles.
- Abnormalities in rate or rhythm can occur if the sinoatrial node or other conduction tissues assume control of pacing.
The document discusses the electrical activity of the heart, including:
1) Cardiac action potentials are longer than skeletal muscle potentials, allowing the heart to contract as a whole rather than through summation.
2) Depolarization during a cardiac action potential results from an increase in sodium conductance, followed by a plateau phase from high calcium conductance.
3) Excitation spreads from the pacemaker region through gap junctions between cardiomyocytes, traveling through specialized conduction pathways to coordinate atrial and ventricular contractions.
4) The electrocardiogram reflects the summed electrical activity of the heart, with distinct waves associated with atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization.
Cardiac muscle fibers are striated like skeletal muscle but arranged in a latticework connected by intercalated discs. This allows cardiac muscle to function as a syncytium where action potentials can rapidly spread from cell to cell. The action potential in cardiac muscle is prolonged due to slow calcium channels remaining open, causing calcium and sodium influx and preventing early repolarization. This prolonged plateau allows for the longer contraction of cardiac muscle. Transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum release calcium ions during an action potential to trigger contraction via excitation-contraction coupling.
The document summarizes electrical activity in the heart. It discusses:
1) How electrical signals originate in the sinoatrial node and propagate through the heart, causing atrial and ventricular contraction.
2) The action potentials that occur in the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, Purkinje fibers, and ventricles.
3) How the electrocardiogram (ECG) records these electrical signals to examine cardiac excitation and contraction.
The document summarizes the cardiac conduction system and electrocardiogram (ECG). It describes how the conduction system initiates and propagates electrical signals throughout the heart to coordinate contractions. Specialized pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node initiate signals that spread through atria and ventricles via pathways like the atrioventricular node and bundle of His. This electrical activity generates currents detectable by ECG, which can provide information on conduction abnormalities and heart health.
The document contains photographs and descriptions of the pulmonary valve viewed from above as it opens and closes. Figure 2A shows the valve partly open as blood flows from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk. Figure 2B shows the valve almost completely closed as the pressure in the pulmonary trunk is greater than in the right ventricle, forcing the valve cusps together.
The electrical activity of the heart originates in the sinoatrial node and spreads through the conduction system to the ventricles. The P-wave represents atrial depolarization, the QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, and the T-wave represents ventricular repolarization. The sequence and direction of the depolarization wavefront determines the deflections seen on an electrocardiogram.
The electrical activity of the heart originates in the sinoatrial node and spreads through the conduction system to the atria and ventricles. The sinoatrial node acts as the natural pacemaker and initiates an electrical impulse around 65 times per minute that generates the P wave on an electrocardiogram. The impulse then travels to the atrioventricular node which delays transmission to the ventricles, allowing time for the atria to empty blood. It is then conducted by the bundle of His and Purkinje fibers to the ventricles producing the QRS complex on an EKG. The ventricles contract and repolarize, shown as the T wave. An EKG examines the sequence and timing
Conductivity and excitabilitry limu ms 2017.2 nd yearcardilogy
This document discusses the cardiac conduction system and action potentials in cardiac muscle fibers. It begins by outlining the objectives, which are to illustrate the action potential shape in cardiac muscle and discuss the mechanisms underlying it. It then describes the main components of the cardiac conduction system, including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and Purkinje fibers. The document discusses the phases of the cardiac action potential and the ion channels involved in each phase. It also addresses factors that affect excitability and conductivity in cardiac muscle fibers.
Ppt cvs phsiology a small review for anaesthetistdrriyas03
The document discusses the cardiovascular system and heart function. It describes the heart as a pump that circulates blood through vessels to distribute essential substances and remove waste. The cardiovascular system transports 5 liters of blood per minute through a network of arteries, veins, and capillaries. Precise regulation of the cardiovascular system is achieved through neural, hormonal, and local control mechanisms.
This document provides an overview of cardiovascular physiology. It begins with a brief history of the field and introduces the concept of the heart as a pump. It then discusses the anatomy of the heart including the chambers, valves, conduction system, and cardiac muscle structure. Next, it covers the autorhythmic pacemaker cells, cardiac action potentials, excitation-contraction coupling, and the cardiac cycle. It also discusses neural and hormonal control of the heart, coronary circulation, hemodynamic calculations, and cardiac reflexes.
The document summarizes cardiac physiology, including:
1) The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, with the heart serving as a pump that establishes blood pressure.
2) The heart has two main functions - generating blood pressure and routing blood flow between the pulmonary and systemic circulations to ensure one-way flow.
3) An electrocardiogram (ECG) provides a non-invasive record of the heart's electrical activity and can help identify conditions like arrhythmias.
Konduksi Listrik Jantung dan Gangguannya
1) The document discusses the electrical conduction system of the heart, including the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, Bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers.
2) It explains how electrical impulses are normally generated by the sinoatrial node and conducted through the conduction system to coordinate heart contractions.
3) Abnormalities in the heart's electrical rhythm or conduction can cause arrhythmias or dysrhythmias such as bradycardia or tachycardia. The document discusses potential causes and manifestations of arrhythmias.
Cvs 2. Electrical properties of Cardiac MuscleRameshKumar1814
Electrical properties of myocardium such as cardiac action potential, refractory period, cardiac impulse generation, pacemaker potentials are described
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. The heart pumps blood through the vessels to supply all body tissues with oxygen and nutrients. It does this through the cardiac cycle of heart contraction and relaxation. The cardiac output, determined by heart rate and stroke volume, affects how much blood is pumped. Several factors influence stroke volume like preload, contractility, and afterload. Diseases that can affect the cardiovascular system include hypertension, arrhythmias, ischemia, heart failure, hyperlipidemia, and strokes.
Properties of cm, plateau potential & pacemaker by Pandian M this PPT for I ...Pandian M
Describe the properties of cardiac muscle including its morphology, electrical, mechanical and metabolic functionsSLOs: After attending lecture & studying the assigned materials, the student will: 1.Describe the general features of cardiac muscle.2.Discuss the light and electron microscopic appearance of cardiac muscle, characteristic features of sarcotubular system.3.Enlist the electrical properties of heart muscle.4.Explain the phases of cardiac muscle action potential5.Explain the nodal action potential.6.Differentiate between cardiac muscle A.P. and nodal A.P., effect of nervous innervation and ions on AP.7.Enumerate and explain the mechanical properties of heart muscle, metabolic functions, characteristic features.
A synapse is the junction between neurons that allows electrical or chemical signals to pass from one cell to another. At a chemical synapse, an action potential in the presynaptic neuron causes neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, causing ion channels to open and potentially triggering an action potential in that cell. Precise transmission of signals across synapses is crucial for normal nervous system function.
A synapse is the junction between neurons that allows electrical or chemical signals to pass from one cell to another. At a chemical synapse, an action potential in the presynaptic neuron causes neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, causing ion channels to open and potentially triggering an action potential in that cell. Precise transmission of signals across synapses is crucial for normal nervous system function.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
2. The function of the heart is to pump blood through the circulation.
To serve as a pump, the ventricles must be electrically activated and
then contract.
In cardiac muscle, electrical activation is the cardiac AP, which normally
originates in the sinoatrial (SA) node.
AP initiated in the SA node are conducted to the entire myocardium in a
specific, timed sequence.
“Sequence” is especially critical because the atria must be activated and
contract before the ventricles, and the ventricles must contract from
apex to base for efficient ejection of blood.
4. PHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
The atrial and ventricular
types of muscle contract in
much the same way as
skeletal muscle, except
that the duration of
contraction is much longer.
cardiac muscle fibers
arranged in a latticework
5. PHYSIOLOGY OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
The specialized
excitatory and
conductive fibers
contract slowly
because they contain
few contractile fibrils;
they cause automatic
rhythmical electrical
discharge in the form
of action potentials
6. PHYSIOLOGIC ANATOMY OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
cardiac muscle is
striated as in skeletal
muscle.
cardiac muscle has
typical myofibrils that
contain actin and
myosin filaments
almost identical to
those found in skeletal
muscle;
7. CARDIAC MUSCLE AS A SYNCYTIUM
intercalated discs are cell
membranes that separate
individual cardiac muscle cells
from one another.
At each intercalated disc the
cell membranes add with one
another in way that they form
permeable junctions (gap
junctions) that allow rapid
diffusion of ions.
ions move with ease in the
intracellular fluid so that action
potentials travel easily from one
cardiac muscle cell to the next.
8.
9. The atria are
separated from the
ventricles by fibrous
tissue that surrounds
the atrioventricular (A-
V) valvular openings
between the atria and
ventricles.
10. Normally, potentials are
not conducted from the
atrial syncytium into the
ventricular syncytium
directly through this
fibrous tissue.
they are conducted only
by way of a specialized
conductive system
called A-V bundle
11. This division of the muscle of
the heart into 2 functional
syncytiums allows the atria to
contract a short time ahead of
ventricular contraction, which is
important for effectiveness of
heart pumping.
12. heart
Contractile cells
• atria and ventriculum
• the working cells of the
heart.
• AP lead to contraction .
Conducting cells
• SA node, the atrial internodal tracts, the AV node, the bundle of His, and the
Purkinje system.
• specialized muscle cells - they function to rapidly spread AP over the entire
myocardium.
• Another feature of the specialized conducting tissues is their capacity to
generate action potentials spontaneously.
14. SINUS NODE, OR SINO-ATRIAL NODE, SA NODE
AP of the heart is initiated in the
SA node, which serves as the
pacemaker.
After the AP potential is initiated
in the SA node, there is a very
specific sequence and timing for
the conduction of AP to the rest
of the heart.
The sinus node is located in the
superior wall of the right atrium
immediately below to the
opening of the superior vena
cava.
The fibers of this node have
almost no contractile muscle
15. ATRIAL INTERNODAL TRACTS AND ATRIA
AP potential spreads
from the SA node to the
right and left atria via
the atrial internodal
tracts.
Simultaneously, AP is
conducted to the AV
node.
16. AV NODE
Conduction velocity through the
AV node is slower than in the
other cardiac tissues.
Slow conduction through the AV
node ensures that the ventricles
have sufficient time to fill with
blood before they are activated
and contract.
Increases in conduction velocity
of the AV node can lead to
decreased ventricular filling and
decreased stroke volume and
cardiac output.
17. BYNDLE OF HIS, PURKINJE SUSTEM, VENTRICLES
From the AV node, AP enters the
specialized conducting system of the
ventricles.
AP is first conducted to the bundle of His
through the common bundle.
It divides in the left and right bundle
branches and then the
smaller bundles of the Purkinje system.
Conduction through the His-Purkinje
system is extremely fast,
and it rapidly distributes AP to the
ventricles.
AP also spreads from one ventricular
muscle cell to the next, via lowresistance
pathways between the cells.
Rapid conduction of AP throughout the
ventricles is essential and allows for
efficient contraction and ejection of
18. The term normal sinus rhythm
means that the pattern and
timing of the electrical
activation of the heart are
normal. To qualify as normal sinus
rhythm, the following three
criteria must be :
(1) The action potential must
originate in the SA node.
(2) The SA nodal impulses must
occur regularly at a rate of 60 to
100 impulses per minute.
(3) The activation of the
myocardium must occur in the
correct sequence and with the
correct timing and delays
19. AP OF VENTRICLES, ATRIA, PURKINJE SYSTEM
The ionic basis for the action potentials in the
ventricles, atria, and Purkinje system is
identical.
20. AP OF VENTRICLES, ATRIA, PURKINJE SYSTEM
Long duration of AP. AP
duration varies from 150 msec in
atria, to 250 msec in ventricles, to
300 msec in Purkinje fibers.
AP in nerve and skeletal muscle
(1 to 2 msec).
Duration of the AP also
determines the duration of the
refractory periods: The longer AP,
the longer refractory period.
Thus, atrial, ventricular, and
Purkinje cells have long
refractory periods compared
with other excitable tissues
21. STABLE RESTING MP.
The cells of the atria,
ventricles, and Purkinje system
exhibit a stable, or constant,
resting membrane potential.
AV nodal and Purkinje fibers
can develop unstable resting
membrane potentials, and
under special conditions, they
can become the heart’s
pacemaker.
22. PLATEAU.
AP of the atria, ventricles, and Purkinje
system is characterized by a plateau.
The plateau is a sustained period of
depolarization, which accounts for the long
duration of AP and, consequently, the long
refractory periods
23. There are AP in a ventricular muscle fiber and an atrial
muscle fiber.
AP in a Purkinje fiber would look similar to that in the
ventricular fiber, but its duration would be slightly longer.
24. ACTION POTENTIALS IN CARDIAC MUSCLE
Phase 0, upstroke.
In ventricular, atrial, and Purkinje fibers,
AP begins with a phase of rapid
depolarization, or the upstroke.
Upstroke is caused by a increase in Na+
conductance, produced by depolarization-
induced opening of activation gates on the
Na+ channels.
as in nerve, the inactivation gates on the
Na+ channels close in response to
depolarization.
the Na+ channels open briefly and then
close.
At the peak of the upstroke, the membrane
potential is depolarized to a value of about
+20 mV
25. PHASE 1, INITIAL REPOLARIZATION.
Phase 1 in ventricular, atrial, and Purkinje fibers is a brief period of
repolarization, which follows the upstroke.
for repolarization to occur, there must be a net outward current.
There are 2 explanations for the occurrence of the net outward current.
First, the inactivation gates on the Na+ channels close in response to
depolarization. When these gates close, gNa decreases, and the inward
Na+ current ceases.
Second, there is an outward K+ current: At the peak of the upstroke, both
the chemical and the electrical driving forces
favor K+ movement out of the cell .
Because the K+ conductance (gK) is high,
K+flows out of the cell, down this
electrochemical gradient
26. PHASE 2, PLATEAU.
During the plateau, there is a
long period (150 to 200 msec)
of relatively stable,
depolarized MP, particularly in
ventricular and Purkinje fibers.
(In atrial fibers, the plateau is
shorter than in ventricular
fibers.)
For the membrane potential to
be stable, inward and outward
currents must be equal such
that there is no net current
flow across the membrane.
27. PHASE 2, PLATEAU.
There is an increase in Ca2+ conductance (gCa) during plateau, which
results in an inward Ca2+ current.
Inward Ca2+ current is also called slow inward current, because of the
slow Ca2+(compared with the fast Na+ channels).
The Ca2+ channels are L-type channels (“L,” for long-lasting) and are
inhibited by the Ca2+channel blockers nifedipine, diltiazem, and
verapamil.
28. PHASE 2, PLATEAU.
To balance the inward Ca2+ current, there is an outward K+ current.
During the plateau, the inward Ca2+ current is balanced by the outward
K+ current, the net current is O, and the membrane potential remains at a
stable depolarized value.
The significance of the inward Ca2+ current extends beyond its effect on
membrane potential.
This Ca2+ entry during the plateau of the action potential initiates the
release of more Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum for excitation-
contraction coupling.
This process of so-called Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release.
29. PHASE 3, REPOLARISATION
Repolarization begins gradually at the end of
phase 2, and then there is rapid repolarization
to the resting MP membrane potential.
Repolarization occurs when outward currents
are greater than inward currents.
During phase 3, repolarization results from a
combination of a decrease in gCa and an
increase in gK (to even higher levels than at
rest).
The reduction in gCa results in a decrease in
the inward Ca2+ current, and the increase in
gK results in an increase in the outward K+
current.
At the end of phase 3, the outward K+ current is
reduced because repolarization brings the
membrane potential closer to the K+
equilibrium potential, thus decreasing the
driving force on K+.
30. PHASE 4, RESTING MP, ELECTRICAL DIASTOLE
The membrane potential returns to the resting
level of - 85 mV after repolarisation.
During phase 4, the membrane potential is
stable again, and inward and outward currents
are equal.
The resting MP potential approaches, but does
not fully reach, the
K+ equilibrium potential, that means the high
resting conductance to K+.
The K+ channels, and the resulting K+ current,
responsible for phase 4 are different from those
responsible for repolarization in phase 3.
In phase 4, the K+ conductance is called gK1.
The high conductance to K+ produces an
outward K+ current.
The inward current that balances this outward
current is carried by Na+ and Ca2+, even
though the conductances to Na+ and Ca2+ are
31. ACTION POTENTIALS IN THE SA NODE
The configuration and ionic basis for SA action potential differ from AP in
atrial, ventricular, and Purkinje fibers.
1) The SA node exhibits automaticity; that is, it can spontaneously
generate AP without neural input.
2) It has an unstable resting MP, in contrast to cells in atrial, ventricular,
and Purkinje fibers.
3) It has no sustained plateau.
32. AUTOMATIC ELECTRICAL RHYTHMICITY OF THE
SINUS FIBERS
cardiac fibers have the
ability of self-excitation, a
process that cause
automatic rhythmical
discharge and
contraction.
This is true of the fibers of
the heart's specialized
conducting system,
including the fibers of the
sinus node.
the sinus node ordinarily
controls the rate of beat of
the entire heart.
33. PHASE 0, UPSTROKE
Phase 0 is the upstroke of the action potential.
The upstroke is not quite as rapid or as sharp as in the other types of
cardiac tissues.
The ionic mechanism for the upstroke in the SA node is different.
In the SA nodal cells, the upstroke is the result of an increase in gCa and
an inward Ca2+ current.
This inward Ca2+ current is carried
Predominantly in T-type Ca2+ channels
(“T,” for transient, in contrast to the L-type
channels responsible for the plateau in
ventricular cells). The T-type channels are
not inhibited by L-type Ca2þ channel blockers
Such as verapamil.
Phases 1 and 2 are absent.
34. MECHANISM OF SINUS NODAL RHYTHMICITY
the "resting membrane
potential" of the sinus
node is about -55 to -60
millivolts,
in comparison with -85
to -90 millivolts for the
ventricular muscle fiber.
35. MECHANISM OF SINUS NODAL RHYTHMICITY
The reason of
this lesser
negativity is that
the membranes
of the sinus
fibers are leaky
to Na+ and
Ca2+ ions,
and positive
charges of the
entering Na+
and Ca2+
neutralize some
of the
intracellular
negativity.
36. At the level of -55 millivolts, the fast
Na+ channels have already become
"inactivated," - they have become
blocked.
Therefore, only the slow Na-Ca
channels can open (i.e., can
become "activated") and cause the
action potential.
As a result, the atrial nodal action
potential is slower to develop than
the action potential of the ventricular
muscle.
return of the potential to its negative
state occurs slowly rather than that
occurs for the ventricular fiber.
37. SELF-EXCITATION OF SINUS NODAL FIBERS
Because of the high Na+
concentration in the
extracellular fluid outside
the nodal fiber, Na+ from
outside the fibers tend to
leak to the inside.
between heartbeats, influx
of Na+ causes a slow rise
in the resting membrane
potential in the positive
direction.
the "resting" potential
gradually rises and
becomes less negative
between each 2
heartbeats.
38. SELF-EXCITATION OF SINUS NODAL FIBERS
When the potential reaches a threshold
voltage of about -40 millivolts,
the Na-Ca channels become "activated," thus
causing the action potential.
the inherent leakiness of the sinus nodal
fibers to Na+ and Ca2+ ions causes their
self-excitation.
39. WHY DOES THIS LEAKINESS TO NA+ AND CA2+ IONS NOT CAUSE
THE SINUS NODAL FIBERS TO REMAIN DEPOLARIZED ALL THE
TIME?
two events occur during
the the action potential
to prevent this.
the Na-Ca channels
become inactivated (i.e.,
they close) within about
100 to 150 milliseconds
after opening,
at about the same time,
greatly increased
numbers of K+ channels
open.
40. Therefore, influx of positive Ca2+ and Na+ ions
through Na-Ca channels ceases,
at the same time large quantities of positive K+
diffuse out of the fiber.
Both of these effects reduce the intracellular
potential back to its negative resting level and
therefore terminate the action potential.
41. K+ channels remain open for another few
tenths of a second, temporarily continuing
movement of positive charges out of the cell,
with resultant excess negativity inside the fiber;
this is called hyperpolarization.
The hyperpolarization state initially carries the
"resting" membrane potential down to about -55
to -60 millivolts at the termination of the action
potential.